# Advanced Classes - Dive into Python 3

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Difficulty level: ♦♦♦♦♢

# Advanced Classes

> ❝ FIXME ❞
> — FIXME

## Diving In

FIXME

## Ordered Dictionary: Not An Oxymoron

[download `ordereddict.py`]

    import collections
    import itertools

    class OrderedDict(dict, collections.MutableMapping):

        def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
            if len(args) > 1:
                raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments')
            if not hasattr(self, '_keys'):
                self._keys = []
            self.update(*args, **kwds)

        def clear(self):
            del self._keys[:]
            dict.clear(self)

        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            if key not in self:
                self._keys.append(key)
            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)

        def __delitem__(self, key):
            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
            self._keys.remove(key)

        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self._keys)

        def __reversed__(self):
            return reversed(self._keys)

        def popitem(self):
            if not self:
                raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
            key = self._keys.pop()
            value = dict.pop(self, key)
            return key, value

        def __reduce__(self):
            items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
            inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
            inst_dict.pop('_keys', None)
            return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)

        setdefault = MutableMapping.setdefault
        update = MutableMapping.update
        pop = MutableMapping.pop
        keys = MutableMapping.keys
        values = MutableMapping.values
        items = MutableMapping.items

        def __repr__(self):
            if not self:
                return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
            return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, list(self.items()))

        def copy(self):
            return self.__class__(self)

        @classmethod
        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
            d = cls()
            for key in iterable:
                d[key] = value
            return d

        def __eq__(self, other):
            if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
                return all(p==q for p, q in itertools.zip_longest(self.items(), other.items()))
            return dict.__eq__(self, other)

## Implementing Fractions

© 2001–9 Mark Pilgrim