diff --git a/Pipfile b/Pipfile
index c5eb5653..f125625a 100644
--- a/Pipfile
+++ b/Pipfile
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ click = "*"
 pytest-pypy = {path = "./tests/pytest-pypi", editable = true}
 pytest-tap = "*"
 stdeb = {version="*", sys_platform="== 'linux'"}
-white = {version="*", python_version="=='3.6'"}
-black = {version="*", python_version="=='3.6'"}
+white = {version="*"}
 
 
 [packages]
diff --git a/Pipfile.lock b/Pipfile.lock
index 9e72d7d6..977f3841 100644
--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
     "_meta": {
         "hash": {
-            "sha256": "cce9ff19b4d0e5df129d50def066395400866c5cc42ad6c7f99234fbed85d676"
+            "sha256": "d995b30822f7b34c1e620ca94a4657f3c868f78264d88b475d5353c004330bf7"
         },
         "pipfile-spec": 6,
         "requires": {},
@@ -43,15 +43,6 @@
             ],
             "version": "==2.5.3"
         },
-        "black": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0461c7a52b5beb378936bf642753dec7a45305c96c6129d540b9c53227121a5a",
-                "sha256:7183263650ba3071034e90b40a1ea74abccbd32cf525cef6d7914479dbe7f2fb"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version == '3.6'",
-            "version": "==18.3a0"
-        },
         "certifi": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:14131608ad2fd56836d33a71ee60fa1c82bc9d2c8d98b7bdbc631fe1b3cd1296",
@@ -364,12 +355,11 @@
         },
         "white": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:b3850a6737f5ce231564ece002f4f5e0c15b5377364a904b7830d8d45300934c",
-                "sha256:d5f52fa8143f440ab792d09d8a179b7a1779c27e982e8ab8e335ac81699fcd04"
+                "sha256:45e2c7f54de1facc60bf0a726b480cdc43422aad57c3a0bc5ba54cb536696683",
+                "sha256:bca98066256cfff6fb85ec36b95cc5913c888c170a8407c340786972b06c6f8f"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version == '3.6'",
-            "version": "==0.0.2"
+            "version": "==0.1.2"
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/get-pipenv.py b/get-pipenv.py
index ac72500c..a5d30e38 100755
--- a/get-pipenv.py
+++ b/get-pipenv.py
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ except ImportError:
             try:
                 out.append(packI(acc))
             except struct.error:
-                raise ValueError('base85 overflow in hunk starting at byte %d' % i)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'base85 overflow in hunk starting at byte %d' % i
+                )
 
         result = b''.join(out)
         if padding:
diff --git a/pipenv/cli.py b/pipenv/cli.py
index 95db8858..802d123d 100644
--- a/pipenv/cli.py
+++ b/pipenv/cli.py
@@ -57,24 +57,43 @@ def setup_verbose(ctx, param, value):
 
 
 @click.group(
-    cls=PipenvGroup, invoke_without_command=True, context_settings=CONTEXT_SETTINGS
+    cls=PipenvGroup,
+    invoke_without_command=True,
+    context_settings=CONTEXT_SETTINGS,
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--update', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Update Pipenv & pip to latest."
+    '--update',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Update Pipenv & pip to latest.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--where', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Output project home information."
+    '--where',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Output project home information.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--venv', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Output virtualenv information."
+    '--venv',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Output virtualenv information.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--py', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Output Python interpreter information."
+    '--py',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Output Python interpreter information.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--envs', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Output Environment Variable options."
+    '--envs',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Output Environment Variable options.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--rm', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Remove the virtualenv."
 )
-@click.option('--rm', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Remove the virtualenv.")
 @click.option('--bare', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Minimal output.")
 @click.option(
     '--completion',
@@ -151,7 +170,9 @@ def cli(
             path = os.sep.join([os.path.dirname(__file__), 'pipenv.1'])
             os.execle(core.system_which('man'), 'man', path, os.environ)
         else:
-            click.echo('man does not appear to be available on your system.', err=True)
+            click.echo(
+                'man does not appear to be available on your system.', err=True
+            )
     if envs:
         click.echo(
             'The following environment variables can be set, to do various things:\n'
@@ -181,7 +202,9 @@ def cli(
             # There is no virtualenv yet.
             if not core.project.virtualenv_exists:
                 click.echo(
-                    crayons.red('No virtualenv has been created for this project yet!'),
+                    crayons.red(
+                        'No virtualenv has been created for this project yet!'
+                    ),
                     err=True,
                 )
                 sys.exit(1)
@@ -258,7 +281,9 @@ def cli(
     nargs=1,
     help="Specify which version of Python virtualenv should use.",
 )
-@click.option('--system', is_flag=True, default=False, help="System pip management.")
+@click.option(
+    '--system', is_flag=True, default=False, help="System pip management."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--requirements',
     '-r',
@@ -266,7 +291,9 @@ def cli(
     default=False,
     help="Import a requirements.txt file.",
 )
-@click.option('--code', '-c', nargs=1, default=False, help="Import from codebase.")
+@click.option(
+    '--code', '-c', nargs=1, default=False, help="Import from codebase."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--verbose',
     '-v',
@@ -299,7 +326,9 @@ def cli(
     default=False,
     help=u"Abort if the Pipfile.lock is out–of–date, or Python version is wrong.",
 )
-@click.option('--pre', is_flag=True, default=False, help=u"Allow pre–releases.")
+@click.option(
+    '--pre', is_flag=True, default=False, help=u"Allow pre–releases."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--keep-outdated',
     is_flag=True,
@@ -354,7 +383,9 @@ def install(
     )
 
 
-@click.command(short_help="Un-installs a provided package and removes it from Pipfile.")
+@click.command(
+    short_help="Un-installs a provided package and removes it from Pipfile."
+)
 @click.argument('package_name', default=False)
 @click.argument('more_packages', nargs=-1)
 @click.option(
@@ -369,7 +400,9 @@ def install(
     nargs=1,
     help="Specify which version of Python virtualenv should use.",
 )
-@click.option('--system', is_flag=True, default=False, help="System pip management.")
+@click.option(
+    '--system', is_flag=True, default=False, help="System pip management."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--verbose',
     '-v',
@@ -463,7 +496,9 @@ def uninstall(
 @click.option(
     '--clear', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Clear the dependency cache."
 )
-@click.option('--pre', is_flag=True, default=False, help=u"Allow pre–releases.")
+@click.option(
+    '--pre', is_flag=True, default=False, help=u"Allow pre–releases."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--keep-outdated',
     is_flag=True,
@@ -489,7 +524,9 @@ def lock(
         pre = core.project.settings.get('pre')
     if requirements:
         core.do_init(dev=dev, requirements=requirements)
-    core.do_lock(verbose=verbose, clear=clear, pre=pre, keep_outdated=keep_outdated)
+    core.do_lock(
+        verbose=verbose, clear=clear, pre=pre, keep_outdated=keep_outdated
+    )
 
 
 @click.command(
@@ -521,13 +558,17 @@ def lock(
     help="Always spawn a subshell, even if one is already spawned.",
 )
 @click.argument('shell_args', nargs=-1)
-def shell(three=None, python=False, fancy=False, shell_args=None, anyway=False):
+def shell(
+    three=None, python=False, fancy=False, shell_args=None, anyway=False
+):
     from .import core
 
     # Prevent user from activating nested environments.
     if 'PIPENV_ACTIVE' in os.environ:
         # If PIPENV_ACTIVE is set, VIRTUAL_ENV should always be set too.
-        venv_name = os.environ.get('VIRTUAL_ENV', 'UNKNOWN_VIRTUAL_ENVIRONMENT')
+        venv_name = os.environ.get(
+            'VIRTUAL_ENV', 'UNKNOWN_VIRTUAL_ENVIRONMENT'
+        )
         if not anyway:
             click.echo(
                 '{0} {1} {2}\nNo action taken to avoid nested environments.'.format(
@@ -543,7 +584,9 @@ def shell(three=None, python=False, fancy=False, shell_args=None, anyway=False):
     # Use fancy mode for Windows.
     if os.name == 'nt':
         fancy = True
-    core.do_shell(three=three, python=python, fancy=fancy, shell_args=shell_args)
+    core.do_shell(
+        three=three, python=python, fancy=fancy, shell_args=shell_args
+    )
 
