diff --git a/pytheory/__init__.py b/pytheory/__init__.py
index 0f2f319..7169884 100644
--- a/pytheory/__init__.py
+++ b/pytheory/__init__.py
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ from .scales import TonedScale, Key, PROGRESSIONS
 from .chords import Chord, Fretboard, analyze_progression
 from .charts import CHARTS, Fingering, charts_for_fretboard
 
-from .rhythm import Duration, TimeSignature, Rest, Score, DrumSound, Pattern
+from .rhythm import Duration, TimeSignature, Rest, Score, Part, DrumSound, Pattern
 from .rhythm import Note as RhythmNote  # rhythm.Note (tone + duration pairing)
 
 try:
     from .play import (play, save, save_midi, play_progression, play_pattern,
-                       play_score, Synth, Envelope)
+                       play_score, render_score, Synth, Envelope)
 except OSError:
     play = None
     save = None
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "System", "SYSTEMS", "CHARTS", "charts_for_fretboard",
     "play", "save", "save_midi", "play_progression", "play_pattern",
     "play_score", "Synth", "Envelope",
-    "Duration", "TimeSignature", "RhythmNote", "Rest", "Score",
+    "Duration", "TimeSignature", "RhythmNote", "Rest", "Score", "Part",
     "DrumSound", "Pattern",
 ]
diff --git a/pytheory/play.py b/pytheory/play.py
index c7f94a2..3c6a715 100644
--- a/pytheory/play.py
+++ b/pytheory/play.py
@@ -533,43 +533,78 @@ def play_pattern(pattern, repeats=1, bpm=120):
     sd.wait()
 
 
-def play_score(score):
-    """Play an entire Score through the speakers.
+def _resolve_synth(name):
+    """Map synth name string to wave function."""
+    return {"sine": sine_wave, "saw": sawtooth_wave,
+            "triangle": triangle_wave}.get(name, sine_wave)
 
-    Renders both tonal notes (tones/chords) and drum hits, mixed
-    together. This is the function to use when you've built a Score
-    that combines a chord progression with a drum pattern.
+
+def _resolve_envelope(name):
+    """Map envelope name string to Envelope enum value tuple."""
+    _map = {e.name.lower(): e.value for e in Envelope}
+    return _map.get(name, Envelope.PIANO.value)
+
+
+def _render_notes_to_buf(notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
+                         synth_fn, envelope_tuple, volume, bpm):
+    """Render a list of Notes into an existing buffer at the correct positions."""
+    a, d, s, r = envelope_tuple
+    beat_pos = 0.0
+    for note in notes:
+        if note.tone is not None:
+            start = int(beat_pos * samples_per_beat)
+            dur_ms = note.beats * 60_000 / bpm
+            n_samples = int(SAMPLE_RATE * dur_ms / 1000)
+            if start + n_samples > total_samples:
+                n_samples = total_samples - start
+            if n_samples > 0:
+                # Get pitches
+                if hasattr(note.tone, 'tones'):
+                    waves = [synth_fn(t.pitch(), n_samples=n_samples)
+                             for t in note.tone.tones]
+                else:
+                    waves = [synth_fn(note.tone.pitch(), n_samples=n_samples)]
+                mixed = sum(w.astype(numpy.float32) for w in waves) / SAMPLE_PEAK
+                if a > 0 or d > 0 or s < 1.0 or r > 0:
+                    mixed = _apply_envelope(mixed, a, d, s, r)
+                end = min(start + len(mixed), total_samples)
+                buf[start:end] += mixed[:end - start] * volume
+        beat_pos += note.beats
+
+
+def render_score(score):
+    """Render a Score to a float32 audio buffer.
+
+    Mixes all parts (named and default), plus drum hits, into a
+    single normalized buffer.
 
     Args:
-        score: A :class:`Score` object with notes and/or drum hits.
+        score: A :class:`Score` object.
 
