diff --git a/docs/user/advanced.rst b/docs/user/advanced.rst
index f53cbed7..dcd9e228 100644
--- a/docs/user/advanced.rst
+++ b/docs/user/advanced.rst
@@ -486,8 +486,18 @@ To use HTTP Basic Auth with your proxy, use the `http://user:password@host/` syn
         "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
     }
 
-Note that proxy URLs must include the scheme.
+To give a proxy for a specific scheme and host, use the
+`scheme://hostname` form for the key.  This will match for
+any request to the given scheme and exact hostname.
 
+::
+
+    proxies = {
+      "http://10.20.1.128": "http://10.10.1.10:5323",
+    }
+
+Note that proxy URLs must include the scheme.
+    
 .. _compliance:
 
 Compliance
diff --git a/requests/adapters.py b/requests/adapters.py
index 60afb583..f911fc57 100644
--- a/requests/adapters.py
+++ b/requests/adapters.py
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
 from .packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
 from .compat import urlparse, basestring
 from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
-                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth)
+                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth,
+                    select_proxy)
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
@@ -238,8 +239,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :param url: The URL to connect to.
         :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
         """
-        proxies = proxies or {}
-        proxy = proxies.get(urlparse(url.lower()).scheme)
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
 
         if proxy:
             proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
@@ -272,12 +272,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
 
         :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
-        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes to proxy URLs.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
         """
-        proxies = proxies or {}
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
         scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
-        proxy = proxies.get(scheme)
-
         if proxy and scheme != 'https':
             url = urldefragauth(request.url)
         else:
diff --git a/requests/sessions.py b/requests/sessions.py
index 651fc188..9c0dd73d 100644
--- a/requests/sessions.py
+++ b/requests/sessions.py
@@ -299,9 +299,9 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
         self.auth = None
 
-        #: Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy (e.g.
-        #: {'http': 'foo.bar:3128'}) to be used on each
-        #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
+        #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
+        #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
         self.proxies = {}
 
         #: Event-handling hooks.
@@ -428,8 +428,8 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         :type timeout: float or tuple
         :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
         :type allow_redirects: bool
-        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of
-            the proxy.
+        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
+            hostname to the URL of the proxy.
         :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
             content. Defaults to ``False``.
         :param verify: (optional) if ``True``, the SSL cert will be verified.
diff --git a/requests/utils.py b/requests/utils.py
index 3fd0e41f..3d4c7945 100644
--- a/requests/utils.py
+++ b/requests/utils.py
@@ -537,6 +537,18 @@ def get_environ_proxies(url):
     else:
         return getproxies()
 
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
+
+    :param url: The url being for the request
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    """
+    proxies = proxies or {}
+    urlparts = urlparse(url)
+    proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme+'://'+urlparts.hostname)
+    if proxy is None:
+        proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme)
+    return proxy
 
 def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
     """Return a string representing the default user agent."""
diff --git a/test_requests.py b/test_requests.py
index 33fafdf4..28ea5730 100755
--- a/test_requests.py
+++ b/test_requests.py
@@ -1327,6 +1327,15 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             'http://localhost.localdomain:5000/v1.0/') == {}
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://www.requests.com/') != {}
 
+    def test_select_proxies(self):
+        """Make sure we can select per-host proxies correctly."""
+        from requests.utils import select_proxy
+        proxies = {'http': 'http://http.proxy',
+                   'http://some.host': 'http://some.host.proxy'}
+        assert select_proxy('hTTp://u:p@Some.Host/path', proxies) == 'http://some.host.proxy'
+        assert select_proxy('hTTp://u:p@Other.Host/path', proxies) == 'http://http.proxy'
+        assert select_proxy('hTTps://Other.Host', proxies) is None
+
     def test_guess_filename_when_int(self):
         from requests.utils import guess_filename
         assert None is guess_filename(1)