 
 @click.command(
@@ -591,7 +634,9 @@ def run(command, args, three=None, python=False):
     nargs=1,
     help="Specify which version of Python virtualenv should use.",
 )
-@click.option('--system', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Use system Python.")
+@click.option(
+    '--system', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Use system Python."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--unused',
     nargs=1,
@@ -599,10 +644,19 @@ def run(command, args, three=None, python=False):
     help="Given a code path, show potentially unused dependencies.",
 )
 @click.argument('args', nargs=-1)
-def check(three=None, python=False, system=False, unused=False, style=False, args=None):
+def check(
+    three=None,
+    python=False,
+    system=False,
+    unused=False,
+    style=False,
+    args=None,
+):
     from .import core
 
-    core.do_check(three=three, python=python, system=system, unused=unused, args=args)
+    core.do_check(
+        three=three, python=python, system=system, unused=unused, args=args
+    )
 
 
 @click.command(short_help="Runs lock, then sync.")
@@ -638,7 +692,9 @@ def check(three=None, python=False, system=False, unused=False, style=False, arg
     '--clear', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Clear the dependency cache."
 )
 @click.option('--bare', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Minimal output.")
-@click.option('--pre', is_flag=True, default=False, help=u"Allow pre–releases.")
+@click.option(
+    '--pre', is_flag=True, default=False, help=u"Allow pre–releases."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--keep-outdated',
     is_flag=True,
@@ -652,10 +708,16 @@ def check(three=None, python=False, system=False, unused=False, style=False, arg
     help="Install dependencies one-at-a-time, instead of concurrently.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--outdated', is_flag=True, default=False, help=u"List out–of–date dependencies."
+    '--outdated',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help=u"List out–of–date dependencies.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--dry-run', is_flag=True, default=None, help=u"List out–of–date dependencies."
+    '--dry-run',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=None,
+    help=u"List out–of–date dependencies.",
 )
 @click.argument('package', default=False)
 @click.pass_context
@@ -696,7 +758,9 @@ def update(
         # Load the --pre settings from the Pipfile.
         if not pre:
             pre = core.project.settings.get('pre')
-        core.do_lock(verbose=verbose, clear=clear, pre=pre, keep_outdated=keep_outdated)
+        core.do_lock(
+            verbose=verbose, clear=clear, pre=pre, keep_outdated=keep_outdated
+        )
         core.do_sync(
             ctx=ctx,
             install=install,
@@ -746,7 +810,9 @@ def update(
         )
 
 
-@click.command(short_help=u"Displays currently–installed dependency graph information.")
+@click.command(
+    short_help=u"Displays currently–installed dependency graph information."
+)
 @click.option('--bare', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Minimal output.")
 @click.option('--json', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Output JSON.")
 @click.option(
@@ -778,7 +844,9 @@ def run_open(module, three=None, python=None):
     # Ensure that virtualenv is available.
     core.ensure_project(three=three, python=python, validate=False)
     c = delegator.run(
-        '{0} -c "import {1}; print({1}.__file__);"'.format(core.which('python'), module)
+        '{0} -c "import {1}; print({1}.__file__);"'.format(
+            core.which('python'), module
+        )
     )
     try:
         assert c.return_code == 0
@@ -789,7 +857,9 @@ def run_open(module, three=None, python=None):
         p = os.path.dirname(c.out.strip().rstrip('cdo'))
     else:
         p = c.out.strip().rstrip('cdo')
-    click.echo(crayons.normal('Opening {0!r} in your EDITOR.'.format(p), bold=True))
+    click.echo(
+        crayons.normal('Opening {0!r} in your EDITOR.'.format(p), bold=True)
+    )
     click.edit(filename=p)
     sys.exit(0)
 
@@ -865,7 +935,9 @@ def sync(
     )
 
 
-@click.command(short_help="Uninstalls all packages not specified in Pipfile.lock.")
+@click.command(
+    short_help="Uninstalls all packages not specified in Pipfile.lock."
+)
 @click.option(
     '--verbose',
     '-v',
@@ -887,15 +959,26 @@ def sync(
     help="Specify which version of Python virtualenv should use.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    '--dry-run', is_flag=True, default=False, help="Just output unneeded packages."
+    '--dry-run',
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Just output unneeded packages.",
 )
 @click.pass_context
 def clean(
-    ctx, three=None, python=None, dry_run=False, bare=False, user=False, verbose=False
+    ctx,
+    three=None,
+    python=None,
+    dry_run=False,
+    bare=False,
+    user=False,
+    verbose=False,
 ):
     from .import core
 
-    core.do_clean(ctx=ctx, three=three, python=python, dry_run=dry_run, verbose=verbose)
+    core.do_clean(
+        ctx=ctx, three=three, python=python, dry_run=dry_run, verbose=verbose
+    )
 
 
 # Install click commands.
diff --git a/pipenv/core.py b/pipenv/core.py
index 76eab37b..3e307c40 100644
--- a/pipenv/core.py
+++ b/pipenv/core.py
@@ -126,7 +126,9 @@ def which(command, location=None, allow_global=False):
         location = project.virtualenv_location
     if not allow_global:
         if os.name == 'nt':
-            p = find_windows_executable(os.path.join(location, 'Scripts'), command)
+            p = find_windows_executable(
+                os.path.join(location, 'Scripts'), command
+            )
         else:
             p = os.sep.join([location] + ['bin/{0}'.format(command)])
     else:
@@ -151,7 +153,9 @@ def load_dot_env():
         )
         if os.path.isfile(denv):
             click.echo(
-                crayons.normal('Loading .env environment variables…', bold=True),
+                crayons.normal(
+                    'Loading .env environment variables…', bold=True
+                ),
                 err=True,
             )
         dotenv.load_dotenv(denv, override=True)
@@ -160,7 +164,9 @@ def load_dot_env():
 def add_to_path(p):
     """Adds a given path to the PATH."""
     if p not in os.environ['PATH']:
-        os.environ['PATH'] = '{0}{1}{2}'.format(p, os.pathsep, os.environ['PATH'])
+        os.environ['PATH'] = '{0}{1}{2}'.format(
+            p, os.pathsep, os.environ['PATH']
+        )
 
