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This commit is contained in:
Mark Pilgrim
+48
-48
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ body{counter-reset:h1 3}
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<meta name=viewport content='initial-scale=1.0'>
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</head>
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<form action=http://www.google.com/cse><div><input type=hidden name=cx value=014021643941856155761:l5eihuescdw><input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input name=q size=25> <input type=submit name=sa value=Search></div></form>
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<p>You are here: <a href=index.html>Home</a> <span>‣</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#strings>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>‣</span>
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<p>You are here: <a href=index.html>Home</a> <span class=u>‣</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#strings>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span class=u>‣</span>
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<p id=level>Difficulty level: <span title=intermediate>♦♦♦♢♢</span>
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<h1>Strings</h1>
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<blockquote class=q>
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<p><span>❝</span> I’m telling you this ’cause you’re one of my friends.<br>
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My alphabet starts where your alphabet ends! <span>❞</span><br>— Dr. Seuss, On Beyond Zebra!
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<p><span class=u>❝</span> I’m telling you this ’cause you’re one of my friends.<br>
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My alphabet starts where your alphabet ends! <span class=u>❞</span><br>— Dr. Seuss, On Beyond Zebra!
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</blockquote>
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<p id=toc>
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<h2 id=boring-stuff>Some Boring Stuff You Need To Understand Before You Can Dive In</h2>
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@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ My alphabet starts where your alphabet ends! <span>❞</span><br>— Dr
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<p>In Python 3, all strings are sequences of Unicode characters. There is no such thing as a Python string encoded in UTF-8, or a Python string encoded as CP-1252. “Is this string UTF-8?” is an invalid question. UTF-8 is a way of encoding characters as a sequence of bytes. If you want to take a string and turn it into a sequence of bytes in a particular character encoding, Python 3 can help you with that. If you want to take a sequence of bytes and turn it into a string, Python 3 can help you with that too. Bytes are not characters; bytes are bytes. Characters are an abstraction. A string is a sequence of those abstractions.
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<pre class=screen>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s = '深入 Python'</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(s)</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s = '深入 Python'</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(s)</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
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<samp>9</samp>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s[0]</kbd> <span>③</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s[0]</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
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<samp>'深'</samp>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s + ' 3'</kbd> <span>④</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s + ' 3'</kbd> <span class=u>④</span></a>
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<samp>'深入 Python 3'</samp></pre>
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<ol>
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<li>To create a string, enclose it in quotes. Python strings can be defined with either single quotes (<code>'</code>) or double quotes (<code>"</code>).<!--"-->
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@@ -106,12 +106,11 @@ My alphabet starts where your alphabet ends! <span>❞</span><br>— Dr
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<p>Let’s take another look at <a href=your-first-python-program.html#divingin><code>humansize.py</code></a>:
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<p class=d>[<a href=examples/humansize.py>download <code>humansize.py</code></a>]
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<pre><code>
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<a>SUFFIXES = {1000: ['KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB'], <span>①</span></a>
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<pre><code class=pp><a>SUFFIXES = {1000: ['KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB'], <span class=u>①</span></a>
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1024: ['KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB', 'EiB', 'ZiB', 'YiB']}
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def approximate_size(size, a_kilobyte_is_1024_bytes=True):
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<a> '''Convert a file size to human-readable form. <span>②</span></a>
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<a> '''Convert a file size to human-readable form. <span class=u>②</span></a>
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Keyword arguments:
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size -- file size in bytes
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@@ -120,15 +119,15 @@ def approximate_size(size, a_kilobyte_is_1024_bytes=True):
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Returns: string
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<a> ''' <span>③</span></a>
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<a> ''' <span class=u>③</span></a>
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if size < 0:
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<a> raise ValueError('number must be non-negative') <span>④</span></a>
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<a> raise ValueError('number must be non-negative') <span class=u>④</span></a>
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multiple = 1024 if a_kilobyte_is_1024_bytes else 1000
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for suffix in SUFFIXES[multiple]:
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size /= multiple
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if size < multiple:
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<a> return '{0:.1f} {1}'.format(size, suffix) <span>⑤</span></a>
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<a> return '{0:.1f} {1}'.format(size, suffix) <span class=u>⑤</span></a>
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raise ValueError('number too large')</code></pre>
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<ol>
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@@ -143,8 +142,8 @@ def approximate_size(size, a_kilobyte_is_1024_bytes=True):
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<pre class=screen>
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<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>username = 'mark'</kbd>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>password = 'PapayaWhip'</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>"{0}'s password is {1}".format(username, password)</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>password = 'PapayaWhip'</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>"{0}'s password is {1}".format(username, password)</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
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<samp>"mark's password is PapayaWhip"</samp></pre>
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<ol>
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<li>No, my password is not really <kbd>PapayaWhip</kbd>.
