# Causal program-aided language (CPAL) chain
## Motivation
This builds on the recent [PAL](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10435) to
stop LLM hallucination. The problem with the
[PAL](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10435) approach is that it hallucinates
on a math problem with a nested chain of dependence. The innovation here
is that this new CPAL approach includes causal structure to fix
hallucination.
For example, using the below word problem, PAL answers with 5, and CPAL
answers with 13.
"Tim buys the same number of pets as Cindy and Boris."
"Cindy buys the same number of pets as Bill plus Bob."
"Boris buys the same number of pets as Ben plus Beth."
"Bill buys the same number of pets as Obama."
"Bob buys the same number of pets as Obama."
"Ben buys the same number of pets as Obama."
"Beth buys the same number of pets as Obama."
"If Obama buys one pet, how many pets total does everyone buy?"
The CPAL chain represents the causal structure of the above narrative as
a causal graph or DAG, which it can also plot, as shown below.
.
The two major sections below are:
1. Technical overview
2. Future application
Also see [this jupyter
notebook](https://github.com/borisdev/langchain/blob/master/docs/extras/modules/chains/additional/cpal.ipynb)
doc.
## 1. Technical overview
### CPAL versus PAL
Like [PAL](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10435), CPAL intends to reduce
large language model (LLM) hallucination.
The CPAL chain is different from the PAL chain for a couple of reasons.
* CPAL adds a causal structure (or DAG) to link entity actions (or math
expressions).
* The CPAL math expressions are modeling a chain of cause and effect
relations, which can be intervened upon, whereas for the PAL chain math
expressions are projected math identities.
PAL's generated python code is wrong. It hallucinates when complexity
increases.
```python
def solution():
"""Tim buys the same number of pets as Cindy and Boris.Cindy buys the same number of pets as Bill plus Bob.Boris buys the same number of pets as Ben plus Beth.Bill buys the same number of pets as Obama.Bob buys the same number of pets as Obama.Ben buys the same number of pets as Obama.Beth buys the same number of pets as Obama.If Obama buys one pet, how many pets total does everyone buy?"""
obama_pets = 1
tim_pets = obama_pets
cindy_pets = obama_pets + obama_pets
boris_pets = obama_pets + obama_pets
total_pets = tim_pets + cindy_pets + boris_pets
result = total_pets
return result # math result is 5
```
CPAL's generated python code is correct.
```python
story outcome data
name code value depends_on
0 obama pass 1.0 []
1 bill bill.value = obama.value 1.0 [obama]
2 bob bob.value = obama.value 1.0 [obama]
3 ben ben.value = obama.value 1.0 [obama]
4 beth beth.value = obama.value 1.0 [obama]
5 cindy cindy.value = bill.value + bob.value 2.0 [bill, bob]
6 boris boris.value = ben.value + beth.value 2.0 [ben, beth]
7 tim tim.value = cindy.value + boris.value 4.0 [cindy, boris]
query data
{
"question": "how many pets total does everyone buy?",
"expression": "SELECT SUM(value) FROM df",
"llm_error_msg": ""
}
# query result is 13
```
Based on the comments below, CPAL's intended location in the library is
`experimental/chains/cpal` and PAL's location is`chains/pal`.
### CPAL vs Graph QA
Both the CPAL chain and the Graph QA chain extract entity-action-entity
relations into a DAG.
The CPAL chain is different from the Graph QA chain for a few reasons.
* Graph QA does not connect entities to math expressions
* Graph QA does not associate actions in a sequence of dependence.
* Graph QA does not decompose the narrative into these three parts:
1. Story plot or causal model
4. Hypothetical question
5. Hypothetical condition
### Evaluation
Preliminary evaluation on simple math word problems shows that this CPAL
chain generates less hallucination than the PAL chain on answering
questions about a causal narrative. Two examples are in [this jupyter
notebook](https://github.com/borisdev/langchain/blob/master/docs/extras/modules/chains/additional/cpal.ipynb)
doc.
## 2. Future application
### "Describe as Narrative, Test as Code"
The thesis here is that the Describe as Narrative, Test as Code approach
allows you to represent a causal mental model both as code and as a
narrative, giving you the best of both worlds.
#### Why describe a causal mental mode as a narrative?
The narrative form is quick. At a consensus building meeting, people use
narratives to persuade others of their causal mental model, aka. plan.
You can share, version control and index a narrative.
#### Why test a causal mental model as a code?
Code is testable, complex narratives are not. Though fast, narratives
are problematic as their complexity increases. The problem is LLMs and
humans are prone to hallucination when predicting the outcomes of a
narrative. The cost of building a consensus around the validity of a
narrative outcome grows as its narrative complexity increases. Code does
not require tribal knowledge or social power to validate.
Code is composable, complex narratives are not. The answer of one CPAL
chain can be the hypothetical conditions of another CPAL Chain. For
stochastic simulations, a composable plan can be integrated with the
[DoWhy library](https://github.com/py-why/dowhy). Lastly, for the
futuristic folk, a composable plan as code allows ordinary community
folk to design a plan that can be integrated with a blockchain for
funding.