 
 def ensure_latest_self(user=False):
@@ -179,22 +185,30 @@ def ensure_latest_self(user=False):
         click.echo(
             '{0}: {1} is now available. Automatically upgrading!'.format(
                 crayons.green('Courtesy Notice'),
-                crayons.yellow('Pipenv {v.major}.{v.minor}.{v.patch}'.format(v=latest)),
+                crayons.yellow(
+                    'Pipenv {v.major}.{v.minor}.{v.patch}'.format(v=latest)
+                ),
             ),
             err=True,
         )
         # Resolve user site, enable user mode automatically.
-        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE and site.USER_SITE in sys.modules['pipenv'].__file__:
+        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE and site.USER_SITE in sys.modules[
+            'pipenv'
+        ].__file__:
             args = ['install', '--user', '--upgrade', 'pipenv', '--no-cache']
         else:
             args = ['install', '--upgrade', 'pipenv', '--no-cache']
-        os.environ['PIP_PYTHON_VERSION'] = str('.'.join(map(str, sys.version_info[:3])))
+        os.environ['PIP_PYTHON_VERSION'] = str(
+            '.'.join(map(str, sys.version_info[:3]))
+        )
         os.environ['PIP_PYTHON_PATH'] = str(sys.executable)
         sys.modules['pip'].main(args)
         click.echo(
             '{0} to {1}!'.format(
                 crayons.green('Pipenv updated'),
-                crayons.yellow('{v.major}.{v.minor}.{v.patch}'.format(v=latest)),
+                crayons.yellow(
+                    '{v.major}.{v.minor}.{v.patch}'.format(v=latest)
+                ),
             )
         )
     else:
@@ -223,7 +237,9 @@ def ensure_latest_pip():
         if 'however' in c.err:
             # If version is out of date, update.
             click.echo(
-                crayons.normal(u'Pip is out of date… updating to latest.', bold=True)
+                crayons.normal(
+                    u'Pip is out of date… updating to latest.', bold=True
+                )
             )
             windows = '-m' if os.name == 'nt' else ''
             c = delegator.run(
@@ -334,7 +350,9 @@ def ensure_pipfile(validate=True, skip_requirements=False):
             )
         else:
             click.echo(
-                crayons.normal(u'Creating a Pipfile for this project…', bold=True),
+                crayons.normal(
+                    u'Creating a Pipfile for this project…', bold=True
+                ),
                 err=True,
             )
             # Create the pipfile if it doesn't exist.
@@ -348,7 +366,8 @@ def ensure_pipfile(validate=True, skip_requirements=False):
         # Write changes out to disk.
         if changed:
             click.echo(
-                crayons.normal(u'Fixing package names in Pipfile…', bold=True), err=True
+                crayons.normal(u'Fixing package names in Pipfile…', bold=True),
+                err=True,
             )
             project.write_toml(p)
 
@@ -450,13 +469,17 @@ def ensure_python(three=None, python=None):
         if PYENV_INSTALLED:
             if PYENV_ROOT:
                 pyenv_paths = {}
-                for found in glob('{0}{1}versions{1}*'.format(PYENV_ROOT, os.sep)):
+                for found in glob(
+                    '{0}{1}versions{1}*'.format(PYENV_ROOT, os.sep)
+                ):
                     pyenv_paths[os.path.split(found)[1]] = '{0}{1}bin'.format(
                         found, os.sep
                     )
                 for version_str, pyenv_path in pyenv_paths.items():
                     version = pip9._vendor.packaging.version.parse(version_str)
-                    if version.is_prerelease and pyenv_paths.get(version.base_version):
+                    if version.is_prerelease and pyenv_paths.get(
+                        version.base_version
+                    ):
                         continue
 
                     add_to_path(pyenv_path)
@@ -533,7 +556,9 @@ def ensure_python(three=None, python=None):
                     click.echo(
                         u'{0} {1} {2} {3}{4}'.format(
                             crayons.normal(u'Installing', bold=True),
-                            crayons.green(u'CPython {0}'.format(version), bold=True),
+                            crayons.green(
+                                u'CPython {0}'.format(version), bold=True
+                            ),
                             crayons.normal(u'with pyenv', bold=True),
                             crayons.normal(u'(this may take a few minutes)'),
                             crayons.normal(u'…', bold=True),
@@ -613,16 +638,20 @@ def ensure_virtualenv(three=None, python=None, site_packages=False):
         # about, so confirm first.
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' in os.environ:
             if not (
-                PIPENV_YES or click.confirm('Remove existing virtualenv?', default=True)
+                PIPENV_YES or
+                click.confirm('Remove existing virtualenv?', default=True)
             ):
                 abort()
         click.echo(
-            crayons.normal(u'Removing existing virtualenv…', bold=True), err=True
+            crayons.normal(u'Removing existing virtualenv…', bold=True),
+            err=True,
         )
         # Remove the virtualenv.
         cleanup_virtualenv(bare=True)
         # Call this function again.
-        ensure_virtualenv(three=three, python=python, site_packages=site_packages)
+        ensure_virtualenv(
+            three=three, python=python, site_packages=site_packages
+        )
 
 
 def ensure_project(
@@ -643,7 +672,9 @@ def ensure_project(
         project.touch_pipfile()
     # Skip virtualenv creation when --system was used.
     if not system:
-        ensure_virtualenv(three=three, python=python, site_packages=site_packages)
+        ensure_virtualenv(
+            three=three, python=python, site_packages=site_packages
+        )
         if warn:
             # Warn users if they are using the wrong version of Python.
             if project.required_python_version:
@@ -688,7 +719,9 @@ def proper_case_section(section):
     """
     # Casing for section.
     changed_values = False
-    unknown_names = [k for k in section.keys() if k not in set(project.proper_names)]
+    unknown_names = [
+        k for k in section.keys() if k not in set(project.proper_names)
+    ]
     # Replace each package with proper casing.
     for dep in unknown_names:
         try:
@@ -713,7 +746,10 @@ def shorten_path(location, bold=False):
     """Returns a visually shorter representation of a given system path."""
     original = location
     short = os.sep.join(
-        [s[0] if len(s) > (len('2long4')) else s for s in location.split(os.sep)]
+        [
+            s[0] if len(s) > (len('2long4')) else s
+            for s in location.split(os.sep)
+        ]
     )
     short = short.split(os.sep)
     short[-1] = original.split(os.sep)[-1]
@@ -752,7 +788,8 @@ def do_where(virtualenv=False, bare=True):
         location = project.virtualenv_location
         if not bare:
             click.echo(
-                'Virtualenv location: {0}'.format(crayons.green(location)), err=True
+                'Virtualenv location: {0}'.format(crayons.green(location)),
+                err=True,
             )
         else:
             click.echo(location)
@@ -802,7 +839,9 @@ def do_install_dependencies(
     if skip_lock or only or not project.lockfile_exists:
         if not bare:
             click.echo(
-                crayons.normal(u'Installing dependencies from Pipfile…', bold=True)
+                crayons.normal(
+                    u'Installing dependencies from Pipfile…', bold=True
+                )
             )
             lockfile = split_file(project._lockfile)
     else:
@@ -856,7 +895,8 @@ def do_install_dependencies(
             index = None
             if ' -i ' in dep:
                 dep, index = dep.split(' -i ')
-                dep = '{0} {1}'.format(dep, ' '.join(index.split()[1:])).strip()
+                dep = '{0} {1}'.format(dep, ' '.join(index.split()[1:])).strip(
+                )
                 index = index.split()[0]
             # Install the module.
             c = pip_install(
@@ -879,13 +919,18 @@ def do_install_dependencies(
     # Iterate over the hopefully-poorly-packaged dependencies...
     if failed_deps_list:
         click.echo(
-            crayons.normal(u'Installing initially–failed dependencies…', bold=True)
+            crayons.normal(
+                u'Installing initially–failed dependencies…', bold=True
+            )
         )
-        for dep, ignore_hash in progress.bar(failed_deps_list, label=INSTALL_LABEL2):
+        for dep, ignore_hash in progress.bar(
+            failed_deps_list, label=INSTALL_LABEL2
+        ):
             index = None
             if ' -i ' in dep:
                 dep, index = dep.split(' -i ')
-                dep = '{0} {1}'.format(dep, ' '.join(index.split()[1:])).strip()
+                dep = '{0} {1}'.format(dep, ' '.join(index.split()[1:])).strip(
+                )
                 index = index.split()[0]
             # Install the module.
             c = pip_install(
@@ -932,7 +977,8 @@ def convert_three_to_python(three, python):
 def do_create_virtualenv(python=None, site_packages=False):
     """Creates a virtualenv."""
     click.echo(
-        crayons.normal(u'Creating a virtualenv for this project…', bold=True), err=True
+        crayons.normal(u'Creating a virtualenv for this project…', bold=True),
+        err=True,
     )
     # The user wants the virtualenv in the project.
     if PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT:
@@ -946,7 +992,14 @@ def do_create_virtualenv(python=None, site_packages=False):
             cmd.append('--system-site-packages')
     else:
         # Default: use pew.
-        cmd = [sys.executable, '-m', 'pipenv.pew', 'new', project.virtualenv_name, '-d']
+        cmd = [
+            sys.executable,
+            '-m',
+            'pipenv.pew',
+            'new',
+            project.virtualenv_name,
+            '-d',
+        ]
     # Default to using sys.executable, if Python wasn't provided.
     if not python:
         python = sys.executable
@@ -980,7 +1033,8 @@ def do_create_virtualenv(python=None, site_packages=False):
     # Enable site-packages, if desired...
     if not PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT and site_packages:
         click.echo(
-            crayons.normal(u'Making site-packages available…', bold=True), err=True
+            crayons.normal(u'Making site-packages available…', bold=True),
+            err=True,
         )
         os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'] = project.virtualenv_location
         delegator.run('pipenv run pewtwo toggleglobalsitepackages')
@@ -1027,7 +1081,12 @@ def get_downloads_info(names_map, section):
 