-    Example::
-
-        >>> from pytheory import Pattern, Key, Duration, Score
-        >>> key = Key("A", "minor")
-        >>> score = Pattern.preset("bossa nova").to_score(repeats=4, bpm=140)
-        >>> for chord in key.progression("i", "iv", "V", "i"):
-        ...     score.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
-        >>> play_score(score)
+    Returns:
+        Float32 numpy array of audio samples.
     """
     samples_per_beat = int(SAMPLE_RATE * 60.0 / score.bpm)
     total_beats = score.total_beats
     total_samples = int(total_beats * samples_per_beat)
     buf = numpy.zeros(total_samples, dtype=numpy.float32)
 
-    # Render tonal notes
-    beat_pos = 0.0
-    for note in score.notes:
-        if note.tone is not None:
-            start = int(beat_pos * samples_per_beat)
-            dur_ms = note.beats * 60_000 / score.bpm
-            rendered = _render(note.tone, t=dur_ms, envelope=Envelope.PIANO)
-            rendered_f32 = rendered.astype(numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_PEAK
-            end = min(start + len(rendered_f32), total_samples)
-            buf[start:end] += rendered_f32[:end - start] * 0.5
-        beat_pos += note.beats
+    # Default notes (backwards-compatible .add() calls)
+    if score.notes:
+        _render_notes_to_buf(
+            score.notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
+            sine_wave, Envelope.PIANO.value, 0.5, score.bpm)
 
-    # Render drum hits
+    # Named parts
+    for part in score.parts.values():
+        if part.notes:
+            synth_fn = _resolve_synth(part.synth)
+            env_tuple = _resolve_envelope(part.envelope)
+            _render_notes_to_buf(
+                part.notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
+                synth_fn, env_tuple, part.volume, score.bpm)
+
+    # Drum hits
     for hit in score._drum_hits:
         start = int(hit.position * samples_per_beat)
         if start >= total_samples:
@@ -585,6 +620,32 @@ def play_score(score):
     if peak > 0:
         buf = buf / peak * 0.9
 
+    return buf
+
+
+def play_score(score):
+    """Play an entire Score through the speakers.
+
+    Renders drums, default notes, and all named parts — each with
+    its own synth voice and envelope — mixed into one audio buffer.
+
+    Args:
+        score: A :class:`Score` object with notes, parts, and/or drum hits.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> from pytheory import Pattern, Key, Duration, Score
+        >>> key = Key("A", "minor")
+        >>> score = Score("4/4", bpm=140)
+        >>> score.add_pattern(Pattern.preset("bossa nova"), repeats=4)
+        >>> chords = score.part("chords", synth="sine", envelope="pad")
+        >>> lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck")
+        >>> for chord in key.progression("i", "iv", "V", "i"):
+        ...     chords.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
+        >>> lead.add("E5", Duration.QUARTER).add("D5", Duration.QUARTER)
+        >>> play_score(score)
+    """
+    buf = render_score(score)
     sd.play(buf, SAMPLE_RATE)
     sd.wait()
 
diff --git a/pytheory/rhythm.py b/pytheory/rhythm.py
index 7e1851f..757dc81 100644
--- a/pytheory/rhythm.py
+++ b/pytheory/rhythm.py
@@ -167,12 +167,7 @@ class Pattern:
             A Score containing drum hits as MIDI percussion notes.
         """
         score = Score(self.time_signature_str, bpm=bpm)
-        for r in range(repeats):
-            offset = r * self.beats
-            for hit in self.hits:
-                score._drum_hits.append(
-                    _Hit(hit.sound, hit.position + offset, hit.velocity))
-            score._drum_pattern_beats += self.beats
+        score.add_pattern(self, repeats=repeats)
         return score
 
     # ── Presets ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -884,15 +879,87 @@ Pattern._PRESETS["maracatu"] = dict(
 )
 
 
+class Part:
+    """A named voice within a Score, with its own synth and envelope.
+
+    Parts allow layering multiple instruments — lead, bass, pads, etc. —
+    each with independent synth settings, mixed together on playback.
+
+    Don't instantiate directly — use ``Score.part()`` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        score = Score("4/4", bpm=140)
+        lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck")
+        lead.add("E5", Duration.QUARTER).add("D5", Duration.EIGHTH)
+        bass = score.part("bass", synth="triangle", envelope="pluck")
+        bass.add("A2", Duration.HALF)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, *, synth: str = "sine",
+                 envelope: str = "piano", volume: float = 0.5):
+        self.name = name
+        self.synth = synth
+        self.envelope = envelope
+        self.volume = volume
+        self.notes: list[Note] = []
+
+    def add(self, tone_or_string, duration=Duration.QUARTER) -> "Part":
+        """Add a note. Accepts Tone/Chord objects or note strings like ``"E5"``.
+
+        Returns self for chaining.
+        """
+        if isinstance(tone_or_string, str):
+            from .tones import Tone
+            tone_or_string = Tone.from_string(tone_or_string, system="western")
+        self.notes.append(Note(tone=tone_or_string, duration=duration))
+        return self
+
+    def rest(self, duration=Duration.QUARTER) -> "Part":
+        """Add a rest. Returns self for chaining."""
+        self.notes.append(Note(tone=None, duration=duration))
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def total_beats(self) -> float:
+        return sum(n.beats for n in self.notes)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.notes)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.notes)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (f"<Part {self.name!r} synth={self.synth} "
+                f"{len(self.notes)} notes {self.total_beats:.1f} beats>")
+
+
 class Score:
-    """A sequence of notes with a time signature and tempo.
+    """A multi-part arrangement with drums, chords, and instrument voices.
 