An explanation of a dependency planning application is
[here.](https://github.com/borisdev/cpal-llm-chain-demo)
---
Twitter handle: @boris_dev
---------
Co-authored-by: Boris Dev <borisdev@Boriss-MacBook-Air.local>
# [SPARQL](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/) for
[LangChain](https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain)
## Description
LangChain support for knowledge graphs relying on W3C standards using
RDFlib: SPARQL/ RDF(S)/ OWL with special focus on RDF \
* Works with local files, files from the web, and SPARQL endpoints
* Supports both SELECT and UPDATE queries
* Includes both a Jupyter notebook with an example and integration tests
## Contribution compared to related PRs and discussions
* [Wikibase agent](https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain/pull/2690) -
uses SPARQL, but specifically for wikibase querying
* [Cypher qa](https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain/pull/5078) - graph
DB question answering for Neo4J via Cypher
* [PR 6050](https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain/pull/6050) - tries
something similar, but does not cover UPDATE queries and supports only
RDF
* Discussions on [w3c mailing list](mailto:semantic-web@w3.org) related
to the combination of LLMs (specifically ChatGPT) and knowledge graphs
## Dependencies
* [RDFlib](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib)
## Tag maintainer
Graph database related to memory -> @hwchase17
Fix issue #6380
<!-- Remove if not applicable -->
Fixes#6380 (issue)
#### Before submitting
<!-- If you're adding a new integration, please include:
1. a test for the integration - favor unit tests that does not rely on
network access.
2. an example notebook showing its use
See contribution guidelines for more information on how to write tests,
lint
etc:
https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
-->
#### Who can review?
Tag maintainers/contributors who might be interested:
@hwchase17
<!-- For a quicker response, figure out the right person to tag with @
@hwchase17 - project lead
Tracing / Callbacks
- @agola11
Async
- @agola11
DataLoaders
- @eyurtsev
Models
- @hwchase17
- @agola11
Agents / Tools / Toolkits
- @hwchase17
VectorStores / Retrievers / Memory
- @dev2049
-->
---------
Co-authored-by: HubertKl <HubertKl>
Similar as https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain/pull/5818
Added the functionality to save/load Graph Cypher QA Chain due to a user
reporting the following error
> raise NotImplementedError("Saving not supported for this chain
type.")\nNotImplementedError: Saving not supported for this chain
type.\n'
Based on the inspiration from the SQL chain, the following three
parameters are added to Graph Cypher Chain.
- top_k: Limited the number of results from the database to be used as
context
- return_direct: Return database results without transforming them to
natural language
- return_intermediate_steps: Return intermediate steps
<!--
Thank you for contributing to LangChain! Your PR will appear in our
release under the title you set. Please make sure it highlights your
valuable contribution.
Replace this with a description of the change, the issue it fixes (if
applicable), and relevant context. List any dependencies required for
this change.
After you're done, someone will review your PR. They may suggest
improvements. If no one reviews your PR within a few days, feel free to
@-mention the same people again, as notifications can get lost.
Finally, we'd love to show appreciation for your contribution - if you'd
like us to shout you out on Twitter, please also include your handle!
-->
<!-- Remove if not applicable -->
Fixes#3983
Mimicing what we do for saving and loading VectorDBQA chain, I added the
logic for RetrievalQA chain.
Also added a unit test. I did not find how we test other chains for
their saving and loading functionality, so I just added a file with one
test case. Let me know if there are recommended ways to test it.
#### Before submitting
<!-- If you're adding a new integration, please include:
1. a test for the integration - favor unit tests that does not rely on
network access.
2. an example notebook showing its use
See contribution guidelines for more information on how to write tests,
lint
etc:
https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
-->
#### Who can review?
Tag maintainers/contributors who might be interested:
@dev2049
<!-- For a quicker response, figure out the right person to tag with @
@hwchase17 - project lead
Tracing / Callbacks
- @agola11
Async
- @agola11
DataLoaders
- @eyurtsev
Models
- @hwchase17
- @agola11
Agents / Tools / Toolkits
- @vowelparrot
VectorStores / Retrievers / Memory
- @dev2049
-->
---------
Co-authored-by: Harrison Chase <hw.chase.17@gmail.com>
Adds Google Search integration with [Serper](https://serper.dev) a
low-cost alternative to SerpAPI (10x cheaper + generous free tier).
Includes documentation, tests and examples. Hopefully I am not missing
anything.
Developers can sign up for a free account at
[serper.dev](https://serper.dev) and obtain an api key.
## Usage
```python
from langchain.utilities import GoogleSerperAPIWrapper
from langchain.llms.openai import OpenAI
from langchain.agents import initialize_agent, Tool
import os
os.environ["SERPER_API_KEY"] = ""
os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY'] = ""
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)
search = GoogleSerperAPIWrapper()
tools = [
Tool(
name="Intermediate Answer",
func=search.run
)
]
self_ask_with_search = initialize_agent(tools, llm, agent="self-ask-with-search", verbose=True)
self_ask_with_search.run("What is the hometown of the reigning men's U.S. Open champion?")
```
### Output
```
Entering new AgentExecutor chain...
Yes.
Follow up: Who is the reigning men's U.S. Open champion?
Intermediate answer: Current champions Carlos Alcaraz, 2022 men's singles champion.
Follow up: Where is Carlos Alcaraz from?
Intermediate answer: El Palmar, Spain
So the final answer is: El Palmar, Spain
> Finished chain.
'El Palmar, Spain'
```
William FH