 
 def do_lock(
-    verbose=False, system=False, clear=False, pre=False, keep_outdated=False, write=True
+    verbose=False,
+    system=False,
+    clear=False,
+    pre=False,
+    keep_outdated=False,
+    write=True,
 ):
     """Executes the freeze functionality."""
     cached_lockfile = {}
@@ -1065,9 +1124,16 @@ def do_lock(
         if dev_package in project.packages:
             dev_packages[dev_package] = project.packages[dev_package]
     # Resolve dev-package dependencies, with pip-tools.
-    deps = convert_deps_to_pip(dev_packages, project, r=False, include_index=True)
+    deps = convert_deps_to_pip(
+        dev_packages, project, r=False, include_index=True
+    )
     results = venv_resolve_deps(
-        deps, which=which, verbose=verbose, project=project, clear=clear, pre=pre
+        deps,
+        which=which,
+        verbose=verbose,
+        project=project,
+        clear=clear,
+        pre=pre,
     )
     # Add develop dependencies to lockfile.
     for dep in results:
@@ -1114,9 +1180,16 @@ def do_lock(
             err=True,
         )
     # Resolve package dependencies, with pip-tools.
-    deps = convert_deps_to_pip(project.packages, project, r=False, include_index=True)
+    deps = convert_deps_to_pip(
+        project.packages, project, r=False, include_index=True
+    )
     results = venv_resolve_deps(
-        deps, which=which, verbose=verbose, project=project, clear=clear, pre=pre
+        deps,
+        which=which,
+        verbose=verbose,
+        project=project,
+        clear=clear,
+        pre=pre,
     )
     # Add default dependencies to lockfile.
     for dep in results:
@@ -1155,13 +1228,17 @@ def do_lock(
             for package_specified in section:
                 norm_name = pep423_name(package_specified)
                 if not is_pinned(section[package_specified]):
-                    lockfile[section_name][norm_name] = cached_lockfile[section_name][
+                    lockfile[section_name][norm_name] = cached_lockfile[
+                        section_name
+                    ][
                         norm_name
                     ]
     # Overwrite any develop packages with default packages.
     for default_package in lockfile['default']:
         if default_package in lockfile['develop']:
-            lockfile['develop'][default_package] = lockfile['default'][default_package]
+            lockfile['develop'][default_package] = lockfile['default'][
+                default_package
+            ]
     if write:
         # Write out the lockfile.
         with open(project.lockfile_location, 'w') as f:
@@ -1226,7 +1303,9 @@ def do_purge(bare=False, downloads=False, allow_global=False, verbose=False):
     """Executes the purge functionality."""
     if downloads:
         if not bare:
-            click.echo(crayons.normal(u'Clearing out downloads directory…', bold=True))
+            click.echo(
+                crayons.normal(u'Clearing out downloads directory…', bold=True)
+            )
         shutil.rmtree(project.download_location)
         return
 
@@ -1237,7 +1316,9 @@ def do_purge(bare=False, downloads=False, allow_global=False, verbose=False):
     ).out
     # Remove comments from the output, if any.
     installed = [
-        line for line in freeze.splitlines() if not line.lstrip().startswith('#')
+        line
+        for line in freeze.splitlines()
+        if not line.lstrip().startswith('#')
     ]
     # Remove setuptools and friends from installed, if present.
     for package_name in BAD_PACKAGES:
@@ -1257,7 +1338,9 @@ def do_purge(bare=False, downloads=False, allow_global=False, verbose=False):
                 actually_installed.append(dep)
     if not bare:
         click.echo(
-            u'Found {0} installed package(s), purging…'.format(len(actually_installed))
+            u'Found {0} installed package(s), purging…'.format(
+                len(actually_installed)
+            )
         )
     command = '{0} uninstall {1} -y'.format(
         escape_grouped_arguments(which_pip(allow_global=allow_global)),
@@ -1296,7 +1379,9 @@ def do_init(
     # Ensure the Pipfile exists.
     ensure_pipfile()
     if not requirements_dir:
-        requirements_dir = TemporaryDirectory(suffix='-requirements', prefix='pipenv-')
+        requirements_dir = TemporaryDirectory(
+            suffix='-requirements', prefix='pipenv-'
+        )
     # Write out the lockfile if it doesn't exist, but not if the Pipfile is being ignored
     if (project.lockfile_exists and not ignore_pipfile) and not skip_lock:
         # Open the lockfile.
@@ -1316,7 +1401,9 @@ def do_init(
                         )
                     )
                 )
-                click.echo(crayons.normal('Aborting deploy.', bold=True), err=True)
+                click.echo(
+                    crayons.normal('Aborting deploy.', bold=True), err=True
+                )
                 requirements_dir.cleanup()
                 sys.exit(1)
             else:
@@ -1333,9 +1420,15 @@ def do_init(
     # Write out the lockfile if it doesn't exist.
     if not project.lockfile_exists and not skip_lock:
         click.echo(
-            crayons.normal(u'Pipfile.lock not found, creating…', bold=True), err=True
+            crayons.normal(u'Pipfile.lock not found, creating…', bold=True),
+            err=True,
+        )
+        do_lock(
+            system=system,
+            pre=pre,
+            keep_outdated=keep_outdated,
+            verbose=verbose,
         )
-        do_lock(system=system, pre=pre, keep_outdated=keep_outdated, verbose=verbose)
     do_install_dependencies(
         dev=dev,
         requirements=requirements,
@@ -1368,11 +1461,14 @@ def pip_install(
 
     if verbose:
         click.echo(
-            crayons.normal('Installing {0!r}'.format(package_name), bold=True), err=True
+            crayons.normal('Installing {0!r}'.format(package_name), bold=True),
+            err=True,
         )
         pip9.logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
     # Create files for hash mode.
-    if not package_name.startswith('-e ') and (not ignore_hashes) and (r is None):
+    if not package_name.startswith('-e ') and (not ignore_hashes) and (
+        r is None
+    ):
         fd, r = tempfile.mkstemp(
             prefix='pipenv-', suffix='-requirement.txt', dir=requirements_dir
         )
@@ -1515,18 +1611,23 @@ def format_help(help):
     """Formats the help string."""
     help = help.replace('Options:', str(crayons.normal('Options:', bold=True)))
     help = help.replace(
-        'Usage: pipenv', str('Usage: {0}'.format(crayons.normal('pipenv', bold=True)))
+        'Usage: pipenv',
+        str('Usage: {0}'.format(crayons.normal('pipenv', bold=True))),
     )
     help = help.replace('  check', str(crayons.red('  check', bold=True)))
     help = help.replace('  clean', str(crayons.red('  clean', bold=True)))
     help = help.replace('  graph', str(crayons.red('  graph', bold=True)))
-    help = help.replace('  install', str(crayons.magenta('  install', bold=True)))
+    help = help.replace(
+        '  install', str(crayons.magenta('  install', bold=True))
+    )
     help = help.replace('  lock', str(crayons.green('  lock', bold=True)))
     help = help.replace('  open', str(crayons.red('  open', bold=True)))
     help = help.replace('  run', str(crayons.yellow('  run', bold=True)))
     help = help.replace('  shell', str(crayons.yellow('  shell', bold=True)))
     help = help.replace('  sync', str(crayons.green('  sync', bold=True)))
-    help = help.replace('  uninstall', str(crayons.magenta('  uninstall', bold=True)))
+    help = help.replace(
+        '  uninstall', str(crayons.magenta('  uninstall', bold=True))
+    )
     help = help.replace('  update', str(crayons.green('  update', bold=True)))
     additional_help = """
 Usage Examples:
@@ -1567,13 +1668,16 @@ Commands:""".format(
 