-    Usage::
+    A Score combines:
 
-        score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
-        score.add(Tone.from_string("C4"), Duration.QUARTER)
-        score.add(Tone.from_string("E4"), Duration.QUARTER)
-        score.rest(Duration.HALF)
+    - **Drum patterns** via ``add_pattern()``
+    - **Chord/tone notes** via ``add()`` (backwards-compatible default part)
+    - **Named parts** via ``part()`` — each with its own synth and envelope
+
+    Example::
+
+        score = Score("4/4", bpm=140)
+        score.add_pattern(Pattern.preset("bossa nova"), repeats=4)
+
+        chords = score.part("chords", synth="sine", envelope="pad")
+        lead   = score.part("lead",   synth="saw",  envelope="pluck")
+        bass   = score.part("bass",   synth="triangle", envelope="pluck")
+
+        for chord in key.progression("i", "iv", "V", "i"):
+            chords.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
+
+        lead.add("E5", Duration.QUARTER).add("D5", Duration.EIGHTH)
+        bass.add("A2", Duration.HALF).add("D2", Duration.HALF)
+
+        play_score(score)
     """
 
     def __init__(self, time_signature="4/4", bpm=120):
@@ -902,23 +969,71 @@ class Score:
             self.time_signature = time_signature
         self.bpm = bpm
         self.notes: list[Note] = []
+        self.parts: dict[str, Part] = {}
         self._drum_hits: list[_Hit] = []
         self._drum_pattern_beats: float = 0.0
 
+    def part(self, name: str, *, synth: str = "sine",
+             envelope: str = "piano", volume: float = 0.5) -> Part:
+        """Create a named part with its own synth voice.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Part name (e.g. ``"lead"``, ``"bass"``, ``"pads"``).
+            synth: Waveform — ``"sine"``, ``"saw"``, or ``"triangle"``.
+            envelope: ADSR preset name — ``"piano"``, ``"pluck"``,
+                ``"pad"``, ``"organ"``, ``"bell"``, ``"strings"``,
+                ``"staccato"``, or ``"none"``.
+            volume: Mix level from 0.0 to 1.0 (default 0.5).
+
+        Returns:
+            A :class:`Part` object. Add notes with ``.add()`` and ``.rest()``.
+
+        Example::
+
+            lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck")
+            lead.add("C5", Duration.QUARTER).add("E5", Duration.QUARTER)
+        """
+        p = Part(name, synth=synth, envelope=envelope, volume=volume)
+        self.parts[name] = p
+        return p
+
+    def add_pattern(self, pattern, repeats: int = 1) -> "Score":
+        """Add a drum pattern to this score.
+
+        Args:
+            pattern: A :class:`Pattern` object.
+            repeats: Number of times to repeat.
+
+        Returns:
+            Self for chaining.
+        """
+        for r in range(repeats):
+            offset = self._drum_pattern_beats + r * pattern.beats
+            for hit in pattern.hits:
+                self._drum_hits.append(
+                    _Hit(hit.sound, hit.position + offset, hit.velocity))
+        self._drum_pattern_beats += repeats * pattern.beats
+        return self
+
     def add(self, tone_or_chord, duration=Duration.QUARTER) -> "Score":
-        """Add a note. Returns self for chaining."""
+        """Add a note to the default (unnamed) part.
+
+        For simple scores without named parts. Returns self for chaining.
+        """
         self.notes.append(Note(tone=tone_or_chord, duration=duration))
         return self
 
     def rest(self, duration=Duration.QUARTER) -> "Score":
-        """Add a rest. Returns self for chaining."""
+        """Add a rest to the default part. Returns self for chaining."""
         self.notes.append(Note(tone=None, duration=duration))
         return self
 
     @property
     def total_beats(self) -> float:
-        note_beats = sum(n.beats for n in self.notes)
-        return max(note_beats, self._drum_pattern_beats)
+        beats = [sum(n.beats for n in self.notes), self._drum_pattern_beats]
+        for p in self.parts.values():
+            beats.append(p.total_beats)
+        return max(beats) if beats else 0.0
 
