"""Convert to and from Roman numerals

This program is part of "Dive Into Python 3", a free Python book for
experienced programmers.  Visit http://diveintopython3.org/ for the
latest version.
"""
import re

class OutOfRangeError(ValueError): pass
class NotIntegerError(ValueError): pass
class InvalidRomanNumeralError(ValueError): pass

roman_numeral_map = (('M',  1000),
                     ('CM', 900),
                     ('D',  500),
                     ('CD', 400),
                     ('C',  100),
                     ('XC', 90),
                     ('L',  50),
                     ('XL', 40),
                     ('X',  10),
                     ('IX', 9),
                     ('V',  5),
                     ('IV', 4),
                     ('I',  1))

roman_numeral_pattern = re.compile("""
    ^                   # beginning of string
    M{0,3}              # thousands - 0 to 3 M's
    (CM|CD|D?C{0,3})    # hundreds - 900 (CM), 400 (CD), 0-300 (0 to 3 C's),
                        #            or 500-800 (D, followed by 0 to 3 C's)
    (XC|XL|L?X{0,3})    # tens - 90 (XC), 40 (XL), 0-30 (0 to 3 X's),
                        #        or 50-80 (L, followed by 0 to 3 X's)
    (IX|IV|V?I{0,3})    # ones - 9 (IX), 4 (IV), 0-3 (0 to 3 I's),
                        #        or 5-8 (V, followed by 0 to 3 I's)
    $                   # end of string
    """, re.VERBOSE)

def to_roman(n):
    """convert integer to Roman numeral"""
    if not (0 < n < 4000):
        raise OutOfRangeError("number out of range (must be 0..3999)")
    if not isinstance(n, int):
        raise NotIntegerError("non-integers can not be converted")

    result = ""
    for numeral, integer in roman_numeral_map:
        while n >= integer:
            result += numeral
            n -= integer
    return result

def from_roman(s):
    """convert Roman numeral to integer"""
    if not isinstance(s, str):
        raise InvalidRomanNumeralError("Input must be a string")
    if not s:
        raise InvalidRomanNumeralError("Input can not be blank")
    if not roman_numeral_pattern.search(s):
        raise InvalidRomanNumeralError("Invalid Roman numeral: {0}".format(s))

    result = 0
    index = 0
    for numeral, integer in roman_numeral_map:
        while s[index : index + len(numeral)] == numeral:
            result += integer
            index += len(numeral)
    return result