 
 def format_pip_error(error):
-    error = error.replace('Expected', str(crayons.green('Expected', bold=True)))
+    error = error.replace(
+        'Expected', str(crayons.green('Expected', bold=True))
+    )
     error = error.replace('Got', str(crayons.red('Got', bold=True)))
     error = error.replace(
         'THESE PACKAGES DO NOT MATCH THE HASHES FROM THE REQUIREMENTS FILE',
         str(
             crayons.red(
-                'THESE PACKAGES DO NOT MATCH THE HASHES FROM Pipfile.lock!', bold=True
+                'THESE PACKAGES DO NOT MATCH THE HASHES FROM Pipfile.lock!',
+                bold=True,
             )
         ),
     )
@@ -1581,7 +1685,9 @@ def format_pip_error(error):
         'someone may have tampered with them',
         str(crayons.red('someone may have tampered with them')),
     )
-    error = error.replace('option to pip install', 'option to \'pipenv install\'')
+    error = error.replace(
+        'option to pip install', 'option to \'pipenv install\''
+    )
     return error
 
 
@@ -1659,7 +1765,10 @@ def do_py(system=False):
 
 def do_outdated():
     packages = {}
-    results = delegator.run('{0} freeze'.format(which('pip'))).out.strip().split('\n')
+    results = delegator.run('{0} freeze'.format(which('pip'))).out.strip(
+    ).split(
+        '\n'
+    )
     results = filter(bool, results)
     for result in results:
         packages.update(convert_deps_from_pip(result))
@@ -1668,14 +1777,18 @@ def do_outdated():
     for section in ('develop', 'default'):
         for package in lockfile[section]:
             try:
-                updated_packages[package] = lockfile[section][package]['version']
+                updated_packages[package] = lockfile[section][package][
+                    'version'
+                ]
             except KeyError:
                 pass
     outdated = []
     for package in packages:
         if package in updated_packages:
             if updated_packages[package] != packages[package]:
-                outdated.append((package, updated_packages[package], packages[package]))
+                outdated.append(
+                    (package, updated_packages[package], packages[package])
+                )
     for package, new_version, old_version in outdated:
         click.echo(
             'Package {0!r} out–of–date: {1!r} installed, {2!r} available.'.format(
@@ -1748,7 +1861,9 @@ def do_install(
     # Check if the file is remote or not
     if remote:
         fd, temp_reqs = tempfile.mkstemp(
-            prefix='pipenv-', suffix='-requirement.txt', dir=requirements_directory.name
+            prefix='pipenv-',
+            suffix='-requirement.txt',
+            dir=requirements_directory.name,
         )
         requirements_url = requirements
         # Download requirements file
@@ -1778,7 +1893,8 @@ def do_install(
         error, traceback = None, None
         click.echo(
             crayons.normal(
-                u'Requirements file provided! Importing into Pipfile…', bold=True
+                u'Requirements file provided! Importing into Pipfile…',
+                bold=True,
             ),
             err=True,
         )
@@ -1786,7 +1902,9 @@ def do_install(
             import_requirements(r=project.path_to(requirements), dev=dev)
         except (UnicodeDecodeError, pip9.exceptions.PipError) as e:
             # Don't print the temp file path if remote since it will be deleted.
-            req_path = requirements_url if remote else project.path_to(requirements)
+            req_path = requirements_url if remote else project.path_to(
+                requirements
+            )
             error = (
                 u'Unexpected syntax in {0}. Are you sure this is a '
                 'requirements.txt style file?'.format(req_path)
@@ -1810,7 +1928,9 @@ def do_install(
                 sys.exit(1)
     if code:
         click.echo(
-            crayons.normal(u'Discovering imports from local codebase…', bold=True)
+            crayons.normal(
+                u'Discovering imports from local codebase…', bold=True
+            )
         )
         for req in import_from_code(code):
             click.echo('  Found {0}!'.format(crayons.green(req)))
@@ -1851,7 +1971,9 @@ def do_install(
             package__name = list(package.keys())[0]
             package__val = list(package.values())[0]
             try:
-                if not is_star(section[package__name]) and is_star(package__val):
+                if not is_star(section[package__name]) and is_star(
+                    package__val
+                ):
                     # Support for VCS dependencies.
                     package_names[i] = convert_deps_to_pip(
                         {package_name: section[package__name]}, r=False
@@ -1863,7 +1985,9 @@ def do_install(
     for package_name in package_names:
         click.echo(
             crayons.normal(
-                u'Installing {0}…'.format(crayons.green(package_name, bold=True)),
+                u'Installing {0}…'.format(
+                    crayons.green(package_name, bold=True)
+                ),
                 bold=True,
             )
         )
@@ -1887,7 +2011,9 @@ def do_install(
                 requirements_directory.cleanup()
                 sys.exit(1)
             key = [k for k in converted.keys()][0]
-            if is_vcs(key) or is_vcs(converted[key]) and not converted[key].get(
+            if is_vcs(key) or is_vcs(converted[key]) and not converted[
+                key
+            ].get(
                 'editable'
             ):
                 click.echo(
@@ -1895,7 +2021,8 @@ def do_install(
                     'This will work fine, but sub-dependencies will not be resolved by {1}.'
                     '\n  To enable this sub–dependency functionality, specify that this dependency is editable.'
                     ''.format(
-                        crayons.red('Warning', bold=True), crayons.red('$ pipenv lock')
+                        crayons.red('Warning', bold=True),
+                        crayons.red('$ pipenv lock'),
                     )
                 )
         click.echo(crayons.blue(format_pip_output(c.out)))
@@ -1905,7 +2032,8 @@ def do_install(
         except AssertionError:
             click.echo(
                 '{0} An error occurred while installing {1}!'.format(
-                    crayons.red('Error: ', bold=True), crayons.green(package_name)
+                    crayons.red('Error: ', bold=True),
+                    crayons.green(package_name),
                 ),
                 err=True,
             )
@@ -1917,7 +2045,9 @@ def do_install(
                 crayons.normal('Adding', bold=True),
                 crayons.green(package_name, bold=True),
                 crayons.normal("to Pipfile's", bold=True),
-                crayons.red('[dev-packages]' if dev else '[packages]', bold=True),
+                crayons.red(
+                    '[dev-packages]' if dev else '[packages]', bold=True
+                ),
                 crayons.normal('…', bold=True),
             )
         )
@@ -1926,7 +2056,9 @@ def do_install(
             project.add_package_to_pipfile(package_name, dev)
         except ValueError as e:
             click.echo(
-                '{0} {1}'.format(crayons.red('ERROR (PACKAGE NOT INSTALLED):'), e)
+                '{0} {1}'.format(
+                    crayons.red('ERROR (PACKAGE NOT INSTALLED):'), e
+                )
             )
         # Update project settings with pre preference.
         if pre:
@@ -1967,7 +2099,9 @@ def do_uninstall(
     # Un-install all dependencies, if --all was provided.
     if all is True:
         click.echo(
-            crayons.normal(u'Un-installing all packages from virtualenv…', bold=True)
+            crayons.normal(
+                u'Un-installing all packages from virtualenv…', bold=True
+            )
         )
         do_purge(allow_global=system, verbose=verbose)
         sys.exit(0)
@@ -1976,14 +2110,17 @@ def do_uninstall(
         if 'dev-packages' not in project.parsed_pipfile:
             click.echo(
                 crayons.normal(
-                    'No {0} to uninstall.'.format(crayons.red('[dev-packages]')),
+                    'No {0} to uninstall.'.format(
+                        crayons.red('[dev-packages]')
+                    ),
                     bold=True,
                 )
             )
             sys.exit(0)
         click.echo(
             crayons.normal(
-                u'Un-installing {0}…'.format(crayons.red('[dev-packages]')), bold=True
+                u'Un-installing {0}…'.format(crayons.red('[dev-packages]')),
+                bold=True,
             )
         )
         package_names = project.parsed_pipfile['dev-packages']
@@ -2002,7 +2139,9 @@ def do_uninstall(
         click.echo(crayons.blue(c.out))
         if pipfile_remove:
             norm_name = pep423_name(package_name)
-            in_dev_packages = (norm_name in project._pipfile.get('dev-packages', {}))
+            in_dev_packages = (
+                norm_name in project._pipfile.get('dev-packages', {})
+            )
             in_packages = (norm_name in project._pipfile.get('packages', {}))
             if not in_dev_packages and not in_packages:
                 click.echo(
@@ -2013,7 +2152,9 @@ def do_uninstall(
                 continue
 