     @property
     def measures(self) -> float:
@@ -932,15 +1047,18 @@ class Score:
         return self.total_beats * ms_per_beat
 
     def __len__(self):
-        return len(self.notes)
+        return len(self.notes) + sum(len(p) for p in self.parts.values())
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.notes)
 
     def __repr__(self):
+        part_info = ""
+        if self.parts:
+            part_info = f" {len(self.parts)} parts"
         return (
-            f"<Score {self.time_signature} {self.bpm}bpm "
-            f"{len(self.notes)} notes {self.measures:.1f} measures>"
+            f"<Score {self.time_signature} {self.bpm}bpm"
+            f"{part_info} {self.measures:.1f} measures>"
         )
 
     def save_midi(self, path, velocity=100):
diff --git a/test_pytheory.py b/test_pytheory.py
index 0857a31..ffcc1fd 100644
--- a/test_pytheory.py
+++ b/test_pytheory.py
@@ -4970,7 +4970,6 @@ def test_score_repr():
     r = repr(score)
     assert "4/4" in r
     assert "120bpm" in r
-    assert "4 notes" in r
     assert "1.0 measures" in r
 
 
@@ -5135,3 +5134,114 @@ def test_render_pattern_different_tempos():
     slow = _render_pattern(p, bpm=60)
     fast = _render_pattern(p, bpm=240)
     assert len(slow) > len(fast)  # slower = more samples
+
+
+# ── Part and multi-part Score ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_part_creation():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck")
+    assert lead.name == "lead"
+    assert lead.synth == "saw"
+    assert lead.envelope == "pluck"
+    assert "lead" in score.parts
+
+
+def test_part_add_string():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    lead = score.part("lead")
+    lead.add("C5", Duration.QUARTER)
+    assert len(lead) == 1
+    assert lead.notes[0].tone.name == "C"
+    assert lead.notes[0].tone.octave == 5
+
+
+def test_part_add_chaining():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    lead = score.part("lead")
+    result = lead.add("C5", Duration.QUARTER).add("E5", Duration.QUARTER).rest(Duration.HALF)
+    assert result is lead
+    assert len(lead) == 3
+    assert lead.total_beats == 4.0
+
+
+def test_part_total_beats_in_score():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    lead = score.part("lead")
+    lead.add("C5", Duration.WHOLE).add("E5", Duration.WHOLE)
+    assert score.total_beats == 8.0
+
+
+def test_multiple_parts():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw")
+    bass = score.part("bass", synth="triangle")
+    lead.add("C5", Duration.WHOLE)
+    bass.add("C2", Duration.WHOLE).add("G2", Duration.WHOLE)
+    assert len(score.parts) == 2
+    assert score.total_beats == 8.0  # bass is longer
+
+
+def test_score_add_pattern():
+    from pytheory import Score, Pattern
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern.preset("rock"), repeats=2)
+    assert score._drum_pattern_beats == 8.0
+    assert len(score._drum_hits) > 0
+
+
+def test_score_add_pattern_chaining():
+    from pytheory import Score, Pattern
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    result = score.add_pattern(Pattern.preset("rock"), repeats=1)
+    assert result is score
+
+
+def test_part_repr():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw")
+    lead.add("C5", Duration.QUARTER)
+    r = repr(lead)
+    assert "lead" in r
+    assert "saw" in r
+
+
+def test_score_repr_with_parts():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    score.part("lead")
+    score.part("bass")
+    r = repr(score)
+    assert "2 parts" in r
+
+
+@needs_portaudio
+def test_render_score_with_parts():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration, Pattern, Key
+    from pytheory.play import render_score
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern.preset("rock"), repeats=2)
+    chords = score.part("chords", synth="sine", envelope="pad")
+    lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck")
+    key = Key("C", "major")
+    for chord in key.progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV"):
+        chords.add(chord, Duration.HALF)
+    lead.add("E5", Duration.QUARTER).add("G5", Duration.QUARTER)
+    buf = render_score(score)
+    assert len(buf) > 0
+    assert buf.dtype == numpy.float32
+
+
+def test_backwards_compat_add():
+    """Score.add() still works without named parts."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    score.add(Chord.from_symbol("C"), Duration.WHOLE)
+    assert len(score.notes) == 1
+    assert score.total_beats == 4.0