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@@ -157,10 +156,10 @@ def approximate_size(size, a_kilobyte_is_1024_bytes=True):
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<pre class=screen>
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<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>import humansize</kbd>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>si_suffixes = humansize.SUFFIXES[1000]</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>si_suffixes = humansize.SUFFIXES[1000]</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
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<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>si_suffixes</kbd>
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<samp>['KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB']</samp>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>'1000{0[0]} = 1{0[1]}'.format(si_suffixes)</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>'1000{0[0]} = 1{0[1]}'.format(si_suffixes)</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
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<samp>'1000KB = 1MB'</samp>
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</pre>
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<ol>
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@@ -202,13 +201,13 @@ def approximate_size(size, a_kilobyte_is_1024_bytes=True):
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<p>But wait! There’s more! Let’s take another look at that strange line of code from <code>humansize.py</code>:
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<pre><code>if size < multiple:
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<pre><code class=pp>if size < multiple:
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return '{0:.1f} {1}'.format(size, suffix)</code></pre>
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|
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<p><code>{1}</code> is replaced with the second argument passed to the <code>format()</code> method, which is <var>suffix</var>. But what is <code>{0:.1f}</code>? It’s two things: <code>{0}</code>, which you recognize, and <code>:.1f</code>, which you don’t. The second half (including and after the colon) defines the <i>format specifier</i>, which further refines how the replaced variable should be formatted.
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<blockquote class='note compare clang'>
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<p><span>☞</span>Format specifiers allow you to munge the replacement text in a variety of useful ways, like the <code>printf()</code> function in C. You can add zero- or space-padding, align strings, control decimal precision, and even convert numbers to hexadecimal.
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||||
<p><span class=u>☞</span>Format specifiers allow you to munge the replacement text in a variety of useful ways, like the <code>printf()</code> function in C. You can add zero- or space-padding, align strings, control decimal precision, and even convert numbers to hexadecimal.
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</blockquote>
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<p>Within a replacement field, a colon (<code>:</code>) marks the start of the format specifier. The format specifier “<code>.1</code>” means “round to the nearest tenth” (<i>i.e.</i> display only one digit after the decimal point). The format specifier “<code>f</code>” means “fixed-point number” (as opposed to exponential notation or some other decimal representation). Thus, given a <var>size</var> of <code>698.25</code> and <var>suffix</var> of <code>'GB'</code>, the formatted string would be <code>'698.3 GB'</code>, because <code>698.25</code> gets rounded to one decimal place, then the suffix is appended after the number.
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@@ -226,21 +225,21 @@ def approximate_size(size, a_kilobyte_is_1024_bytes=True):
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<p>Besides formatting, strings can do a number of other useful tricks.