             click.echo(
-                u'Removing {0} from Pipfile…'.format(crayons.green(package_name))
+                u'Removing {0} from Pipfile…'.format(
+                    crayons.green(package_name)
+                )
             )
             # Remove package from both packages and dev-packages.
             project.remove_package_from_pipfile(package_name, dev=True)
@@ -2078,7 +2219,9 @@ def do_shell(three=None, python=False, fancy=False, shell_args=None):
             c = pexpect.spawn(
                 cmd,
                 args,
-                dimensions=(terminal_dimensions.lines, terminal_dimensions.columns),
+                dimensions=(
+                    terminal_dimensions.lines, terminal_dimensions.columns
+                ),
             )
     # Windows!
     except AttributeError:
@@ -2202,7 +2345,8 @@ def do_check(three=None, python=False, system=False, unused=False, args=None):
     # Run the PEP 508 checker in the virtualenv.
     c = delegator.run(
         '"{0}" {1}'.format(
-            python, escape_grouped_arguments(pep508checker.__file__.rstrip('cdo'))
+            python,
+            escape_grouped_arguments(pep508checker.__file__.rstrip('cdo')),
         )
     )
     results = simplejson.loads(c.out)
@@ -2230,7 +2374,9 @@ def do_check(three=None, python=False, system=False, unused=False, args=None):
         sys.exit(1)
     else:
         click.echo(crayons.green('Passed!'))
-    click.echo(crayons.normal(u'Checking installed package safety…', bold=True))
+    click.echo(
+        crayons.normal(u'Checking installed package safety…', bold=True)
+    )
     path = pep508checker.__file__.rstrip('cdo')
     path = os.sep.join(__file__.split(os.sep)[:-1] + ['patched', 'safety.zip'])
     if not system:
@@ -2306,7 +2452,9 @@ def do_graph(bare=False, json=False, reverse=False):
         )
         sys.exit(1)
     cmd = '"{0}" {1} {2}'.format(
-        python_path, escape_grouped_arguments(pipdeptree.__file__.rstrip('cdo')), flag
+        python_path,
+        escape_grouped_arguments(pipdeptree.__file__.rstrip('cdo')),
+        flag,
     )
     # Run dep-tree.
     c = delegator.run(cmd)
@@ -2351,7 +2499,9 @@ def do_sync(
     unused=False,
     sequential=False,
 ):
-    requirements_dir = TemporaryDirectory(suffix='-requirements', prefix='pipenv-')
+    requirements_dir = TemporaryDirectory(
+        suffix='-requirements', prefix='pipenv-'
+    )
     # Ensure that virtualenv is available.
     ensure_project(three=three, python=python, validate=False)
     concurrent = (not sequential)
@@ -2367,11 +2517,15 @@ def do_sync(
     click.echo(crayons.green('All dependencies are now up-to-date!'))
 
 
-def do_clean(ctx, three=None, python=None, dry_run=False, bare=False, verbose=False):
+def do_clean(
+    ctx, three=None, python=None, dry_run=False, bare=False, verbose=False
+):
     # Ensure that virtualenv is available.
     ensure_project(three=three, python=python, validate=False)
     ensure_lockfile()
-    installed_packages = delegator.run('{0} freeze'.format(which('pip'))).out.strip(
+    installed_packages = delegator.run(
+        '{0} freeze'.format(which('pip'))
+    ).out.strip(
     ).split(
         '\n'
     )
@@ -2389,13 +2543,17 @@ def do_clean(ctx, three=None, python=None, dry_run=False, bare=False, verbose=Fa
         if bad_package in installed_package_names:
             if verbose:
                 click.echo('Ignoring {0}.'.format(repr(bad_package)), err=True)
-            del installed_package_names[installed_package_names.index(bad_package)]
+            del installed_package_names[
+                installed_package_names.index(bad_package)
+            ]
     # Intelligently detect if --dev should be used or not.
     develop = [k.lower() for k in project.lockfile_content['develop'].keys()]
     default = [k.lower() for k in project.lockfile_content['default'].keys()]
     for used_package in set(develop + default):
         if used_package in installed_package_names:
-            del installed_package_names[installed_package_names.index(used_package)]
+            del installed_package_names[
+                installed_package_names.index(used_package)
+            ]
     failure = False
     for apparent_bad_package in installed_package_names:
         if dry_run:
@@ -2403,12 +2561,15 @@ def do_clean(ctx, three=None, python=None, dry_run=False, bare=False, verbose=Fa
         else:
             click.echo(
                 crayons.white(
-                    'Uninstalling {0}…'.format(repr(apparent_bad_package)), bold=True
+                    'Uninstalling {0}…'.format(repr(apparent_bad_package)),
+                    bold=True,
                 )
             )
             # Uninstall the package.
             c = delegator.run(
-                '{0} uninstall {1} -y'.format(which('pip'), apparent_bad_package)
+                '{0} uninstall {1} -y'.format(
+                    which('pip'), apparent_bad_package
+                )
             )
             if c.return_code != 0:
                 failure = True
diff --git a/pipenv/help.py b/pipenv/help.py
index 21d719b4..8ad10312 100644
--- a/pipenv/help.py
+++ b/pipenv/help.py
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ def main():
     print('---------------------------')
     print('')
     if project.pipfile_exists:
-        print(u'Contents of `Pipfile` ({0!r}):'.format(project.pipfile_location))
+        print(
+            u'Contents of `Pipfile` ({0!r}):'.format(project.pipfile_location)
+        )
         print('')
         print('```toml')
         with open(project.pipfile_location, 'r') as f:
@@ -70,7 +72,11 @@ def main():
         print('')
     if project.lockfile_exists:
         print('')
-        print(u'Contents of `Pipfile.lock` ({0!r}):'.format(project.lockfile_location))
+        print(
+            u'Contents of `Pipfile.lock` ({0!r}):'.format(
+                project.lockfile_location
+            )
+        )
         print('')
         print('```json')
         with open(project.lockfile_location, 'r') as f:
diff --git a/pipenv/progress.py b/pipenv/progress.py
index c38a23a3..7d6dc31e 100644
--- a/pipenv/progress.py
+++ b/pipenv/progress.py
@@ -194,9 +194,12 @@ def mill(it, label='', hide=None, expected_size=None, every=1):
     def _show(_i):
         if not hide:
             if (
-                (_i % every) == 0 or (_i == count)  # True every "every" updates
+                (_i % every) == 0 or
+                (_i == count)  # True every "every" updates
             ):  # And when we're done
-                STREAM.write(MILL_TEMPLATE % (label, _mill_char(_i), _i, count))
+                STREAM.write(
+                    MILL_TEMPLATE % (label, _mill_char(_i), _i, count)
+                )
                 STREAM.flush()
 
