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Daniel Jomphe
2011-12-08 20:15:29 -05:00
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Most programming languages offer a packaging system for distributing support libraries, such as [CPAN](http://www.cpan.org/) for Perl or [Rubygems](http://rubygems.org/) for Ruby. Libraries installed through a packaging system can be installed system-wide (known as "site packages") or scoped into the directory containing the app (known as "vendoring" or "bundling").
**A twelve-factor app never relies on implicit existence of system-wide packages.** It declares all dependencies, completely and exactly, via a *dependency declaration* manifest. Furthermore, it uses a *dependency isolation* tool during execution to ensure that no implicit dependencies "leak in" from the surrounding system. The full and explicit dependency specification is applied uniformly to both production and development
**A twelve-factor app never relies on implicit existence of system-wide packages.** It declares all dependencies, completely and exactly, via a *dependency declaration* manifest. Furthermore, it uses a *dependency isolation* tool during execution to ensure that no implicit dependencies "leak in" from the surrounding system. The full and explicit dependency specification is applied uniformly to both production and development.
For example, [Gem Bundler](http://gembundler.com/) for Ruby offers the `Gemfile` manifest format for dependency declaration and `bundle exec` for dependency isolation. In, Python there are two separate tools for these steps -- [Pip](http://www.pip-installer.org/en/latest/) is used for declaration and [Virtualenv](http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/) for isolation. Even C has [Autoconf](http://www.gnu.org/s/autoconf/) for dependency declaration, and static linking can provide dependency isolation. No matter what the toolchain, dependency declaration and isolation must always be used together -- only one or the other is not sufficient to satisfy twelve-factor.