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|
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<pre class=screen>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s = '''Finished files are the re-</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
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||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s = '''Finished files are the re-</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
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<samp class=p>... </samp><kbd>sult of years of scientif-</kbd>
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||||
<samp class=p>... </samp><kbd>ic study combined with the</kbd>
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<samp class=p>... </samp><kbd>experience of years.'''</kbd>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.splitlines()</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.splitlines()</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
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<samp>['Finished files are the re-',
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'sult of years of scientif-',
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'ic study combined with the',
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'experience of years.']</samp>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>print(s.lower())</kbd> <span>③</span></a>
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||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>print(s.lower())</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
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<samp>finished files are the re-
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sult of years of scientif-
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ic study combined with the
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||||
experience of years.</samp>
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||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.lower().count('f')</kbd> <span>④</span></a>
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||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.lower().count('f')</kbd> <span class=u>④</span></a>
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||||
<samp>6</samp></pre>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>You can input multi-line strings in the Python interactive shell. Once you start a multi-line string with triple quotation marks, just hit <kbd>ENTER</kbd> and the interactive shell will prompt you to continue the string. Typing the closing triple quotation marks ends the string, and the next <kbd>ENTER</kbd> will execute the command (in this case, assigning the string to <var>s</var>).
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@@ -253,13 +252,13 @@ experience of years.</samp>
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||||
|
||||
<pre class=screen>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>query = 'user=pilgrim&database=master&password=PapayaWhip'</kbd>
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||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_list = query.split('&')</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_list = query.split('&')</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_list</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>['user=pilgrim', 'database=master', 'password=PapayaWhip']</samp>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_list_of_lists = [v.split('=', 1) for v in a_list]</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_list_of_lists = [v.split('=', 1) for v in a_list]</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_list_of_lists</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>[['user', 'pilgrim'], ['database', 'master'], ['password', 'PapayaWhip']]</samp>
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_dict = dict(a_list_of_lists)</kbd> <span>③</span></a>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_dict = dict(a_list_of_lists)</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_dict</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>{'password': 'PapayaWhip', 'user': 'pilgrim', 'database': 'master'}</samp></pre>
|
||||
|
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@@ -276,21 +275,21 @@ experience of years.</samp>
|
||||
<p>Bytes are bytes; characters are an abstraction. An immutable sequence of Unicode characters is called a <i>string</i>. An immutable sequence of numbers-between-0-and-255 is called a <i>bytes</i> object.
|
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|
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<pre class=screen>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = b'abcd\x65'</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = b'abcd\x65'</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
|
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<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by</kbd>
|
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<samp>b'abcde'</samp>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>type(by)</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>type(by)</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
|
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<samp><class 'bytes'></samp>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(by)</kbd> <span>③</span></a>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(by)</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
|
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<samp>5</samp>
|
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<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by += b'\xff'</kbd> <span>④</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by += b'\xff'</kbd> <span class=u>④</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>b'abcde\xff'</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(by)</kbd> <span>⑤</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(by)</kbd> <span class=u>⑤</span></a>
|
||||
<samp>6</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by[0]</kbd> <span>⑥</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by[0]</kbd> <span class=u>⑥</span></a>
|
||||
<samp>97</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by[0] = 102</kbd> <span>⑦</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by[0] = 102</kbd> <span class=u>⑦</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=traceback>Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment</samp></pre>
|
||||
@@ -306,12 +305,12 @@ TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment</samp></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class=screen>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = b'abcd\x65'</kbd>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>barr = bytearray(by)</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>barr = bytearray(by)</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>barr</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>bytearray(b'abcde')</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(barr)</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(barr)</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
|
||||
<samp>5</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>barr[0] = 102</kbd> <span>③</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>barr[0] = 102</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>barr</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>bytearray(b'fbcde')</samp></pre>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
@@ -325,15 +324,15 @@ TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment</samp></pre>
|
||||
<pre class=screen>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = b'd'</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s = 'abcde'</kbd>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by + s</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by + s</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=traceback>Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
TypeError: can't concat bytes to str</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.count(by)</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.count(by)</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=traceback>Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
TypeError: Can't convert 'bytes' object to str implicitly</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.count(by.decode('ascii'))</kbd> <span>③</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>s.count(by.decode('ascii'))</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
|
||||
<samp>1</samp></pre>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>You can’t concatenate bytes and strings. They are two different data types.
|
||||
@@ -344,25 +343,25 @@ TypeError: Can't convert 'bytes' object to str implicitly</samp>
|
||||
<p>And here is the link between strings and bytes: <code>bytes</code> objects have a <code>decode()</code> method that takes a character encoding and returns a string, and strings have an <code>encode()</code> method that takes a character encoding and returns a <code>bytes</code> object. In the previous example, the decoding was relatively straightforward — converting a sequence of bytes n the <abbr>ASCII</abbr> encoding into a string of characters. But the same process works with any encoding that supports the characters of the string — even legacy (non-Unicode) encodings.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class=screen>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_string = '深入 Python'</kbd> <span>①</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_string = '深入 Python'</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(a_string)</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>9</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = a_string.encode('utf-8')</kbd> <span>②</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = a_string.encode('utf-8')</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>b'\xe6\xb7\xb1\xe5\x85\xa5 Python'</samp>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(by)</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>13</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = a_string.encode('gb18030')</kbd> <span>③</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = a_string.encode('gb18030')</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>b'\xc9\xee\xc8\xeb Python'</samp>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(by)</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>11</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = a_string.encode('big5')</kbd> <span>④</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by = a_string.encode('big5')</kbd> <span class=u>④</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>by</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>b'\xb2`\xa4J Python'</samp>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>len(by)</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>11</samp>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>roundtrip = by.decode('big5')</kbd> <span>⑤</span></a>
|
||||
<a><samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>roundtrip = by.decode('big5')</kbd> <span class=u>⑤</span></a>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>roundtrip</kbd>
|
||||
<samp>'深入 Python'</samp>
|
||||
<samp class=p>>>> </samp><kbd>a_string == roundtrip</kbd>
|
||||
@@ -382,16 +381,16 @@ TypeError: Can't convert 'bytes' object to str implicitly</samp>
|
||||
<p>Python 3 assumes that your source code — <i>i.e.</i> each <code>.py</code> file — is encoded in UTF-8.
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote class='note compare python2'>
|
||||
<p><span>☞</span>In Python 2, the default encoding for <code>.py</code> files was <abbr>ASCII</abbr>. In Python 3, <a href=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3120/>the default encoding is UTF-8</a>.
|
||||
<p><span class=u>☞</span>In Python 2, the default encoding for <code>.py</code> files was <abbr>ASCII</abbr>. In Python 3, <a href=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3120/>the default encoding is UTF-8</a>.
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you would like to use a different encoding within your Python code, you can put an encoding declaration on the first line of each file. This declaration defines a <code>.py</code> file to be windows-1252:
|
||||
|
||||
<pre><code># -*- coding: windows-1252 -*-</code></pre>
|
||||
<pre><code class=pp># -*- coding: windows-1252 -*-</code></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Technically, the character encoding override can also be on the second line, if the first line is a <abbr>UNIX</abbr>-like hash-bang command.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python3
|
||||
<pre><code class=pp>#!/usr/bin/python3
|
||||
# -*- coding: windows-1252 -*-</code></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For more information, consult <a href=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/><abbr>PEP</abbr> 263: Defining Python Source Code Encodings</a>.
|
||||
@@ -432,8 +431,9 @@ TypeError: Can't convert 'bytes' object to str implicitly</samp>
|
||||
<li><a href=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3101/><abbr>PEP</abbr> 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class=v><a href=native-datatypes.html rel=prev title='back to “Native Datatypes”'><span>☜</span></a> <a href=regular-expressions.html rel=next title='onward to “Regular Expressions”'><span>☞</span></a>
|
||||
<p class=v><a href=native-datatypes.html rel=prev title='back to “Native Datatypes”'><span class=u>☜</span></a> <a href=regular-expressions.html rel=next title='onward to “Regular Expressions”'><span class=u>☞</span></a>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class=c>© 2001–9 <a href=about.html>Mark Pilgrim</a>
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
|
||||
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