     count = len(it) if expected_size is None else expected_size
diff --git a/pipenv/project.py b/pipenv/project.py
index 61261ea9..bdb1b98b 100644
--- a/pipenv/project.py
+++ b/pipenv/project.py
@@ -92,7 +92,10 @@ class Project(object):
                     any(
                         (
                             prefix in v and
-                            (os.path.isfile(v[prefix]) or is_valid_url(v[prefix]))
+                            (
+                                os.path.isfile(v[prefix]) or
+                                is_valid_url(v[prefix])
+                            )
                         )
                         for prefix in ['path', 'file']
                     )
@@ -138,14 +141,18 @@ class Project(object):
                 'python_full_version'
             )
             if not required:
-                required = self.parsed_pipfile.get('requires', {}).get('python_version')
+                required = self.parsed_pipfile.get('requires', {}).get(
+                    'python_version'
+                )
             if required != "*":
                 return required
 
     @property
     def project_directory(self):
         if self.pipfile_location is not None:
-            return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.pipfile_location, os.pardir))
+            return os.path.abspath(
+                os.path.join(self.pipfile_location, os.pardir)
+            )
 
         else:
             return None
@@ -162,7 +169,9 @@ class Project(object):
                 extra = ['Scripts', 'activate.bat']
             else:
                 extra = ['bin', 'activate']
-            return os.path.isfile(os.sep.join([self.virtualenv_location] + extra))
+            return os.path.isfile(
+                os.sep.join([self.virtualenv_location] + extra)
+            )
 
         return False
 
@@ -206,13 +215,16 @@ class Project(object):
         if not PIPENV_VENV_IN_PROJECT:
             c = delegator.run(
                 '{0} -m pipenv.pew dir "{1}"'.format(
-                    escape_grouped_arguments(sys.executable), self.virtualenv_name
+                    escape_grouped_arguments(sys.executable),
+                    self.virtualenv_name,
                 )
             )
             loc = c.out.strip()
         # Default mode.
         else:
-            loc = os.sep.join(self.pipfile_location.split(os.sep)[:-1] + ['.venv'])
+            loc = os.sep.join(
+                self.pipfile_location.split(os.sep)[:-1] + ['.venv']
+            )
         self._virtualenv_location = loc
         return loc
 
@@ -234,7 +246,9 @@ class Project(object):
     @property
     def proper_names_location(self):
         if self._proper_names_location is None:
-            loc = os.sep.join([self.virtualenv_location, 'pipenv-proper-names.txt'])
+            loc = os.sep.join(
+                [self.virtualenv_location, 'pipenv-proper-names.txt']
+            )
             self._proper_names_location = loc
         # Create the database, if it doesn't exist.
         open(self._proper_names_location, 'a').close()
@@ -287,7 +301,9 @@ class Project(object):
                     # Convert things to inline tables — fancy :)
                     if hasattr(data[section][package], 'keys'):
                         _data = data[section][package]
-                        data[section][package] = toml._get_empty_inline_table(dict)
+                        data[section][package] = toml._get_empty_inline_table(
+                            dict
+                        )
                         data[section][package].update(_data)
             # We lose comments here, but it's for the best.)
             try:
@@ -424,7 +440,11 @@ class Project(object):
         indexes = install.get('extra-index-url', '').lstrip('\n').split('\n')
         if PIPENV_TEST_INDEX:
             sources = [
-                {u'url': PIPENV_TEST_INDEX, u'verify_ssl': True, u'name': u'custom'}
+                {
+                    u'url': PIPENV_TEST_INDEX,
+                    u'verify_ssl': True,
+                    u'name': u'custom',
+                }
             ]
         else:
             # Default source.
@@ -441,7 +461,11 @@ class Project(object):
                 source_name = 'pip_index_{}'.format(i)
                 verify_ssl = index.startswith('https')
                 sources.append(
-                    {u'url': index, u'verify_ssl': verify_ssl, u'name': source_name}
+                    {
+                        u'url': index,
+                        u'verify_ssl': verify_ssl,
+                        u'name': source_name,
+                    }
                 )
         data = {
             u'source': sources,
@@ -450,7 +474,9 @@ class Project(object):
             u'dev-packages': {},
         }
         # Default requires.
-        required_python = python or self.which('python', self.virtualenv_location)
+        required_python = python or self.which(
+            'python', self.virtualenv_location
+        )
         data[u'requires'] = {
             'python_version': python_version(required_python)[: len('2.7')]
         }
@@ -468,7 +494,9 @@ class Project(object):
                     # Convert things to inline tables — fancy :)
                     if hasattr(data[section][package], 'keys'):
                         _data = data[section][package]
-                        data[section][package] = toml._get_empty_inline_table(dict)
+                        data[section][package] = toml._get_empty_inline_table(
+                            dict
+                        )
                         data[section][package].update(_data)
             formatted_data = toml.dumps(data).rstrip()
         formatted_data = cleanup_toml(formatted_data)
@@ -529,7 +557,9 @@ class Project(object):
         # Don't re-capitalize file URLs or VCSs.
         converted = convert_deps_from_pip(package_name)
         converted = converted[[k for k in converted.keys()][0]]
-        if not (is_file(package_name) or is_vcs(converted) or 'path' in converted):
+        if not (
+            is_file(package_name) or is_vcs(converted) or 'path' in converted
+        ):
             package_name = pep423_name(package_name)
         key = 'dev-packages' if dev else 'packages'
         # Set empty group if it doesn't exist yet.
diff --git a/pipenv/utils.py b/pipenv/utils.py
index fc41dffa..8997367a 100644
--- a/pipenv/utils.py
+++ b/pipenv/utils.py
@@ -146,7 +146,9 @@ def get_requirement(dep):
         req.markers = markers
     if extras:
         # Bizarrely this is also what pip does...
-        req.extras = [r for r in requirements.parse('fakepkg{0}'.format(extras))][
+        req.extras = [
+            r for r in requirements.parse('fakepkg{0}'.format(extras))
+        ][
             0
         ].extras
     return req
@@ -249,7 +251,10 @@ def prepare_pip_source_args(sources, pip_args=None):
         # Trust the host if it's not verified.
         if not sources[0].get('verify_ssl', True):
             pip_args.extend(
-                ['--trusted-host', urlparse(sources[0]['url']).netloc.split(':')[0]]
+                [
+                    '--trusted-host',
+                    urlparse(sources[0]['url']).netloc.split(':')[0],
+                ]
             )
         # Add additional sources as extra indexes.
         if len(sources) > 1:
@@ -258,7 +263,10 @@ def prepare_pip_source_args(sources, pip_args=None):
                 # Trust the host if it's not verified.
                 if not source.get('verify_ssl', True):
                     pip_args.extend(
-                        ['--trusted-host', urlparse(source['url']).netloc.split(':')[0]]
+                        [
+                            '--trusted-host',
+                            urlparse(source['url']).netloc.split(':')[0],
+                        ]
                     )
     return pip_args
 
