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@@ -211,38 +211,50 @@ Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
<h2 id=ubuntu>Installing on Ubuntu Linux</h2>
<p>FIXME
<p>Modern Linux distributions are backed by vast repositories of precompiled applications, ready to install. The exact details vary by distribution. In Ubuntu Linux, the easiest way to install Python 3 is through the <code>Add/Remove</code> application in your <code>Applications</code> menu.
<ol class=i>
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-0-add-remove-programs.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: Canonical-maintained applications]'>
<p>When you first launch the <code>Add/Remove</code> application, it will show you a list of preselected applications in different categories. Some are already installed; most are not. Because the repository contains over 10,000 applications, there are different filters you can apply to see small parts of the repository. The default filter is &#8220;Canonical-maintained applications,&#8221; which is a small subset of the total number of applications that are officially supported by Canonical, the company that creates and maintains Ubuntu Linux.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-1-all-open-source-applications.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: all open source applications]'>
<p>Python 3 is not maintained by Canonical, so the first step is to drop down this filter menu and select &#8220;All Open Source applications.&#8221;
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-2-search-python-3.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: search for Python 3]'>
<p>Once you&#8217;ve widened the filter to include all open source applications, use the Search box immediately after the filter menu to search for <kbd>Python 3</kbd>.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-3-select-python-3.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: select Python 3.0 package]'>
<p>Now the list of applications narrows to just those matching <kbd>Python 3</kbd>. You&#8217;re going to check two packages. The first is <code>Python (v3.0)</code>. This contains the Python interpreter itself.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-4-select-idle.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: select IDLE for Python 3.0 package]'>
<p>The second package you want is immediately above: <code>IDLE (using Python-3.0)</code>. This is a graphical Python Shell that you will use throughout this book.
<p>After you&#8217;ve checked those two packages, click the <code>Apply Changes</code> button to continue.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-5-apply-changes.png width=635 height=364 alt='[Add/Remove: apply changes]'>
<p>The package manager will ask you to confirm that you want to add both <code>IDLE (using Python-3.0)</code> and <code>Python (v3.0)</code>.
<p>Click the <code>Apply</code> button to continue.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-6-download-progress.png width=287 height=211 alt='[Add/Remove: download progress meter]'>
<p>The package manager will show you a progress meter while it downloads the necessary packages from Canonical&#8217;s Internet repository.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-7-install-progress.png width=486 height=258 alt='[Add/Remove: installation progress meter]'>
<p>Once the packages are downloaded, the package manager will automatically begin installing them.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-8-success.png width=591 height=296 alt='[Add/Remove: new applications have been installed]'>
<p>If all went well, the package manager will confirm that both packages were successfully installed. From here, you can double-click <abbr>IDLE</abbr> to launch the Python Shell, or click the <code>Close</code> button to exit the package manager.
<p>You can always relaunch the Python Shell by going to your <code>Applications</code> menu, then the <code>Programming</code> submenu, and selecting <abbr>IDLE</abbr>.
<li>
<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-interactive-shell.png width=679 height=687 alt='[Linux Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
<p>The Python Shell is where you will spend most of your time exploring Python. Examples throughout this book will assume that you can find your way into the Python Shell.
</ol>
@@ -252,26 +264,106 @@ Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
<h2 id=other>Installing on Other Platforms</h2>
<p>FIXME
<p>Python 3 is available on a number of different platforms. In particular, it is available in virtually every Linux, <abbr>BSD</abbr>, and Solaris-based distribution. For example, RedHat Linux uses the <code>yum</code> package manager; FreeBSD has its <a href=http://www.freebsd.org/ports/>ports and packages collection</a>; Solaris has <code>pkgadd</code> and friends. A quick web search for <code>Python 3</code> + <i>your operating system</i> will tell you whether a Python 3 package is available, and how to install it.
<p class=a>&#x2042;
<h2 id=idle>Using The Python Shell</h2>
<p>FIXME
<p>The Python Shell is where you can explore Python syntax, get interactive help on commands, and debug short programs. The graphical Python Shell (named <abbr>IDLE</abbr>) also contains a decent text editor that supports Python syntax coloring and integrates with the Python Shell. If you don&#8217;t already have a favorite text editor, you should give <abbr>IDLE</abbr> a try.
<p>First things first. The Python Shell itself is an amazing interactive playground. Throughout this book, you&#8217;ll see examples like this:
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd class=pp>1 + 1</kbd>
<samp class=pp>2</samp></pre>
<p>The three angle brackets, <samp class=p>>>></samp>, denote the Python Shell prompt. Don&#8217;t type that part. That&#8217;s just to let you know that this example is meant to be followed in the Python Shell.
<p><kbd class=pp>1 + 1</kbd> is the part you type. You can type any valid Python expression or command in the Python Shell. Don&#8217;t be shy; it won&#8217;t bite! The worst that will happen is you&#8217;ll get an error message. Commands get executed immediately (once you press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>); expressions get evaluated immediately, and the Python Shell prints out the result.
<p><samp class=pp>2</samp> is the result of evaluating this expression. As it happens, <kbd class=pp>1 + 1</kbd> is a valid Python expression. The result, of course, is <samp class=pp>2</samp>.
<p>Let&#8217;s try another one.
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd class=pp>print('Hello world!')</kbd>
<samp>Hello world!</samp>
</pre>
<p>Pretty simple, no? But there&#8217;s lots more you can do in the Python shell. If you ever get stuck&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;you can&#8217;t remember a command, or you can&#8217;t remember the proper arguments to pass a certain function&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;you can get interactive help in the Python Shell. Just type <kbd>help</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>.
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>help</kbd>
<samp>Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.</samp></pre>
<p>There are two modes of help. You can get help about a single object, which just prints out the documentation and returns you to the Python Shell prompt. You can also enter <i>help mode</i>, where instead of evaluating Python expressions, you just type keywords or command names and it will print out whatever it knows about that command.
<p>To enter the interactive help mode, type <kbd>help()</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>.
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd class=pp>help()</kbd>
Welcome to Python 3.0! This is the online help utility.
If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/tutorial/.
Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
such as "spam", type "modules spam".
</samp>
<samp class=p>help> </samp></pre>
<p>Note how the prompt changes from <samp class=p>>>></samp> to <samp class=p>help></samp>. This reminds you that you&#8217;re in the interactive help mode. Now you can enter any keyword, command, module name, function name&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;pretty much anything Python understands&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;and read documentation on it.
<pre class=screen>
<a><samp class=p>help> </samp><kbd class=pp>print</kbd> <span class=u>&#x2460;</span></a>
<samp>Help on built-in function print in module builtins:
print(...)
print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
Optional keyword arguments:
file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
sep: string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.
</samp>
<a><samp class=p>help> </samp><kbd class=pp>PapayaWhip</kbd> <span class=u>&#x2461;</span></a>
<samp>no Python documentation found for 'PapayaWhip'
</samp>
<a><samp class=p>help> </samp><kbd class=pp>quit</kbd> <span class=u>&#x2462;</span></a>
<samp>
You are now leaving help and returning to the Python interpreter.
If you want to ask for help on a particular object directly from the
interpreter, you can type "help(object)". Executing "help('string')"
has the same effect as typing a particular string at the help> prompt.</samp>
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp> <span class=u>&#x2463;</span></a></pre>
<ol>
<li>To get documentation on the <code>print()</code> function, just type <kbd>print</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>. The interactive help mode will display something akin to a man page: the function name, a brief synopsis, the function&#8217;s arguments and their default values, and so on. If the documentation seems opaque to you, don&#8217;t panic. You&#8217;ll learn more about all these concepts in the next few chapters.
<li>Of course, the interactive help mode doesn&#8217;t know everything. If you type something that isn&#8217;t a Python command, module, function, or other built-in keyword, the interactive help mode will just shrug its virtual shoulders.
<li>To quit the interactive help mode, type <kbd>quit</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>.
<li>The prompt changes back to <samp class=p>>>></samp> to signal that you&#8217;ve left the interactive help mode and returned to the Python Shell.
</ol>
<p><abbr>IDLE</abbr>, the graphical Python Shell, also includes a Python-aware text editor. You&#8217;ll see how to use it in the next chapter.
<p class=a>&#x2042;
<h2 id=editors>Python Editors and IDEs</h2>
<p>FIXME
<pre>
http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors
http://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments
http://pydev.sourceforge.net/
http://www.activestate.com/komodo/
http://www.activestate.com/activepython/
</pre>
<p><abbr>IDLE</abbr> is not the only game in town when it comes to writing programs in Python. While it&#8217;s useful to get started with learning the language itself, many developers prefer other text editors or Integrated Development Environments (<abbr>IDE</abbr>s). I won&#8217;t cover them here, but the Python community maintains <a href=http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors>a list of Python-aware editors</a> that covers a wide range of supported platforms and software licenses.
<p>You might also want to check out the <a href=http://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments>list of Python-aware <abbr>IDE</abbr>s</a>, although few of them support Python 3 yet. One that does is <a href=http://pydev.sourceforge.net/>PyDev</a>, a plugin for <a href=http://eclipse.org/>Eclipse</a> that turns Eclipse into a full-fledged Python <abbr>IDE</abbr>. Both Eclipse and PyDev are cross-platform and open source.
<p>On the commercial front, there is ActiveState&#8217;s <a href=http://www.activestate.com/komodo/>Komodo <abbr>IDE</abbr></a>. It has per-user licensing, but students can get a discount, and a free time-limited trial version is available.
<p>I&#8217;ve been programming in Python for nine years, and I edit my Python programs in <a href=http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/>GNU Emacs</a> and debug them in the command-line Python Shell. There&#8217;s no right or wrong way to develop in Python. Find a way that works for you!
<p class=v><a href=whats-new.html rel=prev title='back to &#8220;What&#8217;s New In Dive Into Python 3&#8221;'><span class=u>&#x261C;</span></a> <a href=your-first-python-program.html rel=next title='onward to &#8220;Your First Python Program&#8221;'><span class=u>&#x261E;</span></a>