@@ -278,7 +286,9 @@ def actually_resolve_reps(
     for dep in deps:
         if dep:
             if dep.startswith('-e '):
-                constraint = req.InstallRequirement.from_editable(dep[len('-e '):])
+                constraint = req.InstallRequirement.from_editable(
+                    dep[len('-e '):]
+                )
             else:
                 fd, t = tempfile.mkstemp(
                     prefix='pipenv-', suffix='-requirement.txt', dir=req_dir
@@ -298,7 +308,9 @@ def actually_resolve_reps(
                     'name'
                 )
             if constraint.markers:
-                markers_lookup[constraint.name] = str(constraint.markers).replace(
+                markers_lookup[constraint.name] = str(
+                    constraint.markers
+                ).replace(
                     '"', "'"
                 )
             constraints.append(constraint)
@@ -311,13 +323,18 @@ def actually_resolve_reps(
         print('Using pip: {0}'.format(' '.join(pip_args)))
     pip_options, _ = pip_command.parse_args(pip_args)
     session = pip_command._build_session(pip_options)
-    pypi = PyPIRepository(pip_options=pip_options, use_json=False, session=session)
+    pypi = PyPIRepository(
+        pip_options=pip_options, use_json=False, session=session
+    )
     if verbose:
         logging.log.verbose = True
         piptools_logging.log.verbose = True
     resolved_tree = set()
     resolver = Resolver(
-        constraints=constraints, repository=pypi, clear_caches=clear, prereleases=pre
+        constraints=constraints,
+        repository=pypi,
+        clear_caches=clear,
+        prereleases=pre,
     )
     # pre-resolve instead of iterating to avoid asking pypi for hashes of editable packages
     try:
@@ -345,7 +362,9 @@ def actually_resolve_reps(
     return resolved_tree, resolver
 
 
-def venv_resolve_deps(deps, which, project, pre=False, verbose=False, clear=False):
+def venv_resolve_deps(
+    deps, which, project, pre=False, verbose=False, clear=False
+):
     from .import resolver
     import json
 
@@ -439,7 +458,9 @@ def resolve_deps(
             version = clean_pkg_version(result.specifier)
             index = index_lookup.get(result.name)
             if not markers_lookup.get(result.name):
-                markers = str(result.markers) if result.markers and 'extra' not in str(
+                markers = str(
+                    result.markers
+                ) if result.markers and 'extra' not in str(
                     result.markers
                 ) else None
             else:
@@ -449,15 +470,20 @@ def resolve_deps(
                 try:
                     # Grab the hashes from the new warehouse API.
                     r = requests.get(
-                        'https://pypi.org/pypi/{0}/json'.format(name), timeout=10
+                        'https://pypi.org/pypi/{0}/json'.format(name),
+                        timeout=10,
                     )
                     api_releases = r.json()['releases']
                     cleaned_releases = {}
                     for api_version, api_info in api_releases.items():
-                        cleaned_releases[clean_pkg_version(api_version)] = api_info
+                        cleaned_releases[
+                            clean_pkg_version(api_version)
+                        ] = api_info
                     for release in cleaned_releases[version]:
                         collected_hashes.append(release['digests']['sha256'])
-                    collected_hashes = ['sha256:' + s for s in collected_hashes]
+                    collected_hashes = [
+                        'sha256:' + s for s in collected_hashes
+                    ]
                 except (ValueError, KeyError, ConnectionError) as e:
                     if verbose:
                         click.echo(
@@ -592,7 +618,9 @@ def convert_deps_to_pip(deps, project=None, r=True, include_index=False):
         # Support for multiple hashes (spec 2).
         if 'hashes' in deps[dep]:
             hash = '{0} '.format(
-                ''.join([' --hash={0} '.format(h) for h in deps[dep]['hashes']])
+                ''.join(
+                    [' --hash={0} '.format(h) for h in deps[dep]['hashes']]
+                )
             )
         # Support for extras (e.g. requests[socks])
         if 'extras' in deps[dep]:
@@ -609,7 +637,9 @@ def convert_deps_to_pip(deps, project=None, r=True, include_index=False):
             for specifier in specifiers:
                 if specifier in deps[dep]:
                     if not is_star(deps[dep][specifier]):
-                        specs.append('{0} {1}'.format(specifier, deps[dep][specifier]))
+                        specs.append(
+                            '{0} {1}'.format(specifier, deps[dep][specifier])
+                        )
             if specs:
                 specs = '; {0}'.format(' and '.join(specs))
             else:
@@ -656,7 +686,9 @@ def convert_deps_to_pip(deps, project=None, r=True, include_index=False):
                 dep = '-e '
             else:
                 dep = ''
-        s = '{0}{1}{2}{3}{4} {5}'.format(dep, extra, version, specs, hash, index).strip(
+        s = '{0}{1}{2}{3}{4} {5}'.format(
+            dep, extra, version, specs, hash, index
+        ).strip(
         )
         dependencies.append(s)
     if not r:
@@ -731,7 +763,9 @@ def is_vcs(pipfile_entry):
 
     elif isinstance(pipfile_entry, six.string_types):
         return bool(
-            requirements.requirement.VCS_REGEX.match(clean_git_uri(pipfile_entry))
+            requirements.requirement.VCS_REGEX.match(
+                clean_git_uri(pipfile_entry)
+            )
         )
 
     return False
@@ -811,11 +845,15 @@ def proper_case(package_name):
     """Properly case project name from pypi.org."""
     # Hit the simple API.
     r = requests.get(
-        'https://pypi.org/pypi/{0}/json'.format(package_name), timeout=0.3, stream=True
+        'https://pypi.org/pypi/{0}/json'.format(package_name),
+        timeout=0.3,
+        stream=True,
     )
     if not r.ok:
         raise IOError(
-            'Unable to find package {0} in PyPI repository.'.format(package_name)
+            'Unable to find package {0} in PyPI repository.'.format(
+                package_name
+            )
         )
 
     r = parse.parse('https://pypi.org/pypi/{name}/json', r.url)
@@ -873,7 +911,8 @@ def split_section(input_file, section_suffix, test_function):
 def split_file(file_dict):
     """Split VCS and editable dependencies out from file."""
     sections = {
-        'vcs': is_vcs, 'editable': lambda x: hasattr(x, 'keys') and x.get('editable')
+        'vcs': is_vcs,
+        'editable': lambda x: hasattr(x, 'keys') and x.get('editable'),
     }
     for k, func in sections.items():
         file_dict = split_section(file_dict, k, func)
@@ -968,9 +1007,13 @@ def find_windows_executable(bin_path, exe_name):
 
     # Ensure we aren't adding two layers of file extensions
     exe_name = os.path.splitext(exe_name)[0]
-    files = ['{0}.{1}'.format(exe_name, ext) for ext in ['', 'py', 'exe', 'bat']]
+    files = [
+        '{0}.{1}'.format(exe_name, ext) for ext in ['', 'py', 'exe', 'bat']
+    ]
     exec_paths = [get_windows_path(bin_path, f) for f in files]
-    exec_files = [filename for filename in exec_paths if os.path.isfile(filename)]
+    exec_files = [
+        filename for filename in exec_paths if os.path.isfile(filename)
+    ]
     if exec_files:
         return exec_files[0]
 
@@ -1108,7 +1151,9 @@ def is_readonly_path(fn):
     Permissions check is `bool(path.stat & stat.S_IREAD)` or `not os.access(path, os.W_OK)`
     """
     if os.path.exists(fn):
-        return (os.stat(fn).st_mode & stat.S_IREAD) or not os.access(fn, os.W_OK)
+        return (os.stat(fn).st_mode & stat.S_IREAD) or not os.access(
+            fn, os.W_OK
+        )
 
     return False
 
@@ -1141,7 +1186,9 @@ def handle_remove_readonly(func, path, exc):
             func(path)
         except (OSError, IOError) as e:
             if e.errno in [errno.EACCES, errno.EPERM]:
-                warnings.warn(default_warning_message.format(path), ResourceWarning)
+                warnings.warn(
+                    default_warning_message.format(path), ResourceWarning
+                )
                 return
 
     if exc_exception.errno in [errno.EACCES, errno.EPERM]: