diff --git a/requests3/__init__.py b/requests3/__init__.py
index 55da8abd..ba70aa86 100644
--- a/requests3/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/__init__.py
@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
 warnings.simplefilter("default", FileModeWarning, append=True)
 
 
-
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.api
@@ -215,6 +214,7 @@ def get(url: types.URL, *, params: types.Params = None, **kwargs) -> types.Respo
     kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True)
     return request("get", url, params=params, **kwargs)
 
+
 def head(url: types.URL, **kwargs) -> types.Response:
     r"""Sends a HEAD request.
 
diff --git a/requests3/_hooks.py b/requests3/_hooks.py
index 0a2a4dc7..f3ae9448 100644
--- a/requests3/_hooks.py
+++ b/requests3/_hooks.py
@@ -10,22 +10,20 @@ Available hooks:
 ``response``:
     The response generated from a Request.
 """
-HOOKS = ['response']
+HOOKS = ["response"]
 
 
 def default_hooks():
     return {event: [] for event in HOOKS}
 
 
-
-
 # TODO: response is the only one
 def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
     """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
     hooks = hooks or {}
     hooks = hooks.get(key)
     if hooks:
-        if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):
+        if hasattr(hooks, "__call__"):
             hooks = [hooks]
         for hook in hooks:
             _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
diff --git a/requests3/_internal_utils.py b/requests3/_internal_utils.py
index 37bc7173..fd14ed12 100644
--- a/requests3/_internal_utils.py
+++ b/requests3/_internal_utils.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ which depend on extremely few external helpers (such as compat)
 from ._basics import builtin_str, str
 
 
-def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
+def to_native_string(string, encoding="ascii"):
     """Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of
     that string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where
     necessary. This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def unicode_is_ascii(u_string):
         return None
 
     try:
-        u_string.encode('ascii')
+        u_string.encode("ascii")
         return True
 
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
diff --git a/requests3/_structures.py b/requests3/_structures.py
index 63da49e2..ffdaba5c 100644
--- a/requests3/_structures.py
+++ b/requests3/_structures.py
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
     operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
     behavior is undefined.
     """
-    __slots__ = ('_store')
+
+    __slots__ = "_store"
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
         self._store = collections.OrderedDict()
@@ -64,9 +65,7 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
 
     def lower_items(self):
         """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
-        return (
-            (lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items()
-        )
+        return ((lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items())
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
@@ -77,7 +76,6 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
         # Compare insensitively
         return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
 
-
     # Copy is required
     def copy(self):
         return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
@@ -96,14 +94,13 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
         self.extend({} if data is None else data, **kwargs)
 
-
     # We'll store tuples in the internal dictionary, but present them as a
     # concatenated string when we use item access methods.
     #
     def __setitem__(self, key, val):
         # Special–case null values.
         if (not isinstance(val, basestring)) and (val is not None):
-            raise ValueError('only string-type values (or None) are allowed')
+            raise ValueError("only string-type values (or None) are allowed")
 
         super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__setitem__(key, (val,))
 
@@ -113,12 +110,10 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         if len(val) == 1 and val[0] is None:
             return val[0]
 
-        return ', '.join(val)
+        return ", ".join(val)
 
     def lower_items(self):
-        return (
-            (lk, ', '.join(vals)) for (lk, (k, vals)) in self._store.items()
-        )
+        return ((lk, ", ".join(vals)) for (lk, (k, vals)) in self._store.items())
 
     def copy(self):
         return type(self)(self)
@@ -132,10 +127,10 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         """Set a sequence of strings to the associated key - this will overwrite
         any previously stored value."""
         if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('argument is not sequence')
+            raise ValueError("argument is not sequence")
 
         if any(not isinstance(v, basestring) for v in values):
-            raise ValueError('non-string items in sequence')
+            raise ValueError("non-string items in sequence")
 
         if not values:
             self.pop(key, None)
@@ -157,7 +152,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         value for this key, then the value will be appended to those values.
         """
         if not isinstance(val, basestring):
-            raise ValueError('value must be a string-type object')
+            raise ValueError("value must be a string-type object")
 
         self._extend(key, (val,))
 
@@ -168,8 +163,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         """
         if len(args) > 1:
             raise TypeError(
-                f"extend() takes at most 1 positional "
-                "arguments ({len(args)} given)"
+                f"extend() takes at most 1 positional " "arguments ({len(args)} given)"
             )
 
         for other in args + (kwargs,):
@@ -177,7 +171,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
                 # See if looks like a HTTPHeaderDict (either urllib3's
                 # implementation or ours). If so, then we have to add values
                 # in one go for each key.
-                multiget = getattr(other, 'getlist', None)
+                multiget = getattr(other, "getlist", None)
                 if multiget:
                     for key in other:
                         self._extend(key, tuple(multiget(key)))
@@ -191,7 +185,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
                 if isinstance(iv, basestring):
                     self._extend(ik, (iv,))
                 elif any(not isinstance(v, basestring) for v in iv):
-                    raise ValueError('non-string items in sequence')
+                    raise ValueError("non-string items in sequence")
 
                 else:
                     self._extend(ik, tuple(iv))
@@ -216,7 +210,7 @@ class LookupDict(dict):
         super(LookupDict, self).__init__()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<lookup \'{self.name}\'>'
+        return f"<lookup '{self.name}'>"
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
diff --git a/requests3/_structures.py.ca21d3379eb0bd9467ef35e763c5290c.py b/requests3/_structures.py.ca21d3379eb0bd9467ef35e763c5290c.py
index 63da49e2..ffdaba5c 100644
--- a/requests3/_structures.py.ca21d3379eb0bd9467ef35e763c5290c.py
+++ b/requests3/_structures.py.ca21d3379eb0bd9467ef35e763c5290c.py
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
     operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
     behavior is undefined.
     """
-    __slots__ = ('_store')
+
+    __slots__ = "_store"
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
         self._store = collections.OrderedDict()
@@ -64,9 +65,7 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
 
     def lower_items(self):
         """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
-        return (
-            (lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items()
-        )
+        return ((lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items())
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
@@ -77,7 +76,6 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
         # Compare insensitively
         return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
 
-
     # Copy is required
     def copy(self):
         return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
@@ -96,14 +94,13 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
         self.extend({} if data is None else data, **kwargs)
 
-
     # We'll store tuples in the internal dictionary, but present them as a
     # concatenated string when we use item access methods.
     #
     def __setitem__(self, key, val):
         # Special–case null values.
         if (not isinstance(val, basestring)) and (val is not None):
-            raise ValueError('only string-type values (or None) are allowed')
+            raise ValueError("only string-type values (or None) are allowed")
 
         super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__setitem__(key, (val,))
 
@@ -113,12 +110,10 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         if len(val) == 1 and val[0] is None:
             return val[0]
 
-        return ', '.join(val)
+        return ", ".join(val)
 
     def lower_items(self):
-        return (
-            (lk, ', '.join(vals)) for (lk, (k, vals)) in self._store.items()
-        )
+        return ((lk, ", ".join(vals)) for (lk, (k, vals)) in self._store.items())
 
     def copy(self):
         return type(self)(self)
@@ -132,10 +127,10 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         """Set a sequence of strings to the associated key - this will overwrite
         any previously stored value."""
         if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('argument is not sequence')
+            raise ValueError("argument is not sequence")
 
         if any(not isinstance(v, basestring) for v in values):
-            raise ValueError('non-string items in sequence')
+            raise ValueError("non-string items in sequence")
 
         if not values:
             self.pop(key, None)
@@ -157,7 +152,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         value for this key, then the value will be appended to those values.
         """
         if not isinstance(val, basestring):
-            raise ValueError('value must be a string-type object')
+            raise ValueError("value must be a string-type object")
 
         self._extend(key, (val,))
 
@@ -168,8 +163,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
         """
         if len(args) > 1:
             raise TypeError(
-                f"extend() takes at most 1 positional "
-                "arguments ({len(args)} given)"
+                f"extend() takes at most 1 positional " "arguments ({len(args)} given)"
             )
 
         for other in args + (kwargs,):
@@ -177,7 +171,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
                 # See if looks like a HTTPHeaderDict (either urllib3's
                 # implementation or ours). If so, then we have to add values
                 # in one go for each key.
-                multiget = getattr(other, 'getlist', None)
+                multiget = getattr(other, "getlist", None)
                 if multiget:
                     for key in other:
                         self._extend(key, tuple(multiget(key)))
@@ -191,7 +185,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
                 if isinstance(iv, basestring):
                     self._extend(ik, (iv,))
                 elif any(not isinstance(v, basestring) for v in iv):
-                    raise ValueError('non-string items in sequence')
+                    raise ValueError("non-string items in sequence")
 
                 else:
                     self._extend(ik, tuple(iv))
@@ -216,7 +210,7 @@ class LookupDict(dict):
         super(LookupDict, self).__init__()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<lookup \'{self.name}\'>'
+        return f"<lookup '{self.name}'>"
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
diff --git a/requests3/_types.py b/requests3/_types.py
index c9f0dff1..c98e86e8 100644
--- a/requests3/_types.py
+++ b/requests3/_types.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from typing import (
     Dict,
 )
 
-from .import http_auth as auth
+from . import http_auth as auth
 from .http_models import Response, PreparedRequest
 from .http_cookies import RequestsCookieJar
 from .http_sessions import Session
@@ -50,10 +50,7 @@ Headers = Optional[Union[None, MutableMapping[Text, Text]]]
 Cookies = Optional[Union[None, RequestsCookieJar, MutableMapping[Text, Text]]]
 Files = Optional[MutableMapping[Text, IO]]
 Auth = Union[
-    None,
-    Tuple[Text, Text],
-    auth.AuthBase,
-    Callable[[PreparedRequest], PreparedRequest],
+    None, Tuple[Text, Text], auth.AuthBase, Callable[[PreparedRequest], PreparedRequest]
 ]
 Timeout = Union[None, float, Tuple[float, float]]
 AllowRedirects = Optional[bool]
diff --git a/requests3/core/__init__.py b/requests3/core/__init__.py
index 32cd63cc..061ba229 100644
--- a/requests3/core/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/core/__init__.py
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ import trio
 from ._http import AsyncPoolManager, PoolManager
 from ._http._backends import TrioBackend
 
-from .import _http
+from . import _http
 
 __all__ = ["request", "blocking_request"]
 
+
 async def request(
     method,
     url,
@@ -22,13 +23,13 @@ async def request(
     if not pool:
         pool = AsyncPoolManager(backend=TrioBackend())
     return await pool.urlopen(
-            method=method,
-            url=url,
-            headers=headers,
-            preload_content=preload_content,
-            body=body,
-            **kwargs
-        )
+        method=method,
+        url=url,
+        headers=headers,
+        preload_content=preload_content,
+        body=body,
+        **kwargs
+    )
 
 
 def blocking_request(
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/__init__.py b/requests3/core/_http/__init__.py
index 362725be..bb33eb95 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/__init__.py
@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 import warnings
 
-from .connectionpool import (
-    HTTPConnectionPool,
-    HTTPSConnectionPool,
-    connection_from_url
-)
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool, connection_from_url
 
 from . import exceptions
 from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
@@ -22,47 +18,60 @@ from .util.retry import Retry
 
 # Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
 import logging
+
 try:  # Python 2.7+
     from logging import NullHandler
 except ImportError:
+
     class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
         def emit(self, record):
             pass
 
-__author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
-__license__ = 'MIT'
-__version__ = '2.0.dev0+bleach.spike.proof.of.concept.dont.use'
+
+__author__ = "Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)"
+__license__ = "MIT"
+__version__ = "2.0.dev0+bleach.spike.proof.of.concept.dont.use"
 
 __all__ = [
-    'HTTPConnectionPool',
-    'HTTPSConnectionPool',
-    'PoolManager',
-    'ProxyManager',
-    'HTTPResponse',
-    'Retry',
-    'Timeout',
-    'add_stderr_logger',
-    'connection_from_url',
-    'disable_warnings',
-    'encode_multipart_formdata',
-    'get_host',
-    'make_headers',
-    'proxy_from_url',
+    "HTTPConnectionPool",
+    "HTTPSConnectionPool",
+    "PoolManager",
+    "ProxyManager",
+    "HTTPResponse",
+    "Retry",
+    "Timeout",
+    "add_stderr_logger",
+    "connection_from_url",
+    "disable_warnings",
+    "encode_multipart_formdata",
+    "get_host",
+    "make_headers",
+    "proxy_from_url",
 ]
 
 # For now we only support async on 3.6, because we use async generators
 import sys
+
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
     from ._async.connectionpool import (
         HTTPConnectionPool as AsyncHTTPConnectionPool,
-        HTTPSConnectionPool as AsyncHTTPSConnectionPool)
+        HTTPSConnectionPool as AsyncHTTPSConnectionPool,
+    )
     from ._async.poolmanager import (
         PoolManager as AsyncPoolManager,
-        ProxyManager as AsyncProxyManager)
+        ProxyManager as AsyncProxyManager,
+    )
     from ._async.response import HTTPResponse as AsyncHTTPResponse
+
     __all__.extend(
-        ('AsyncHTTPConnectionPool', 'AsyncHTTPSConnectionPool',
-         'AsyncPoolManager', 'AsyncProxyManager', 'AsyncHTTPResponse'))
+        (
+            "AsyncHTTPConnectionPool",
+            "AsyncHTTPSConnectionPool",
+            "AsyncPoolManager",
+            "AsyncProxyManager",
+            "AsyncHTTPResponse",
+        )
+    )
 
 
 logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
@@ -79,10 +88,10 @@ def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
     # even if urllib3 is vendored within another package.
     logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
     handler = logging.StreamHandler()
-    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s'))
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s"))
     logger.addHandler(handler)
     logger.setLevel(level)
-    logger.debug('Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s', __name__)
+    logger.debug("Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s", __name__)
     return handler
 
 
@@ -94,18 +103,17 @@ del NullHandler
 # shouldn't be: otherwise, it's very hard for users to use most Python
 # mechanisms to silence them.
 # SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
-warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+warnings.simplefilter("always", exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
 # SubjectAltNameWarning's should go off once per host
-warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SubjectAltNameWarning, append=True)
+warnings.simplefilter("default", exceptions.SubjectAltNameWarning, append=True)
 # InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
-warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning,
-                      append=True)
+warnings.simplefilter("default", exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning, append=True)
 # SNIMissingWarnings should go off only once.
-warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SNIMissingWarning, append=True)
+warnings.simplefilter("default", exceptions.SNIMissingWarning, append=True)
 
 
 def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
     """
     Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
     """
-    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category)
+    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category)
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_async/connection.py b/requests3/core/_http/_async/connection.py
index 934bb516..0b75e335 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_async/connection.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_async/connection.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ except ImportError:
 # within two years of the current date, and no
 # earlier than 6 months ago.
 RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2016, 1, 1)
-_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = frozenset([b'1.0', b'1.1'])
+_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = frozenset([b"1.0", b"1.1"])
 # A sentinel object returned when some syscalls return EAGAIN.
 _EAGAIN = object()
 
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ def _headers_to_native_string(headers):
     # 3 and need to decode the headers using Latin1.
     for n, v in headers:
         if not isinstance(n, str):
-            n = n.decode('latin1')
+            n = n.decode("latin1")
         if not isinstance(v, str):
-            v = v.decode('latin1')
+            v = v.decode("latin1")
         yield (n, v)
 
 
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ def _stringify_headers(headers):
     # TODO: revisit
     for name, value in headers:
         if isinstance(name, six.text_type):
-            name = name.encode('ascii')
+            name = name.encode("ascii")
         if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
-            value = value.encode('latin-1')
+            value = value.encode("latin-1")
         elif isinstance(value, int):
-            value = str(value).encode('ascii')
+            value = str(value).encode("ascii")
         yield (name, value)
 
 
@@ -93,8 +93,6 @@ def _read_readable(readable):
         yield datablock
 
 
-
-
 # XX this should return an async iterator
 def _make_body_iterable(body):
     """
@@ -122,17 +120,13 @@ def _make_body_iterable(body):
     elif hasattr(body, "read"):
         return _read_readable(body)
 
-    elif isinstance(body, collections.Iterable) and not isinstance(
-        body, six.text_type
-    ):
+    elif isinstance(body, collections.Iterable) and not isinstance(body, six.text_type):
         return body
 
     else:
         raise InvalidBodyError("Unacceptable body type: %s" % type(body))
 
 
-
-
 # XX this should return an async iterator
 def _request_bytes_iterable(request, state_machine):
     """
@@ -158,7 +152,7 @@ def _response_from_h11(h11_response, body_object):
     if h11_response.http_version not in _SUPPORTED_VERSIONS:
         raise BadVersionError(h11_response.http_version)
 
-    version = b'HTTP/' + h11_response.http_version
+    version = b"HTTP/" + h11_response.http_version
     our_response = Response(
         status_code=h11_response.status_code,
         headers=_headers_to_native_string(h11_response.headers),
@@ -175,9 +169,9 @@ def _build_tunnel_request(host, port, headers):
     """
     target = "%s:%d" % (host, port)
     if not isinstance(target, bytes):
-        target = target.encode('latin1')
+        target = target.encode("latin1")
     tunnel_request = Request(method=b"CONNECT", target=target, headers=headers)
-    tunnel_request.add_host(host=host, port=port, scheme='http')
+    tunnel_request.add_host(host=host, port=port, scheme="http")
     return tunnel_request
 
 
@@ -195,14 +189,14 @@ async def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
     """
     # Before we begin, confirm that the state machine is ok.
     if (
-        state_machine.our_state is not h11.IDLE or
-        state_machine.their_state is not h11.IDLE
+        state_machine.our_state is not h11.IDLE
+        or state_machine.their_state is not h11.IDLE
     ):
         raise ProtocolError("Invalid internal state transition")
 
     request_bytes_iterable = _request_bytes_iterable(request, state_machine)
     # Hack around Python 2 lack of nonlocal
-    context = {'send_aborted': True, 'h11_response': None}
+    context = {"send_aborted": True, "h11_response": None}
 
     async def next_bytes_to_send():
         try:
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ async def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
 
         except StopIteration:
             # We successfully sent the whole body!
-            context['send_aborted'] = False
+            context["send_aborted"] = False
             return None
 
     def consume_bytes(data):
@@ -226,7 +220,7 @@ async def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
 
             elif isinstance(event, h11.Response):
                 # We have our response! Save it and get out of here.
-                context['h11_response'] = event
+                context["h11_response"] = event
                 raise LoopAbort
 
             else:
@@ -234,8 +228,8 @@ async def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
                 raise RuntimeError("Unexpected h11 event {}".format(event))
 
     await conn.send_and_receive_for_a_while(next_bytes_to_send, consume_bytes)
-    assert context['h11_response'] is not None
-    if context['send_aborted']:
+    assert context["h11_response"] is not None
+    if context["send_aborted"]:
         # Our state machine thinks we sent a bunch of data... but maybe we
         # didn't! Maybe our send got cancelled while we were only half-way
         # through sending the last chunk, and then h11 thinks we sent a
@@ -246,7 +240,7 @@ async def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
         # state_machine.poison()
         # XX kluge for now
         state_machine._cstate.process_error(state_machine.our_role)
-    return context['h11_response']
+    return context["h11_response"]
 
 
 async def _read_until_event(state_machine, conn):
@@ -281,6 +275,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
     data is buffered it will issue one read syscall and return all of that
     data. Buffering of response data must happen at a higher layer.
     """
+
     # : Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
     #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
     default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
@@ -301,7 +296,9 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         self._host = host
         self._port = port
         self._socket_options = (
-            socket_options if socket_options is not _DEFAULT_SOCKET_OPTIONS else self.default_socket_options
+            socket_options
+            if socket_options is not _DEFAULT_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+            else self.default_socket_options
         )
         self._source_address = source_address
         self._tunnel_host = tunnel_host
@@ -310,9 +307,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         self._sock = None
         self._state_machine = h11.Connection(our_role=h11.CLIENT)
 
-    async def _wrap_socket(
-        self, conn, ssl_context, fingerprint, assert_hostname
-    ):
+    async def _wrap_socket(self, conn, ssl_context, fingerprint, assert_hostname):
         """
         Handles extra logic to wrap the socket in TLS magic.
         """
@@ -320,11 +315,9 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         if is_time_off:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
-                    'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
-                    'lead to SSL verification errors'
-                ).format(
-                    RECENT_DATE
-                ),
+                    "System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably "
+                    "lead to SSL verification errors"
+                ).format(RECENT_DATE),
                 SystemTimeWarning,
             )
         # XX need to know whether this is the proxy or the final host that
@@ -337,30 +330,24 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         check_host = check_host.rstrip(".")
         conn = await conn.start_tls(check_host, ssl_context)
         if fingerprint:
-            ssl_util.assert_fingerprint(
-                conn.getpeercert(binary_form=True), fingerprint
-            )
-        elif (
-            ssl_context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE and
-            assert_hostname is not False
-        ):
+            ssl_util.assert_fingerprint(conn.getpeercert(binary_form=True), fingerprint)
+        elif ssl_context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE and assert_hostname is not False:
             cert = conn.getpeercert()
-            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+            if not cert.get("subjectAltName", ()):
                 warnings.warn(
                     (
-                        'Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling '
-                        'back to check for a `commonName` for now. This '
-                        'feature is being removed by major browsers and '
-                        'deprecated by RFC 2818. (See '
-                        'https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 for '
-                        'details.)'.format(self._host)
+                        "Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling "
+                        "back to check for a `commonName` for now. This "
+                        "feature is being removed by major browsers and "
+                        "deprecated by RFC 2818. (See "
+                        "https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 for "
+                        "details.)".format(self._host)
                     ),
                     SubjectAltNameWarning,
                 )
             ssl_util.match_hostname(cert, check_host)
-        self.is_verified = (
-            ssl_context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED and
-            (assert_hostname is not False or fingerprint)
+        self.is_verified = ssl_context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED and (
+            assert_hostname is not False or fingerprint
         )
         return conn
 
@@ -415,24 +402,22 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
 
         extra_kw = {}
         if self._source_address:
-            extra_kw['source_address'] = self._source_address
+            extra_kw["source_address"] = self._source_address
         if self._socket_options:
-            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self._socket_options
+            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self._socket_options
         # XX pass connect_timeout to backend
         # This was factored out into a separate function to allow overriding
         # by subclasses, but in the backend approach the way to to this is to
         # provide a custom backend. (Composition >> inheritance.)
         try:
-            conn = await self._backend.connect(
-                self._host, self._port, **extra_kw
-            )
+            conn = await self._backend.connect(self._host, self._port, **extra_kw)
         # XX these two error handling blocks needs to be re-done in a
         # backend-agnostic way
         except socket.timeout:
             raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                 self,
-                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self._host, connect_timeout),
+                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                % (self._host, connect_timeout),
             )
 
         except socket.error as e:
@@ -501,7 +486,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         """
         our_state = self._state_machine.our_state
         their_state = self._state_machine.their_state
-        return (our_state is h11.IDLE and their_state is h11.IDLE)
+        return our_state is h11.IDLE and their_state is h11.IDLE
 
     def __aiter__(self):
         return self
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_async/connectionpool.py b/requests3/core/_http/_async/connectionpool.py
index 3c829c3c..00140d4b 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_async/connectionpool.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_async/connectionpool.py
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ def _add_transport_headers(headers):
     This should be a bit smarter: in particular, it should allow for bad or
     unexpected versions of these headers, particularly transfer-encoding.
     """
-    transfer_headers = ('content-length', 'transfer-encoding')
+    transfer_headers = ("content-length", "transfer-encoding")
     for header_name in headers:
         if header_name.lower() in transfer_headers:
             return
 
-    headers['transfer-encoding'] = 'chunked'
+    headers["transfer-encoding"] = "chunked"
 
 
 def _build_context(
@@ -97,14 +97,13 @@ def _build_context(
     return context
 
 
-
-
 # Pool objects
 class ConnectionPool(object):
     """
     Base class for all connection pools, such as
     :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool` and :class:`.HTTPSConnectionPool`.
     """
+
     scheme = None
     QueueCls = queue.LifoQueue
 
@@ -116,9 +115,7 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
         self.port = port
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s(host=%r, port=%r)' % (
-            type(self).__name__, self.host, self.port
-        )
+        return "%s(host=%r, port=%r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.host, self.port)
 
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
@@ -198,7 +195,8 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
         :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
     """
-    scheme = 'http'
+
+    scheme = "http"
     ConnectionCls = HTTP1Connection
     ResponseCls = HTTPResponse
 
@@ -238,7 +236,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
             # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
             # list.
-            self.conn_kw.setdefault('socket_options', [])
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault("socket_options", [])
 
     def _new_conn(self):
         """
@@ -247,7 +245,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         self.num_connections += 1
 
         # TODO: Huge hack.
-        for kw in ('strict',):
+        for kw in ("strict",):
             if kw in self.conn_kw:
                 self.conn_kw.pop(kw)
 
@@ -257,9 +255,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             self.host,
             self.port or "80",
         )
-        conn = self.ConnectionCls(
-            host=self.host, port=self.port, ** self.conn_kw
-        )
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=self.host, port=self.port, **self.conn_kw)
         return conn
 
     async def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
@@ -284,8 +280,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             if self.block:
                 raise EmptyPoolError(
                     self,
-                    "Pool reached maximum size and no more "
-                    "connections are allowed.",
+                    "Pool reached maximum size and no more " "connections are allowed.",
                 )
 
             pass  # Oh well, we'll create a new connection then
@@ -318,9 +313,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             pass
         except queue.Full:
             # This should never happen if self.block == True
-            log.warning(
-                "Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s", self.host
-            )
+            log.warning("Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s", self.host)
         # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
         if conn:
             conn.close()
@@ -353,7 +346,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
         # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
-        if hasattr(err, 'errno') and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+        if hasattr(err, "errno") and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
             raise ReadTimeoutError(
                 self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value
             )
@@ -362,7 +355,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
         # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
         # TODO: Can we remove this?
-        if 'timed out' in str(err) or 'did not complete (read)' in str(
+        if "timed out" in str(err) or "did not complete (read)" in str(
             err
         ):  # Python 2.6
             raise ReadTimeoutError(
@@ -398,9 +391,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             raise
 
         # TODO: We need to encapsulate our proxy logic in here somewhere.
-        request = Request(
-            method=method, target=url, headers=headers, body=body
-        )
+        request = Request(method=method, target=url, headers=headers, body=body)
         host = self.host
         port = self.port
         scheme = self.scheme
@@ -421,17 +412,15 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             read_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
         # Receive the response from the server
         try:
-            response = await conn.send_request(
-                request, read_timeout=read_timeout
-            )
+            response = await conn.send_request(request, read_timeout=read_timeout)
         except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
             self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
             raise
 
         # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
-        http_version = getattr(conn, '_http_vsn_str', 'HTTP/?')
+        http_version = getattr(conn, "_http_vsn_str", "HTTP/?")
         log.debug(
-            "%s://%s:%s \"%s %s %s\" %s",
+            '%s://%s:%s "%s %s %s" %s',
             self.scheme,
             self.host,
             self.port,
@@ -443,9 +432,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         return response
 
     def _absolute_url(self, path):
-        return Url(
-            scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path
-        ).url
+        return Url(scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path).url
 
     def close(self):
         """
@@ -469,7 +456,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         Check if the given ``url`` is a member of the same host as this
         connection pool.
         """
-        if url.startswith('/'):
+        if url.startswith("/"):
             return True
 
         # TODO: Add optional support for socket.gethostbyname checking.
@@ -555,9 +542,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
         if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
-            retries = Retry.from_int(
-                retries, default=self.retries, redirect=False
-            )
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, default=self.retries, redirect=False)
         conn = None
         # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
         # returning/raising/recursing.
@@ -565,7 +550,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         # Merge the proxy headers. Only do this in HTTP. We have to copy the
         # headers dict so we can safely change it without those changes being
         # reflected in anyone else's copy.
-        if self.scheme == 'http':
+        if self.scheme == "http":
             headers = headers.copy()
             headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
         # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
@@ -586,15 +571,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
             # Make the request on the base connection object.
             base_response = await self._make_request(
-                conn,
-                method,
-                url,
-                timeout=timeout_obj,
-                body=body,
-                headers=headers,
+                conn, method, url, timeout=timeout_obj, body=body, headers=headers
             )
             # Pass method to Response for length checking
-            response_kw['request_method'] = method
+            response_kw["request_method"] = method
             # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
             response = self.ResponseCls.from_base(
                 base_response, pool=self, retries=retries, **response_kw
@@ -619,12 +599,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             clean_exit = False
             if isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                 e = SSLError(e)
-            elif isinstance(
-                e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)
-            ) and self.proxy:
-                e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
             elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, h11.ProtocolError)):
-                e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
+                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
             retries = retries.increment(
                 method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
             )
@@ -679,12 +657,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
                 pass
 
         # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
-        has_retry_after = bool(response.getheader('Retry-After'))
+        has_retry_after = bool(response.getheader("Retry-After"))
         if retries.is_retry(method, response.status, has_retry_after):
             try:
-                retries = retries.increment(
-                    method, url, response=response, _pool=self
-                )
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
             except MaxRetryError:
                 if retries.raise_on_status:
                     # Drain and release the connection for this response, since
@@ -730,7 +706,8 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
     available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
     the connection socket into an SSL socket.
     """
-    scheme = 'https'
+
+    scheme = "https"
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -771,7 +748,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             raise SSLError("SSL module is not available")
 
         if ca_certs and cert_reqs is None:
-            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+            cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
         self.ssl_context = _build_context(
             ssl_context,
             keyfile=key_file,
@@ -808,7 +785,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             tunnel_headers = self.proxy_headers
 
         # TODO: Huge hack.
-        for kw in ('strict', 'redirect'):
+        for kw in ("strict", "redirect"):
             if kw in self.conn_kw:
                 self.conn_kw.pop(kw)
 
@@ -818,7 +795,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             tunnel_host=tunnel_host,
             tunnel_port=tunnel_port,
             tunnel_headers=tunnel_headers,
-            ** self.conn_kw
+            **self.conn_kw
         )
         return conn
 
@@ -835,10 +812,10 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
         if not conn.is_verified:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
-                    'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
-                    'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
-                    'https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html'
-                    '#ssl-warnings'
+                    "Unverified HTTPS request is being made. "
+                    "Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: "
+                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html"
+                    "#ssl-warnings"
                 ),
                 InsecureRequestWarning,
             )
@@ -866,7 +843,7 @@ def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
     """
     scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
     port = port or DEFAULT_PORTS.get(scheme, 80)
-    if scheme == 'https':
+    if scheme == "https":
         return HTTPSConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
 
     else:
@@ -886,6 +863,6 @@ def _ipv6_host(host):
     #
     # Also if an IPv6 address literal has a zone identifier, the
     # percent sign might be URIencoded, convert it back into ASCII
-    if host.startswith('[') and host.endswith(']'):
-        host = host.replace('%25', '%').strip('[]')
+    if host.startswith("[") and host.endswith("]"):
+        host = host.replace("%25", "%").strip("[]")
     return host
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_async/poolmanager.py b/requests3/core/_http/_async/poolmanager.py
index 0645a0f5..81dc75cc 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_async/poolmanager.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_async/poolmanager.py
@@ -13,47 +13,47 @@ from ..util.url import parse_url
 from ..util.request import set_file_position
 from ..util.retry import Retry
 
-__all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
+__all__ = ["PoolManager", "ProxyManager", "proxy_from_url"]
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 SSL_KEYWORDS = (
-    'key_file',
-    'cert_file',
-    'cert_reqs',
-    'ca_certs',
-    'ssl_version',
-    'ca_cert_dir',
-    'ssl_context',
+    "key_file",
+    "cert_file",
+    "cert_reqs",
+    "ca_certs",
+    "ssl_version",
+    "ca_cert_dir",
+    "ssl_context",
 )
 # All known keyword arguments that could be provided to the pool manager, its
 # pools, or the underlying connections. This is used to construct a pool key.
 _key_fields = (
-    'key_scheme',  # str
-    'key_host',  # str
-    'key_strict',
-    'key_port',  # int
-    'key_timeout',  # int or float or Timeout
-    'key_retries',  # int or Retry
-    'key_block',  # bool
-    'key_source_address',  # str
-    'key_key_file',  # str
-    'key_cert_file',  # str
-    'key_cert_reqs',  # str
-    'key_ca_certs',  # str
-    'key_ssl_version',  # str
-    'key_ca_cert_dir',  # str
-    'key_ssl_context',  # instance of ssl.SSLContext or urllib3.util.ssl_.SSLContext
-    'key_maxsize',  # int
-    'key_headers',  # dict
-    'key__proxy',  # parsed proxy url
-    'key__proxy_headers',  # dict
-    'key_socket_options',  # list of (level (int), optname (int), value (int or str)) tuples
-    'key__socks_options',  # dict
-    'key_assert_hostname',  # bool or string
-    'key_assert_fingerprint',  # str
+    "key_scheme",  # str
+    "key_host",  # str
+    "key_strict",
+    "key_port",  # int
+    "key_timeout",  # int or float or Timeout
+    "key_retries",  # int or Retry
+    "key_block",  # bool
+    "key_source_address",  # str
+    "key_key_file",  # str
+    "key_cert_file",  # str
+    "key_cert_reqs",  # str
+    "key_ca_certs",  # str
+    "key_ssl_version",  # str
+    "key_ca_cert_dir",  # str
+    "key_ssl_context",  # instance of ssl.SSLContext or urllib3.util.ssl_.SSLContext
+    "key_maxsize",  # int
+    "key_headers",  # dict
+    "key__proxy",  # parsed proxy url
+    "key__proxy_headers",  # dict
+    "key_socket_options",  # list of (level (int), optname (int), value (int or str)) tuples
+    "key__socks_options",  # dict
+    "key_assert_hostname",  # bool or string
+    "key_assert_fingerprint",  # str
 )
 # : The namedtuple class used to construct keys for the connection pool.
 #: All custom key schemes should include the fields in this key at a minimum.
-PoolKey = collections.namedtuple('PoolKey', _key_fields)
+PoolKey = collections.namedtuple("PoolKey", _key_fields)
 
 
 def _default_key_normalizer(key_class, request_context):
@@ -78,21 +78,21 @@ def _default_key_normalizer(key_class, request_context):
     """
     # Since we mutate the dictionary, make a copy first
     context = request_context.copy()
-    context['scheme'] = context['scheme'].lower()
-    context['host'] = context['host'].lower()
+    context["scheme"] = context["scheme"].lower()
+    context["host"] = context["host"].lower()
     # These are both dictionaries and need to be transformed into frozensets
-    for key in ('headers', '_proxy_headers', '_socks_options'):
+    for key in ("headers", "_proxy_headers", "_socks_options"):
         if key in context and context[key] is not None:
             context[key] = frozenset(context[key].items())
     # The socket_options key may be a list and needs to be transformed into a
     # tuple.
-    socket_opts = context.get('socket_options')
+    socket_opts = context.get("socket_options")
     if socket_opts is not None:
-        context['socket_options'] = tuple(socket_opts)
+        context["socket_options"] = tuple(socket_opts)
     # Map the kwargs to the names in the namedtuple - this is necessary since
     # namedtuples can't have fields starting with '_'.
     for key in list(context.keys()):
-        context['key_' + key] = context.pop(key)
+        context["key_" + key] = context.pop(key)
     # Default to ``None`` for keys missing from the context
     for field in key_class._fields:
         if field not in context:
@@ -105,12 +105,10 @@ def _default_key_normalizer(key_class, request_context):
 #: Each PoolManager makes a copy of this dictionary so they can be configured
 #: globally here, or individually on the instance.
 key_fn_by_scheme = {
-    'http': functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
-    'https': functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
-}
-pool_classes_by_scheme = {
-    'http': HTTPConnectionPool, 'https': HTTPSConnectionPool
+    "http": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
+    "https": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
 }
+pool_classes_by_scheme = {"http": HTTPConnectionPool, "https": HTTPSConnectionPool}
 
 
 class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
@@ -140,16 +138,13 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         2
 
     """
+
     proxy = None
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, num_pools=10, headers=None, backend=None, **connection_pool_kw
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, num_pools=10, headers=None, backend=None, **connection_pool_kw):
         RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
         self.connection_pool_kw = connection_pool_kw
-        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(
-            num_pools, dispose_func=lambda p: p.close()
-        )
+        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools, dispose_func=lambda p: p.close())
         # Locally set the pool classes and keys so other PoolManagers can
         # override them.
         self.pool_classes_by_scheme = pool_classes_by_scheme
@@ -181,9 +176,9 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         # this function has historically only used the scheme, host, and port
         # in the positional args. When an API change is acceptable these can
         # be removed.
-        for key in ('scheme', 'host', 'port'):
+        for key in ("scheme", "host", "port"):
             request_context.pop(key, None)
-        if scheme == 'http':
+        if scheme == "http":
             for kw in SSL_KEYWORDS:
                 request_context.pop(kw, None)
         return pool_cls(host, port, backend=self.backend, **request_context)
@@ -197,9 +192,7 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         """
         self.pools.clear()
 
-    def connection_from_host(
-        self, host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None
-    ):
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme="http", pool_kwargs=None):
         """
         Get a :class:`ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.
 
@@ -213,11 +206,11 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
             raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
 
         request_context = self._merge_pool_kwargs(pool_kwargs)
-        request_context['scheme'] = scheme or 'http'
+        request_context["scheme"] = scheme or "http"
         if not port:
-            port = DEFAULT_PORTS.get(request_context['scheme'].lower(), 80)
-        request_context['port'] = port
-        request_context['host'] = host
+            port = DEFAULT_PORTS.get(request_context["scheme"].lower(), 80)
+        request_context["port"] = port
+        request_context["host"] = host
         return self.connection_from_context(request_context)
 
     def connection_from_context(self, request_context):
@@ -227,12 +220,10 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         ``request_context`` must at least contain the ``scheme`` key and its
         value must be a key in ``key_fn_by_scheme`` instance variable.
         """
-        scheme = request_context['scheme'].lower()
+        scheme = request_context["scheme"].lower()
         pool_key_constructor = self.key_fn_by_scheme[scheme]
         pool_key = pool_key_constructor(request_context)
-        return self.connection_from_pool_key(
-            pool_key, request_context=request_context
-        )
+        return self.connection_from_pool_key(pool_key, request_context=request_context)
 
     def connection_from_pool_key(self, pool_key, request_context=None):
         """
@@ -250,12 +241,10 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
                 return pool
 
             # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
-            scheme = request_context['scheme']
-            host = request_context['host']
-            port = request_context['port']
-            pool = self._new_pool(
-                scheme, host, port, request_context=request_context
-            )
+            scheme = request_context["scheme"]
+            host = request_context["host"]
+            port = request_context["port"]
+            pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port, request_context=request_context)
             self.pools[pool_key] = pool
         return pool
 
@@ -308,11 +297,11 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         conn = self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
         # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
         # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
-        body = kw.get('body')
-        body_pos = kw.get('body_pos')
-        kw['body_pos'] = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
-        if 'headers' not in kw:
-            kw['headers'] = self.headers
+        body = kw.get("body")
+        body_pos = kw.get("body_pos")
+        kw["body_pos"] = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
+        if "headers" not in kw:
+            kw["headers"] = self.headers
         if self.proxy is not None and u.scheme == "http":
             response = await conn.urlopen(method, url, **kw)
         else:
@@ -325,22 +314,20 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
         # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
         if response.status == 303:
-            method = 'GET'
-        retries = kw.get('retries')
+            method = "GET"
+        retries = kw.get("retries")
         if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
             retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
         try:
-            retries = retries.increment(
-                method, url, response=response, _pool=conn
-            )
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
         except MaxRetryError:
             if retries.raise_on_redirect:
                 raise
 
             return response
 
-        kw['retries'] = retries
-        kw['redirect'] = redirect
+        kw["retries"] = retries
+        kw["redirect"] = redirect
         retries.sleep_for_retry(response)
         log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
         return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
@@ -382,8 +369,10 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
         **connection_pool_kw
     ):
         if isinstance(proxy_url, HTTPConnectionPool):
-            proxy_url = '%s://%s:%i' % (
-                proxy_url.scheme, proxy_url.host, proxy_url.port
+            proxy_url = "%s://%s:%i" % (
+                proxy_url.scheme,
+                proxy_url.host,
+                proxy_url.port,
             )
         proxy = parse_url(proxy_url)
         if not proxy.port:
@@ -394,25 +383,18 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
 
         self.proxy = proxy
         self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
-        connection_pool_kw['_proxy'] = self.proxy
-        connection_pool_kw['_proxy_headers'] = self.proxy_headers
-        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(
-            num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw
-        )
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy"] = self.proxy
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy_headers"] = self.proxy_headers
+        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
 
-    def connection_from_host(
-        self, host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None
-    ):
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme="http", pool_kwargs=None):
         if scheme == "https":
             return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
                 host, port, scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
             )
 
         return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
-            self.proxy.host,
-            self.proxy.port,
-            self.proxy.scheme,
-            pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs,
+            self.proxy.host, self.proxy.port, self.proxy.scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
         )
 
     def _set_proxy_headers(self, url, headers=None):
@@ -420,10 +402,10 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
         Sets headers needed by proxies: specifically, the Accept and Host
         headers. Only sets headers not provided by the user.
         """
-        headers_ = {'Accept': '*/*'}
+        headers_ = {"Accept": "*/*"}
         netloc = parse_url(url).netloc
         if netloc:
-            headers_['Host'] = netloc
+            headers_["Host"] = netloc
         if headers:
             headers_.update(headers)
         return headers_
@@ -435,11 +417,9 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
             # For proxied HTTPS requests, httplib sets the necessary headers
             # on the CONNECT to the proxy. For HTTP, we'll definitely
             # need to set 'Host' at the very least.
-            headers = kw.get('headers', self.headers)
-            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
-        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(
-            method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw
-        )
+            headers = kw.get("headers", self.headers)
+            kw["headers"] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
 
 
 def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_async/response.py b/requests3/core/_http/_async/response.py
index 78e6c264..b6e2be15 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_async/response.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_async/response.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from socket import error as SocketError
 import h11
 
 from .._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
-from ..exceptions import (ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError)
+from ..exceptions import ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError
 from ..packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type
 from ..util.ssl_ import BaseSSLError
 
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class DeflateDecoder(object):
-
     def __init__(self):
         self._first_try = True
         self._data = binary_type()
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ class DeflateDecoder(object):
 
 
 class GzipDecoder(object):
-
     def __init__(self):
         self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
 
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ class GzipDecoder(object):
 
 
 def _get_decoder(mode):
-    if mode == 'gzip':
+    if mode == "gzip":
         return GzipDecoder()
 
     return DeflateDecoder()
@@ -97,12 +95,13 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         The retries contains the last :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` that
         was used during the request.
     """
-    CONTENT_DECODERS = ['gzip', 'deflate']
+
+    CONTENT_DECODERS = ["gzip", "deflate"]
     REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        body='',
+        body="",
         headers=None,
         status=0,
         version=0,
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         self._fp = None
         self._original_response = original_response
         self._fp_bytes_read = 0
-        self._buffer = b''
+        self._buffer = b""
         if body and isinstance(body, (basestring, binary_type)):
             self._body = body
         else:
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
         """
         if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
-            return self.headers.get('location')
+            return self.headers.get("location")
 
         return False
 
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         """
         # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
         # Section 3.2
-        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
         if self._decoder is None and content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
             self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
 
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             if decode_content and self._decoder:
                 data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
         except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
-            content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
             raise DecodeError(
                 "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
                 "failed to decode it." % content_encoding,
@@ -218,10 +217,10 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         being used.
         """
         if self._decoder:
-            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b'')
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b"")
             return buf + self._decoder.flush()
 
-        return b''
+        return b""
 
     @contextmanager
     def _error_catcher(self):
@@ -240,20 +239,20 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             except SocketTimeout:
                 # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
                 # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
 
             except BaseSSLError as e:
                 # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
-                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                if "read operation timed out" not in str(e):  # Defensive:
                     # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
                     # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
                     raise
 
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
 
             except (h11.ProtocolError, SocketError) as e:
                 # This includes IncompleteRead.
-                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
+                raise ProtocolError("Connection broken: %r" % e, e)
 
             except GeneratorExit:
                 # We swallow GeneratorExit when it is emitted: this allows the
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         # data into the buffer. That's unfortunate, but right now I'm not smart
         # enough to come up with a way to solve that problem.
         if self._fp is None and not self._buffer:
-            return b''
+            return b""
 
         data = self._buffer
         with self._error_catcher():
@@ -313,8 +312,8 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                 chunks = []
                 async for chunk in self.stream(decode_content):
                     chunks.append(chunk)
-                data += b''.join(chunks)
-                self._buffer = b''
+                data += b"".join(chunks)
+                self._buffer = b""
                 # We only cache the body data for simple read calls.
                 self._body = data
             else:
@@ -330,7 +329,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                     else:
                         chunks.append(chunk)
                         data_len += len(chunk)
-                data = b''.join(chunks)
+                data = b"".join(chunks)
                 self._buffer = data[amt:]
                 data = data[:amt]
         return data
@@ -366,7 +365,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             # coverage. Happily, the code here is so simple that testing the
             # branch we don't enter is basically entirely unnecessary (it's
             # just a yield statement).
-            final_chunk = self._decode(b'', decode_content, flush_decoder=True)
+            final_chunk = self._decode(b"", decode_content, flush_decoder=True)
             if final_chunk:  # Platform-specific: Jython
                 yield final_chunk
 
@@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         with ``original_response=r``.
         """
         # TODO: Huge hack.
-        for kw in ('redirect', 'assert_same_host', 'enforce_content_length'):
+        for kw in ("redirect", "assert_same_host", "enforce_content_length"):
             if kw in response_kw:
                 response_kw.pop(kw)
 
@@ -397,7 +396,6 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         )
         return resp
 
-
     # Backwards-compatibility methods for httplib.HTTPResponse
     def getheaders(self):
         return self.headers
@@ -405,17 +403,15 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
     def getheader(self, name, default=None):
         return self.headers.get(name, default)
 
-
     # Backwards compatibility for http.cookiejar
     def info(self):
         return self.headers
 
-
     # Overrides from io.IOBase
     def close(self):
         if not self.closed:
             self._fp.close()
-            self._buffer = b''
+            self._buffer = b""
             self._fp = None
         if self._connection:
             self._connection.close()
@@ -426,7 +422,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         if self._fp is None and not self._buffer:
             return True
 
-        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'complete'):
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "complete"):
             return self._fp.complete
 
         else:
@@ -457,5 +453,5 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             return 0
 
         else:
-            b[:len(temp)] = temp
+            b[: len(temp)] = temp
             return len(temp)
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/__init__.py b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/__init__.py
index dbcc879d..878f1533 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/__init__.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 from ..packages import six
 from .sync_backend import SyncBackend
 
-__all__ = ['SyncBackend']
+__all__ = ["SyncBackend"]
 if six.PY3:
     from .trio_backend import TrioBackend
 
     from .twisted_backend import TwistedBackend
-    __all__ += ['TrioBackend', 'TwistedBackend']
+
+    __all__ += ["TrioBackend", "TwistedBackend"]
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/_common.py b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/_common.py
index 62ef8397..2c192fc0 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/_common.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/_common.py
@@ -26,4 +26,5 @@ class LoopAbort(Exception):
     """
     Tell backends that enough bytes have been consumed
     """
+
     pass
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/sync_backend.py b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/sync_backend.py
index 6332ff42..ade0d68e 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/sync_backend.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/sync_backend.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ BUFSIZE = 65536
 
 
 class SyncBackend(object):
-
     def __init__(self, connect_timeout=None, read_timeout=None):
         self._connect_timeout = connect_timeout
         self._read_timeout = read_timeout
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ class SyncBackend(object):
 
 
 class SyncSocket(object):
-
     def __init__(self, sock, read_timeout):
         self._sock = sock
         self._read_timeout = read_timeout
@@ -40,14 +38,11 @@ class SyncSocket(object):
     def start_tls(self, server_hostname, ssl_context):
         self._sock.setblocking(True)
         wrapped = ssl_wrap_socket(
-            self._sock,
-            server_hostname=server_hostname,
-            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            self._sock, server_hostname=server_hostname, ssl_context=ssl_context
         )
         wrapped.setblocking(False)
         return SyncSocket(wrapped, self._read_timeout)
 
-
     # Only for SSL-wrapped sockets
     def getpeercert(self, binary=False):
         return self._sock.getpeercert(binary_form=binary)
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/trio_backend.py b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/trio_backend.py
index c2af2138..363ea2eb 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/trio_backend.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/trio_backend.py
@@ -6,10 +6,7 @@ BUFSIZE = 65536
 
 
 class TrioBackend:
-
-    async def connect(
-        self, host, port, source_address=None, socket_options=None
-    ):
+    async def connect(self, host, port, source_address=None, socket_options=None):
         if source_address is not None:
             # You can't really combine source_address= and happy eyeballs
             # (can we get rid of source_address? or at least make it a source
@@ -30,14 +27,11 @@ class TrioBackend:
         return len(self) > other
 
 
-
-
 # XX it turns out that we don't need SSLStream to be robustified against
 # cancellation, but we probably should do something to detect when the stream
 # has been broken by cancellation (e.g. a timeout) and make is_readable return
 # True so the connection won't be reused.
 class TrioSocket:
-
     def __init__(self, stream):
         self._stream = stream
 
@@ -57,7 +51,6 @@ class TrioSocket:
         return await self._stream.receive_some(BUFSIZE)
 
     async def send_and_receive_for_a_while(self, produce_bytes, consume_bytes):
-
         async def sender():
             while True:
                 outgoing = await produce_bytes()
@@ -78,7 +71,6 @@ class TrioSocket:
         except LoopAbort:
             pass
 
-
     # Pull out the underlying trio socket, because it turns out HTTP is not so
     # great at respecting abstraction boundaries.
     def _socket(self):
@@ -89,7 +81,6 @@ class TrioSocket:
         # Now we have a SocketStream
         return stream.socket
 
-
     # We want this to be synchronous, and don't care about graceful teardown
     # of the SSL/TLS layer.
     def forceful_close(self):
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/twisted_backend.py b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/twisted_backend.py
index 974b0dca..86dbe766 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_backends/twisted_backend.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_backends/twisted_backend.py
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ from twisted.internet import protocol, ssl
 from twisted.internet.interfaces import IHandshakeListener
 from twisted.internet.endpoints import HostnameEndpoint, connectProtocol
 from twisted.internet.defer import (
-    Deferred, DeferredList, CancelledError, ensureDeferred
+    Deferred,
+    DeferredList,
+    CancelledError,
+    ensureDeferred,
 )
 from zope.interface import implementer
 
@@ -12,16 +15,12 @@ from ..contrib.pyopenssl import get_subj_alt_name
 from ._common import LoopAbort
 
 
-
 # XX need to add timeout support, esp. on connect
 class TwistedBackend:
-
     def __init__(self, reactor):
         self._reactor = reactor
 
-    async def connect(
-        self, host, port, source_address=None, socket_options=None
-    ):
+    async def connect(self, host, port, source_address=None, socket_options=None):
         # HostnameEndpoint only supports setting source host, not source port
         if source_address is not None:
             raise NotImplementedError(
@@ -45,8 +44,6 @@ class TwistedBackend:
         return TwistedSocket(protocol)
 
 
-
-
 # enums
 class _DATA_RECEIVED:
     pass
@@ -62,7 +59,6 @@ class _HANDSHAKE_COMPLETED:
 
 @implementer(IHandshakeListener)
 class TwistedSocketProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
-
     def connectionMade(self):
         self._receive_buffer = bytearray()
         self.transport.pauseProducing()
@@ -161,7 +157,6 @@ class TwistedSocketProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
 
 
 class DoubleError(Exception):
-
     def __init__(self, exc1, exc2):
         self.exc1 = exc1
         self.exc2 = exc2
@@ -171,7 +166,6 @@ class DoubleError(Exception):
 
 
 class TwistedSocket:
-
     def __init__(self, protocol):
         self._protocol = protocol
 
@@ -185,9 +179,7 @@ class TwistedSocket:
             return x509
 
         if binary:
-            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(
-                OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, x509
-            )
+            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, x509)
 
         return {
             "subject": ((("commonName", x509.get_subject().CN),),),
@@ -198,7 +190,6 @@ class TwistedSocket:
         return await self._protocol.receive_some()
 
     async def send_and_receive_for_a_while(self, produce_bytes, consume_bytes):
-
         async def sender():
             while True:
                 outgoing = await produce_bytes()
@@ -226,7 +217,6 @@ class TwistedSocket:
             receive_loop.cancel()
             return failure
 
-
         # If the receive_loop errors out *or* exits cleanly due to LoopAbort,
         # then cancel the send_loop and preserve the result
         @receive_loop.addBoth
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_collections.py b/requests3/core/_http/_collections.py
index 8021ae20..be293f03 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_collections.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_collections.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ try:
 except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: No threads available
 
     class RLock:
-
         def __enter__(self):
             pass
 
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ except ImportError:
 from .exceptions import InvalidHeader
 from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues, PY3
 
-__all__ = ['RecentlyUsedContainer', 'HTTPHeaderDict']
+__all__ = ["RecentlyUsedContainer", "HTTPHeaderDict"]
 _Null = object()
 
 
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
         Every time an item is evicted from the container,
         ``dispose_func(value)`` is called.  Callback which will get called
     """
+
     ContainerCls = OrderedDict
 
     def __init__(self, maxsize=10, dispose_func=None):
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
 
     def __iter__(self):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'Iteration over this class is unlikely to be threadsafe.'
+            "Iteration over this class is unlikely to be threadsafe."
         )
 
     def clear(self):
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         val = self._container[key.lower()]
-        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+        return ", ".join(val[1:])
 
     def __delitem__(self, key):
         del self._container[key.lower()]
@@ -158,14 +158,13 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         return key.lower() in self._container
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, "keys"):
             return False
 
         if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
             other = type(self)(other)
-        return (
-            dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in self.itermerged()) ==
-            dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in other.itermerged())
+        return dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in self.itermerged()) == dict(
+            (k.lower(), v) for k, v in other.itermerged()
         )
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
@@ -185,9 +184,9 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
             yield vals[0]
 
     def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
-        '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+        """D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
           If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
-        '''
+        """
         # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private marker.
         # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
         # So let's reinvent the wheel.
@@ -300,7 +299,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
         for key in self:
             val = self._container[key.lower()]
-            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+            yield val[0], ", ".join(val[1:])
 
     def items(self):
         return list(self.iteritems())
@@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
         # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message
         # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
-        obs_fold_continued_leaders = (' ', '\t')
+        obs_fold_continued_leaders = (" ", "\t")
         headers = []
         for line in message.headers:
             if line.startswith(obs_fold_continued_leaders):
@@ -320,15 +319,14 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
                     # in RFC-7230 S3.2.4. This indicates a multiline header, but
                     # there exists no previous header to which we can attach it.
                     raise InvalidHeader(
-                        'Header continuation with no previous header: %s' %
-                        line
+                        "Header continuation with no previous header: %s" % line
                     )
 
                 else:
                     key, value = headers[-1]
-                    headers[-1] = (key, value + ' ' + line.strip())
+                    headers[-1] = (key, value + " " + line.strip())
                     continue
 
-            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            key, value = line.split(":", 1)
             headers.append((key, value.strip()))
         return cls(headers)
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connection.py b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connection.py
index fbfa5ab9..9871e392 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connection.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connection.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ except ImportError:
 # within two years of the current date, and no
 # earlier than 6 months ago.
 RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2016, 1, 1)
-_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = frozenset([b'1.0', b'1.1'])
+_SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = frozenset([b"1.0", b"1.1"])
 # A sentinel object returned when some syscalls return EAGAIN.
 _EAGAIN = object()
 
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ def _headers_to_native_string(headers):
     # 3 and need to decode the headers using Latin1.
     for n, v in headers:
         if not isinstance(n, str):
-            n = n.decode('latin1')
+            n = n.decode("latin1")
         if not isinstance(v, str):
-            v = v.decode('latin1')
+            v = v.decode("latin1")
         yield (n, v)
 
 
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ def _stringify_headers(headers):
     # TODO: revisit
     for name, value in headers:
         if isinstance(name, six.text_type):
-            name = name.encode('ascii')
+            name = name.encode("ascii")
         if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
-            value = value.encode('latin-1')
+            value = value.encode("latin-1")
         elif isinstance(value, int):
-            value = str(value).encode('ascii')
+            value = str(value).encode("ascii")
         yield (name, value)
 
 
@@ -93,8 +93,6 @@ def _read_readable(readable):
         yield datablock
 
 
-
-
 # XX this should return an async iterator
 def _make_body_iterable(body):
     """
@@ -122,17 +120,13 @@ def _make_body_iterable(body):
     elif hasattr(body, "read"):
         return _read_readable(body)
 
-    elif isinstance(body, collections.Iterable) and not isinstance(
-        body, six.text_type
-    ):
+    elif isinstance(body, collections.Iterable) and not isinstance(body, six.text_type):
         return body
 
     else:
         raise InvalidBodyError("Unacceptable body type: %s" % type(body))
 
 
-
-
 # XX this should return an async iterator
 def _request_bytes_iterable(request, state_machine):
     """
@@ -158,7 +152,7 @@ def _response_from_h11(h11_response, body_object):
     if h11_response.http_version not in _SUPPORTED_VERSIONS:
         raise BadVersionError(h11_response.http_version)
 
-    version = b'HTTP/' + h11_response.http_version
+    version = b"HTTP/" + h11_response.http_version
     our_response = Response(
         status_code=h11_response.status_code,
         headers=_headers_to_native_string(h11_response.headers),
@@ -175,9 +169,9 @@ def _build_tunnel_request(host, port, headers):
     """
     target = "%s:%d" % (host, port)
     if not isinstance(target, bytes):
-        target = target.encode('latin1')
+        target = target.encode("latin1")
     tunnel_request = Request(method=b"CONNECT", target=target, headers=headers)
-    tunnel_request.add_host(host=host, port=port, scheme='http')
+    tunnel_request.add_host(host=host, port=port, scheme="http")
     return tunnel_request
 
 
@@ -195,14 +189,14 @@ def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
     """
     # Before we begin, confirm that the state machine is ok.
     if (
-        state_machine.our_state is not h11.IDLE or
-        state_machine.their_state is not h11.IDLE
+        state_machine.our_state is not h11.IDLE
+        or state_machine.their_state is not h11.IDLE
     ):
         raise ProtocolError("Invalid internal state transition")
 
     request_bytes_iterable = _request_bytes_iterable(request, state_machine)
     # Hack around Python 2 lack of nonlocal
-    context = {'send_aborted': True, 'h11_response': None}
+    context = {"send_aborted": True, "h11_response": None}
 
     def next_bytes_to_send():
         try:
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
 
         except StopIteration:
             # We successfully sent the whole body!
-            context['send_aborted'] = False
+            context["send_aborted"] = False
             return None
 
     def consume_bytes(data):
@@ -226,7 +220,7 @@ def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
 
             elif isinstance(event, h11.Response):
                 # We have our response! Save it and get out of here.
-                context['h11_response'] = event
+                context["h11_response"] = event
                 raise LoopAbort
 
             else:
@@ -234,8 +228,8 @@ def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
                 raise RuntimeError("Unexpected h11 event {}".format(event))
 
     conn.send_and_receive_for_a_while(next_bytes_to_send, consume_bytes)
-    assert context['h11_response'] is not None
-    if context['send_aborted']:
+    assert context["h11_response"] is not None
+    if context["send_aborted"]:
         # Our state machine thinks we sent a bunch of data... but maybe we
         # didn't! Maybe our send got cancelled while we were only half-way
         # through sending the last chunk, and then h11 thinks we sent a
@@ -246,7 +240,7 @@ def _start_http_request(request, state_machine, conn):
         # state_machine.poison()
         # XX kluge for now
         state_machine._cstate.process_error(state_machine.our_role)
-    return context['h11_response']
+    return context["h11_response"]
 
 
 def _read_until_event(state_machine, conn):
@@ -281,6 +275,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
     data is buffered it will issue one read syscall and return all of that
     data. Buffering of response data must happen at a higher layer.
     """
+
     # : Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
     #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
     default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
@@ -301,7 +296,9 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         self._host = host
         self._port = port
         self._socket_options = (
-            socket_options if socket_options is not _DEFAULT_SOCKET_OPTIONS else self.default_socket_options
+            socket_options
+            if socket_options is not _DEFAULT_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+            else self.default_socket_options
         )
         self._source_address = source_address
         self._tunnel_host = tunnel_host
@@ -310,9 +307,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         self._sock = None
         self._state_machine = h11.Connection(our_role=h11.CLIENT)
 
-    def _wrap_socket(
-        self, conn, ssl_context, fingerprint, assert_hostname
-    ):
+    def _wrap_socket(self, conn, ssl_context, fingerprint, assert_hostname):
         """
         Handles extra logic to wrap the socket in TLS magic.
         """
@@ -320,11 +315,9 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         if is_time_off:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
-                    'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
-                    'lead to SSL verification errors'
-                ).format(
-                    RECENT_DATE
-                ),
+                    "System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably "
+                    "lead to SSL verification errors"
+                ).format(RECENT_DATE),
                 SystemTimeWarning,
             )
         # XX need to know whether this is the proxy or the final host that
@@ -337,30 +330,24 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         check_host = check_host.rstrip(".")
         conn = conn.start_tls(check_host, ssl_context)
         if fingerprint:
-            ssl_util.assert_fingerprint(
-                conn.getpeercert(binary_form=True), fingerprint
-            )
-        elif (
-            ssl_context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE and
-            assert_hostname is not False
-        ):
+            ssl_util.assert_fingerprint(conn.getpeercert(binary_form=True), fingerprint)
+        elif ssl_context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE and assert_hostname is not False:
             cert = conn.getpeercert()
-            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+            if not cert.get("subjectAltName", ()):
                 warnings.warn(
                     (
-                        'Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling '
-                        'back to check for a `commonName` for now. This '
-                        'feature is being removed by major browsers and '
-                        'deprecated by RFC 2818. (See '
-                        'https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 for '
-                        'details.)'.format(self._host)
+                        "Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling "
+                        "back to check for a `commonName` for now. This "
+                        "feature is being removed by major browsers and "
+                        "deprecated by RFC 2818. (See "
+                        "https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 for "
+                        "details.)".format(self._host)
                     ),
                     SubjectAltNameWarning,
                 )
             ssl_util.match_hostname(cert, check_host)
-        self.is_verified = (
-            ssl_context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED and
-            (assert_hostname is not False or fingerprint)
+        self.is_verified = ssl_context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED and (
+            assert_hostname is not False or fingerprint
         )
         return conn
 
@@ -368,9 +355,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         """
         Given a Request object, performs the logic required to get a response.
         """
-        h11_response = _start_http_request(
-            request, self._state_machine, self._sock
-        )
+        h11_response = _start_http_request(request, self._state_machine, self._sock)
         return _response_from_h11(h11_response, self)
 
     def _tunnel(self, conn):
@@ -383,9 +368,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
             self._tunnel_host, self._tunnel_port, self._tunnel_headers
         )
         tunnel_state_machine = h11.Connection(our_role=h11.CLIENT)
-        h11_response = _start_http_request(
-            tunnel_request, tunnel_state_machine, conn
-        )
+        h11_response = _start_http_request(tunnel_request, tunnel_state_machine, conn)
         # XX this is wrong -- 'self' here will try to iterate using
         # self._state_machine, not tunnel_state_machine. Also, we need to
         # think about how this failure case interacts with the pool's
@@ -415,24 +398,22 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
 
         extra_kw = {}
         if self._source_address:
-            extra_kw['source_address'] = self._source_address
+            extra_kw["source_address"] = self._source_address
         if self._socket_options:
-            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self._socket_options
+            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self._socket_options
         # XX pass connect_timeout to backend
         # This was factored out into a separate function to allow overriding
         # by subclasses, but in the backend approach the way to to this is to
         # provide a custom backend. (Composition >> inheritance.)
         try:
-            conn = self._backend.connect(
-                self._host, self._port, **extra_kw
-            )
+            conn = self._backend.connect(self._host, self._port, **extra_kw)
         # XX these two error handling blocks needs to be re-done in a
         # backend-agnostic way
         except socket.timeout:
             raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                 self,
-                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self._host, connect_timeout),
+                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                % (self._host, connect_timeout),
             )
 
         except socket.error as e:
@@ -443,9 +424,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         if ssl_context is not None:
             if self._tunnel_host is not None:
                 self._tunnel(conn)
-            conn = self._wrap_socket(
-                conn, ssl_context, fingerprint, assert_hostname
-            )
+            conn = self._wrap_socket(conn, ssl_context, fingerprint, assert_hostname)
         # XX We should pick one of these names and use it consistently...
         self._sock = conn
 
@@ -501,7 +480,7 @@ class HTTP1Connection(object):
         """
         our_state = self._state_machine.our_state
         their_state = self._state_machine.their_state
-        return (our_state is h11.IDLE and their_state is h11.IDLE)
+        return our_state is h11.IDLE and their_state is h11.IDLE
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return self
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connectionpool.py b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connectionpool.py
index e0bf5290..fea0816b 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connectionpool.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/connectionpool.py
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ def _add_transport_headers(headers):
     This should be a bit smarter: in particular, it should allow for bad or
     unexpected versions of these headers, particularly transfer-encoding.
     """
-    transfer_headers = ('content-length', 'transfer-encoding')
+    transfer_headers = ("content-length", "transfer-encoding")
     for header_name in headers:
         if header_name.lower() in transfer_headers:
             return
 
-    headers['transfer-encoding'] = 'chunked'
+    headers["transfer-encoding"] = "chunked"
 
 
 def _build_context(
@@ -97,14 +97,13 @@ def _build_context(
     return context
 
 
-
-
 # Pool objects
 class ConnectionPool(object):
     """
     Base class for all connection pools, such as
     :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool` and :class:`.HTTPSConnectionPool`.
     """
+
     scheme = None
     QueueCls = queue.LifoQueue
 
@@ -116,9 +115,7 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
         self.port = port
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s(host=%r, port=%r)' % (
-            type(self).__name__, self.host, self.port
-        )
+        return "%s(host=%r, port=%r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.host, self.port)
 
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
@@ -198,7 +195,8 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
         :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
     """
-    scheme = 'http'
+
+    scheme = "http"
     ConnectionCls = HTTP1Connection
     ResponseCls = HTTPResponse
 
@@ -238,7 +236,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
             # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
             # list.
-            self.conn_kw.setdefault('socket_options', [])
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault("socket_options", [])
 
     def _new_conn(self):
         """
@@ -247,7 +245,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         self.num_connections += 1
 
         # TODO: Huge hack.
-        for kw in ('strict',):
+        for kw in ("strict",):
             if kw in self.conn_kw:
                 self.conn_kw.pop(kw)
 
@@ -257,9 +255,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             self.host,
             self.port or "80",
         )
-        conn = self.ConnectionCls(
-            host=self.host, port=self.port, ** self.conn_kw
-        )
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=self.host, port=self.port, **self.conn_kw)
         return conn
 
     def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
@@ -284,8 +280,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             if self.block:
                 raise EmptyPoolError(
                     self,
-                    "Pool reached maximum size and no more "
-                    "connections are allowed.",
+                    "Pool reached maximum size and no more " "connections are allowed.",
                 )
 
             pass  # Oh well, we'll create a new connection then
@@ -318,9 +313,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             pass
         except queue.Full:
             # This should never happen if self.block == True
-            log.warning(
-                "Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s", self.host
-            )
+            log.warning("Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s", self.host)
         # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
         if conn:
             conn.close()
@@ -353,7 +346,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
         # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
-        if hasattr(err, 'errno') and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+        if hasattr(err, "errno") and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
             raise ReadTimeoutError(
                 self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value
             )
@@ -362,7 +355,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
         # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
         # TODO: Can we remove this?
-        if 'timed out' in str(err) or 'did not complete (read)' in str(
+        if "timed out" in str(err) or "did not complete (read)" in str(
             err
         ):  # Python 2.6
             raise ReadTimeoutError(
@@ -398,9 +391,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             raise
 
         # TODO: We need to encapsulate our proxy logic in here somewhere.
-        request = Request(
-            method=method, target=url, headers=headers, body=body
-        )
+        request = Request(method=method, target=url, headers=headers, body=body)
         host = self.host
         port = self.port
         scheme = self.scheme
@@ -421,17 +412,15 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             read_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
         # Receive the response from the server
         try:
-            response = conn.send_request(
-                request, read_timeout=read_timeout
-            )
+            response = conn.send_request(request, read_timeout=read_timeout)
         except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
             self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
             raise
 
         # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
-        http_version = getattr(conn, '_http_vsn_str', 'HTTP/?')
+        http_version = getattr(conn, "_http_vsn_str", "HTTP/?")
         log.debug(
-            "%s://%s:%s \"%s %s %s\" %s",
+            '%s://%s:%s "%s %s %s" %s',
             self.scheme,
             self.host,
             self.port,
@@ -443,9 +432,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         return response
 
     def _absolute_url(self, path):
-        return Url(
-            scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path
-        ).url
+        return Url(scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path).url
 
     def close(self):
         """
@@ -469,7 +456,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         Check if the given ``url`` is a member of the same host as this
         connection pool.
         """
-        if url.startswith('/'):
+        if url.startswith("/"):
             return True
 
         # TODO: Add optional support for socket.gethostbyname checking.
@@ -555,9 +542,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
         if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
-            retries = Retry.from_int(
-                retries, default=self.retries, redirect=False
-            )
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, default=self.retries, redirect=False)
         conn = None
         # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
         # returning/raising/recursing.
@@ -565,7 +550,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         # Merge the proxy headers. Only do this in HTTP. We have to copy the
         # headers dict so we can safely change it without those changes being
         # reflected in anyone else's copy.
-        if self.scheme == 'http':
+        if self.scheme == "http":
             headers = headers.copy()
             headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
         # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
@@ -586,15 +571,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
             # Make the request on the base connection object.
             base_response = self._make_request(
-                conn,
-                method,
-                url,
-                timeout=timeout_obj,
-                body=body,
-                headers=headers,
+                conn, method, url, timeout=timeout_obj, body=body, headers=headers
             )
             # Pass method to Response for length checking
-            response_kw['request_method'] = method
+            response_kw["request_method"] = method
             # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
             response = self.ResponseCls.from_base(
                 base_response, pool=self, retries=retries, **response_kw
@@ -619,12 +599,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             clean_exit = False
             if isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                 e = SSLError(e)
-            elif isinstance(
-                e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)
-            ) and self.proxy:
-                e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
             elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, h11.ProtocolError)):
-                e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
+                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
             retries = retries.increment(
                 method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
             )
@@ -679,12 +657,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
                 pass
 
         # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
-        has_retry_after = bool(response.getheader('Retry-After'))
+        has_retry_after = bool(response.getheader("Retry-After"))
         if retries.is_retry(method, response.status, has_retry_after):
             try:
-                retries = retries.increment(
-                    method, url, response=response, _pool=self
-                )
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
             except MaxRetryError:
                 if retries.raise_on_status:
                     # Drain and release the connection for this response, since
@@ -730,7 +706,8 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
     available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
     the connection socket into an SSL socket.
     """
-    scheme = 'https'
+
+    scheme = "https"
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -771,7 +748,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             raise SSLError("SSL module is not available")
 
         if ca_certs and cert_reqs is None:
-            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+            cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
         self.ssl_context = _build_context(
             ssl_context,
             keyfile=key_file,
@@ -808,7 +785,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             tunnel_headers = self.proxy_headers
 
         # TODO: Huge hack.
-        for kw in ('strict', 'redirect'):
+        for kw in ("strict", "redirect"):
             if kw in self.conn_kw:
                 self.conn_kw.pop(kw)
 
@@ -818,7 +795,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             tunnel_host=tunnel_host,
             tunnel_port=tunnel_port,
             tunnel_headers=tunnel_headers,
-            ** self.conn_kw
+            **self.conn_kw
         )
         return conn
 
@@ -835,10 +812,10 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
         if not conn.is_verified:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
-                    'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
-                    'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
-                    'https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html'
-                    '#ssl-warnings'
+                    "Unverified HTTPS request is being made. "
+                    "Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: "
+                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html"
+                    "#ssl-warnings"
                 ),
                 InsecureRequestWarning,
             )
@@ -866,7 +843,7 @@ def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
     """
     scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
     port = port or DEFAULT_PORTS.get(scheme, 80)
-    if scheme == 'https':
+    if scheme == "https":
         return HTTPSConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
 
     else:
@@ -886,6 +863,6 @@ def _ipv6_host(host):
     #
     # Also if an IPv6 address literal has a zone identifier, the
     # percent sign might be URIencoded, convert it back into ASCII
-    if host.startswith('[') and host.endswith(']'):
-        host = host.replace('%25', '%').strip('[]')
+    if host.startswith("[") and host.endswith("]"):
+        host = host.replace("%25", "%").strip("[]")
     return host
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/poolmanager.py b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/poolmanager.py
index 9e0b4af1..292a419b 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/poolmanager.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/poolmanager.py
@@ -13,47 +13,47 @@ from ..util.url import parse_url
 from ..util.request import set_file_position
 from ..util.retry import Retry
 
-__all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
+__all__ = ["PoolManager", "ProxyManager", "proxy_from_url"]
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 SSL_KEYWORDS = (
-    'key_file',
-    'cert_file',
-    'cert_reqs',
-    'ca_certs',
-    'ssl_version',
-    'ca_cert_dir',
-    'ssl_context',
+    "key_file",
+    "cert_file",
+    "cert_reqs",
+    "ca_certs",
+    "ssl_version",
+    "ca_cert_dir",
+    "ssl_context",
 )
 # All known keyword arguments that could be provided to the pool manager, its
 # pools, or the underlying connections. This is used to construct a pool key.
 _key_fields = (
-    'key_scheme',  # str
-    'key_host',  # str
-    'key_strict',
-    'key_port',  # int
-    'key_timeout',  # int or float or Timeout
-    'key_retries',  # int or Retry
-    'key_block',  # bool
-    'key_source_address',  # str
-    'key_key_file',  # str
-    'key_cert_file',  # str
-    'key_cert_reqs',  # str
-    'key_ca_certs',  # str
-    'key_ssl_version',  # str
-    'key_ca_cert_dir',  # str
-    'key_ssl_context',  # instance of ssl.SSLContext or urllib3.util.ssl_.SSLContext
-    'key_maxsize',  # int
-    'key_headers',  # dict
-    'key__proxy',  # parsed proxy url
-    'key__proxy_headers',  # dict
-    'key_socket_options',  # list of (level (int), optname (int), value (int or str)) tuples
-    'key__socks_options',  # dict
-    'key_assert_hostname',  # bool or string
-    'key_assert_fingerprint',  # str
+    "key_scheme",  # str
+    "key_host",  # str
+    "key_strict",
+    "key_port",  # int
+    "key_timeout",  # int or float or Timeout
+    "key_retries",  # int or Retry
+    "key_block",  # bool
+    "key_source_address",  # str
+    "key_key_file",  # str
+    "key_cert_file",  # str
+    "key_cert_reqs",  # str
+    "key_ca_certs",  # str
+    "key_ssl_version",  # str
+    "key_ca_cert_dir",  # str
+    "key_ssl_context",  # instance of ssl.SSLContext or urllib3.util.ssl_.SSLContext
+    "key_maxsize",  # int
+    "key_headers",  # dict
+    "key__proxy",  # parsed proxy url
+    "key__proxy_headers",  # dict
+    "key_socket_options",  # list of (level (int), optname (int), value (int or str)) tuples
+    "key__socks_options",  # dict
+    "key_assert_hostname",  # bool or string
+    "key_assert_fingerprint",  # str
 )
 # : The namedtuple class used to construct keys for the connection pool.
 #: All custom key schemes should include the fields in this key at a minimum.
-PoolKey = collections.namedtuple('PoolKey', _key_fields)
+PoolKey = collections.namedtuple("PoolKey", _key_fields)
 
 
 def _default_key_normalizer(key_class, request_context):
@@ -78,21 +78,21 @@ def _default_key_normalizer(key_class, request_context):
     """
     # Since we mutate the dictionary, make a copy first
     context = request_context.copy()
-    context['scheme'] = context['scheme'].lower()
-    context['host'] = context['host'].lower()
+    context["scheme"] = context["scheme"].lower()
+    context["host"] = context["host"].lower()
     # These are both dictionaries and need to be transformed into frozensets
-    for key in ('headers', '_proxy_headers', '_socks_options'):
+    for key in ("headers", "_proxy_headers", "_socks_options"):
         if key in context and context[key] is not None:
             context[key] = frozenset(context[key].items())
     # The socket_options key may be a list and needs to be transformed into a
     # tuple.
-    socket_opts = context.get('socket_options')
+    socket_opts = context.get("socket_options")
     if socket_opts is not None:
-        context['socket_options'] = tuple(socket_opts)
+        context["socket_options"] = tuple(socket_opts)
     # Map the kwargs to the names in the namedtuple - this is necessary since
     # namedtuples can't have fields starting with '_'.
     for key in list(context.keys()):
-        context['key_' + key] = context.pop(key)
+        context["key_" + key] = context.pop(key)
     # Default to ``None`` for keys missing from the context
     for field in key_class._fields:
         if field not in context:
@@ -105,12 +105,10 @@ def _default_key_normalizer(key_class, request_context):
 #: Each PoolManager makes a copy of this dictionary so they can be configured
 #: globally here, or individually on the instance.
 key_fn_by_scheme = {
-    'http': functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
-    'https': functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
-}
-pool_classes_by_scheme = {
-    'http': HTTPConnectionPool, 'https': HTTPSConnectionPool
+    "http": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
+    "https": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
 }
+pool_classes_by_scheme = {"http": HTTPConnectionPool, "https": HTTPSConnectionPool}
 
 
 class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
@@ -140,16 +138,13 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         2
 
     """
+
     proxy = None
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, num_pools=10, headers=None, backend=None, **connection_pool_kw
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, num_pools=10, headers=None, backend=None, **connection_pool_kw):
         RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
         self.connection_pool_kw = connection_pool_kw
-        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(
-            num_pools, dispose_func=lambda p: p.close()
-        )
+        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools, dispose_func=lambda p: p.close())
         # Locally set the pool classes and keys so other PoolManagers can
         # override them.
         self.pool_classes_by_scheme = pool_classes_by_scheme
@@ -181,9 +176,9 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         # this function has historically only used the scheme, host, and port
         # in the positional args. When an API change is acceptable these can
         # be removed.
-        for key in ('scheme', 'host', 'port'):
+        for key in ("scheme", "host", "port"):
             request_context.pop(key, None)
-        if scheme == 'http':
+        if scheme == "http":
             for kw in SSL_KEYWORDS:
                 request_context.pop(kw, None)
         return pool_cls(host, port, backend=self.backend, **request_context)
@@ -197,9 +192,7 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         """
         self.pools.clear()
 
-    def connection_from_host(
-        self, host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None
-    ):
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme="http", pool_kwargs=None):
         """
         Get a :class:`ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.
 
@@ -213,11 +206,11 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
             raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
 
         request_context = self._merge_pool_kwargs(pool_kwargs)
-        request_context['scheme'] = scheme or 'http'
+        request_context["scheme"] = scheme or "http"
         if not port:
-            port = DEFAULT_PORTS.get(request_context['scheme'].lower(), 80)
-        request_context['port'] = port
-        request_context['host'] = host
+            port = DEFAULT_PORTS.get(request_context["scheme"].lower(), 80)
+        request_context["port"] = port
+        request_context["host"] = host
         return self.connection_from_context(request_context)
 
     def connection_from_context(self, request_context):
@@ -227,12 +220,10 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         ``request_context`` must at least contain the ``scheme`` key and its
         value must be a key in ``key_fn_by_scheme`` instance variable.
         """
-        scheme = request_context['scheme'].lower()
+        scheme = request_context["scheme"].lower()
         pool_key_constructor = self.key_fn_by_scheme[scheme]
         pool_key = pool_key_constructor(request_context)
-        return self.connection_from_pool_key(
-            pool_key, request_context=request_context
-        )
+        return self.connection_from_pool_key(pool_key, request_context=request_context)
 
     def connection_from_pool_key(self, pool_key, request_context=None):
         """
@@ -250,12 +241,10 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
                 return pool
 
             # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
-            scheme = request_context['scheme']
-            host = request_context['host']
-            port = request_context['port']
-            pool = self._new_pool(
-                scheme, host, port, request_context=request_context
-            )
+            scheme = request_context["scheme"]
+            host = request_context["host"]
+            port = request_context["port"]
+            pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port, request_context=request_context)
             self.pools[pool_key] = pool
         return pool
 
@@ -308,11 +297,11 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         conn = self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
         # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
         # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
-        body = kw.get('body')
-        body_pos = kw.get('body_pos')
-        kw['body_pos'] = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
-        if 'headers' not in kw:
-            kw['headers'] = self.headers
+        body = kw.get("body")
+        body_pos = kw.get("body_pos")
+        kw["body_pos"] = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
+        if "headers" not in kw:
+            kw["headers"] = self.headers
         if self.proxy is not None and u.scheme == "http":
             response = conn.urlopen(method, url, **kw)
         else:
@@ -325,22 +314,20 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
         # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
         if response.status == 303:
-            method = 'GET'
-        retries = kw.get('retries')
+            method = "GET"
+        retries = kw.get("retries")
         if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
             retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
         try:
-            retries = retries.increment(
-                method, url, response=response, _pool=conn
-            )
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
         except MaxRetryError:
             if retries.raise_on_redirect:
                 raise
 
             return response
 
-        kw['retries'] = retries
-        kw['redirect'] = redirect
+        kw["retries"] = retries
+        kw["redirect"] = redirect
         retries.sleep_for_retry(response)
         log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
         return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
@@ -382,8 +369,10 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
         **connection_pool_kw
     ):
         if isinstance(proxy_url, HTTPConnectionPool):
-            proxy_url = '%s://%s:%i' % (
-                proxy_url.scheme, proxy_url.host, proxy_url.port
+            proxy_url = "%s://%s:%i" % (
+                proxy_url.scheme,
+                proxy_url.host,
+                proxy_url.port,
             )
         proxy = parse_url(proxy_url)
         if not proxy.port:
@@ -394,25 +383,18 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
 
         self.proxy = proxy
         self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
-        connection_pool_kw['_proxy'] = self.proxy
-        connection_pool_kw['_proxy_headers'] = self.proxy_headers
-        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(
-            num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw
-        )
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy"] = self.proxy
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy_headers"] = self.proxy_headers
+        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
 
-    def connection_from_host(
-        self, host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None
-    ):
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme="http", pool_kwargs=None):
         if scheme == "https":
             return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
                 host, port, scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
             )
 
         return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
-            self.proxy.host,
-            self.proxy.port,
-            self.proxy.scheme,
-            pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs,
+            self.proxy.host, self.proxy.port, self.proxy.scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
         )
 
     def _set_proxy_headers(self, url, headers=None):
@@ -420,10 +402,10 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
         Sets headers needed by proxies: specifically, the Accept and Host
         headers. Only sets headers not provided by the user.
         """
-        headers_ = {'Accept': '*/*'}
+        headers_ = {"Accept": "*/*"}
         netloc = parse_url(url).netloc
         if netloc:
-            headers_['Host'] = netloc
+            headers_["Host"] = netloc
         if headers:
             headers_.update(headers)
         return headers_
@@ -435,11 +417,9 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
             # For proxied HTTPS requests, httplib sets the necessary headers
             # on the CONNECT to the proxy. For HTTP, we'll definitely
             # need to set 'Host' at the very least.
-            headers = kw.get('headers', self.headers)
-            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
-        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(
-            method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw
-        )
+            headers = kw.get("headers", self.headers)
+            kw["headers"] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
 
 
 def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/response.py b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/response.py
index d3f59556..ec5de3b0 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/_sync/response.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/_sync/response.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from socket import error as SocketError
 import h11
 
 from .._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
-from ..exceptions import (ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError)
+from ..exceptions import ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError
 from ..packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type
 from ..util.ssl_ import BaseSSLError
 
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class DeflateDecoder(object):
-
     def __init__(self):
         self._first_try = True
         self._data = binary_type()
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ class DeflateDecoder(object):
 
 
 class GzipDecoder(object):
-
     def __init__(self):
         self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
 
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ class GzipDecoder(object):
 
 
 def _get_decoder(mode):
-    if mode == 'gzip':
+    if mode == "gzip":
         return GzipDecoder()
 
     return DeflateDecoder()
@@ -97,12 +95,13 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         The retries contains the last :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` that
         was used during the request.
     """
-    CONTENT_DECODERS = ['gzip', 'deflate']
+
+    CONTENT_DECODERS = ["gzip", "deflate"]
     REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        body='',
+        body="",
         headers=None,
         status=0,
         version=0,
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         self._fp = None
         self._original_response = original_response
         self._fp_bytes_read = 0
-        self._buffer = b''
+        self._buffer = b""
         if body and isinstance(body, (basestring, binary_type)):
             self._body = body
         else:
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
         """
         if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
-            return self.headers.get('location')
+            return self.headers.get("location")
 
         return False
 
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         """
         # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
         # Section 3.2
-        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
         if self._decoder is None and content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
             self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
 
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             if decode_content and self._decoder:
                 data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
         except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
-            content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
             raise DecodeError(
                 "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
                 "failed to decode it." % content_encoding,
@@ -218,10 +217,10 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         being used.
         """
         if self._decoder:
-            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b'')
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b"")
             return buf + self._decoder.flush()
 
-        return b''
+        return b""
 
     @contextmanager
     def _error_catcher(self):
@@ -240,20 +239,20 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             except SocketTimeout:
                 # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
                 # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
 
             except BaseSSLError as e:
                 # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
-                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                if "read operation timed out" not in str(e):  # Defensive:
                     # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
                     # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
                     raise
 
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
 
             except (h11.ProtocolError, SocketError) as e:
                 # This includes IncompleteRead.
-                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
+                raise ProtocolError("Connection broken: %r" % e, e)
 
             except GeneratorExit:
                 # We swallow GeneratorExit when it is emitted: this allows the
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         # data into the buffer. That's unfortunate, but right now I'm not smart
         # enough to come up with a way to solve that problem.
         if self._fp is None and not self._buffer:
-            return b''
+            return b""
 
         data = self._buffer
         with self._error_catcher():
@@ -313,8 +312,8 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                 chunks = []
                 for chunk in self.stream(decode_content):
                     chunks.append(chunk)
-                data += b''.join(chunks)
-                self._buffer = b''
+                data += b"".join(chunks)
+                self._buffer = b""
                 # We only cache the body data for simple read calls.
                 self._body = data
             else:
@@ -330,7 +329,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                     else:
                         chunks.append(chunk)
                         data_len += len(chunk)
-                data = b''.join(chunks)
+                data = b"".join(chunks)
                 self._buffer = data[amt:]
                 data = data[:amt]
         return data
@@ -366,7 +365,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             # coverage. Happily, the code here is so simple that testing the
             # branch we don't enter is basically entirely unnecessary (it's
             # just a yield statement).
-            final_chunk = self._decode(b'', decode_content, flush_decoder=True)
+            final_chunk = self._decode(b"", decode_content, flush_decoder=True)
             if final_chunk:  # Platform-specific: Jython
                 yield final_chunk
 
@@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         with ``original_response=r``.
         """
         # TODO: Huge hack.
-        for kw in ('redirect', 'assert_same_host', 'enforce_content_length'):
+        for kw in ("redirect", "assert_same_host", "enforce_content_length"):
             if kw in response_kw:
                 response_kw.pop(kw)
 
@@ -397,7 +396,6 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         )
         return resp
 
-
     # Backwards-compatibility methods for httplib.HTTPResponse
     def getheaders(self):
         return self.headers
@@ -405,17 +403,15 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
     def getheader(self, name, default=None):
         return self.headers.get(name, default)
 
-
     # Backwards compatibility for http.cookiejar
     def info(self):
         return self.headers
 
-
     # Overrides from io.IOBase
     def close(self):
         if not self.closed:
             self._fp.close()
-            self._buffer = b''
+            self._buffer = b""
             self._fp = None
         if self._connection:
             self._connection.close()
@@ -426,7 +422,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         if self._fp is None and not self._buffer:
             return True
 
-        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'complete'):
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "complete"):
             return self._fp.complete
 
         else:
@@ -457,5 +453,5 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             return 0
 
         else:
-            b[:len(temp)] = temp
+            b[: len(temp)] = temp
             return len(temp)
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/base.py b/requests3/core/_http/base.py
index 1dbe94a6..bef84a55 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/base.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/base.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class Request(object):
         do not duplicate the host header: if there already is one, we just use
         that one.
         """
-        if b'host' not in self.headers:
+        if b"host" not in self.headers:
             # We test against a sentinel object here to forcibly always insert
             # the port for schemes we don't understand.
             if port is DEFAULT_PORTS.get(scheme, object()):
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/connection.py b/requests3/core/_http/connection.py
index 14989de4..3c868b93 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/connection.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/connection.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ from .util import connection
 from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-port_by_scheme = {'http': 80, 'https': 443}
+port_by_scheme = {"http": 80, "https": 443}
 # When updating RECENT_DATE, move it to within two years of the current date,
 # and not less than 6 months ago.
 # Example: if Today is 2018-01-01, then RECENT_DATE should be any date on or
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2017, 6, 30)
 
 class DummyConnection(object):
     """Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -91,7 +92,8 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
 
         Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
     """
-    default_port = port_by_scheme['http']
+
+    default_port = port_by_scheme["http"]
     # : Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
     #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
     default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
@@ -100,20 +102,18 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
         if six.PY3:  # Python 3
-            kw.pop('strict', None)
+            kw.pop("strict", None)
         # Pre-set source_address in case we have an older Python like 2.6.
-        self.source_address = kw.get('source_address')
+        self.source_address = kw.get("source_address")
         if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6
             # _HTTPConnection on Python 2.6 will balk at this keyword arg, but
             # not newer versions. We can still use it when creating a
             # connection though, so we pop it *after* we have saved it as
             # self.source_address.
-            kw.pop('source_address', None)
+            kw.pop("source_address", None)
         # : The socket options provided by the user. If no options are
         #: provided, we use the default options.
-        self.socket_options = kw.pop(
-            'socket_options', self.default_socket_options
-        )
+        self.socket_options = kw.pop("socket_options", self.default_socket_options)
         # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
         _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
         those cases where it's appropriate (i.e., when doing DNS lookup to establish the
         actual TCP connection across which we're going to send HTTP requests).
         """
-        return self._dns_host.rstrip('.')
+        return self._dns_host.rstrip(".")
 
     @host.setter
     def host(self, value):
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
         """
         extra_kw = {}
         if self.source_address:
-            extra_kw['source_address'] = self.source_address
+            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
         if self.socket_options:
-            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self.socket_options
+            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
         try:
             conn = connection.create_connection(
                 (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
         except SocketTimeout as e:
             raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                 self,
-                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self.host, self.timeout),
+                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                % (self.host, self.timeout),
             )
 
         except SocketError as e:
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
         # the _tunnel_host attribute was added in python 2.6.3 (via
         # http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f) so pythons 2.6(0-2) do
         # not have them.
-        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+        if getattr(self, "_tunnel_host", None):
             # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
             self._tunnel()
             # Mark this connection as not reusable
@@ -195,18 +195,15 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
         body with chunked encoding and not as one block
         """
         headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers if headers is not None else {})
-        skip_accept_encoding = 'accept-encoding' in headers
-        skip_host = 'host' in headers
+        skip_accept_encoding = "accept-encoding" in headers
+        skip_host = "host" in headers
         self.putrequest(
-            method,
-            url,
-            skip_accept_encoding=skip_accept_encoding,
-            skip_host=skip_host,
+            method, url, skip_accept_encoding=skip_accept_encoding, skip_host=skip_host
         )
         for header, value in headers.items():
             self.putheader(header, value)
-        if 'transfer-encoding' not in headers:
-            self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
+        if "transfer-encoding" not in headers:
+            self.putheader("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked")
         self.endheaders()
         if body is not None:
             stringish_types = six.string_types + (six.binary_type,)
@@ -217,18 +214,18 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
                     continue
 
                 if not isinstance(chunk, six.binary_type):
-                    chunk = chunk.encode('utf8')
+                    chunk = chunk.encode("utf8")
                 len_str = hex(len(chunk))[2:]
-                self.send(len_str.encode('utf-8'))
-                self.send(b'\r\n')
+                self.send(len_str.encode("utf-8"))
+                self.send(b"\r\n")
                 self.send(chunk)
-                self.send(b'\r\n')
+                self.send(b"\r\n")
         # After the if clause, to always have a closed body
-        self.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
+        self.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
 
 
 class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
-    default_port = port_by_scheme['https']
+    default_port = port_by_scheme["https"]
     ssl_version = None
 
     def __init__(
@@ -242,23 +239,20 @@ class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
         ssl_context=None,
         **kw
     ):
-        HTTPConnection.__init__(
-            self, host, port, strict=strict, timeout=timeout, **kw
-        )
+        HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict=strict, timeout=timeout, **kw)
         self.key_file = key_file
         self.cert_file = cert_file
         self.ssl_context = ssl_context
         # Required property for Google AppEngine 1.9.0 which otherwise causes
         # HTTPS requests to go out as HTTP. (See Issue #356)
-        self._protocol = 'https'
+        self._protocol = "https"
 
     def connect(self):
         conn = self._new_conn()
         self._prepare_conn(conn)
         if self.ssl_context is None:
             self.ssl_context = create_urllib3_context(
-                ssl_version=resolve_ssl_version(None),
-                cert_reqs=resolve_cert_reqs(None),
+                ssl_version=resolve_ssl_version(None), cert_reqs=resolve_cert_reqs(None)
             )
         self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(
             sock=conn,
@@ -273,6 +267,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
     Based on httplib.HTTPSConnection but wraps the socket with
     SSL certification.
     """
+
     cert_reqs = None
     ca_certs = None
     ca_cert_dir = None
@@ -298,7 +293,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
         # it.
         if cert_reqs is None:
             if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
-                cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+                cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
             elif self.ssl_context is not None:
                 cert_reqs = self.ssl_context.verify_mode
         self.key_file = key_file
@@ -313,7 +308,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
         # Add certificate verification
         conn = self._new_conn()
         hostname = self.host
-        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+        if getattr(self, "_tunnel_host", None):
             # _tunnel_host was added in Python 2.6.3
             # (See: http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f)
             self.sock = conn
@@ -328,11 +323,9 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
         if is_time_off:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
-                    'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
-                    'lead to SSL verification errors'
-                ).format(
-                    RECENT_DATE
-                ),
+                    "System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably "
+                    "lead to SSL verification errors"
+                ).format(RECENT_DATE),
                 SystemTimeWarning,
             )
         # Wrap socket using verification with the root certs in
@@ -355,30 +348,31 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
         )
         if self.assert_fingerprint:
             assert_fingerprint(
-                self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
-                self.assert_fingerprint,
+                self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True), self.assert_fingerprint
             )
-        elif context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE and not getattr(
-            context, 'check_hostname', False
-        ) and self.assert_hostname is not False:
+        elif (
+            context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE
+            and not getattr(context, "check_hostname", False)
+            and self.assert_hostname is not False
+        ):
             # While urllib3 attempts to always turn off hostname matching from
             # the TLS library, this cannot always be done. So we check whether
             # the TLS Library still thinks it's matching hostnames.
             cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
-            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+            if not cert.get("subjectAltName", ()):
                 warnings.warn(
                     (
-                        'Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a '
-                        '`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and '
-                        'deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 '
-                        'for details.)'.format(hostname)
+                        "Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a "
+                        "`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and "
+                        "deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 "
+                        "for details.)".format(hostname)
                     ),
                     SubjectAltNameWarning,
                 )
             _match_hostname(cert, self.assert_hostname or hostname)
         self.is_verified = (
-            context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED or
-            self.assert_fingerprint is not None
+            context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+            or self.assert_fingerprint is not None
         )
 
 
@@ -387,8 +381,7 @@ def _match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname):
         match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname)
     except CertificateError as e:
         log.error(
-            'Certificate did not match expected hostname: %s. '
-            'Certificate: %s',
+            "Certificate did not match expected hostname: %s. " "Certificate: %s",
             asserted_hostname,
             cert,
         )
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/connectionpool.py b/requests3/core/_http/connectionpool.py
index 7705c4d3..270ddea0 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/connectionpool.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/connectionpool.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ from ._sync.connectionpool import (
 )
 
 __all__ = [
-    'ConnectionPool',
-    'HTTPConnectionPool',
-    'HTTPSConnectionPool',
-    'connection_from_url',
+    "ConnectionPool",
+    "HTTPConnectionPool",
+    "HTTPSConnectionPool",
+    "connection_from_url",
 ]
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/bindings.py b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/bindings.py
index fbba2915..fcb31a23 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/bindings.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/bindings.py
@@ -46,20 +46,20 @@ from ctypes import (
 )
 from ctypes import CDLL, POINTER, CFUNCTYPE
 
-security_path = find_library('Security')
+security_path = find_library("Security")
 if not security_path:
-    raise ImportError('The library Security could not be found')
+    raise ImportError("The library Security could not be found")
 
-core_foundation_path = find_library('CoreFoundation')
+core_foundation_path = find_library("CoreFoundation")
 if not core_foundation_path:
-    raise ImportError('The library CoreFoundation could not be found')
+    raise ImportError("The library CoreFoundation could not be found")
 
 version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
-version_info = tuple(map(int, version.split('.')))
+version_info = tuple(map(int, version.split(".")))
 if version_info < (10, 8):
     raise OSError(
-        'Only OS X 10.8 and newer are supported, not %s.%s' %
-        (version_info[0], version_info[1])
+        "Only OS X 10.8 and newer are supported, not %s.%s"
+        % (version_info[0], version_info[1])
     )
 
 Security = CDLL(security_path, use_errno=True)
@@ -121,16 +121,16 @@ try:
     Security.SecIdentityGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
     Security.SecKeyGetTypeID.argtypes = []
     Security.SecKeyGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
-    Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData.argtypes = [
-        CFAllocatorRef, CFDataRef
-    ]
+    Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData.argtypes = [CFAllocatorRef, CFDataRef]
     Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData.restype = SecCertificateRef
     Security.SecCertificateCopyData.argtypes = [SecCertificateRef]
     Security.SecCertificateCopyData.restype = CFDataRef
     Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.argtypes = [OSStatus, c_void_p]
     Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.restype = CFStringRef
     Security.SecIdentityCreateWithCertificate.argtypes = [
-        CFTypeRef, SecCertificateRef, POINTER(SecIdentityRef)
+        CFTypeRef,
+        SecCertificateRef,
+        POINTER(SecIdentityRef),
     ]
     Security.SecIdentityCreateWithCertificate.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SecKeychainCreate.argtypes = [
@@ -145,96 +145,83 @@ try:
     Security.SecKeychainDelete.argtypes = [SecKeychainRef]
     Security.SecKeychainDelete.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SecPKCS12Import.argtypes = [
-        CFDataRef, CFDictionaryRef, POINTER(CFArrayRef)
+        CFDataRef,
+        CFDictionaryRef,
+        POINTER(CFArrayRef),
     ]
     Security.SecPKCS12Import.restype = OSStatus
-    SSLReadFunc = CFUNCTYPE(
-        OSStatus, SSLConnectionRef, c_void_p, POINTER(c_size_t)
-    )
+    SSLReadFunc = CFUNCTYPE(OSStatus, SSLConnectionRef, c_void_p, POINTER(c_size_t))
     SSLWriteFunc = CFUNCTYPE(
         OSStatus, SSLConnectionRef, POINTER(c_byte), POINTER(c_size_t)
     )
-    Security.SSLSetIOFuncs.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, SSLReadFunc, SSLWriteFunc
-    ]
+    Security.SSLSetIOFuncs.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLReadFunc, SSLWriteFunc]
     Security.SSLSetIOFuncs.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLSetPeerID.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t]
     Security.SSLSetPeerID.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLSetCertificate.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, CFArrayRef]
     Security.SSLSetCertificate.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SSLSetCertificateAuthorities.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, CFTypeRef, Boolean
-    ]
+    Security.SSLSetCertificateAuthorities.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, CFTypeRef, Boolean]
     Security.SSLSetCertificateAuthorities.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLSetConnection.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLConnectionRef]
     Security.SSLSetConnection.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SSLSetPeerDomainName.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t
-    ]
+    Security.SSLSetPeerDomainName.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t]
     Security.SSLSetPeerDomainName.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLHandshake.argtypes = [SSLContextRef]
     Security.SSLHandshake.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SSLRead.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t, POINTER(c_size_t)
-    ]
+    Security.SSLRead.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t, POINTER(c_size_t)]
     Security.SSLRead.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SSLWrite.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t, POINTER(c_size_t)
-    ]
+    Security.SSLWrite.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t, POINTER(c_size_t)]
     Security.SSLWrite.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLClose.argtypes = [SSLContextRef]
     Security.SSLClose.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SSLGetNumberSupportedCiphers.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, POINTER(c_size_t)
-    ]
+    Security.SSLGetNumberSupportedCiphers.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(c_size_t)]
     Security.SSLGetNumberSupportedCiphers.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLGetSupportedCiphers.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, POINTER(SSLCipherSuite), POINTER(c_size_t)
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLCipherSuite),
+        POINTER(c_size_t),
     ]
     Security.SSLGetSupportedCiphers.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLSetEnabledCiphers.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, POINTER(SSLCipherSuite), c_size_t
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLCipherSuite),
+        c_size_t,
     ]
     Security.SSLSetEnabledCiphers.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SSLGetNumberEnabledCiphers.argtype = [
-        SSLContextRef, POINTER(c_size_t)
-    ]
+    Security.SSLGetNumberEnabledCiphers.argtype = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(c_size_t)]
     Security.SSLGetNumberEnabledCiphers.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLGetEnabledCiphers.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, POINTER(SSLCipherSuite), POINTER(c_size_t)
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLCipherSuite),
+        POINTER(c_size_t),
     ]
     Security.SSLGetEnabledCiphers.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SSLGetNegotiatedCipher.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, POINTER(SSLCipherSuite)
-    ]
+    Security.SSLGetNegotiatedCipher.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(SSLCipherSuite)]
     Security.SSLGetNegotiatedCipher.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLGetNegotiatedProtocolVersion.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, POINTER(SSLProtocol)
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLProtocol),
     ]
     Security.SSLGetNegotiatedProtocolVersion.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(SecTrustRef)]
     Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, CFArrayRef]
     Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly.argstypes = [
-        SecTrustRef, Boolean
-    ]
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly.argstypes = [SecTrustRef, Boolean]
     Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly.restype = OSStatus
-    Security.SecTrustEvaluate.argtypes = [
-        SecTrustRef, POINTER(SecTrustResultType)
-    ]
+    Security.SecTrustEvaluate.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, POINTER(SecTrustResultType)]
     Security.SecTrustEvaluate.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SecTrustGetCertificateCount.argtypes = [SecTrustRef]
     Security.SecTrustGetCertificateCount.restype = CFIndex
     Security.SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, CFIndex]
     Security.SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex.restype = SecCertificateRef
     Security.SSLCreateContext.argtypes = [
-        CFAllocatorRef, SSLProtocolSide, SSLConnectionType
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        SSLProtocolSide,
+        SSLConnectionType,
     ]
     Security.SSLCreateContext.restype = SSLContextRef
-    Security.SSLSetSessionOption.argtypes = [
-        SSLContextRef, SSLSessionOption, Boolean
-    ]
+    Security.SSLSetSessionOption.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLSessionOption, Boolean]
     Security.SSLSetSessionOption.restype = OSStatus
     Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMin.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLProtocol]
     Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMin.restype = OSStatus
@@ -254,10 +241,10 @@ try:
     Security.SecExternalFormat = SecExternalFormat
     Security.OSStatus = OSStatus
     Security.kSecImportExportPassphrase = CFStringRef.in_dll(
-        Security, 'kSecImportExportPassphrase'
+        Security, "kSecImportExportPassphrase"
     )
     Security.kSecImportItemIdentity = CFStringRef.in_dll(
-        Security, 'kSecImportItemIdentity'
+        Security, "kSecImportItemIdentity"
     )
     # CoreFoundation time!
     CoreFoundation.CFRetain.argtypes = [CFTypeRef]
@@ -267,15 +254,18 @@ try:
     CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID.argtypes = [CFTypeRef]
     CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
     CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString.argtypes = [
-        CFAllocatorRef, c_char_p, CFStringEncoding
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        c_char_p,
+        CFStringEncoding,
     ]
     CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString.restype = CFStringRef
-    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr.argtypes = [
-        CFStringRef, CFStringEncoding
-    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr.argtypes = [CFStringRef, CFStringEncoding]
     CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr.restype = c_char_p
     CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString.argtypes = [
-        CFStringRef, c_char_p, CFIndex, CFStringEncoding
+        CFStringRef,
+        c_char_p,
+        CFIndex,
+        CFStringEncoding,
     ]
     CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString.restype = c_bool
     CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate.argtypes = [CFAllocatorRef, c_char_p, CFIndex]
@@ -296,11 +286,16 @@ try:
     CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryGetValue.argtypes = [CFDictionaryRef, CFTypeRef]
     CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryGetValue.restype = CFTypeRef
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreate.argtypes = [
-        CFAllocatorRef, POINTER(CFTypeRef), CFIndex, CFArrayCallBacks
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        POINTER(CFTypeRef),
+        CFIndex,
+        CFArrayCallBacks,
     ]
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreate.restype = CFArrayRef
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable.argtypes = [
-        CFAllocatorRef, CFIndex, CFArrayCallBacks
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        CFIndex,
+        CFArrayCallBacks,
     ]
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable.restype = CFMutableArrayRef
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue.argtypes = [CFMutableArrayRef, c_void_p]
@@ -310,23 +305,23 @@ try:
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetValueAtIndex.argtypes = [CFArrayRef, CFIndex]
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetValueAtIndex.restype = c_void_p
     CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault = CFAllocatorRef.in_dll(
-        CoreFoundation, 'kCFAllocatorDefault'
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFAllocatorDefault"
     )
     CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks = c_void_p.in_dll(
-        CoreFoundation, 'kCFTypeArrayCallBacks'
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFTypeArrayCallBacks"
     )
     CoreFoundation.kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks = c_void_p.in_dll(
-        CoreFoundation, 'kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks'
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks"
     )
     CoreFoundation.kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks = c_void_p.in_dll(
-        CoreFoundation, 'kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks'
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks"
     )
     CoreFoundation.CFTypeRef = CFTypeRef
     CoreFoundation.CFArrayRef = CFArrayRef
     CoreFoundation.CFStringRef = CFStringRef
     CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryRef = CFDictionaryRef
 except (AttributeError):
-    raise ImportError('Error initializing ctypes')
+    raise ImportError("Error initializing ctypes")
 
 
 class CFConst(object):
@@ -334,6 +329,7 @@ class CFConst(object):
     A class object that acts as essentially a namespace for CoreFoundation
     constants.
     """
+
     kCFStringEncodingUTF8 = CFStringEncoding(0x08000100)
 
 
@@ -341,6 +337,7 @@ class SecurityConst(object):
     """
     A class object that acts as essentially a namespace for Security constants.
     """
+
     kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth = 0
     kSSLProtocol2 = 1
     kSSLProtocol3 = 2
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/low_level.py b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/low_level.py
index 3c7cee3e..9725a340 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/low_level.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/_securetransport/low_level.py
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ def _cf_string_to_unicode(value):
             value_as_void_p, buffer, 1024, CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8
         )
         if not result:
-            raise OSError('Error copying C string from CFStringRef')
+            raise OSError("Error copying C string from CFStringRef")
 
         string = buffer.value
     if string is not None:
-        string = string.decode('utf-8')
+        string = string.decode("utf-8")
     return string
 
 
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ def _assert_no_error(error, exception_class=None):
     cf_error_string = Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString(error, None)
     output = _cf_string_to_unicode(cf_error_string)
     CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cf_error_string)
-    if output is None or output == u'':
-        output = u'OSStatus %s' % error
+    if output is None or output == u"":
+        output = u"OSStatus %s" % error
     if exception_class is None:
         exception_class = ssl.SSLError
     raise exception_class(output)
@@ -102,8 +102,7 @@ def _cert_array_from_pem(pem_bundle):
     that can be used to validate a cert chain.
     """
     der_certs = [
-        base64.b64decode(match.group(1))
-        for match in _PEM_CERTS_RE.finditer(pem_bundle)
+        base64.b64decode(match.group(1)) for match in _PEM_CERTS_RE.finditer(pem_bundle)
     ]
     if not der_certs:
         raise ssl.SSLError("No root certificates specified")
@@ -173,19 +172,14 @@ def _temporary_keychain():
     # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
     # ask for 40 random bytes.
     random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
-    filename = base64.b64encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
+    filename = base64.b64encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode("utf-8")
     password = base64.b64encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
     tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')
+    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode("utf-8")
     # We now want to create the keychain itself.
     keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
     status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
-        keychain_path,
-        len(password),
-        password,
-        False,
-        None,
-        ctypes.byref(keychain),
+        keychain_path, len(password), password, False, None, ctypes.byref(keychain)
     )
     _assert_no_error(status)
     # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
@@ -202,7 +196,7 @@ def _load_items_from_file(keychain, path):
     certificates = []
     identities = []
     result_array = None
-    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+    with open(path, "rb") as f:
         raw_filedata = f.read()
     try:
         filedata = CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate(
@@ -279,9 +273,7 @@ def _load_client_cert_chain(keychain, *paths):
     paths = (path for path in paths if path)
     try:
         for file_path in paths:
-            new_identities, new_certs = _load_items_from_file(
-                keychain, file_path
-            )
+            new_identities, new_certs = _load_items_from_file(keychain, file_path)
             identities.extend(new_identities)
             certificates.extend(new_certs)
         # Ok, we have everything. The question is: do we have an identity? If
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/appengine.py b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/appengine.py
index 62d58fb6..0950ecd9 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/appengine.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/appengine.py
@@ -144,9 +144,7 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
     ):
         retries = self._get_retries(retries, redirect)
         try:
-            follow_redirects = (
-                redirect and retries.redirect != 0 and retries.total
-            )
+            follow_redirects = redirect and retries.redirect != 0 and retries.total
             response = urlfetch.fetch(
                 url,
                 payload=body,
@@ -161,7 +159,7 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
             raise TimeoutError(self, e)
 
         except urlfetch.InvalidURLError as e:
-            if 'too large' in str(e):
+            if "too large" in str(e):
                 raise AppEnginePlatformError(
                     "URLFetch request too large, URLFetch only "
                     "supports requests up to 10mb in size.",
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
             raise ProtocolError(e)
 
         except urlfetch.DownloadError as e:
-            if 'Too many redirects' in str(e):
+            if "Too many redirects" in str(e):
                 raise MaxRetryError(self, url, reason=e)
 
             raise ProtocolError(e)
@@ -198,12 +196,12 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
         redirect_location = redirect and http_response.get_redirect_location()
         if redirect_location:
             # Check for redirect response
-            if (self.urlfetch_retries and retries.raise_on_redirect):
+            if self.urlfetch_retries and retries.raise_on_redirect:
                 raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
 
             else:
                 if http_response.status == 303:
-                    method = 'GET'
+                    method = "GET"
                 try:
                     retries = retries.increment(
                         method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self
@@ -229,11 +227,9 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
                 )
 
         # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
-        has_retry_after = bool(http_response.getheader('Retry-After'))
+        has_retry_after = bool(http_response.getheader("Retry-After"))
         if retries.is_retry(method, http_response.status, has_retry_after):
-            retries = retries.increment(
-                method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self
-            )
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self)
             log.debug("Retry: %s", url)
             retries.sleep(http_response)
             return self.urlopen(
@@ -249,22 +245,20 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
 
         return http_response
 
-    def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(
-        self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw
-    ):
+    def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw):
         if is_prod_appengine():
             # Production GAE handles deflate encoding automatically, but does
             # not remove the encoding header.
-            content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get('content-encoding')
-            if content_encoding == 'deflate':
-                del urlfetch_resp.headers['content-encoding']
-        transfer_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get('transfer-encoding')
+            content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get("content-encoding")
+            if content_encoding == "deflate":
+                del urlfetch_resp.headers["content-encoding"]
+        transfer_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get("transfer-encoding")
         # We have a full response's content,
         # so let's make sure we don't report ourselves as chunked data.
-        if transfer_encoding == 'chunked':
+        if transfer_encoding == "chunked":
             encodings = transfer_encoding.split(",")
-            encodings.remove('chunked')
-            urlfetch_resp.headers['transfer-encoding'] = ','.join(encodings)
+            encodings.remove("chunked")
+            urlfetch_resp.headers["transfer-encoding"] = ",".join(encodings)
         return HTTPResponse(
             # In order for decoding to work, we must present the content as
             # a file-like object.
@@ -291,9 +285,7 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
 
     def _get_retries(self, retries, redirect):
         if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
-            retries = Retry.from_int(
-                retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries
-            )
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
         if retries.connect or retries.read or retries.redirect:
             warnings.warn(
                 "URLFetch only supports total retries and does not "
@@ -304,9 +296,7 @@ class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
 
 
 def is_appengine():
-    return (
-        is_local_appengine() or is_prod_appengine() or is_prod_appengine_mvms()
-    )
+    return is_local_appengine() or is_prod_appengine() or is_prod_appengine_mvms()
 
 
 def is_appengine_sandbox():
@@ -315,18 +305,18 @@ def is_appengine_sandbox():
 
 def is_local_appengine():
     return (
-        'APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
-        'Development/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE']
+        "APPENGINE_RUNTIME" in os.environ
+        and "Development/" in os.environ["SERVER_SOFTWARE"]
     )
 
 
 def is_prod_appengine():
     return (
-        'APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
-        'Google App Engine/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] and
-        not is_prod_appengine_mvms()
+        "APPENGINE_RUNTIME" in os.environ
+        and "Google App Engine/" in os.environ["SERVER_SOFTWARE"]
+        and not is_prod_appengine_mvms()
     )
 
 
 def is_prod_appengine_mvms():
-    return os.environ.get('GAE_VM', False) == 'true'
+    return os.environ.get("GAE_VM", False) == "true"
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/pyopenssl.py
index c7884b0c..1d1a96f8 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/pyopenssl.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ import sys
 
 from .. import util
 
-__all__ = ['inject_into_urllib3', 'extract_from_urllib3']
+__all__ = ["inject_into_urllib3", "extract_from_urllib3"]
 # SNI always works.
 HAS_SNI = True
 # Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ _openssl_versions = {
     ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
     ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
 }
-if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_1_METHOD'):
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_1_METHOD"):
     _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
-if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_2_METHOD'):
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_2_METHOD"):
     _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
 try:
     _openssl_versions.update({ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD})
@@ -82,12 +82,10 @@ except AttributeError:
 _stdlib_to_openssl_verify = {
     ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
     ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
-    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER +
-    OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
+    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER
+    + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
 }
-_openssl_to_stdlib_verify = dict(
-    (v, k) for k, v in _stdlib_to_openssl_verify.items()
-)
+_openssl_to_stdlib_verify = dict((v, k) for k, v in _stdlib_to_openssl_verify.items())
 # OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
 SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
 orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def inject_into_urllib3():
-    'Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.'
+    "Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support."
     _validate_dependencies_met()
     util.ssl_.SSLContext = PyOpenSSLContext
     util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
@@ -106,7 +104,7 @@ def inject_into_urllib3():
 
 
 def extract_from_urllib3():
-    'Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`.'
+    "Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`."
     util.ssl_.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
     util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
     util.ssl_.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
@@ -159,16 +157,16 @@ def _dnsname_to_stdlib(name):
         """
         import idna
 
-        for prefix in [u'*.', u'.']:
+        for prefix in [u"*.", u"."]:
             if name.startswith(prefix):
-                name = name[len(prefix):]
-                return prefix.encode('ascii') + idna.encode(name)
+                name = name[len(prefix) :]
+                return prefix.encode("ascii") + idna.encode(name)
 
         return idna.encode(name)
 
     name = idna_encode(name)
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
-        name = name.decode('utf-8')
+        name = name.decode("utf-8")
     return name
 
 
@@ -186,9 +184,7 @@ def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
     # We want to find the SAN extension. Ask Cryptography to locate it (it's
     # faster than looping in Python)
     try:
-        ext = cert.extensions.get_extension_for_class(
-            x509.SubjectAlternativeName
-        ).value
+        ext = cert.extensions.get_extension_for_class(x509.SubjectAlternativeName).value
     except x509.ExtensionNotFound:
         # No such extension, return the empty list.
         return []
@@ -216,22 +212,21 @@ def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
     # decoded. This is pretty frustrating, but that's what the standard library
     # does with certificates, and so we need to attempt to do the same.
     names = [
-        ('DNS', _dnsname_to_stdlib(name))
+        ("DNS", _dnsname_to_stdlib(name))
         for name in ext.get_values_for_type(x509.DNSName)
     ]
     names.extend(
-        ('IP Address', str(name))
-        for name in ext.get_values_for_type(x509.IPAddress)
+        ("IP Address", str(name)) for name in ext.get_values_for_type(x509.IPAddress)
     )
     return names
 
 
 class WrappedSocket(object):
-    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
+    """API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
 
     Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
     collector of pypy.
-    '''
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
         self.connection = connection
@@ -243,7 +238,6 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
     def fileno(self):
         return self.socket.fileno()
 
-
     # Copy-pasted from Python 3.5 source code
     def _decref_socketios(self):
         if self._makefile_refs > 0:
@@ -255,15 +249,15 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         try:
             data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
         except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
-            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
-                return b''
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
+                return b""
 
             else:
                 raise SocketError(str(e))
 
         except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError as e:
             if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
-                return b''
+                return b""
 
             else:
                 raise
@@ -271,7 +265,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
             rd = util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout())
             if not rd:
-                raise timeout('The read operation timed out')
+                raise timeout("The read operation timed out")
 
             else:
                 return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -284,7 +278,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             return self.connection.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)
 
         except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
-            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
                 return 0
 
             else:
@@ -300,7 +294,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
             rd = util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout())
             if not rd:
-                raise timeout('The read operation timed out')
+                raise timeout("The read operation timed out")
 
             else:
                 return self.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -330,7 +324,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         total_sent = 0
         while total_sent < len(data):
             sent = self._send_until_done(
-                data[total_sent:total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE]
+                data[total_sent : total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE]
             )
             total_sent += sent
 
@@ -356,13 +350,11 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             return x509
 
         if binary_form:
-            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(
-                OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, x509
-            )
+            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, x509)
 
         return {
-            'subject': ((('commonName', x509.get_subject().CN),),),
-            'subjectAltName': get_subj_alt_name(x509),
+            "subject": ((("commonName", x509.get_subject().CN),),),
+            "subjectAltName": get_subj_alt_name(x509),
         }
 
     def setblocking(self, flag):
@@ -418,23 +410,21 @@ class PyOpenSSLContext(object):
 
     @verify_mode.setter
     def verify_mode(self, value):
-        self._ctx.set_verify(
-            _stdlib_to_openssl_verify[value], _verify_callback
-        )
+        self._ctx.set_verify(_stdlib_to_openssl_verify[value], _verify_callback)
 
     def set_default_verify_paths(self):
         self._ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
 
     def set_ciphers(self, ciphers):
         if isinstance(ciphers, six.text_type):
-            ciphers = ciphers.encode('utf-8')
+            ciphers = ciphers.encode("utf-8")
         self._ctx.set_cipher_list(ciphers)
 
     def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None):
         if cafile is not None:
-            cafile = cafile.encode('utf-8')
+            cafile = cafile.encode("utf-8")
         if capath is not None:
-            capath = capath.encode('utf-8')
+            capath = capath.encode("utf-8")
         self._ctx.load_verify_locations(cafile, capath)
         if cadata is not None:
             self._ctx.load_verify_locations(BytesIO(cadata))
@@ -442,9 +432,7 @@ class PyOpenSSLContext(object):
     def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile=None, password=None):
         self._ctx.use_certificate_chain_file(certfile)
         if password is not None:
-            self._ctx.set_passwd_cb(
-                lambda max_length, prompt_twice, userdata: password
-            )
+            self._ctx.set_passwd_cb(lambda max_length, prompt_twice, userdata: password)
         self._ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile or certfile)
 
     def wrap_socket(
@@ -456,10 +444,8 @@ class PyOpenSSLContext(object):
         server_hostname=None,
     ):
         cnx = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(self._ctx, sock)
-        if isinstance(
-            server_hostname, six.text_type
-        ):  # Platform-specific: Python 3
-            server_hostname = server_hostname.encode('utf-8')
+        if isinstance(server_hostname, six.text_type):  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+            server_hostname = server_hostname.encode("utf-8")
         if server_hostname is not None:
             cnx.set_tlsext_host_name(server_hostname)
         cnx.set_connect_state()
@@ -469,12 +455,12 @@ class PyOpenSSLContext(object):
             except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
                 rd = util.wait_for_read(sock, sock.gettimeout())
                 if not rd:
-                    raise timeout('select timed out')
+                    raise timeout("select timed out")
 
                 continue
 
             except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
-                raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake: %r' % e)
+                raise ssl.SSLError("bad handshake: %r" % e)
 
             break
 
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/securetransport.py b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/securetransport.py
index 4a92ad75..76ee8208 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/securetransport.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/securetransport.py
@@ -37,9 +37,7 @@ import threading
 import weakref
 
 from .. import util
-from ._securetransport.bindings import (
-    Security, SecurityConst, CoreFoundation
-)
+from ._securetransport.bindings import Security, SecurityConst, CoreFoundation
 from ._securetransport.low_level import (
     _assert_no_error,
     _cert_array_from_pem,
@@ -53,11 +51,11 @@ except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
     _fileobject = None
     from ..packages.backports.makefile import backport_makefile
 try:
-    memoryview(b'')
+    memoryview(b"")
 except NameError:
     raise ImportError("SecureTransport only works on Pythons with memoryview")
 
-__all__ = ['inject_into_urllib3', 'extract_from_urllib3']
+__all__ = ["inject_into_urllib3", "extract_from_urllib3"]
 # SNI always works
 HAS_SNI = True
 orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
@@ -124,34 +122,35 @@ CIPHER_SUITES = [
 # Basically this is simple: for PROTOCOL_SSLv23 we turn it into a low of
 # TLSv1 and a high of TLSv1.2. For everything else, we pin to that version.
 _protocol_to_min_max = {
-    ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: (
-        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1, SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12
-    )
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: (SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1, SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12)
 }
 if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_SSLv2"):
     _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2] = (
-        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol2, SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol2
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol2,
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol2,
     )
 if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_SSLv3"):
     _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3] = (
-        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol3, SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol3
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol3,
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol3,
     )
 if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1"):
     _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1] = (
-        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1, SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1,
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1,
     )
 if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1"):
     _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = (
-        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol11, SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol11
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol11,
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol11,
     )
 if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2"):
     _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = (
-        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12, SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12,
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12,
     )
 if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLS"):
-    _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS] = _protocol_to_min_max[
-        ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23
-    ]
+    _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS] = _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23]
 
 
 def inject_into_urllib3():
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ def _read_callback(connection_id, data_buffer, data_length_pointer):
                 if timeout is None or timeout >= 0:
                     readables = util.wait_for_read([base_socket], timeout)
                     if not readables:
-                        raise socket.error(errno.EAGAIN, 'timed out')
+                        raise socket.error(errno.EAGAIN, "timed out")
 
                 # We need to tell ctypes that we have a buffer that can be
                 # written to. Upsettingly, we do that like this:
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ def _write_callback(connection_id, data_buffer, data_length_pointer):
                 if timeout is None or timeout >= 0:
                     writables = util.wait_for_write([base_socket], timeout)
                     if not writables:
-                        raise socket.error(errno.EAGAIN, 'timed out')
+                        raise socket.error(errno.EAGAIN, "timed out")
 
                 chunk_sent = base_socket.send(data)
                 sent += chunk_sent
@@ -342,9 +341,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         custom and doesn't allow changing at this time, mostly because parsing
         OpenSSL cipher strings is going to be a freaking nightmare.
         """
-        ciphers = (Security.SSLCipherSuite * len(CIPHER_SUITES))(
-            *CIPHER_SUITES
-        )
+        ciphers = (Security.SSLCipherSuite * len(CIPHER_SUITES))(*CIPHER_SUITES)
         result = Security.SSLSetEnabledCiphers(
             self.context, ciphers, len(CIPHER_SUITES)
         )
@@ -362,7 +359,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
 
         # We want data in memory, so load it up.
         if os.path.isfile(trust_bundle):
-            with open(trust_bundle, 'rb') as f:
+            with open(trust_bundle, "rb") as f:
                 trust_bundle = f.read()
         cert_array = None
         trust = Security.SecTrustRef()
@@ -373,9 +370,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             # created for this connection, shove our CAs into it, tell ST to
             # ignore everything else it knows, and then ask if it can build a
             # chain. This is a buuuunch of code.
-            result = Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust(
-                self.context, ctypes.byref(trust)
-            )
+            result = Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust(self.context, ctypes.byref(trust))
             _assert_no_error(result)
             if not trust:
                 raise ssl.SSLError("Failed to copy trust reference")
@@ -385,9 +380,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             result = Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly(trust, True)
             _assert_no_error(result)
             trust_result = Security.SecTrustResultType()
-            result = Security.SecTrustEvaluate(
-                trust, ctypes.byref(trust_result)
-            )
+            result = Security.SecTrustEvaluate(trust, ctypes.byref(trust_result))
             _assert_no_error(result)
         finally:
             if trust:
@@ -401,8 +394,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         )
         if trust_result.value not in successes:
             raise ssl.SSLError(
-                "certificate verify failed, error code: %d" %
-                trust_result.value
+                "certificate verify failed, error code: %d" % trust_result.value
             )
 
     def handshake(
@@ -442,7 +434,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         # If we have a server hostname, we should set that too.
         if server_hostname:
             if not isinstance(server_hostname, bytes):
-                server_hostname = server_hostname.encode('utf-8')
+                server_hostname = server_hostname.encode("utf-8")
             result = Security.SSLSetPeerDomainName(
                 self.context, server_hostname, len(server_hostname)
             )
@@ -460,9 +452,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         # authing in that case.
         if not verify or trust_bundle is not None:
             result = Security.SSLSetSessionOption(
-                self.context,
-                SecurityConst.kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth,
-                True,
+                self.context, SecurityConst.kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth, True
             )
             _assert_no_error(result)
         # If there's a client cert, we need to use it.
@@ -471,9 +461,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             self._client_cert_chain = _load_client_cert_chain(
                 self._keychain, client_cert, client_key
             )
-            result = Security.SSLSetCertificate(
-                self.context, self._client_cert_chain
-            )
+            result = Security.SSLSetCertificate(self.context, self._client_cert_chain)
             _assert_no_error(result)
         while True:
             with self._raise_on_error():
@@ -492,7 +480,6 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
     def fileno(self):
         return self.socket.fileno()
 
-
     # Copy-pasted from Python 3.5 source code
     def _decref_socketios(self):
         if self._makefile_refs > 0:
@@ -522,7 +509,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         # There are some result codes that we want to treat as "not always
         # errors". Specifically, those are errSSLWouldBlock,
         # errSSLClosedGraceful, and errSSLClosedNoNotify.
-        if (result == SecurityConst.errSSLWouldBlock):
+        if result == SecurityConst.errSSLWouldBlock:
             # If we didn't process any bytes, then this was just a time out.
             # However, we can get errSSLWouldBlock in situations when we *did*
             # read some data, and in those cases we should just read "short"
@@ -570,7 +557,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
     def sendall(self, data):
         total_sent = 0
         while total_sent < len(data):
-            sent = self.send(data[total_sent:total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE])
+            sent = self.send(data[total_sent : total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE])
             total_sent += sent
 
     def shutdown(self):
@@ -618,18 +605,14 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         # instead to just flag to urllib3 that it shouldn't do its own hostname
         # validation when using SecureTransport.
         if not binary_form:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "SecureTransport only supports dumping binary certs"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("SecureTransport only supports dumping binary certs")
 
         trust = Security.SecTrustRef()
         certdata = None
         der_bytes = None
         try:
             # Grab the trust store.
-            result = Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust(
-                self.context, ctypes.byref(trust)
-            )
+            result = Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust(self.context, ctypes.byref(trust))
             _assert_no_error(result)
             if not trust:
                 # Probably we haven't done the handshake yet. No biggie.
@@ -758,16 +741,12 @@ class SecureTransportContext(object):
     def set_ciphers(self, ciphers):
         # For now, we just require the default cipher string.
         if ciphers != util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "SecureTransport doesn't support custom cipher strings"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("SecureTransport doesn't support custom cipher strings")
 
     def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None):
         # OK, we only really support cadata and cafile.
         if capath is not None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "SecureTransport does not support cert directories"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("SecureTransport does not support cert directories")
 
         self._trust_bundle = cafile or cadata
 
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/socks.py b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/socks.py
index bdabcb08..654f98b8 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/contrib/socks.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/contrib/socks.py
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ except ImportError:
 
     warnings.warn(
         (
-            'SOCKS support in urllib3 requires the installation of optional '
-            'dependencies: specifically, PySocks.  For more information, see '
-            'https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contrib.html#socks-proxies'
+            "SOCKS support in urllib3 requires the installation of optional "
+            "dependencies: specifically, PySocks.  For more information, see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contrib.html#socks-proxies"
         ),
         DependencyWarning,
     )
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ except ImportError:
 
 from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
 
-from .._sync.connection import (HTTP1Connection)
-from ..connectionpool import (HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool)
+from .._sync.connection import HTTP1Connection
+from ..connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
 from ..exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError, NewConnectionError
 from ..poolmanager import PoolManager
 from ..util.url import parse_url
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class SOCKSConnection(HTTP1Connection):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        self._socks_options = kwargs.pop('_socks_options')
+        self._socks_options = kwargs.pop("_socks_options")
         super(SOCKSConnection, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _do_socket_connect(self, connect_timeout, connect_kw):
@@ -64,20 +64,20 @@ class SOCKSConnection(HTTP1Connection):
         try:
             conn = socks.create_connection(
                 (self._host, self._port),
-                proxy_type=self._socks_options['socks_version'],
-                proxy_addr=self._socks_options['proxy_host'],
-                proxy_port=self._socks_options['proxy_port'],
-                proxy_username=self._socks_options['username'],
-                proxy_password=self._socks_options['password'],
-                proxy_rdns=self._socks_options['rdns'],
+                proxy_type=self._socks_options["socks_version"],
+                proxy_addr=self._socks_options["proxy_host"],
+                proxy_port=self._socks_options["proxy_port"],
+                proxy_username=self._socks_options["username"],
+                proxy_password=self._socks_options["password"],
+                proxy_rdns=self._socks_options["rdns"],
                 timeout=connect_timeout,
                 **connect_kw
             )
         except SocketTimeout as e:
             raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                 self,
-                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self._host, connect_timeout),
+                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                % (self._host, connect_timeout),
             )
 
         except socks.ProxyError as e:
@@ -88,14 +88,13 @@ class SOCKSConnection(HTTP1Connection):
                 if isinstance(error, SocketTimeout):
                     raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                         self,
-                        "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                        (self._host, connect_timeout),
+                        "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                        % (self._host, connect_timeout),
                     )
 
                 else:
                     raise NewConnectionError(
-                        self,
-                        "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % error,
+                        self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % error
                     )
 
             else:
@@ -124,8 +123,10 @@ class SOCKSProxyManager(PoolManager):
     A version of the urllib3 ProxyManager that routes connections via the
     defined SOCKS proxy.
     """
+
     pool_classes_by_scheme = {
-        'http': SOCKSHTTPConnectionPool, 'https': SOCKSHTTPSConnectionPool
+        "http": SOCKSHTTPConnectionPool,
+        "https": SOCKSHTTPSConnectionPool,
     }
 
     def __init__(
@@ -138,33 +139,31 @@ class SOCKSProxyManager(PoolManager):
         **connection_pool_kw
     ):
         parsed = parse_url(proxy_url)
-        if parsed.scheme == 'socks5':
+        if parsed.scheme == "socks5":
             socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5
             rdns = False
-        elif parsed.scheme == 'socks5h':
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks5h":
             socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5
             rdns = True
-        elif parsed.scheme == 'socks4':
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks4":
             socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4
             rdns = False
-        elif parsed.scheme == 'socks4a':
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks4a":
             socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4
             rdns = True
         else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Unable to determine SOCKS version from %s" % proxy_url
-            )
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine SOCKS version from %s" % proxy_url)
 
         self.proxy_url = proxy_url
         socks_options = {
-            'socks_version': socks_version,
-            'proxy_host': parsed.host,
-            'proxy_port': parsed.port,
-            'username': username,
-            'password': password,
-            'rdns': rdns,
+            "socks_version": socks_version,
+            "proxy_host": parsed.host,
+            "proxy_port": parsed.port,
+            "username": username,
+            "password": password,
+            "rdns": rdns,
         }
-        connection_pool_kw['_socks_options'] = socks_options
+        connection_pool_kw["_socks_options"] = socks_options
         super(SOCKSProxyManager, self).__init__(
             num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw
         )
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/exceptions.py b/requests3/core/_http/exceptions.py
index 743a6927..287df15b 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/exceptions.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/exceptions.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 
-
 # Base Exceptions
 class HTTPError(Exception):
     "Base exception used by this module."
@@ -74,14 +73,13 @@ class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
 
     def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
         self.reason = reason
-        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (
-            url, reason
-        )
+        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (url, reason)
         RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
 
 
 class TimeoutStateError(HTTPError):
     """ Raised when passing an invalid state to a timeout """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -91,6 +89,7 @@ class TimeoutError(HTTPError):
     Catching this error will catch both :exc:`ReadTimeoutErrors
     <ReadTimeoutError>` and :exc:`ConnectTimeoutErrors <ConnectTimeoutError>`.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -99,8 +98,6 @@ class ReadTimeoutError(TimeoutError, RequestError):
     pass
 
 
-
-
 # This timeout error does not have a URL attached and needs to inherit from the
 # base HTTPError
 class ConnectTimeoutError(TimeoutError):
@@ -139,8 +136,8 @@ class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
 
 class ResponseError(HTTPError):
     "Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."
-    GENERIC_ERROR = 'too many error responses'
-    SPECIFIC_ERROR = 'too many {status_code} error responses'
+    GENERIC_ERROR = "too many error responses"
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = "too many {status_code} error responses"
 
 
 class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
@@ -178,6 +175,7 @@ class DependencyWarning(HTTPWarning):
     Warned when an attempt is made to import a module with missing optional
     dependencies.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -209,9 +207,7 @@ class HeaderParsingError(HTTPError):
     "Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement."
 
     def __init__(self, defects, unparsed_data):
-        message = '%s, unparsed data: %r' % (
-            defects or 'Unknown', unparsed_data
-        )
+        message = "%s, unparsed data: %r" % (defects or "Unknown", unparsed_data)
         super(HeaderParsingError, self).__init__(message)
 
 
@@ -235,4 +231,5 @@ class InvalidBodyError(HTTPError):
     An attempt was made to send a request with a body object that urllib3 does
     not support.
     """
+
     pass
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/fields.py b/requests3/core/_http/fields.py
index f1808f0e..aaef5457 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/fields.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/fields.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import mimetypes
 from .packages import six
 
 
-def guess_content_type(filename, default='application/octet-stream'):
+def guess_content_type(filename, default="application/octet-stream"):
     """
     Guess the "Content-Type" of a file.
 
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ def format_header_param(name, value):
     if not any(ch in value for ch in '"\\\r\n'):
         result = '%s="%s"' % (name, value)
         try:
-            result.encode('ascii')
+            result.encode("ascii")
         except (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError):
             pass
         else:
             return result
 
     if not six.PY3 and isinstance(value, six.text_type):  # Python 2:
-        value = value.encode('utf-8')
-    value = email.utils.encode_rfc2231(value, 'utf-8')
-    value = '%s*=%s' % (name, value)
+        value = value.encode("utf-8")
+    value = email.utils.encode_rfc2231(value, "utf-8")
+    value = "%s*=%s" % (name, value)
     return value
 
 
@@ -132,29 +132,26 @@ class RequestField(object):
         for name, value in iterable:
             if value is not None:
                 parts.append(self._render_part(name, value))
-        return '; '.join(parts)
+        return "; ".join(parts)
 
     def render_headers(self):
         """
         Renders the headers for this request field.
         """
         lines = []
-        sort_keys = ['Content-Disposition', 'Content-Type', 'Content-Location']
+        sort_keys = ["Content-Disposition", "Content-Type", "Content-Location"]
         for sort_key in sort_keys:
             if self.headers.get(sort_key, False):
-                lines.append('%s: %s' % (sort_key, self.headers[sort_key]))
+                lines.append("%s: %s" % (sort_key, self.headers[sort_key]))
         for header_name, header_value in self.headers.items():
             if header_name not in sort_keys:
                 if header_value:
-                    lines.append('%s: %s' % (header_name, header_value))
-        lines.append('\r\n')
-        return '\r\n'.join(lines)
+                    lines.append("%s: %s" % (header_name, header_value))
+        lines.append("\r\n")
+        return "\r\n".join(lines)
 
     def make_multipart(
-        self,
-        content_disposition=None,
-        content_type=None,
-        content_location=None,
+        self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None, content_location=None
     ):
         """
         Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
@@ -168,16 +165,14 @@ class RequestField(object):
             The 'Content-Location' of the request body.
 
         """
-        self.headers[
-            'Content-Disposition'
-        ] = content_disposition or 'form-data'
-        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join(
+        self.headers["Content-Disposition"] = content_disposition or "form-data"
+        self.headers["Content-Disposition"] += "; ".join(
             [
-                '',
+                "",
                 self._render_parts(
-                    (('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename))
+                    (("name", self._name), ("filename", self._filename))
                 ),
             ]
         )
-        self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
-        self.headers['Content-Location'] = content_location
+        self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+        self.headers["Content-Location"] = content_location
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/filepost.py b/requests3/core/_http/filepost.py
index 6b05b747..1d62c34f 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/filepost.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/filepost.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from .packages import six
 from .packages.six import b
 from .fields import RequestField
 
-writer = codecs.lookup('utf-8')[3]
+writer = codecs.lookup("utf-8")[3]
 
 
 def choose_boundary():
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ def choose_boundary():
     to affect our entire library.
     """
     from uuid import uuid4
+
     return uuid4().hex
 
 
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=None):
     if boundary is None:
         boundary = choose_boundary()
     for field in iter_field_objects(fields):
-        body.write(b('--%s\r\n' % (boundary)))
+        body.write(b("--%s\r\n" % (boundary)))
         writer(body).write(field.render_headers())
         data = field.data
         if isinstance(data, int):
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=None):
             writer(body).write(data)
         else:
             body.write(data)
-        body.write(b'\r\n')
-    body.write(b('--%s--\r\n' % (boundary)))
-    content_type = str('multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary)
+        body.write(b"\r\n")
+    body.write(b("--%s--\r\n" % (boundary)))
+    content_type = str("multipart/form-data; boundary=%s" % boundary)
     return body.getvalue(), content_type
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/packages/__init__.py b/requests3/core/_http/packages/__init__.py
index b3e85f85..fce4caa6 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/packages/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/packages/__init__.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 from . import ssl_match_hostname
 
-__all__ = ('ssl_match_hostname',)
+__all__ = ("ssl_match_hostname",)
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/packages/ordered_dict.py b/requests3/core/_http/packages/ordered_dict.py
index 74845861..5399b288 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/packages/ordered_dict.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/packages/ordered_dict.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 class OrderedDict(dict):
-    'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'
+    "Dictionary that remembers insertion order"
 
     # An inherited dict maps keys to values.
     # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
     # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).
     # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
-        '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
+        """Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
         regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended
         because their insertion order is arbitrary.
 
-        '''
+        """
         if len(args) > 1:
-            raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
+            raise TypeError("expected at most 1 arguments, got %d" % len(args))
 
         try:
             self.__root
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         self.__update(*args, **kwds)
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):
-        'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'
+        "od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y"
         # Setting a new item creates a new link which goes at the end of the linked
         # list, and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.
         if key not in self:
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         dict_setitem(self, key, value)
 
     def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):
-        'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'
+        "od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]"
         # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which is
         # then removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.
         dict_delitem(self, key)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         link_next[0] = link_prev
 
     def __iter__(self):
-        'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'
+        "od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)"
         root = self.__root
         curr = root[1]
         while curr is not root:
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
             curr = curr[1]
 
     def __reversed__(self):
-        'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'
+        "od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)"
         root = self.__root
         curr = root[0]
         while curr is not root:
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
             curr = curr[0]
 
     def clear(self):
-        'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'
+        "od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od."
         try:
             for node in self.__map.itervalues():
                 del node[:]
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         dict.clear(self)
 
     def popitem(self, last=True):
-        '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
+        """od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
         Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
 
-        '''
+        """
         if not self:
-            raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
+            raise KeyError("dictionary is empty")
 
         root = self.__root
         if last:
@@ -113,51 +113,50 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         value = dict.pop(self, key)
         return key, value
 
-
     # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --
     def keys(self):
-        'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'
+        "od.keys() -> list of keys in od"
         return list(self)
 
     def values(self):
-        'od.values() -> list of values in od'
+        "od.values() -> list of values in od"
         return [self[key] for key in self]
 
     def items(self):
-        'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'
+        "od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od"
         return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]
 
     def iterkeys(self):
-        'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'
+        "od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od"
         return iter(self)
 
     def itervalues(self):
-        'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'
+        "od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od"
         for k in self:
             yield self[k]
 
     def iteritems(self):
-        'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od'
+        "od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od"
         for k in self:
             yield (k, self[k])
 
     def update(*args, **kwds):
-        '''od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
+        """od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
 
         If E is a dict instance, does:           for k in E: od[k] = E[k]
         If E has a .keys() method, does:         for k in E.keys(): od[k] = E[k]
         Or if E is an iterable of items, does:   for k, v in E: od[k] = v
         In either case, this is followed by:     for k, v in F.items(): od[k] = v
 
-        '''
+        """
         if len(args) > 2:
             raise TypeError(
-                'update() takes at most 2 positional '
-                'arguments (%d given)' % (len(args),)
+                "update() takes at most 2 positional "
+                "arguments (%d given)" % (len(args),)
             )
 
         elif not args:
-            raise TypeError('update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)')
+            raise TypeError("update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)")
 
         self = args[0]
         # Make progressively weaker assumptions about "other"
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         if isinstance(other, dict):
             for key in other:
                 self[key] = other[key]
-        elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
             for key in other.keys():
                 self[key] = other[key]
         else:
@@ -180,10 +179,10 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
     __marker = object()
 
     def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
-        '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+        """od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
         If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
 
-        '''
+        """
         if key in self:
             result = self[key]
             del self[key]
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         return default
 
     def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
-        'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'
+        "od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od"
         if key in self:
             return self[key]
 
@@ -203,23 +202,23 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         return default
 
     def __repr__(self, _repr_running={}):
-        'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'
+        "od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)"
         call_key = id(self), _get_ident()
         if call_key in _repr_running:
-            return '...'
+            return "..."
 
         _repr_running[call_key] = 1
         try:
             if not self:
-                return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+                return "%s()" % (self.__class__.__name__,)
 
-            return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
+            return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
 
         finally:
             del _repr_running[call_key]
 
     def __reduce__(self):
-        'Return state information for pickling'
+        "Return state information for pickling"
         items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
         inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
         for k in vars(OrderedDict()):
@@ -230,25 +229,25 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
         return self.__class__, (items,)
 
     def copy(self):
-        'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'
+        "od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od"
         return self.__class__(self)
 
     @classmethod
     def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
-        '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
+        """OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
         and values equal to v (which defaults to None).
 
-        '''
+        """
         d = cls()
         for key in iterable:
             d[key] = value
         return d
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
+        """od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
         while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.
 
-        '''
+        """
         if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
             return len(self) == len(other) and self.items() == other.items()
 
@@ -257,7 +256,6 @@ class OrderedDict(dict):
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not self == other
 
-
     # -- the following methods are only used in Python 2.7 --
     def viewkeys(self):
         "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/packages/six.py b/requests3/core/_http/packages/six.py
index af378941..0da4afbd 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/packages/six.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/packages/six.py
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
 PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
 PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
 if PY3:
-    string_types = str,
-    integer_types = int,
-    class_types = type,
+    string_types = (str,)
+    integer_types = (int,)
+    class_types = (type,)
     text_type = str
     binary_type = bytes
     MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
 else:
-    string_types = basestring,
+    string_types = (basestring,)
     integer_types = (int, long)
     class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
     text_type = unicode
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ else:
 
         # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
         class X(object):
-
             def __len__(self):
                 return 1 << 31
 
@@ -79,7 +78,6 @@ def _import_module(name):
 
 
 class _LazyDescr(object):
-
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
@@ -96,7 +94,6 @@ class _LazyDescr(object):
 
 
 class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
-
     def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
         super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
         if PY3:
@@ -117,7 +114,6 @@ class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
 
 
 class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
-
     def __init__(self, name):
         super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
         self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
@@ -132,7 +128,6 @@ class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
 
 
 class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
-
     def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
         super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
         if PY3:
@@ -227,6 +222,7 @@ _importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
 
 class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
     """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+
     __path__ = []  # mark as package
 
 
@@ -243,10 +239,7 @@ _moved_attributes = [
     MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
     MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
     MovedAttribute(
-        "reload_module",
-        "__builtin__",
-        "importlib" if PY34 else "imp",
-        "reload",
+        "reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"
     ),
     MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
     MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
@@ -269,13 +262,9 @@ _moved_attributes = [
     MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
     MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
     MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
     MovedModule(
-        "email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"
-    ),
-    MovedModule(
-        "email_mime_nonmultipart",
-        "email.MIMENonMultipart",
-        "email.mime.nonmultipart",
+        "email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"
     ),
     MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
     MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
@@ -290,37 +279,21 @@ _moved_attributes = [
     MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
-    MovedModule(
-        "tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"
-    ),
-    MovedModule(
-        "tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"
-    ),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
-    MovedModule(
-        "tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser", "tkinter.colorchooser"
-    ),
-    MovedModule(
-        "tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog", "tkinter.commondialog"
-    ),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser", "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog", "tkinter.commondialog"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
-    MovedModule(
-        "tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"
-    ),
-    MovedModule(
-        "urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"
-    ),
-    MovedModule(
-        "urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"
-    ),
-    MovedModule(
-        "urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"
-    ),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
     MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
     MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
     MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
@@ -417,9 +390,7 @@ _urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
     MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
     MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
     MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
-    MovedAttribute(
-        "HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"
-    ),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
     MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
     MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
     MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
@@ -481,11 +452,11 @@ _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
 for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
     setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
 del attr
-Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = (
+    _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+)
 _importer._add_module(
-    Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(
-        __name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"
-    ),
+    Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
     "moves.urllib_robotparser",
     "moves.urllib.robotparser",
 )
@@ -493,6 +464,7 @@ _importer._add_module(
 
 class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
     """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+
     __path__ = []  # mark as package
     parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
     error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
@@ -501,7 +473,7 @@ class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
     robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
 
     def __dir__(self):
-        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+        return ["parse", "error", "request", "response", "robotparser"]
 
 
 _importer._add_module(
@@ -579,14 +551,12 @@ else:
         return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
 
     class Iterator(object):
-
         def next(self):
             return type(self).__next__(self)
 
     callable = callable
 _add_doc(
-    get_unbound_function,
-    """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""",
+    get_unbound_function, """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function"""
 )
 get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
 get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
@@ -630,13 +600,9 @@ else:
     viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
 _add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
 _add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems, "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
 _add_doc(
-    iteritems,
-    "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.",
-)
-_add_doc(
-    iterlists,
-    "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.",
+    iterlists, "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary."
 )
 if PY3:
 
@@ -670,10 +636,9 @@ else:
     def b(s):
         return s
 
-
     # Workaround for standalone backslash
     def u(s):
-        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+        return unicode(s.replace(r"\\", r"\\\\"), "unicode_escape")
 
     unichr = unichr
     int2byte = chr
@@ -731,7 +696,7 @@ else:
             del frame
         elif _locs_ is None:
             _locs_ = _globs_
-        exec ("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
 
     exec_(
         """def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
@@ -772,9 +737,9 @@ if print_ is None:
                 data = str(data)
             # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
             if (
-                isinstance(fp, file) and
-                isinstance(data, unicode) and
-                fp.encoding is not None
+                isinstance(fp, file)
+                and isinstance(data, unicode)
+                and fp.encoding is not None
             ):
                 errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
                 if errors is None:
@@ -842,7 +807,6 @@ if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
         assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
         updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES,
     ):
-
         def wrapper(f):
             f = functools.wraps(wrapped, assigned, updated)(f)
             f.__wrapped__ = wrapped
@@ -862,11 +826,10 @@ def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
     # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
     # the actual metaclass.
     class metaclass(meta):
-
         def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
             return meta(name, bases, d)
 
-    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, "temporary_class", (), {})
 
 
 def add_metaclass(metaclass):
@@ -874,14 +837,14 @@ def add_metaclass(metaclass):
 
     def wrapper(cls):
         orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
-        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        slots = orig_vars.get("__slots__")
         if slots is not None:
             if isinstance(slots, str):
                 slots = [slots]
             for slots_var in slots:
                 orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
-        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
-        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop("__dict__", None)
+        orig_vars.pop("__weakref__", None)
         return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
 
     return wrapper
@@ -896,14 +859,14 @@ def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
     returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
     """
     if PY2:
-        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+        if "__str__" not in klass.__dict__:
             raise ValueError(
                 "@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
                 "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." % klass.__name__
             )
 
         klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
-        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode("utf-8")
     return klass
 
 
@@ -924,8 +887,8 @@ if sys.meta_path:
         # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
         # inserted an importer with different class.
         if (
-            type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
-            importer.name == __name__
+            type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter"
+            and importer.name == __name__
         ):
             del sys.meta_path[i]
             break
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py b/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
index 612b8a0b..7553925d 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ except ImportError:
         # Our vendored copy
         from ._implementation import CertificateError, match_hostname
 # Not needed, but documenting what we provide.
-__all__ = ('CertificateError', 'match_hostname')
+__all__ = ("CertificateError", "match_hostname")
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py b/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
index 925bad60..304d3116 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ try:
     import ipaddress
 except ImportError:
     ipaddress = None
-__version__ = '3.5.0.1'
+__version__ = "3.5.0.1"
 
 
 class CertificateError(ValueError):
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
 
     # Ported from python3-syntax:
     # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
-    parts = dn.split(r'.')
+    parts = dn.split(r".")
     leftmost = parts[0]
     remainder = parts[1:]
-    wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+    wildcards = leftmost.count("*")
     if wildcards > max_wildcards:
         # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
         # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
     # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
     # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
     # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
-    if leftmost == '*':
+    if leftmost == "*":
         # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
         # fragment.
-        pats.append('[^.]+')
-    elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+        pats.append("[^.]+")
+    elif leftmost.startswith("xn--") or hostname.startswith("xn--"):
         # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
         # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
         # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
@@ -63,17 +63,17 @@ def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
         pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
     else:
         # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
-        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r"\*", "[^.]*"))
     # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
     for frag in remainder:
         pats.append(re.escape(frag))
-    pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+    pat = re.compile(r"\A" + r"\.".join(pats) + r"\Z", re.IGNORECASE)
     return pat.match(hostname)
 
 
 def _to_unicode(obj):
     if isinstance(obj, str) and sys.version_info < (3,):
-        obj = unicode(obj, encoding='ascii', errors='strict')
+        obj = unicode(obj, encoding="ascii", errors="strict")
     return obj
 
 
@@ -123,14 +123,14 @@ def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
             raise
 
     dnsnames = []
-    san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+    san = cert.get("subjectAltName", ())
     for key, value in san:
-        if key == 'DNS':
+        if key == "DNS":
             if host_ip is None and _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
                 return
 
             dnsnames.append(value)
-        elif key == 'IP Address':
+        elif key == "IP Address":
             if host_ip is not None and _ipaddress_match(value, host_ip):
                 return
 
@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
     if not dnsnames:
         # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
         # in subjectAltName
-        for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+        for sub in cert.get("subject", ()):
             for key, value in sub:
                 # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
                 # must be used.
-                if key == 'commonName':
+                if key == "commonName":
                     if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
                         return
 
@@ -150,8 +150,7 @@ def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
     if len(dnsnames) > 1:
         raise CertificateError(
             "hostname %r "
-            "doesn't match either of %s" %
-            (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames)))
+            "doesn't match either of %s" % (hostname, ", ".join(map(repr, dnsnames)))
         )
 
     elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/poolmanager.py b/requests3/core/_http/poolmanager.py
index 62bf7dd8..192dfafa 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/poolmanager.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/poolmanager.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 from ._sync.poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
 
-__all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
+__all__ = ["PoolManager", "ProxyManager", "proxy_from_url"]
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/request.py b/requests3/core/_http/request.py
index bc2e0cbb..f5be120b 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/request.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/request.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .packages import six
 from .packages.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode
 
-__all__ = ['RequestMethods']
+__all__ = ["RequestMethods"]
 
 
 class RequestMethods(object):
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
         explicitly.
     """
-    _encode_url_methods = set(['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'])
+
+    _encode_url_methods = set(["DELETE", "GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"])
 
     def __init__(self, headers=None):
         self.headers = headers or {}
@@ -77,19 +78,17 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
                 method, url, fields=fields, headers=headers, **urlopen_kw
             )
 
-    def request_encode_url(
-        self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw
-    ):
+    def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw):
         """
         Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
         the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.
         """
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
-        extra_kw = {'headers': headers}
+        extra_kw = {"headers": headers}
         extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
         if fields:
-            url += '?' + urlencode(fields)
+            url += "?" + urlencode(fields)
         return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
 
     def request_encode_body(
@@ -139,9 +138,9 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         """
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
-        extra_kw = {'headers': {}}
+        extra_kw = {"headers": {}}
         if fields:
-            if 'body' in urlopen_kw:
+            if "body" in urlopen_kw:
                 raise TypeError(
                     "request got values for both 'fields' and 'body', can only specify one."
                 )
@@ -151,13 +150,14 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
                     fields, boundary=multipart_boundary
                 )
             else:
-                body, content_type = urlencode(
-                    fields
-                ), 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                body, content_type = (
+                    urlencode(fields),
+                    "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                )
             if isinstance(body, six.text_type):
-                body = body.encode('utf-8')
-            extra_kw['body'] = body
-            extra_kw['headers'] = {'Content-Type': content_type}
-        extra_kw['headers'].update(headers)
+                body = body.encode("utf-8")
+            extra_kw["body"] = body
+            extra_kw["headers"] = {"Content-Type": content_type}
+        extra_kw["headers"].update(headers)
         extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
         return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/response.py b/requests3/core/_http/response.py
index 1e95d13d..438ac45b 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/response.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/response.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 from ._sync.response import DeflateDecoder, GzipDecoder, HTTPResponse
 
-__all__ = ['DeflateDecoder', 'GzipDecoder', 'HTTPResponse']
+__all__ = ["DeflateDecoder", "GzipDecoder", "HTTPResponse"]
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/__init__.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/__init__.py
index 9014131b..46ca7b23 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/__init__.py
@@ -14,31 +14,31 @@ from .ssl_ import (
     resolve_ssl_version,
     ssl_wrap_socket,
 )
-from .timeout import (current_time, Timeout)
+from .timeout import current_time, Timeout
 
 from .retry import Retry
-from .url import (get_host, parse_url, split_first, Url)
-from .wait import (wait_for_read, wait_for_write)
+from .url import get_host, parse_url, split_first, Url
+from .wait import wait_for_read, wait_for_write
 
 __all__ = (
-    'HAS_SNI',
-    'IS_PYOPENSSL',
-    'IS_SECURETRANSPORT',
-    'SSLContext',
-    'Retry',
-    'Timeout',
-    'Url',
-    'assert_fingerprint',
-    'current_time',
-    'is_connection_dropped',
-    'is_fp_closed',
-    'get_host',
-    'parse_url',
-    'make_headers',
-    'resolve_cert_reqs',
-    'resolve_ssl_version',
-    'split_first',
-    'ssl_wrap_socket',
-    'wait_for_read',
-    'wait_for_write',
+    "HAS_SNI",
+    "IS_PYOPENSSL",
+    "IS_SECURETRANSPORT",
+    "SSLContext",
+    "Retry",
+    "Timeout",
+    "Url",
+    "assert_fingerprint",
+    "current_time",
+    "is_connection_dropped",
+    "is_fp_closed",
+    "get_host",
+    "parse_url",
+    "make_headers",
+    "resolve_cert_reqs",
+    "resolve_ssl_version",
+    "split_first",
+    "ssl_wrap_socket",
+    "wait_for_read",
+    "wait_for_write",
 )
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/connection.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/connection.py
index 89a1ca32..f6697afc 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/connection.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/connection.py
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
     return conn.is_dropped()
 
 
-
-
 # This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
 # library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
 # One additional modification is that we avoid binding to IPv6 servers
@@ -34,8 +32,8 @@ def create_connection(
     An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
     """
     host, port = address
-    if host.startswith('['):
-        host = host.strip('[]')
+    if host.startswith("["):
+        host = host.strip("[]")
     err = None
     # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
     # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
@@ -105,4 +103,4 @@ def _has_ipv6(host):
     return has_ipv6
 
 
-HAS_IPV6 = _has_ipv6('::1')
+HAS_IPV6 = _has_ipv6("::1")
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/request.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/request.py
index 43102ff1..77ac6f12 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/request.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/request.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from base64 import b64encode
 from ..packages.six import b, integer_types
 from ..exceptions import UnrewindableBodyError
 
-ACCEPT_ENCODING = 'gzip,deflate'
+ACCEPT_ENCODING = "gzip,deflate"
 _FAILEDTELL = object()
 
 
@@ -55,26 +55,22 @@ def make_headers(
         if isinstance(accept_encoding, str):
             pass
         elif isinstance(accept_encoding, list):
-            accept_encoding = ','.join(accept_encoding)
+            accept_encoding = ",".join(accept_encoding)
         else:
             accept_encoding = ACCEPT_ENCODING
-        headers['accept-encoding'] = accept_encoding
+        headers["accept-encoding"] = accept_encoding
     if user_agent:
-        headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
+        headers["user-agent"] = user_agent
     if keep_alive:
-        headers['connection'] = 'keep-alive'
+        headers["connection"] = "keep-alive"
     if basic_auth:
-        headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode(
-            'utf-8'
-        )
+        headers["authorization"] = "Basic " + b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode("utf-8")
     if proxy_basic_auth:
-        headers['proxy-authorization'] = 'Basic ' + b64encode(
+        headers["proxy-authorization"] = "Basic " + b64encode(
             b(proxy_basic_auth)
-        ).decode(
-            'utf-8'
-        )
+        ).decode("utf-8")
     if disable_cache:
-        headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
+        headers["cache-control"] = "no-cache"
     return headers
 
 
@@ -85,7 +81,7 @@ def set_file_position(body, pos):
     """
     if pos is not None:
         rewind_body(body, pos)
-    elif getattr(body, 'tell', None) is not None:
+    elif getattr(body, "tell", None) is not None:
         try:
             pos = body.tell()
         except (IOError, OSError):
@@ -106,14 +102,13 @@ def rewind_body(body, body_pos):
     :param int pos:
         Position to seek to in file.
     """
-    body_seek = getattr(body, 'seek', None)
+    body_seek = getattr(body, "seek", None)
     if body_seek is not None and isinstance(body_pos, integer_types):
         try:
             body_seek(body_pos)
         except (IOError, OSError):
             raise UnrewindableBodyError(
-                "An error occurred when rewinding request "
-                "body for redirect/retry."
+                "An error occurred when rewinding request " "body for redirect/retry."
             )
 
     elif body_pos is _FAILEDTELL:
@@ -124,6 +119,5 @@ def rewind_body(body, body_pos):
 
     else:
         raise ValueError(
-            "body_pos must be of type integer, "
-            "instead it was %s." % type(body_pos)
+            "body_pos must be of type integer, " "instead it was %s." % type(body_pos)
         )
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/retry.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/retry.py
index 01157f95..cff28552 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/retry.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/retry.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from ..packages import six
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # Data structure for representing the metadata of requests that result in a retry.
 RequestHistory = namedtuple(
-    'RequestHistory', ["method", "url", "error", "status", "redirect_location"]
+    "RequestHistory", ["method", "url", "error", "status", "redirect_location"]
 )
 
 
@@ -139,8 +139,9 @@ class Retry(object):
         :attr:`Retry.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES` or not.
 
     """
+
     DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST = frozenset(
-        ['HEAD', 'GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE']
+        ["HEAD", "GET", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS", "TRACE"]
     )
     RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES = frozenset([413, 429, 503])
     # : Maximum backoff time.
@@ -215,18 +216,13 @@ class Retry(object):
         # We want to consider only the last consecutive errors sequence (Ignore redirects).
         consecutive_errors_len = len(
             list(
-                takewhile(
-                    lambda x: x.redirect_location is None,
-                    reversed(self.history),
-                )
+                takewhile(lambda x: x.redirect_location is None, reversed(self.history))
             )
         )
         if consecutive_errors_len <= 1:
             return 0
 
-        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (
-            2 ** (consecutive_errors_len - 1)
-        )
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (consecutive_errors_len - 1))
         return min(self.BACKOFF_MAX, backoff_value)
 
     def parse_retry_after(self, retry_after):
@@ -236,9 +232,7 @@ class Retry(object):
         else:
             retry_date_tuple = email.utils.parsedate(retry_after)
             if retry_date_tuple is None:
-                raise InvalidHeader(
-                    "Invalid Retry-After header: %s" % retry_after
-                )
+                raise InvalidHeader("Invalid Retry-After header: %s" % retry_after)
 
             retry_date = time.mktime(retry_date_tuple)
             seconds = retry_date - time.time()
@@ -300,8 +294,7 @@ class Retry(object):
         """ Checks if a given HTTP method should be retried upon, depending if
         it is included on the method whitelist.
         """
-        if self.method_whitelist and method.upper(
-        ) not in self.method_whitelist:
+        if self.method_whitelist and method.upper() not in self.method_whitelist:
             return False
 
         return True
@@ -320,17 +313,15 @@ class Retry(object):
             return True
 
         return (
-            self.total and
-            self.respect_retry_after_header and
-            has_retry_after and
-            (status_code in self.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES)
+            self.total
+            and self.respect_retry_after_header
+            and has_retry_after
+            and (status_code in self.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES)
         )
 
     def is_exhausted(self):
         """ Are we out of retries? """
-        retry_counts = (
-            self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect, self.status
-        )
+        retry_counts = (self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect, self.status)
         retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
         if not retry_counts:
             return False
@@ -367,7 +358,7 @@ class Retry(object):
         read = self.read
         redirect = self.redirect
         status_count = self.status
-        cause = 'unknown'
+        cause = "unknown"
         status = None
         redirect_location = None
         if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
@@ -388,7 +379,7 @@ class Retry(object):
             # Redirect retry?
             if redirect is not None:
                 redirect -= 1
-            cause = 'too many redirects'
+            cause = "too many redirects"
             redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
             status = response.status
         else:
@@ -398,9 +389,7 @@ class Retry(object):
             if response and response.status:
                 if status_count is not None:
                     status_count -= 1
-                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(
-                    status_code=response.status
-                )
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                 status = response.status
         history = self.history + (
             RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
@@ -421,11 +410,9 @@ class Retry(object):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            '{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, '
-            'read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect}, status={self.status})'
-        ).format(
-            cls=type(self), self=self
-        )
+            "{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, "
+            "read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect}, status={self.status})"
+        ).format(cls=type(self), self=self)
 
 
 # For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/selectors.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/selectors.py
index 505f8082..92d31796 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/selectors.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/selectors.py
@@ -21,15 +21,14 @@ try:
     monotonic = time.monotonic
 except (AttributeError, ImportError):  # Python 3.3<
     monotonic = time.time
-EVENT_READ = (1 << 0)
-EVENT_WRITE = (1 << 1)
+EVENT_READ = 1 << 0
+EVENT_WRITE = 1 << 1
 HAS_SELECT = True  # Variable that shows whether the platform has a selector.
 _SYSCALL_SENTINEL = object()  # Sentinel in case a system call returns None.
 _DEFAULT_SELECTOR = None
 
 
 class SelectorError(Exception):
-
     def __init__(self, errcode):
         super(SelectorError, self).__init__()
         self.errno = errcode
@@ -94,9 +93,7 @@ else:
                 expires = monotonic() + timeout
         args = list(args)
         if recalc_timeout and "timeout" not in kwargs:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Timeout must be in args or kwargs to be recalculated"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("Timeout must be in args or kwargs to be recalculated")
 
         result = _SYSCALL_SENTINEL
         while result is _SYSCALL_SENTINEL:
@@ -114,9 +111,8 @@ else:
                 elif hasattr(e, "args"):
                     errcode = e.args[0]
                 # Also test for the Windows equivalent of EINTR.
-                is_interrupt = (
-                    errcode == errno.EINTR or
-                    (hasattr(errno, "WSAEINTR") and errcode == errno.WSAEINTR)
+                is_interrupt = errcode == errno.EINTR or (
+                    hasattr(errno, "WSAEINTR") and errcode == errno.WSAEINTR
                 )
                 if is_interrupt:
                     if expires is not None:
@@ -138,7 +134,7 @@ else:
         return result
 
 
-SelectorKey = namedtuple('SelectorKey', ['fileobj', 'fd', 'events', 'data'])
+SelectorKey = namedtuple("SelectorKey", ["fileobj", "fd", "events", "data"])
 
 
 class _SelectorMapping(Mapping):
@@ -393,9 +389,7 @@ if hasattr(select, "poll"):
 
         def select(self, timeout=None):
             ready = []
-            fd_events = _syscall_wrapper(
-                self._wrap_poll, True, timeout=timeout
-            )
+            fd_events = _syscall_wrapper(self._wrap_poll, True, timeout=timeout)
             for fd, event_mask in fd_events:
                 events = 0
                 if event_mask & ~select.POLLIN:
@@ -489,14 +483,10 @@ if hasattr(select, "kqueue"):
         def register(self, fileobj, events, data=None):
             key = super(KqueueSelector, self).register(fileobj, events, data)
             if events & EVENT_READ:
-                kevent = select.kevent(
-                    key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_READ, select.KQ_EV_ADD
-                )
+                kevent = select.kevent(key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_READ, select.KQ_EV_ADD)
                 _syscall_wrapper(self._kqueue.control, False, [kevent], 0, 0)
             if events & EVENT_WRITE:
-                kevent = select.kevent(
-                    key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_WRITE, select.KQ_EV_ADD
-                )
+                kevent = select.kevent(key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_WRITE, select.KQ_EV_ADD)
                 _syscall_wrapper(self._kqueue.control, False, [kevent], 0, 0)
             return key
 
@@ -507,9 +497,7 @@ if hasattr(select, "kqueue"):
                     key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_READ, select.KQ_EV_DELETE
                 )
                 try:
-                    _syscall_wrapper(
-                        self._kqueue.control, False, [kevent], 0, 0
-                    )
+                    _syscall_wrapper(self._kqueue.control, False, [kevent], 0, 0)
                 except SelectorError:
                     pass
             if key.events & EVENT_WRITE:
@@ -517,9 +505,7 @@ if hasattr(select, "kqueue"):
                     key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_WRITE, select.KQ_EV_DELETE
                 )
                 try:
-                    _syscall_wrapper(
-                        self._kqueue.control, False, [kevent], 0, 0
-                    )
+                    _syscall_wrapper(self._kqueue.control, False, [kevent], 0, 0)
                 except SelectorError:
                     pass
             return key
@@ -546,9 +532,7 @@ if hasattr(select, "kqueue"):
                         ready_fds[key.fd] = (key, events & key.events)
                     else:
                         old_events = ready_fds[key.fd][1]
-                        ready_fds[key.fd] = (
-                            key, (events | old_events) & key.events
-                        )
+                        ready_fds[key.fd] = (key, (events | old_events) & key.events)
             return list(ready_fds.values())
 
         def close(self):
@@ -556,7 +540,7 @@ if hasattr(select, "kqueue"):
             super(KqueueSelector, self).close()
 
 
-if not hasattr(select, 'select'):  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+if not hasattr(select, "select"):  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
     HAS_SELECT = False
 
 
@@ -567,7 +551,7 @@ def _can_allocate(struct):
     don't have it available will not advertise it. (ie: GAE) """
     try:
         # select.poll() objects won't fail until used.
-        if struct == 'poll':
+        if struct == "poll":
             p = select.poll()
             p.poll(0)
         # All others will fail on allocation.
@@ -579,8 +563,6 @@ def _can_allocate(struct):
         return False
 
 
-
-
 # Choose the best implementation, roughly:
 # kqueue == epoll > poll > select. Devpoll not supported. (See above)
 # select() also can't accept a FD > FD_SETSIZE (usually around 1024)
@@ -590,15 +572,15 @@ def DefaultSelector():
     by eventlet, greenlet, and preserve proper behavior. """
     global _DEFAULT_SELECTOR
     if _DEFAULT_SELECTOR is None:
-        if _can_allocate('kqueue'):
+        if _can_allocate("kqueue"):
             _DEFAULT_SELECTOR = KqueueSelector
-        elif _can_allocate('epoll'):
+        elif _can_allocate("epoll"):
             _DEFAULT_SELECTOR = EpollSelector
-        elif _can_allocate('poll'):
+        elif _can_allocate("poll"):
             _DEFAULT_SELECTOR = PollSelector
-        elif hasattr(select, 'select'):
+        elif hasattr(select, "select"):
             _DEFAULT_SELECTOR = SelectSelector
         else:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
-            raise ValueError('Platform does not have a selector')
+            raise ValueError("Platform does not have a selector")
 
     return _DEFAULT_SELECTOR()
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/ssl_.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/ssl_.py
index 73369f80..46731255 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/ssl_.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/ssl_.py
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
 
 from ..exceptions import SSLError, InsecurePlatformWarning, SNIMissingWarning
 from ..packages.ssl_match_hostname import (
-    match_hostname as _match_hostname, CertificateError
+    match_hostname as _match_hostname,
+    CertificateError,
 )
 
 SSLContext = None
@@ -34,9 +35,7 @@ def _const_compare_digest_backport(a, b):
     return result == 0
 
 
-_const_compare_digest = getattr(
-    hmac, 'compare_digest', _const_compare_digest_backport
-)
+_const_compare_digest = getattr(hmac, "compare_digest", _const_compare_digest_backport)
 try:  # Test for SSL features
     import ssl
     from ssl import wrap_socket, CERT_NONE, PROTOCOL_SSLv23
@@ -68,24 +67,24 @@ except ImportError:
 #   security,
 # - prefer AES-GCM over ChaCha20 because hardware-accelerated AES is common,
 # - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
-DEFAULT_CIPHERS = ':'.join(
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = ":".join(
     [
-        'TLS13-AES-256-GCM-SHA384',
-        'TLS13-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256',
-        'TLS13-AES-128-GCM-SHA256',
-        'ECDH+AESGCM',
-        'ECDH+CHACHA20',
-        'DH+AESGCM',
-        'DH+CHACHA20',
-        'ECDH+AES256',
-        'DH+AES256',
-        'ECDH+AES128',
-        'DH+AES',
-        'RSA+AESGCM',
-        'RSA+AES',
-        '!aNULL',
-        '!eNULL',
-        '!MD5',
+        "TLS13-AES-256-GCM-SHA384",
+        "TLS13-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256",
+        "TLS13-AES-128-GCM-SHA256",
+        "ECDH+AESGCM",
+        "ECDH+CHACHA20",
+        "DH+AESGCM",
+        "DH+CHACHA20",
+        "ECDH+AES256",
+        "DH+AES256",
+        "ECDH+AES128",
+        "DH+AES",
+        "RSA+AESGCM",
+        "RSA+AES",
+        "!aNULL",
+        "!eNULL",
+        "!MD5",
     ]
 )
 try:
@@ -95,7 +94,6 @@ except ImportError:
     # TODO: Can we remove this by choosing to support only platforms with
     # actual SSLContext objects?
     class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2 & 3.1
-
         def __init__(self, protocol_version):
             self.protocol = protocol_version
             # Use default values from a real SSLContext
@@ -121,21 +119,21 @@ except ImportError:
 
         def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None, server_side=False):
             warnings.warn(
-                'A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents '
-                'urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause '
-                'certain SSL connections to fail. You can upgrade to a newer '
-                'version of Python to solve this. For more information, see '
-                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html'
-                '#ssl-warnings',
+                "A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents "
+                "urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause "
+                "certain SSL connections to fail. You can upgrade to a newer "
+                "version of Python to solve this. For more information, see "
+                "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html"
+                "#ssl-warnings",
                 InsecurePlatformWarning,
             )
             kwargs = {
-                'keyfile': self.keyfile,
-                'certfile': self.certfile,
-                'ca_certs': self.ca_certs,
-                'cert_reqs': self.verify_mode,
-                'ssl_version': self.protocol,
-                'server_side': server_side,
+                "keyfile": self.keyfile,
+                "certfile": self.certfile,
+                "ca_certs": self.ca_certs,
+                "cert_reqs": self.verify_mode,
+                "ssl_version": self.protocol,
+                "server_side": server_side,
             }
             return wrap_socket(socket, ciphers=self.ciphers, **kwargs)
 
@@ -149,13 +147,11 @@ def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
     :param fingerprint:
         Fingerprint as string of hexdigits, can be interspersed by colons.
     """
-    fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
+    fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(":", "").lower()
     digest_length = len(fingerprint)
     hashfunc = HASHFUNC_MAP.get(digest_length)
     if not hashfunc:
-        raise SSLError(
-            'Fingerprint of invalid length: {0}'.format(fingerprint)
-        )
+        raise SSLError("Fingerprint of invalid length: {0}".format(fingerprint))
 
     # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
     fingerprint_bytes = unhexlify(fingerprint.encode())
@@ -185,7 +181,7 @@ def resolve_cert_reqs(candidate):
     if isinstance(candidate, str):
         res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
         if res is None:
-            res = getattr(ssl, 'CERT_' + candidate)
+            res = getattr(ssl, "CERT_" + candidate)
         return res
 
     return candidate
@@ -201,7 +197,7 @@ def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
     if isinstance(candidate, str):
         res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
         if res is None:
-            res = getattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_' + candidate)
+            res = getattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_" + candidate)
         return res
 
     return candidate
@@ -258,9 +254,9 @@ def create_urllib3_context(
     context.options |= options
     context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
     context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
-    if getattr(
-        context, 'check_hostname', None
-    ) is not None:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
+    if (
+        getattr(context, "check_hostname", None) is not None
+    ):  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
         # We do our own verification, including fingerprints and alternative
         # hostnames. So disable it here
         context.check_hostname = False
@@ -294,7 +290,7 @@ def merge_context_settings(
 
             raise
 
-    elif getattr(context, 'load_default_certs', None) is not None:
+    elif getattr(context, "load_default_certs", None) is not None:
         # try to load OS default certs; works well on Windows (require Python3.4+)
         context.load_default_certs()
     if certfile:
@@ -335,9 +331,7 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(
         # Note: This branch of code and all the variables in it are no longer
         # used by urllib3 itself. We should consider deprecating and removing
         # this code.
-        context = create_urllib3_context(
-            ssl_version, cert_reqs, ciphers=ciphers
-        )
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs, ciphers=ciphers)
     if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
         try:
             context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
@@ -352,7 +346,7 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(
 
             raise
 
-    elif getattr(context, 'load_default_certs', None) is not None:
+    elif getattr(context, "load_default_certs", None) is not None:
         # try to load OS default certs; works well on Windows (require Python3.4+)
         context.load_default_certs()
     if certfile:
@@ -361,13 +355,13 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(
         return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
 
     warnings.warn(
-        'An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Server Name '
-        'Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. '
-        'This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS '
-        'certificate, which can cause validation failures. You can upgrade to '
-        'a newer version of Python to solve this. For more information, see '
-        'https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html'
-        '#ssl-warnings',
+        "An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Server Name "
+        "Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. "
+        "This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS "
+        "certificate, which can cause validation failures. You can upgrade to "
+        "a newer version of Python to solve this. For more information, see "
+        "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html"
+        "#ssl-warnings",
         SNIMissingWarning,
     )
     return context.wrap_socket(sock)
@@ -378,8 +372,7 @@ def match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname):
         _match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname)
     except CertificateError as e:
         log.error(
-            'Certificate did not match expected hostname: %s. '
-            'Certificate: %s',
+            "Certificate did not match expected hostname: %s. " "Certificate: %s",
             asserted_hostname,
             cert,
         )
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/timeout.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/timeout.py
index 35d49520..2356c30a 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/timeout.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/timeout.py
@@ -85,18 +85,22 @@ class Timeout(object):
         time, consider having a second "watcher" thread to cut off a slow
         request.
     """
+
     # : A sentinel object representing the default timeout value
     DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 
     def __init__(self, total=None, connect=_Default, read=_Default):
-        self._connect = self._validate_timeout(connect, 'connect')
-        self._read = self._validate_timeout(read, 'read')
-        self.total = self._validate_timeout(total, 'total')
+        self._connect = self._validate_timeout(connect, "connect")
+        self._read = self._validate_timeout(read, "read")
+        self.total = self._validate_timeout(total, "total")
         self._start_connect = None
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)' % (
-            type(self).__name__, self._connect, self._read, self.total
+        return "%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)" % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            self._connect,
+            self._read,
+            self.total,
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -174,9 +178,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
         # We can't use copy.deepcopy because that will also create a new object
         # for _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, which socket.py uses as a sentinel to
         # detect the user default.
-        return Timeout(
-            connect=self._connect, read=self._read, total=self.total
-        )
+        return Timeout(connect=self._connect, read=self._read, total=self.total)
 
     def start_connect(self):
         """ Start the timeout clock, used during a connect() attempt
@@ -241,18 +243,16 @@ class Timeout(object):
             has not yet been called on this object.
         """
         if (
-            self.total is not None and
-            self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
-            self._read is not None and
-            self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+            self.total is not None
+            and self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+            and self._read is not None
+            and self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
         ):
             # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
             if self._start_connect is None:
                 return self._read
 
-            return max(
-                0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(), self._read)
-            )
+            return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(), self._read))
 
         elif self.total is not None and self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
             return max(0, self.total - self.get_connect_duration())
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/url.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/url.py
index f4c6a745..ee7fedcf 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/url.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/url.py
@@ -3,18 +3,19 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 
 from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
 
-url_attrs = ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment']
+url_attrs = ["scheme", "auth", "host", "port", "path", "query", "fragment"]
 # We only want to normalize urls with an HTTP(S) scheme.
 # urllib3 infers URLs without a scheme (None) to be http.
-NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES = ('http', 'https', None)
+NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES = ("http", "https", None)
 
 
-class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
+class Url(namedtuple("Url", url_attrs)):
     """
     Datastructure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
     :func:`parse_url`. Both the scheme and host are normalized as they are
     both case-insensitive according to RFC 3986.
     """
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     def __new__(
@@ -27,8 +28,8 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
         query=None,
         fragment=None,
     ):
-        if path and not path.startswith('/'):
-            path = '/' + path
+        if path and not path.startswith("/"):
+            path = "/" + path
         if scheme:
             scheme = scheme.lower()
         if host and scheme in NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES:
@@ -45,16 +46,16 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
     @property
     def request_uri(self):
         """Absolute path including the query string."""
-        uri = self.path or '/'
+        uri = self.path or "/"
         if self.query is not None:
-            uri += '?' + self.query
+            uri += "?" + self.query
         return uri
 
     @property
     def netloc(self):
         """Network location including host and port"""
         if self.port:
-            return '%s:%d' % (self.host, self.port)
+            return "%s:%d" % (self.host, self.port)
 
         return self.host
 
@@ -78,22 +79,22 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
             'http://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment'
         """
         scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
-        url = ''
+        url = ""
         # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
         if scheme is not None:
-            url += scheme + '://'
+            url += scheme + "://"
         if auth is not None:
-            url += auth + '@'
+            url += auth + "@"
         if host is not None:
             url += host
         if port is not None:
-            url += ':' + str(port)
+            url += ":" + str(port)
         if path is not None:
             url += path
         if query is not None:
-            url += '?' + query
+            url += "?" + query
         if fragment is not None:
-            url += '#' + fragment
+            url += "#" + fragment
         return url
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -127,9 +128,9 @@ def split_first(s, delims):
             min_idx = idx
             min_delim = d
     if min_idx is None or min_idx < 0:
-        return s, '', None
+        return s, "", None
 
-    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx + 1:], min_delim
+    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx + 1 :], min_delim
 
 
 def parse_url(url):
@@ -164,25 +165,25 @@ def parse_url(url):
     fragment = None
     query = None
     # Scheme
-    if '://' in url:
-        scheme, url = url.split('://', 1)
+    if "://" in url:
+        scheme, url = url.split("://", 1)
     # Find the earliest Authority Terminator
     # (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2)
-    url, path_, delim = split_first(url, ['/', '?', '#'])
+    url, path_, delim = split_first(url, ["/", "?", "#"])
     if delim:
         # Reassemble the path
         path = delim + path_
     # Auth
-    if '@' in url:
+    if "@" in url:
         # Last '@' denotes end of auth part
-        auth, url = url.rsplit('@', 1)
+        auth, url = url.rsplit("@", 1)
     # IPv6
-    if url and url[0] == '[':
-        host, url = url.split(']', 1)
-        host += ']'
+    if url and url[0] == "[":
+        host, url = url.split("]", 1)
+        host += "]"
     # Port
-    if ':' in url:
-        _host, port = url.split(':', 1)
+    if ":" in url:
+        _host, port = url.split(":", 1)
         if not host:
             host = _host
         if port:
@@ -205,11 +206,11 @@ def parse_url(url):
         return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
 
     # Fragment
-    if '#' in path:
-        path, fragment = path.split('#', 1)
+    if "#" in path:
+        path, fragment = path.split("#", 1)
     # Query
-    if '?' in path:
-        path, query = path.split('?', 1)
+    if "?" in path:
+        path, query = path.split("?", 1)
     return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
 
 
@@ -218,4 +219,4 @@ def get_host(url):
     Deprecated. Use :func:`parse_url` instead.
     """
     p = parse_url(url)
-    return p.scheme or 'http', p.hostname, p.port
+    return p.scheme or "http", p.hostname, p.port
diff --git a/requests3/core/_http/util/wait.py b/requests3/core/_http/util/wait.py
index 155bba0e..e4a86344 100644
--- a/requests3/core/_http/util/wait.py
+++ b/requests3/core/_http/util/wait.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from .selectors import (HAS_SELECT, DefaultSelector, EVENT_READ, EVENT_WRITE)
+from .selectors import HAS_SELECT, DefaultSelector, EVENT_READ, EVENT_WRITE
 
 
 def _wait_for_io_events(socks, events, timeout=None):
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ def _wait_for_io_events(socks, events, timeout=None):
     or optionally a single socket if passed in. Returns a list of
     sockets that can be interacted with immediately. """
     if not HAS_SELECT:
-        raise ValueError('Platform does not have a selector')
+        raise ValueError("Platform does not have a selector")
 
     if not isinstance(socks, list):
         # Probably just a single socket.
@@ -18,11 +18,7 @@ def _wait_for_io_events(socks, events, timeout=None):
     with DefaultSelector() as selector:
         for sock in socks:
             selector.register(sock, events)
-        return [
-            key[0].fileobj
-            for key in selector.select(timeout)
-            if key[1] & events
-        ]
+        return [key[0].fileobj for key in selector.select(timeout) if key[1] & events]
 
 
 def wait_for_read(socks, timeout=None):
diff --git a/requests3/exceptions.py b/requests3/exceptions.py
index af4b9ba3..40cfe5ae 100644
--- a/requests3/exceptions.py
+++ b/requests3/exceptions.py
@@ -15,14 +15,10 @@ class RequestException(IOError):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects."""
-        response = kwargs.pop('response', None)
+        response = kwargs.pop("response", None)
         self.response = response
-        self.request = kwargs.pop('request', None)
-        if (
-            response is not None and
-            not self.request and
-            hasattr(response, 'request')
-        ):
+        self.request = kwargs.pop("request", None)
+        if response is not None and not self.request and hasattr(response, "request"):
             self.request = self.response.request
         super(RequestException, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -115,19 +111,20 @@ class InvalidBodyError(RequestException, ValueError):
     """An invalid request body was specified"""
 
 
-
-
 # Warnings
 class RequestsWarning(Warning):
     """Base warning for Requests."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
     """A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class RequestsDependencyWarning(RequestsWarning):
     """An imported dependency doesn't match the expected version range."""
+
     pass
diff --git a/requests3/http_adapters.py b/requests3/http_adapters.py
index a0ab6002..de5eadb8 100644
--- a/requests3/http_adapters.py
+++ b/requests3/http_adapters.py
@@ -92,26 +92,26 @@ def _pool_kwargs(verify, cert):
                 "invalid path: {0}".format(cert_loc)
             )
 
-        pool_kwargs['cert_reqs'] = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+        pool_kwargs["cert_reqs"] = "CERT_REQUIRED"
         if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
-            pool_kwargs['ca_certs'] = cert_loc
-            pool_kwargs['ca_cert_dir'] = None
+            pool_kwargs["ca_certs"] = cert_loc
+            pool_kwargs["ca_cert_dir"] = None
         else:
-            pool_kwargs['ca_cert_dir'] = cert_loc
-            pool_kwargs['ca_certs'] = None
+            pool_kwargs["ca_cert_dir"] = cert_loc
+            pool_kwargs["ca_certs"] = None
     else:
-        pool_kwargs['cert_reqs'] = 'CERT_NONE'
-        pool_kwargs['ca_certs'] = None
-        pool_kwargs['ca_cert_dir'] = None
+        pool_kwargs["cert_reqs"] = "CERT_NONE"
+        pool_kwargs["ca_certs"] = None
+        pool_kwargs["ca_cert_dir"] = None
     if cert:
         if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
-            pool_kwargs['cert_file'] = cert[0]
-            pool_kwargs['key_file'] = cert[1]
+            pool_kwargs["cert_file"] = cert[0]
+            pool_kwargs["key_file"] = cert[1]
         else:
-            pool_kwargs['cert_file'] = cert
-            pool_kwargs['key_file'] = None
-        cert_file = pool_kwargs['cert_file']
-        key_file = pool_kwargs['key_file']
+            pool_kwargs["cert_file"] = cert
+            pool_kwargs["key_file"] = None
+        cert_file = pool_kwargs["cert_file"]
+        key_file = pool_kwargs["key_file"]
         if cert_file and not os.path.exists(cert_file):
             raise IOError(
                 "Could not find the TLS certificate file, "
@@ -120,8 +120,7 @@ def _pool_kwargs(verify, cert):
 
         if key_file and not os.path.exists(key_file):
             raise IOError(
-                "Could not find the TLS key file, "
-                "invalid path: {0}".format(key_file)
+                "Could not find the TLS key file, " "invalid path: {0}".format(key_file)
             )
 
     return pool_kwargs
@@ -134,13 +133,7 @@ class BaseAdapter(object):
         super(BaseAdapter, self).__init__()
 
     def send(
-        self,
-        request,
-        stream=False,
-        timeout=None,
-        verify=True,
-        cert=None,
-        proxies=None,
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
     ):
         """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
 
@@ -189,12 +182,13 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
       >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
       >>> s.mount('http://', a)
     """
+
     __attrs__ = [
-        'max_retries',
-        'config',
-        '_pool_connections',
-        '_pool_maxsize',
-        '_pool_block',
+        "max_retries",
+        "config",
+        "_pool_connections",
+        "_pool_maxsize",
+        "_pool_block",
     ]
 
     def __init__(
@@ -270,7 +264,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         """
         if proxy in self.proxy_manager:
             manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy]
-        elif proxy.lower().startswith('socks'):
+        elif proxy.lower().startswith("socks"):
             username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
             manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = SOCKSProxyManager(
                 proxy,
@@ -305,15 +299,15 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         """
         response = Response()
         # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
-        response.status_code = getattr(resp, 'status', None)
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, "status", None)
         # Make headers case-insensitive.
-        response.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(getattr(resp, 'headers', {}))
+        response.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(getattr(resp, "headers", {}))
         # Set encoding.
         response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
         response.raw = resp
         response.reason = response.raw.reason
         if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
-            response.url = req.url.decode('utf-8')
+            response.url = req.url.decode("utf-8")
         else:
             response.url = req.url
         # Add new cookies from the server.
@@ -335,18 +329,14 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         pool_kwargs = _pool_kwargs(verify, cert)
         proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
         if proxy:
-            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
             proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
-            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(
-                url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
-            )
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs)
         else:
             # Only scheme should be lower case
             parsed = urlparse(url)
             url = parsed.geturl()
-            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(
-                url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
-            )
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs)
         return conn
 
     def close(self):
@@ -375,11 +365,11 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         """
         proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
         scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
-        is_proxied_http_request = (proxy and scheme != 'https')
+        is_proxied_http_request = proxy and scheme != "https"
         using_socks_proxy = False
         if proxy:
             proxy_scheme = urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower()
-            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith('socks')
+            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith("socks")
         url = request.path_url
         if is_proxied_http_request and not using_socks_proxy:
             url = urldefragauth(request.url)
@@ -415,19 +405,11 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         headers = {}
         username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
         if username:
-            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(
-                username, password
-            )
+            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
         return headers
 
     def send(
-        self,
-        request,
-        stream=False,
-        timeout=None,
-        verify=True,
-        cert=None,
-        proxies=None,
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
     ):
         """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
 
@@ -447,9 +429,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies, verify, cert)
         url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
         self.add_headers(request)
-        chunked = not (
-            request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers
-        )
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
         if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
             try:
                 connect, read = timeout
@@ -481,17 +461,15 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                     retries=self.max_retries,
                     timeout=timeout,
                     enforce_content_length=True,
-                    pool=conn
+                    pool=conn,
                 )
             # Send the request.
             else:
-                if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
+                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                     conn = conn.proxy_pool
                 low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
                 try:
-                    low_conn.putrequest(
-                        request.method, url, skip_accept_encoding=True
-                    )
+                    low_conn.putrequest(request.method, url, skip_accept_encoding=True)
                     for header, value in request.headers.items():
                         low_conn.putheader(header, value)
                     low_conn.endheaders()
@@ -500,11 +478,11 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                         if chunk_size == 0:
                             continue
 
-                        low_conn.send(hex(chunk_size)[2:].encode('utf-8'))
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                        low_conn.send(hex(chunk_size)[2:].encode("utf-8"))
+                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                         low_conn.send(i)
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
-                    low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
+                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
+                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
                     # Receive the response from the server
                     try:
                         # For Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
@@ -570,6 +548,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
 class AsyncHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
     """docstring for AsyncHTTPAdapter"""
+
     def __init__(self, backend=None, *args, **kwargs):
         self.backend = backend or TrioBackend()
         super(AsyncHTTPAdapter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -586,15 +565,15 @@ class AsyncHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
         """
         response = AsyncResponse()
         # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
-        response.status_code = getattr(resp, 'status', None)
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, "status", None)
         # Make headers case-insensitive.
-        response.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(getattr(resp, 'headers', {}))
+        response.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(getattr(resp, "headers", {}))
         # Set encoding.
         response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
         response.raw = resp
         response.reason = response.raw.reason
         if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
-            response.url = req.url.decode('utf-8')
+            response.url = req.url.decode("utf-8")
         else:
             response.url = req.url
         # Add new cookies from the server.
@@ -643,18 +622,14 @@ class AsyncHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
         pool_kwargs = _pool_kwargs(verify, cert)
         proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
         if proxy:
-            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
             proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
-            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(
-                url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
-            )
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs)
         else:
             # Only scheme should be lower case
             parsed = urlparse(url)
             url = parsed.geturl()
-            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(
-                url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
-            )
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs)
         return conn
 
     def close(self):
@@ -669,13 +644,7 @@ class AsyncHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
         pass
 
     async def send(
-        self,
-        request,
-        stream=False,
-        timeout=None,
-        verify=True,
-        cert=None,
-        proxies=None,
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
     ):
         """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
 
@@ -696,9 +665,7 @@ class AsyncHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
 
         url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
         self.add_headers(request)
-        chunked = not (
-            request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers
-        )
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
         if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
             try:
                 connect, read = timeout
@@ -730,18 +697,16 @@ class AsyncHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
                     retries=self.max_retries,
                     timeout=timeout,
                     enforce_content_length=True,
-                    pool=conn
+                    pool=conn,
                 )
 
             # Send the request.
             else:
-                if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
+                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                     conn = conn.proxy_pool
                 low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
                 try:
-                    low_conn.putrequest(
-                        request.method, url, skip_accept_encoding=True
-                    )
+                    low_conn.putrequest(request.method, url, skip_accept_encoding=True)
                     for header, value in request.headers.items():
                         low_conn.putheader(header, value)
                     low_conn.endheaders()
@@ -750,11 +715,11 @@ class AsyncHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
                         if chunk_size == 0:
                             continue
 
-                        low_conn.send(hex(chunk_size)[2:].encode('utf-8'))
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                        low_conn.send(hex(chunk_size)[2:].encode("utf-8"))
+                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                         low_conn.send(i)
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
-                    low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
+                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
+                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
                     # Receive the response from the server
                     try:
                         # For Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
diff --git a/requests3/http_cookies.py b/requests3/http_cookies.py
index 140a99c1..a9a3fbbe 100644
--- a/requests3/http_cookies.py
+++ b/requests3/http_cookies.py
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ class MockRequest(object):
     def get_full_url(self):
         # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
         # header
-        if not self._r.headers.get('Host'):
+        if not self._r.headers.get("Host"):
             return self._r.url
 
         # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
-        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers['Host'], encoding='utf-8')
+        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers["Host"], encoding="utf-8")
         parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
         # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
         return urlunparse(
@@ -131,9 +131,7 @@ def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
     :param request: our own requests.Request object
     :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
     """
-    if not (
-        hasattr(response, '_original_response') and response._original_response
-    ):
+    if not (hasattr(response, "_original_response") and response._original_response):
         return
 
     # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
@@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
     """
     r = MockRequest(request)
     jar.add_cookie_header(r)
-    return r.get_new_headers().get('Cookie')
+    return r.get_new_headers().get("Cookie")
 
 
 def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
@@ -220,10 +218,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
         # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
         if value is None:
             remove_cookie_by_name(
-                self,
-                name,
-                domain=kwargs.get('domain'),
-                path=kwargs.get('path'),
+                self, name, domain=kwargs.get("domain"), path=kwargs.get("path")
             )
             return
 
@@ -325,9 +320,8 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
         """
         dictionary = {}
         for cookie in iter(self):
-            if (
-                (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and
-                (path is None or cookie.path == path)
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (
+                path is None or cookie.path == path
             ):
                 dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
         return dictionary
@@ -362,15 +356,13 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
         remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
 
     def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
-        if hasattr(cookie.value, 'startswith') and cookie.value.startswith(
-            '"'
-        ) and cookie.value.endswith(
-            '"'
+        if (
+            hasattr(cookie.value, "startswith")
+            and cookie.value.startswith('"')
+            and cookie.value.endswith('"')
         ):
-            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', '')
-        return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).set_cookie(
-            cookie, *args, **kwargs
-        )
+            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', "")
+        return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def update(self, other):
         """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
@@ -398,7 +390,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
                     if path is None or cookie.path == path:
                         return cookie.value
 
-        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+        raise KeyError("name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r" % (name, domain, path))
 
     def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
         """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
@@ -417,29 +409,32 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
             if cookie.name == name:
                 if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
                     if path is None or cookie.path == path:
-                        if toReturn is not None:  # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                        if (
+                            toReturn is not None
+                        ):  # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
                             raise CookieConflictError(
-                                'There are multiple cookies with name, %r' %
-                                (name)
+                                "There are multiple cookies with name, %r" % (name)
                             )
 
-                        toReturn = cookie.value  # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+                        toReturn = (
+                            cookie.value
+                        )  # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
         if toReturn:
             return toReturn
 
-        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+        raise KeyError("name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r" % (name, domain, path))
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
         state = self.__dict__.copy()
         # remove the unpickleable RLock object
-        state.pop('_cookies_lock')
+        state.pop("_cookies_lock")
         return state
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
         """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
         self.__dict__.update(state)
-        if '_cookies_lock' not in self.__dict__:
+        if "_cookies_lock" not in self.__dict__:
             self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
 
     def copy(self):
@@ -457,7 +452,7 @@ def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
     if jar is None:
         return None
 
-    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+    if hasattr(jar, "copy"):
         # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
         return jar.copy()
 
@@ -476,61 +471,59 @@ def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
     and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
     """
     result = {
-        'version': 0,
-        'name': name,
-        'value': value,
-        'port': None,
-        'domain': '',
-        'path': '/',
-        'secure': False,
-        'expires': None,
-        'discard': True,
-        'comment': None,
-        'comment_url': None,
-        'rest': {'HttpOnly': None},
-        'rfc2109': False,
+        "version": 0,
+        "name": name,
+        "value": value,
+        "port": None,
+        "domain": "",
+        "path": "/",
+        "secure": False,
+        "expires": None,
+        "discard": True,
+        "comment": None,
+        "comment_url": None,
+        "rest": {"HttpOnly": None},
+        "rfc2109": False,
     }
     badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
     if badargs:
-        err = 'create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: %s'
+        err = "create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: %s"
         raise TypeError(err % list(badargs))
 
     result.update(kwargs)
-    result['port_specified'] = bool(result['port'])
-    result['domain_specified'] = bool(result['domain'])
-    result['domain_initial_dot'] = result['domain'].startswith('.')
-    result['path_specified'] = bool(result['path'])
+    result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"])
+    result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"])
+    result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".")
+    result["path_specified"] = bool(result["path"])
     return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
 
 
 def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
     """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
     expires = None
-    if morsel['max-age']:
+    if morsel["max-age"]:
         try:
-            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel['max-age']))
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel["max-age"]))
         except ValueError:
-            raise TypeError('max-age: %s must be integer' % morsel['max-age'])
+            raise TypeError("max-age: %s must be integer" % morsel["max-age"])
 
-    elif morsel['expires']:
-        time_template = '%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
-        expires = calendar.timegm(
-            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)
-        )
+    elif morsel["expires"]:
+        time_template = "%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+        expires = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(morsel["expires"], time_template))
     return create_cookie(
-        comment=morsel['comment'],
-        comment_url=bool(morsel['comment']),
+        comment=morsel["comment"],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel["comment"]),
         discard=False,
-        domain=morsel['domain'],
+        domain=morsel["domain"],
         expires=expires,
         name=morsel.key,
-        path=morsel['path'],
+        path=morsel["path"],
         port=None,
-        rest={'HttpOnly': morsel['httponly']},
+        rest={"HttpOnly": morsel["httponly"]},
         rfc2109=False,
-        secure=bool(morsel['secure']),
+        secure=bool(morsel["secure"]),
         value=morsel.value,
-        version=morsel['version'] or 0,
+        version=morsel["version"] or 0,
     )
 
 
@@ -561,12 +554,10 @@ def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
     :rtype: CookieJar
     """
     if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
-        raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
+        raise ValueError("You can only merge into CookieJar")
 
     if isinstance(cookies, dict):
-        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
-            cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False
-        )
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
     elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
         try:
             cookiejar.update(cookies)
diff --git a/requests3/http_models.py b/requests3/http_models.py
index 975f585d..c417a2f7 100644
--- a/requests3/http_models.py
+++ b/requests3/http_models.py
@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ import encodings.idna
 from .core._http.fields import RequestField
 from .core._http.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .core._http.exceptions import (
-    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError, LocationParseError
+    DecodeError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    LocationParseError,
 )
 
 from io import UnsupportedOperation
@@ -73,11 +76,11 @@ from .http_stati import codes
 # : The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
 #: processable redirect.
 REDIRECT_STATI = (
-    codes['moved'],  # 301
-    codes['found'],  # 302
-    codes['other'],  # 303
-    codes['temporary_redirect'],  # 307
-    codes['permanent_redirect'],  # 308
+    codes["moved"],  # 301
+    codes["found"],  # 302
+    codes["other"],  # 303
+    codes["temporary_redirect"],  # 307
+    codes["permanent_redirect"],  # 308
 )
 DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
 CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
@@ -85,7 +88,6 @@ ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
 
 
 class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
-
     @property
     def path_url(self):
         """Build the path URL to use."""
@@ -93,13 +95,13 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
         p = urlsplit(self.url)
         path = p.path
         if not path:
-            path = '/'
+            path = "/"
         url.append(path)
         query = p.query
         if query:
-            url.append('?')
+            url.append("?")
             url.append(query)
-        return ''.join(url)
+        return "".join(url)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _encode_params(data):
@@ -112,20 +114,20 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
         if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
             return data
 
-        elif hasattr(data, 'read'):
+        elif hasattr(data, "read"):
             return data
 
-        elif hasattr(data, '__iter__'):
+        elif hasattr(data, "__iter__"):
             result = []
             for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data):
-                if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, '__iter__'):
+                if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, "__iter__"):
                     vs = [vs]
                 for v in vs:
                     if v is not None:
                         result.append(
                             (
-                                k.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(k, str) else k,
-                                v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v,
+                                k.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(k, str) else k,
+                                v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v,
                             )
                         )
             return urlencode(result, doseq=True)
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
         The tuples may be 2-tuples (filename, fileobj), 3-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype)
         or 4-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype, custom_headers).
         """
-        if (not files):
+        if not files:
             raise ValueError("Files must be provided.")
 
         elif isinstance(data, basestring):
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
         fields = to_key_val_list(data or {})
         files = to_key_val_list(files or {})
         for field, val in fields:
-            if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, '__iter__'):
+            if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, "__iter__"):
                 val = [val]
             for v in val:
                 if v is not None:
@@ -162,10 +164,10 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
                         v = str(v)
                     new_fields.append(
                         (
-                            field.decode('utf-8') if isinstance(
-                                field, bytes
-                            ) else field,
-                            v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v,
+                            field.decode("utf-8")
+                            if isinstance(field, bytes)
+                            else field,
+                            v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v,
                         )
                     )
         for (k, v) in files:
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
                 fp = v
             if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
                 fdata = fp
-            elif hasattr(fp, 'read'):
+            elif hasattr(fp, "read"):
                 fdata = fp.read()
             elif fp is None:
                 continue
@@ -199,7 +201,6 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
 
 
 class RequestHooksMixin(object):
-
     def register_hook(self, event, hook):
         """Properly register a hook."""
         if event not in self.hooks:
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ class RequestHooksMixin(object):
 
         if isinstance(hook, Callable):
             self.hooks[event].append(hook)
-        elif hasattr(hook, '__iter__'):
+        elif hasattr(hook, "__iter__"):
             self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, Callable))
 
     def deregister_hook(self, event, hook):
@@ -251,17 +252,18 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
       >>> req.prepare()
       <PreparedRequest [GET]>
     """
+
     __slots__ = (
-        'method',
-        'url',
-        'headers',
-        'files',
-        'data',
-        'params',
-        'auth',
-        'cookies',
-        'hooks',
-        'json',
+        "method",
+        "url",
+        "headers",
+        "files",
+        "data",
+        "params",
+        "auth",
+        "cookies",
+        "hooks",
+        "json",
     )
 
     def __init__(
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
         self.cookies = cookies
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<Request [%s]>' % (self.method)
+        return "<Request [%s]>" % (self.method)
 
     def prepare(self):
         """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it."""
@@ -334,14 +336,15 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
       >>> s.send(r)
       <Response [200]>
     """
+
     __slots__ = (
-        'method',
-        'url',
-        'headers',
-        '_cookies',
-        'body',
-        'hooks',
-        '_body_position',
+        "method",
+        "url",
+        "headers",
+        "_cookies",
+        "body",
+        "hooks",
+        "_body_position",
     )
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -387,7 +390,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         self.prepare_hooks(hooks)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<PreparedRequest [{self.method}]>'
+        return f"<PreparedRequest [{self.method}]>"
 
     def copy(self):
         p = PreparedRequest()
@@ -413,7 +416,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         import idna
 
         try:
-            host = idna.encode(host, uts46=True).decode('utf-8')
+            host = idna.encode(host, uts46=True).decode("utf-8")
         except idna.IDNAError:
             raise UnicodeError
 
@@ -427,7 +430,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         #: on python 3.x.
         #: https://github.com/requests/requests/pull/2238
         if isinstance(url, bytes):
-            url = url.decode('utf8')
+            url = url.decode("utf8")
         else:
             url = str(url)
         # Ignore any leading and trailing whitespace characters.
@@ -435,7 +438,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
         # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
         # handles RFC 3986 only.
-        if ':' in url and not url.lower().startswith('http'):
+        if ":" in url and not url.lower().startswith("http"):
             self.url = url
             return
 
@@ -451,7 +454,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             error = (
                 "Invalid URL {0!r}: No scheme supplied. Perhaps you meant http://{0}?"
             )
-            error = error.format(to_native_string(url, 'utf8'))
+            error = error.format(to_native_string(url, "utf8"))
             raise MissingScheme(error)
 
         if not uri.host:
@@ -465,20 +468,20 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             try:
                 uri = uri.copy_with(host=self._get_idna_encoded_host(uri.host))
             except UnicodeError:
-                raise InvalidURL('URL has an invalid label.')
+                raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.")
 
-        elif uri.host.startswith(u'*'):
-            raise InvalidURL('URL has an invalid label.')
+        elif uri.host.startswith("*"):
+            raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.")
 
         # Bare domains aren't valid URLs.
         if not uri.path:
-            uri = uri.copy_with(path='/')
+            uri = uri.copy_with(path="/")
         if isinstance(params, (str, bytes)):
             params = to_native_string(params)
         enc_params = self._encode_params(params)
         if enc_params:
             if uri.query:
-                uri = uri.copy_with(query=f'{uri.query}&{enc_params}')
+                uri = uri.copy_with(query=f"{uri.query}&{enc_params}")
             else:
                 uri = uri.copy_with(query=enc_params)
         # url = requote_uri(
@@ -507,15 +510,17 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         if not data and json is not None:
             # urllib3 requires a bytes-like body. Python 2's json.dumps
             # provides this natively, but Python 3 gives a Unicode string.
-            content_type = 'application/json'
+            content_type = "application/json"
             body = complexjson.dumps(json)
             if not isinstance(body, bytes):
-                body = body.encode('utf-8')
+                body = body.encode("utf-8")
 
-        is_stream = all([
-            hasattr(data, '__iter__'),
-            not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, Mapping))
-        ])
+        is_stream = all(
+            [
+                hasattr(data, "__iter__"),
+                not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, Mapping)),
+            ]
+        )
 
         try:
             length = super_len(data)
@@ -524,7 +529,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
 
         if is_stream:
             body = data
-            if getattr(body, 'tell', None) is not None:
+            if getattr(body, "tell", None) is not None:
                 # Record the current file position before reading.
                 # This will allow us to rewind a file in the event
                 # of a redirect.
@@ -536,7 +541,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
                     self._body_position = object()
             if files:
                 raise NotImplementedError(
-                    'Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive.'
+                    "Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive."
                 )
 
         else:
@@ -546,13 +551,13 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             else:
                 if data:
                     body = self._encode_params(data)
-                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, "read"):
                         content_type = None
                     else:
-                        content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                        content_type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
             # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
-            if content_type and ('content-type' not in self.headers):
-                self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+            if content_type and ("content-type" not in self.headers):
+                self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
         self.prepare_content_length(body)
         self.body = body
 
@@ -568,27 +573,28 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         if body is not None:
             length = super_len(body)
             if length:
-                self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(length)
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = builtin_str(length)
             elif is_stream(body):
-                self.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] = 'chunked'
+                self.headers["Transfer-Encoding"] = "chunked"
             else:
                 raise InvalidBodyError(
-                    'Non-null body must have length or be streamable.'
+                    "Non-null body must have length or be streamable."
                 )
 
-        elif self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD') and self.headers.get(
-            'Content-Length'
-        ) is None:
+        elif (
+            self.method not in ("GET", "HEAD")
+            and self.headers.get("Content-Length") is None
+        ):
             # Set Content-Length to 0 for methods that can have a body
             # but don't provide one. (i.e. not GET or HEAD)
-            self.headers['Content-Length'] = '0'
-        if 'Transfer-Encoding' in self.headers and 'Content-Length' in self.headers:
+            self.headers["Content-Length"] = "0"
+        if "Transfer-Encoding" in self.headers and "Content-Length" in self.headers:
             raise InvalidHeader(
-                'Conflicting Headers: Both Transfer-Encoding and '
-                'Content-Length are set.'
+                "Conflicting Headers: Both Transfer-Encoding and "
+                "Content-Length are set."
             )
 
-    def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=''):
+    def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=""):
         """Prepares the given HTTP auth data."""
         # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first.
         if auth is None:
@@ -622,7 +628,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
         cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self)
         if cookie_header is not None:
-            self.headers['Cookie'] = cookie_header
+            self.headers["Cookie"] = cookie_header
 
     def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
         """Prepares the given hooks."""
@@ -645,19 +651,20 @@ class Response(object):
     """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a
     server's response to an HTTP request.
     """
+
     __attrs__ = [
-        '_content',
-        'status_code',
-        'headers',
-        'url',
-        'history',
-        'encoding',
-        'reason',
-        'cookies',
-        'elapsed',
-        'request',
+        "_content",
+        "status_code",
+        "headers",
+        "url",
+        "history",
+        "encoding",
+        "reason",
+        "cookies",
+        "elapsed",
+        "request",
     ]
-    __slots__ = __attrs__ + ['_content_consumed', 'raw', '_next', 'connection']
+    __slots__ = __attrs__ + ["_content_consumed", "raw", "_next", "connection"]
 
     def __init__(self):
         self._content = False
@@ -714,11 +721,11 @@ class Response(object):
         for name, value in state.items():
             setattr(self, name, value)
         # pickled objects do not have .raw
-        setattr(self, '_content_consumed', True)
-        setattr(self, 'raw', None)
+        setattr(self, "_content_consumed", True)
+        setattr(self, "raw", None)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<Response [%s]>' % (self.status_code)
+        return "<Response [%s]>" % (self.status_code)
 
     def __iter__(self):
         """Allows you to use a response as an iterator."""
@@ -745,18 +752,14 @@ class Response(object):
         """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have
         been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`).
         """
-        return (
-            'location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI
-        )
+        return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI
 
     @property
     def is_permanent_redirect(self):
         """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect."""
-        return (
-            'location' in self.headers and
-            self.status_code in (
-                codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect
-            )
+        return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in (
+            codes.moved_permanently,
+            codes.permanent_redirect,
         )
 
     @property
@@ -767,7 +770,7 @@ class Response(object):
     @property
     def apparent_encoding(self):
         """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library."""
-        return chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding']
+        return chardet.detect(self.content)["encoding"]
 
     def iter_content(self, decode_unicode=False):
         """Iterates over the response data.  When stream=True is set on the
@@ -790,7 +793,7 @@ class Response(object):
 
         def generate():
             # Special case for urllib3.
-            if hasattr(self.raw, 'stream'):
+            if hasattr(self.raw, "stream"):
                 try:
                     for chunk in self.raw.stream(
                         # chunk_size, decode_content=True
@@ -799,7 +802,7 @@ class Response(object):
                         yield chunk
 
                 except ProtocolError as e:
-                    if self.headers.get('Transfer-Encoding') == 'chunked':
+                    if self.headers.get("Transfer-Encoding") == "chunked":
                         raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
 
                     else:
@@ -838,8 +841,7 @@ class Response(object):
         if decode_unicode:
             if self.encoding is None:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    'encoding must be set before consuming streaming '
-                    'responses'
+                    "encoding must be set before consuming streaming " "responses"
                 )
 
             # check encoding value here, don't wait for the generator to be
@@ -848,15 +850,17 @@ class Response(object):
             chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self)
         return chunks
 
-    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=None):
+    def iter_lines(
+        self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=None
+    ):
         """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
         stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
         content at once into memory for large responses.
 
         .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
         """
-        carriage_return = u'\r' if decode_unicode else b'\r'
-        line_feed = u'\n' if decode_unicode else b'\n'
+        carriage_return = "\r" if decode_unicode else b"\r"
+        line_feed = "\n" if decode_unicode else b"\n"
         pending = None
         last_chunk_ends_with_cr = False
         for chunk in self.iter_content(
@@ -927,9 +931,7 @@ class Response(object):
         if self._content is False:
             # Read the contents.
             if self._content_consumed:
-                raise RuntimeError(
-                    'The content for this response was already consumed'
-                )
+                raise RuntimeError("The content for this response was already consumed")
 
             if self.status_code == 0 or self.raw is None:
                 self._content = None
@@ -938,9 +940,7 @@ class Response(object):
                 # print(bytes().join(
                 #     [await self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)]
                 # ))
-                self._content = bytes().join(
-                    self.iter_content()
-                ) or bytes()
+                self._content = bytes().join(self.iter_content()) or bytes()
         self._content_consumed = True
         # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3
         # since we exhausted the data.
@@ -962,14 +962,14 @@ class Response(object):
         content = None
         encoding = self.encoding
         if not self.content:
-            return str('')
+            return str("")
 
         # Fallback to auto-detected encoding.
         if self.encoding is None:
             encoding = self.apparent_encoding
         # Decode unicode from given encoding.
         try:
-            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors="replace")
         except (LookupError, TypeError):
             # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could
             # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake.
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ class Response(object):
             # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None
             #
             # So we try blindly encoding.
-            content = str(self.content, errors='replace')
+            content = str(self.content, errors="replace")
         return content
 
     def json(self, **kwargs):
@@ -995,9 +995,7 @@ class Response(object):
             if encoding is not None:
                 try:
                     content = self.content
-                    return complexjson.loads(
-                        content.decode(encoding), **kwargs
-                    )
+                    return complexjson.loads(content.decode(encoding), **kwargs)
 
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
@@ -1010,38 +1008,42 @@ class Response(object):
     @property
     def links(self):
         """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any."""
-        header = self.headers.get('link')
+        header = self.headers.get("link")
         # l = MultiDict()
         l = {}
         if header:
             links = parse_header_links(header)
             for link in links:
-                key = link.get('rel') or link.get('url')
+                key = link.get("rel") or link.get("url")
                 l[key] = link
         return l
 
     def raise_for_status(self):
         """Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred.
         Otherwise, returns the response object (self)."""
-        http_error_msg = ''
+        http_error_msg = ""
         if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
             # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
             # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
             # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
             # encodings. (See PR #3538)
             try:
-                reason = self.reason.decode('utf-8')
+                reason = self.reason.decode("utf-8")
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
-                reason = self.reason.decode('iso-8859-1')
+                reason = self.reason.decode("iso-8859-1")
         else:
             reason = self.reason
         if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
-            http_error_msg = u'%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (
-                self.status_code, reason, self.url
+            http_error_msg = "%s Client Error: %s for url: %s" % (
+                self.status_code,
+                reason,
+                self.url,
             )
         elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
-            http_error_msg = u'%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (
-                self.status_code, reason, self.url
+            http_error_msg = "%s Server Error: %s for url: %s" % (
+                self.status_code,
+                reason,
+                self.url,
             )
         if http_error_msg:
             raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
@@ -1056,7 +1058,7 @@ class Response(object):
         """
         if not self._content_consumed:
             self.raw.close()
-        release_conn = getattr(self.raw, 'release_conn', None)
+        release_conn = getattr(self.raw, "release_conn", None)
         if release_conn is not None:
             release_conn()
 
@@ -1080,9 +1082,7 @@ class AsyncResponse(Response):
             if encoding is not None:
                 try:
                     content = await self.content
-                    return complexjson.loads(
-                        content.decode(encoding), **kwargs
-                    )
+                    return complexjson.loads(content.decode(encoding), **kwargs)
 
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
@@ -1108,14 +1108,14 @@ class AsyncResponse(Response):
         content = None
         encoding = self.encoding
         if not await self.content:
-            return str('')
+            return str("")
 
         # Fallback to auto-detected encoding.
         if self.encoding is None:
             encoding = self.apparent_encoding
         # Decode unicode from given encoding.
         try:
-            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors="replace")
         except (LookupError, TypeError):
             # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could
             # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake.
@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ class AsyncResponse(Response):
             # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None
             #
             # So we try blindly encoding.
-            content = str(await self.content, errors='replace')
+            content = str(await self.content, errors="replace")
         return content
 
     @property
@@ -1132,9 +1132,7 @@ class AsyncResponse(Response):
         if self._content is False:
             # Read the contents.
             if self._content_consumed:
-                raise RuntimeError(
-                    'The content for this response was already consumed'
-                )
+                raise RuntimeError("The content for this response was already consumed")
 
             if self.status_code == 0 or self.raw is None:
                 self._content = None
@@ -1143,19 +1141,16 @@ class AsyncResponse(Response):
                 # print(bytes().join(
                 #     [await self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)]
                 # ))
-                self._content = bytes().join(
-                    [await self.iter_content()]
-                ) or bytes()
+                self._content = bytes().join([await self.iter_content()]) or bytes()
         self._content_consumed = True
         # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3
         # since we exhausted the data.
         return self._content
 
-
     @property
     async def apparent_encoding(self):
         """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library."""
-        return chardet.detect(await self.content)['encoding']
+        return chardet.detect(await self.content)["encoding"]
 
     async def iter_content(self, decode_unicode=False):
         """Iterates over the response data.  When stream=True is set on the
@@ -1178,15 +1173,13 @@ class AsyncResponse(Response):
 
         async def generate():
             # Special case for requests.core.
-            if hasattr(self.raw, 'stream'):
+            if hasattr(self.raw, "stream"):
                 try:
-                    async for chunk in self.raw.stream(
-                        decode_content=True
-                    ):
+                    async for chunk in self.raw.stream(decode_content=True):
                         yield chunk
 
                 except ProtocolError as e:
-                    if self.headers.get('Transfer-Encoding') == 'chunked':
+                    if self.headers.get("Transfer-Encoding") == "chunked":
                         raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
 
                     else:
@@ -1222,8 +1215,7 @@ class AsyncResponse(Response):
         if decode_unicode:
             if self.encoding is None:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    'encoding must be set before consuming streaming '
-                    'responses'
+                    "encoding must be set before consuming streaming " "responses"
                 )
 
             # check encoding value here, don't wait for the generator to be
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/__init__.py b/requests3/toolbelt/__init__.py
index e7c3ccb6..2d169259 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/__init__.py
@@ -12,23 +12,37 @@ See https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/ for documentation
 from .adapters import SSLAdapter, SourceAddressAdapter
 from .auth.guess import GuessAuth
 from .multipart import (
-    MultipartEncoder, MultipartEncoderMonitor, MultipartDecoder,
-    ImproperBodyPartContentException, NonMultipartContentTypeException
-    )
+    MultipartEncoder,
+    MultipartEncoderMonitor,
+    MultipartDecoder,
+    ImproperBodyPartContentException,
+    NonMultipartContentTypeException,
+)
 from .streaming_iterator import StreamingIterator
 from .utils.user_agent import user_agent
 
-__title__ = 'requests-toolbelt'
-__authors__ = 'Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
-__license__ = 'Apache v2.0'
-__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2014 Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
-__version__ = '0.9.1'
-__version_info__ = tuple(int(i) for i in __version__.split('.'))
+__title__ = "requests-toolbelt"
+__authors__ = "Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield"
+__license__ = "Apache v2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright 2014 Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield"
+__version__ = "0.9.1"
+__version_info__ = tuple(int(i) for i in __version__.split("."))
 
 __all__ = [
-    'GuessAuth', 'MultipartEncoder', 'MultipartEncoderMonitor',
-    'MultipartDecoder', 'SSLAdapter', 'SourceAddressAdapter',
-    'StreamingIterator', 'user_agent', 'ImproperBodyPartContentException',
-    'NonMultipartContentTypeException', '__title__', '__authors__',
-    '__license__', '__copyright__', '__version__', '__version_info__',
+    "GuessAuth",
+    "MultipartEncoder",
+    "MultipartEncoderMonitor",
+    "MultipartDecoder",
+    "SSLAdapter",
+    "SourceAddressAdapter",
+    "StreamingIterator",
+    "user_agent",
+    "ImproperBodyPartContentException",
+    "NonMultipartContentTypeException",
+    "__title__",
+    "__authors__",
+    "__license__",
+    "__copyright__",
+    "__version__",
+    "__version_info__",
 ]
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/_compat.py b/requests3/toolbelt/_compat.py
index 7927a382..25a713b2 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/_compat.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/_compat.py
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ if requests.__build__ < 0x021200:
     PyOpenSSLContext = None
 else:
     try:
-        from requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl \
-                import PyOpenSSLContext
+        from requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl import PyOpenSSLContext
     except ImportError:
         try:
             from urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl import PyOpenSSLContext
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         val = self._container[key.lower()]
-        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+        return ", ".join(val[1:])
 
     def __delitem__(self, key):
         del self._container[key.lower()]
@@ -139,12 +138,13 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         return key.lower() in self._container
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, "keys"):
             return False
         if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
             other = type(self)(other)
-        return ({k.lower(): v for k, v in self.itermerged()} ==
-                {k.lower(): v for k, v in other.itermerged()})
+        return {k.lower(): v for k, v in self.itermerged()} == {
+            k.lower(): v for k, v in other.itermerged()
+        }
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not self.__eq__(other)
@@ -218,8 +218,10 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
         """
         if len(args) > 1:
-            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
-                            "arguments ({} given)".format(len(args)))
+            raise TypeError(
+                "extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                "arguments ({} given)".format(len(args))
+            )
         other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
 
         if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
         for key in self:
             val = self._container[key.lower()]
-            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+            yield val[0], ", ".join(val[1:])
 
     def items(self):
         return list(self.iteritems())
@@ -297,28 +299,28 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         headers = []
 
         for line in message.headers:
-            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+            if line.startswith((" ", "\t")):
                 key, value = headers[-1]
-                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + "\r\n" + line.rstrip())
                 continue
 
-            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            key, value = line.split(":", 1)
             headers.append((key, value.strip()))
 
         return cls(headers)
 
 
 __all__ = (
-    'basestring',
-    'connection',
-    'fields',
-    'filepost',
-    'poolmanager',
-    'timeout',
-    'HTTPHeaderDict',
-    'queue',
-    'urlencode',
-    'gaecontrib',
-    'urljoin',
-    'PyOpenSSLContext',
+    "basestring",
+    "connection",
+    "fields",
+    "filepost",
+    "poolmanager",
+    "timeout",
+    "HTTPHeaderDict",
+    "queue",
+    "urlencode",
+    "gaecontrib",
+    "urljoin",
+    "PyOpenSSLContext",
 )
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/__init__.py b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/__init__.py
index 7195f43e..945e437f 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/__init__.py
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ See https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/ for documentation
 from .ssl import SSLAdapter
 from .source import SourceAddressAdapter
 
-__all__ = ['SSLAdapter', 'SourceAddressAdapter']
+__all__ = ["SSLAdapter", "SourceAddressAdapter"]
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/appengine.py b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/appengine.py
index 25a70a17..41b440a1 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/appengine.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/appengine.py
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ class AppEngineMROHack(adapters.HTTPAdapter):
     monkeypatch, at which point this class becomes HTTPAdapter's base class.
     In addition, we use an instantiation flag to avoid infinite recursion.
     """
+
     _initialized = False
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class AppEngineAdapter(AppEngineMROHack, adapters.HTTPAdapter):
     for Requests to be able to use it.
     """
 
-    __attrs__ = adapters.HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ['_validate_certificate']
+    __attrs__ = adapters.HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ["_validate_certificate"]
 
     def __init__(self, validate_certificate=True, *args, **kwargs):
         _check_version()
@@ -99,13 +100,17 @@ class InsecureAppEngineAdapter(AppEngineAdapter):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if kwargs.pop("validate_certificate", False):
-            warnings.warn("Certificate validation cannot be specified on the "
-                          "InsecureAppEngineAdapter, but was present. This "
-                          "will be ignored and certificate validation will "
-                          "remain off.", exc.IgnoringGAECertificateValidation)
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Certificate validation cannot be specified on the "
+                "InsecureAppEngineAdapter, but was present. This "
+                "will be ignored and certificate validation will "
+                "remain off.",
+                exc.IgnoringGAECertificateValidation,
+            )
 
         super(InsecureAppEngineAdapter, self).__init__(
-            validate_certificate=False, *args, **kwargs)
+            validate_certificate=False, *args, **kwargs
+        )
 
 
 class _AppEnginePoolManager(object):
@@ -119,7 +124,8 @@ class _AppEnginePoolManager(object):
 
     def __init__(self, validate_certificate=True):
         self.appengine_manager = gaecontrib.AppEngineManager(
-            validate_certificate=validate_certificate)
+            validate_certificate=validate_certificate
+        )
 
     def connection_from_url(self, url):
         return _AppEngineConnection(self.appengine_manager, url)
@@ -143,10 +149,20 @@ class _AppEngineConnection(object):
         self.appengine_manager = appengine_manager
         self.url = url
 
-    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None,
-                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True,
-                timeout=timeout.Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
-                pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, **response_kw):
+    def urlopen(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        body=None,
+        headers=None,
+        retries=None,
+        redirect=True,
+        assert_same_host=True,
+        timeout=timeout.Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        pool_timeout=None,
+        release_conn=None,
+        **response_kw
+    ):
         # This function's url argument is a host-relative URL,
         # but the AppEngineManager expects an absolute URL.
         # So we saved out the self.url when the AppEngineConnection
@@ -169,7 +185,8 @@ class _AppEngineConnection(object):
             retries=retries,
             redirect=redirect,
             timeout=timeout,
-            **response_kw)
+            **response_kw
+        )
 
 
 def monkeypatch(validate_certificate=True):
@@ -200,7 +217,5 @@ def _check_version():
     if gaecontrib is None:
         raise exc.VersionMismatchError(
             "The toolbelt requires at least Requests 2.10.0 to be "
-            "installed. Version {} was found instead.".format(
-                requests.__version__
-            )
+            "installed. Version {} was found instead.".format(requests.__version__)
         )
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/fingerprint.py b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/fingerprint.py
index 6645d349..c3c5fac1 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/fingerprint.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/fingerprint.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class FingerprintAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
     containing colons.
     """
 
-    __attrs__ = HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ['fingerprint']
+    __attrs__ = HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ["fingerprint"]
 
     def __init__(self, fingerprint, **kwargs):
         self.fingerprint = fingerprint
@@ -45,4 +45,5 @@ class FingerprintAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
             num_pools=connections,
             maxsize=maxsize,
             block=block,
-            assert_fingerprint=self.fingerprint)
+            assert_fingerprint=self.fingerprint,
+        )
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/socket_options.py b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/socket_options.py
index f8aef5dd..ab1877c8 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/socket_options.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/socket_options.py
@@ -39,20 +39,21 @@ class SocketOptionsAdapter(adapters.HTTPAdapter):
     if connection is not None:
         default_options = getattr(
             connection.HTTPConnection,
-            'default_socket_options',
-            [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+            "default_socket_options",
+            [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)],
         )
     else:
         default_options = []
-        warnings.warn(exc.RequestsVersionTooOld,
-                      "This version of Requests is only compatible with a "
-                      "version of urllib3 which is too old to support "
-                      "setting options on a socket. This adapter is "
-                      "functionally useless.")
+        warnings.warn(
+            exc.RequestsVersionTooOld,
+            "This version of Requests is only compatible with a "
+            "version of urllib3 which is too old to support "
+            "setting options on a socket. This adapter is "
+            "functionally useless.",
+        )
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        self.socket_options = kwargs.pop('socket_options',
-                                         self.default_options)
+        self.socket_options = kwargs.pop("socket_options", self.default_options)
 
         super(SocketOptionsAdapter, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ class SocketOptionsAdapter(adapters.HTTPAdapter):
                 num_pools=connections,
                 maxsize=maxsize,
                 block=block,
-                socket_options=self.socket_options
+                socket_options=self.socket_options,
             )
         else:
             super(SocketOptionsAdapter, self).init_poolmanager(
@@ -98,30 +99,28 @@ class TCPKeepAliveAdapter(SocketOptionsAdapter):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        socket_options = kwargs.pop('socket_options',
-                                    SocketOptionsAdapter.default_options)
-        idle = kwargs.pop('idle', 60)
-        interval = kwargs.pop('interval', 20)
-        count = kwargs.pop('count', 5)
-        socket_options = socket_options + [
-            (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
-        ]
+        socket_options = kwargs.pop(
+            "socket_options", SocketOptionsAdapter.default_options
+        )
+        idle = kwargs.pop("idle", 60)
+        interval = kwargs.pop("interval", 20)
+        count = kwargs.pop("count", 5)
+        socket_options = socket_options + [(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)]
 
         # NOTE(Ian): OSX does not have these constants defined, so we
         # set them conditionally.
-        if getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPINTVL', None) is not None:
-            socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPINTVL,
-                                interval)]
-        elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        if getattr(socket, "TCP_KEEPINTVL", None) is not None:
+            socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPINTVL, interval)]
+        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
             # On OSX, TCP_KEEPALIVE from netinet/tcp.h is not exported
             # by python's socket module
-            TCP_KEEPALIVE = getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPALIVE', 0x10)
+            TCP_KEEPALIVE = getattr(socket, "TCP_KEEPALIVE", 0x10)
             socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPALIVE, interval)]
 
-        if getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPCNT', None) is not None:
+        if getattr(socket, "TCP_KEEPCNT", None) is not None:
             socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPCNT, count)]
 
-        if getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPIDLE', None) is not None:
+        if getattr(socket, "TCP_KEEPIDLE", None) is not None:
             socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPIDLE, idle)]
 
         super(TCPKeepAliveAdapter, self).__init__(
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/source.py b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/source.py
index d3dda797..7ee17c7b 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/source.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/source.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ class SourceAddressAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
         s.mount('http://', SourceAddressAdapter('10.10.10.10'))
         s.mount('https://', SourceAddressAdapter(('10.10.10.10', 8999)))
     """
+
     def __init__(self, source_address, **kwargs):
         if isinstance(source_address, basestring):
             self.source_address = (source_address, 0)
@@ -59,9 +60,9 @@ class SourceAddressAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
             num_pools=connections,
             maxsize=maxsize,
             block=block,
-            source_address=self.source_address)
+            source_address=self.source_address,
+        )
 
     def proxy_manager_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['source_address'] = self.source_address
-        return super(SourceAddressAdapter, self).proxy_manager_for(
-            *args, **kwargs)
+        kwargs["source_address"] = self.source_address
+        return super(SourceAddressAdapter, self).proxy_manager_for(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/ssl.py b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/ssl.py
index c4a76ae4..5ed2a231 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/ssl.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/ssl.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class SSLAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
     properly when used with proxies.
     """
 
-    __attrs__ = HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ['ssl_version']
+    __attrs__ = HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ["ssl_version"]
 
     def __init__(self, ssl_version=None, **kwargs):
         self.ssl_version = ssl_version
@@ -55,12 +55,13 @@ class SSLAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
             num_pools=connections,
             maxsize=maxsize,
             block=block,
-            ssl_version=self.ssl_version)
+            ssl_version=self.ssl_version,
+        )
 
     if requests.__build__ >= 0x020400:
         # Earlier versions of requests either don't have this method or, worse,
         # don't allow passing arbitrary keyword arguments. As a result, only
         # conditionally define this method.
         def proxy_manager_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
-            kwargs['ssl_version'] = self.ssl_version
+            kwargs["ssl_version"] = self.ssl_version
             return super(SSLAdapter, self).proxy_manager_for(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/x509.py b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/x509.py
index 21bfacb9..ff787768 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/x509.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/adapters/x509.py
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ X.509 certificate without needing to convert it to a .pem file
 
 from OpenSSL.crypto import PKey, X509
 from cryptography import x509
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import (load_pem_private_key,
-                                                          load_der_private_key)
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import (
+    load_pem_private_key,
+    load_der_private_key,
+)
 from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import Encoding
 from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
 
@@ -82,49 +84,52 @@ class X509Adapter(HTTPAdapter):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self._check_version()
-        cert_bytes = kwargs.pop('cert_bytes', None)
-        pk_bytes = kwargs.pop('pk_bytes', None)
-        password = kwargs.pop('password', None)
-        encoding = kwargs.pop('encoding', Encoding.PEM)
+        cert_bytes = kwargs.pop("cert_bytes", None)
+        pk_bytes = kwargs.pop("pk_bytes", None)
+        password = kwargs.pop("password", None)
+        encoding = kwargs.pop("encoding", Encoding.PEM)
 
         password_bytes = None
 
         if cert_bytes is None or not isinstance(cert_bytes, bytes):
-            raise ValueError('Invalid cert content provided. '
-                             'You must provide an X.509 cert '
-                             'formatted as a byte array.')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Invalid cert content provided. "
+                "You must provide an X.509 cert "
+                "formatted as a byte array."
+            )
         if pk_bytes is None or not isinstance(pk_bytes, bytes):
-            raise ValueError('Invalid private key content provided. '
-                             'You must provide a private key '
-                             'formatted as a byte array.')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Invalid private key content provided. "
+                "You must provide a private key "
+                "formatted as a byte array."
+            )
 
         if isinstance(password, bytes):
             password_bytes = password
         elif password:
-            password_bytes = password.encode('utf8')
+            password_bytes = password.encode("utf8")
 
-        self.ssl_context = create_ssl_context(cert_bytes, pk_bytes,
-                                              password_bytes, encoding)
+        self.ssl_context = create_ssl_context(
+            cert_bytes, pk_bytes, password_bytes, encoding
+        )
 
         super(X509Adapter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def init_poolmanager(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if self.ssl_context:
-            kwargs['ssl_context'] = self.ssl_context
+            kwargs["ssl_context"] = self.ssl_context
         return super(X509Adapter, self).init_poolmanager(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def proxy_manager_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if self.ssl_context:
-            kwargs['ssl_context'] = self.ssl_context
+            kwargs["ssl_context"] = self.ssl_context
         return super(X509Adapter, self).proxy_manager_for(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _check_version(self):
         if PyOpenSSLContext is None:
             raise exc.VersionMismatchError(
                 "The X509Adapter requires at least Requests 2.12.0 to be "
-                "installed. Version {} was found instead.".format(
-                    requests.__version__
-                )
+                "installed. Version {} was found instead.".format(requests.__version__)
             )
 
 
@@ -133,14 +138,16 @@ def check_cert_dates(cert):
 
     now = datetime.utcnow()
     if cert.not_valid_after < now or cert.not_valid_before > now:
-        raise ValueError('Client certificate expired: Not After: '
-                         '{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ} '
-                         'Not Before: {:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ}'
-                         .format(cert.not_valid_after, cert.not_valid_before))
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Client certificate expired: Not After: "
+            "{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ} "
+            "Not Before: {:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ}".format(
+                cert.not_valid_after, cert.not_valid_before
+            )
+        )
 
 
-def create_ssl_context(cert_byes, pk_bytes, password=None,
-                       encoding=Encoding.PEM):
+def create_ssl_context(cert_byes, pk_bytes, password=None, encoding=Encoding.PEM):
     """Create an SSL Context with the supplied cert/password.
 
     :param cert_bytes array of bytes containing the cert encoded
@@ -166,11 +173,10 @@ def create_ssl_context(cert_byes, pk_bytes, password=None,
         cert = x509.load_der_x509_certificate(cert_byes, backend)
         key = load_der_private_key(pk_bytes, password, backend)
     else:
-        raise ValueError('Invalid encoding provided: Must be PEM or DER')
+        raise ValueError("Invalid encoding provided: Must be PEM or DER")
 
     if not (cert and key):
-        raise ValueError('Cert and key could not be parsed from '
-                         'provided data')
+        raise ValueError("Cert and key could not be parsed from " "provided data")
     check_cert_dates(cert)
     ssl_context = PyOpenSSLContext(PROTOCOL)
     ssl_context._ctx.use_certificate(X509.from_cryptography(cert))
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/_digest_auth_compat.py b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/_digest_auth_compat.py
index 285a6a76..d4049615 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/_digest_auth_compat.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/_digest_auth_compat.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ class _ThreadingDescriptor(object):
 
 
 class _HTTPDigestAuth(requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
-    init = _ThreadingDescriptor('init', True)
-    last_nonce = _ThreadingDescriptor('last_nonce', '')
-    nonce_count = _ThreadingDescriptor('nonce_count', 0)
-    chal = _ThreadingDescriptor('chal', {})
-    pos = _ThreadingDescriptor('pos', None)
-    num_401_calls = _ThreadingDescriptor('num_401_calls', 1)
+    init = _ThreadingDescriptor("init", True)
+    last_nonce = _ThreadingDescriptor("last_nonce", "")
+    nonce_count = _ThreadingDescriptor("nonce_count", 0)
+    chal = _ThreadingDescriptor("chal", {})
+    pos = _ThreadingDescriptor("pos", None)
+    num_401_calls = _ThreadingDescriptor("num_401_calls", 1)
 
 
 if requests.__build__ < 0x020800:
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/guess.py b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/guess.py
index ba6de504..9344a3ab 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/guess.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/guess.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from . import _digest_auth_compat as auth_compat, http_proxy_digest
 
 class GuessAuth(auth.AuthBase):
     """Guesses the auth type by the WWW-Authentication header."""
+
     def __init__(self, username, password):
         self.username = username
         self.password = password
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ class GuessAuth(auth.AuthBase):
         r.content
         r.raw.release_conn()
         prep = r.request.copy()
-        if not hasattr(prep, '_cookies'):
+        if not hasattr(prep, "_cookies"):
             prep._cookies = cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
         cookies.extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
         prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
@@ -48,8 +49,7 @@ class GuessAuth(auth.AuthBase):
         # Check that the attr exists because much older versions of requests
         # set this attribute lazily. For example:
         # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/blob/33735480f77891754304e7f13e3cdf83aaaa76aa/requests/auth.py#L59
-        if (hasattr(self.auth, 'num_401_calls') and
-                self.auth.num_401_calls is None):
+        if hasattr(self.auth, "num_401_calls") and self.auth.num_401_calls is None:
             self.auth.num_401_calls = 1
         # Digest auth would resend the request by itself. We can take a
         # shortcut here.
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ class GuessAuth(auth.AuthBase):
     def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
         """Resends a request with auth headers, if needed."""
 
-        www_authenticate = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '').lower()
+        www_authenticate = r.headers.get("www-authenticate", "").lower()
 
-        if 'basic' in www_authenticate:
+        if "basic" in www_authenticate:
             return self._handle_basic_auth_401(r, kwargs)
 
-        if 'digest' in www_authenticate:
+        if "digest" in www_authenticate:
             return self._handle_digest_auth_401(r, kwargs)
 
     def __call__(self, request):
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class GuessAuth(auth.AuthBase):
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
-        request.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
+        request.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
         return request
 
 
@@ -84,8 +84,10 @@ class GuessProxyAuth(GuessAuth):
     Guesses the auth type by WWW-Authentication and Proxy-Authentication
     headers
     """
-    def __init__(self, username=None, password=None,
-                 proxy_username=None, proxy_password=None):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, username=None, password=None, proxy_username=None, proxy_password=None
+    ):
         super(GuessProxyAuth, self).__init__(username, password)
         self.proxy_username = proxy_username
         self.proxy_password = proxy_password
@@ -98,13 +100,12 @@ class GuessProxyAuth(GuessAuth):
         r.content
         r.raw.release_conn()
         prep = r.request.copy()
-        if not hasattr(prep, '_cookies'):
+        if not hasattr(prep, "_cookies"):
             prep._cookies = cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
         cookies.extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
         prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
 
-        self.proxy_auth = auth.HTTPProxyAuth(self.proxy_username,
-                                             self.proxy_password)
+        self.proxy_auth = auth.HTTPProxyAuth(self.proxy_username, self.proxy_password)
         prep = self.proxy_auth(prep)
         _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
         _r.history.append(r)
@@ -114,8 +115,8 @@ class GuessProxyAuth(GuessAuth):
 
     def _handle_digest_auth_407(self, r, kwargs):
         self.proxy_auth = http_proxy_digest.HTTPProxyDigestAuth(
-            username=self.proxy_username,
-            password=self.proxy_password)
+            username=self.proxy_username, password=self.proxy_password
+        )
 
         try:
             self.auth.init_per_thread_state()
@@ -125,12 +126,12 @@ class GuessProxyAuth(GuessAuth):
         return self.proxy_auth.handle_407(r, **kwargs)
 
     def handle_407(self, r, **kwargs):
-        proxy_authenticate = r.headers.get('Proxy-Authenticate', '').lower()
+        proxy_authenticate = r.headers.get("Proxy-Authenticate", "").lower()
 
-        if 'basic' in proxy_authenticate:
+        if "basic" in proxy_authenticate:
             return self._handle_basic_auth_407(r, kwargs)
 
-        if 'digest' in proxy_authenticate:
+        if "digest" in proxy_authenticate:
             return self._handle_digest_auth_407(r, kwargs)
 
     def __call__(self, request):
@@ -142,5 +143,5 @@ class GuessProxyAuth(GuessAuth):
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
-        request.register_hook('response', self.handle_407)
+        request.register_hook("response", self.handle_407)
         return super(GuessProxyAuth, self).__call__(request)
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/handler.py b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/handler.py
index 0b4051a8..10ba4ed7 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/handler.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/handler.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class AuthHandler(AuthBase):
         return auth(request)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<AuthHandler({!r})>'.format(self.strategies)
+        return "<AuthHandler({!r})>".format(self.strategies)
 
     def _make_uniform(self):
         existing_strategies = list(self.strategies.items())
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ class AuthHandler(AuthBase):
     @staticmethod
     def _key_from_url(url):
         parsed = urlparse(url)
-        return urlunparse((parsed.scheme.lower(),
-                           parsed.netloc.lower(),
-                           '', '', '', ''))
+        return urlunparse(
+            (parsed.scheme.lower(), parsed.netloc.lower(), "", "", "", "")
+        )
 
     def add_strategy(self, domain, strategy):
         """Add a new domain and authentication strategy.
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class AuthHandler(AuthBase):
 
 class NullAuthStrategy(AuthBase):
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<NullAuthStrategy>'
+        return "<NullAuthStrategy>"
 
     def __call__(self, r):
         return r
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/http_proxy_digest.py b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/http_proxy_digest.py
index 7e1f69ef..38e9013f 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/auth/http_proxy_digest.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/auth/http_proxy_digest.py
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ class HTTPProxyDigestAuth(auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
         new username and password. i.e., retry build_digest_header
     :type stale_rejects: int
     """
-    _pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    _pat = re.compile(r"digest ", flags=re.IGNORECASE)
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super(HTTPProxyDigestAuth, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -26,14 +27,14 @@ class HTTPProxyDigestAuth(auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
 
     @property
     def stale_rejects(self):
-        thread_local = getattr(self, '_thread_local', None)
+        thread_local = getattr(self, "_thread_local", None)
         if thread_local is None:
             return self._stale_rejects
         return thread_local.stale_rejects
 
     @stale_rejects.setter
     def stale_rejects(self, value):
-        thread_local = getattr(self, '_thread_local', None)
+        thread_local = getattr(self, "_thread_local", None)
         if thread_local is None:
             self._stale_rejects = value
         else:
@@ -57,21 +58,20 @@ class HTTPProxyDigestAuth(auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
             if s_auth is None:
                 raise IOError(
                     "proxy server violated RFC 7235:"
-                    "407 response MUST contain header proxy-authenticate")
+                    "407 response MUST contain header proxy-authenticate"
+                )
             elif not self._pat.match(s_auth):
                 return r
 
-            self.chal = utils.parse_dict_header(
-                self._pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
+            self.chal = utils.parse_dict_header(self._pat.sub("", s_auth, count=1))
 
             # if we present the user/passwd and still get rejected
             # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2617#section-3.2.1
-            if ('Proxy-Authorization' in r.request.headers and
-                    'stale' in self.chal):
-                if self.chal['stale'].lower() == 'true':  # try again
+            if "Proxy-Authorization" in r.request.headers and "stale" in self.chal:
+                if self.chal["stale"].lower() == "true":  # try again
                     self.stale_rejects += 1
                 # wrong user/passwd
-                elif self.chal['stale'].lower() == 'false':
+                elif self.chal["stale"].lower() == "false":
                     raise IOError("User or password is invalid")
 
             # Consume content and release the original connection
@@ -82,8 +82,9 @@ class HTTPProxyDigestAuth(auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
             cookies.extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
             prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
 
-            prep.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
-                prep.method, prep.url)
+            prep.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(
+                prep.method, prep.url
+            )
             _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
             _r.history.append(r)
             _r.request = prep
@@ -96,8 +97,6 @@ class HTTPProxyDigestAuth(auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
         self.init_per_thread_state()
         # if we have nonce, then just use it, otherwise server will tell us
         if self.last_nonce:
-            r.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
-                r.method, r.url
-            )
-        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_407)
+            r.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_407)
         return r
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/stream.py b/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/stream.py
index 7253d96e..55b0defe 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/stream.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/stream.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ from .. import exceptions as exc
 # cd2c97bb0a076da2322f11adce0b2731f9193396 L62-L64
 _QUOTED_STRING_RE = r'"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"'
 _OPTION_HEADER_PIECE_RE = re.compile(
-    r';\s*(%s|[^\s;=]+)\s*(?:=\s*(%s|[^;]+))?\s*' % (_QUOTED_STRING_RE,
-                                                     _QUOTED_STRING_RE)
+    r";\s*(%s|[^\s;=]+)\s*(?:=\s*(%s|[^;]+))?\s*"
+    % (_QUOTED_STRING_RE, _QUOTED_STRING_RE)
 )
 _DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE = 512
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ _DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE = 512
 def _get_filename(content_disposition):
     for match in _OPTION_HEADER_PIECE_RE.finditer(content_disposition):
         k, v = match.groups()
-        if k == 'filename':
+        if k == "filename":
             # ignore any directory paths in the filename
             return os.path.split(v)[1]
     return None
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ def get_download_file_path(response, path):
         filepath = path
     else:
         response_filename = _get_filename(
-            response.headers.get('content-disposition', '')
+            response.headers.get("content-disposition", "")
         )
         if not response_filename:
-            raise exc.StreamingError('No filename given to stream response to')
+            raise exc.StreamingError("No filename given to stream response to")
 
         if path_is_dir:
             # directory to download to
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ def stream_response_to_file(response, path=None, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE):
     pre_opened = False
     fd = None
     filename = None
-    if path and callable(getattr(path, 'write', None)):
+    if path and callable(getattr(path, "write", None)):
         pre_opened = True
         fd = path
-        filename = getattr(fd, 'name', None)
+        filename = getattr(fd, "name", None)
     else:
         filename = get_download_file_path(response, path)
         if os.path.exists(filename):
             raise exc.StreamingError("File already exists: %s" % filename)
-        fd = open(filename, 'wb')
+        fd = open(filename, "wb")
 
     for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=chunksize):
         fd.write(chunk)
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/tee.py b/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/tee.py
index ecc7d0cd..e9a28759 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/tee.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/downloadutils/tee.py
@@ -3,18 +3,16 @@ import io
 
 _DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE = 65536
 
-__all__ = ['tee', 'tee_to_file', 'tee_to_bytearray']
+__all__ = ["tee", "tee_to_file", "tee_to_bytearray"]
 
 
 def _tee(response, callback, chunksize, decode_content):
-    for chunk in response.raw.stream(amt=chunksize,
-                                     decode_content=decode_content):
+    for chunk in response.raw.stream(amt=chunksize, decode_content=decode_content):
         callback(chunk)
         yield chunk
 
 
-def tee(response, fileobject, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
-        decode_content=None):
+def tee(response, fileobject, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE, decode_content=None):
     """Stream the response both to the generator and a file.
 
     This will stream the response body while writing the bytes to
@@ -53,17 +51,19 @@ def tee(response, fileobject, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
     # ensure that writing to the fileobject will preserve those bytes. On
     # Python3, if the user passes an io.StringIO, this will fail, so we need
     # to check for BytesIO instead.
-    if not ('b' in getattr(fileobject, 'mode', '') or
-            isinstance(fileobject, io.BytesIO)):
-        raise TypeError('tee() will write bytes directly to this fileobject'
-                        ', it must be opened with the "b" flag if it is a file'
-                        ' or inherit from io.BytesIO.')
+    if not (
+        "b" in getattr(fileobject, "mode", "") or isinstance(fileobject, io.BytesIO)
+    ):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "tee() will write bytes directly to this fileobject"
+            ', it must be opened with the "b" flag if it is a file'
+            " or inherit from io.BytesIO."
+        )
 
     return _tee(response, fileobject.write, chunksize, decode_content)
 
 
-def tee_to_file(response, filename, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
-                decode_content=None):
+def tee_to_file(response, filename, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE, decode_content=None):
     """Stream the response both to the generator and a file.
 
     This will open a file named ``filename`` and stream the response body
@@ -84,13 +84,14 @@ def tee_to_file(response, filename, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
     :param bool decode_content: (optional), If True, this will decode the
         compressed content of the response.
     """
-    with open(filename, 'wb') as fd:
+    with open(filename, "wb") as fd:
         for chunk in tee(response, fd, chunksize, decode_content):
             yield chunk
 
 
-def tee_to_bytearray(response, bytearr, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
-                     decode_content=None):
+def tee_to_bytearray(
+    response, bytearr, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE, decode_content=None
+):
     """Stream the response both to the generator and a bytearray.
 
     This will stream the response provided to the function, add them to the
@@ -118,6 +119,5 @@ def tee_to_bytearray(response, bytearr, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
         compressed content of the response.
     """
     if not isinstance(bytearr, bytearray):
-        raise TypeError('tee_to_bytearray() expects bytearr to be a '
-                        'bytearray')
+        raise TypeError("tee_to_bytearray() expects bytearr to be a " "bytearray")
     return _tee(response, bytearr.extend, chunksize, decode_content)
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/exceptions.py b/requests3/toolbelt/exceptions.py
index 32ade215..8fcc72e0 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/exceptions.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/exceptions.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 class StreamingError(Exception):
     """Used in :mod:`requests_toolbelt.downloadutils.stream`."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ class VersionMismatchError(Exception):
     The feature in use requires a newer version of Requests to function
     appropriately but the version installed is not sufficient.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ class RequestsVersionTooOld(Warning):
     If the version of Requests is too old to support a feature, we will issue
     this warning to the user.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -34,4 +37,5 @@ class IgnoringGAECertificateValidation(Warning):
 
     In :class:`requests_toolbelt.adapters.appengine.InsecureAppEngineAdapter`.
     """
+
     pass
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/__init__.py b/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/__init__.py
index d3bced1c..3e588f7b 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/__init__.py
@@ -13,19 +13,19 @@ from .decoder import MultipartDecoder
 from .decoder import ImproperBodyPartContentException
 from .decoder import NonMultipartContentTypeException
 
-__title__ = 'requests-toolbelt'
-__authors__ = 'Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
-__license__ = 'Apache v2.0'
-__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2014 Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
+__title__ = "requests-toolbelt"
+__authors__ = "Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield"
+__license__ = "Apache v2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright 2014 Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield"
 
 __all__ = [
-    'MultipartEncoder',
-    'MultipartEncoderMonitor',
-    'MultipartDecoder',
-    'ImproperBodyPartContentException',
-    'NonMultipartContentTypeException',
-    '__title__',
-    '__authors__',
-    '__license__',
-    '__copyright__',
+    "MultipartEncoder",
+    "MultipartEncoderMonitor",
+    "MultipartDecoder",
+    "ImproperBodyPartContentException",
+    "NonMultipartContentTypeException",
+    "__title__",
+    "__authors__",
+    "__license__",
+    "__copyright__",
 ]
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/decoder.py b/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/decoder.py
index 2a0d1c46..eb078515 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/decoder.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/decoder.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 def _split_on_find(content, bound):
     point = content.find(bound)
-    return content[:point], content[point + len(bound):]
+    return content[:point], content[point + len(bound) :]
 
 
 class ImproperBodyPartContentException(Exception):
@@ -32,10 +32,7 @@ def _header_parser(string, encoding):
     if major == 3:
         string = string.decode(encoding)
     headers = email.parser.HeaderParser().parsestr(string).items()
-    return (
-        (encode_with(k, encoding), encode_with(v, encoding))
-        for k, v in headers
-    )
+    return ((encode_with(k, encoding), encode_with(v, encoding)) for k, v in headers)
 
 
 class BodyPart(object):
@@ -55,13 +52,13 @@ class BodyPart(object):
         self.encoding = encoding
         headers = {}
         # Split into header section (if any) and the content
-        if b'\r\n\r\n' in content:
-            first, self.content = _split_on_find(content, b'\r\n\r\n')
-            if first != b'':
+        if b"\r\n\r\n" in content:
+            first, self.content = _split_on_find(content, b"\r\n\r\n")
+            if first != b"":
                 headers = _header_parser(first.lstrip(), encoding)
         else:
             raise ImproperBodyPartContentException(
-                'content does not contain CR-LF-CR-LF'
+                "content does not contain CR-LF-CR-LF"
             )
         self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(headers)
 
@@ -100,7 +97,8 @@ class MultipartDecoder(object):
     ``'utf-8'``).
 
     """
-    def __init__(self, content, content_type, encoding='utf-8'):
+
+    def __init__(self, content, content_type, encoding="utf-8"):
         #: Original Content-Type header
         self.content_type = content_type
         #: Response body encoding
@@ -111,18 +109,15 @@ class MultipartDecoder(object):
         self._parse_body(content)
 
     def _find_boundary(self):
-        ct_info = tuple(x.strip() for x in self.content_type.split(';'))
+        ct_info = tuple(x.strip() for x in self.content_type.split(";"))
         mimetype = ct_info[0]
-        if mimetype.split('/')[0].lower() != 'multipart':
+        if mimetype.split("/")[0].lower() != "multipart":
             raise NonMultipartContentTypeException(
                 "Unexpected mimetype in content-type: '{}'".format(mimetype)
             )
         for item in ct_info[1:]:
-            attr, value = _split_on_find(
-                item,
-                '='
-            )
-            if attr.lower() == 'boundary':
+            attr, value = _split_on_find(item, "=")
+            if attr.lower() == "boundary":
                 self.boundary = encode_with(value.strip('"'), self.encoding)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -134,23 +129,25 @@ class MultipartDecoder(object):
             return part
 
     def _parse_body(self, content):
-        boundary = b''.join((b'--', self.boundary))
+        boundary = b"".join((b"--", self.boundary))
 
         def body_part(part):
             fixed = MultipartDecoder._fix_first_part(part, boundary)
             return BodyPart(fixed, self.encoding)
 
         def test_part(part):
-            return (part != b'' and
-                    part != b'\r\n' and
-                    part[:4] != b'--\r\n' and
-                    part != b'--')
+            return (
+                part != b""
+                and part != b"\r\n"
+                and part[:4] != b"--\r\n"
+                and part != b"--"
+            )
 
-        parts = content.split(b''.join((b'\r\n', boundary)))
+        parts = content.split(b"".join((b"\r\n", boundary)))
         self.parts = tuple(body_part(x) for x in parts if test_part(x))
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_response(cls, response, encoding='utf-8'):
+    def from_response(cls, response, encoding="utf-8"):
         content = response.content
-        content_type = response.headers.get('content-type', None)
+        content_type = response.headers.get("content-type", None)
         return cls(content, content_type, encoding)
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/encoder.py b/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/encoder.py
index c5333be6..ba89297e 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/encoder.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/multipart/encoder.py
@@ -84,21 +84,23 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
 
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, fields, boundary=None, encoding='utf-8'):
+    def __init__(self, fields, boundary=None, encoding="utf-8"):
         #: Boundary value either passed in by the user or created
         self.boundary_value = boundary or uuid4().hex
 
         # Computed boundary
-        self.boundary = '--{}'.format(self.boundary_value)
+        self.boundary = "--{}".format(self.boundary_value)
 
         #: Encoding of the data being passed in
         self.encoding = encoding
 
         # Pre-encoded boundary
-        self._encoded_boundary = b''.join([
-            encode_with(self.boundary, self.encoding),
-            encode_with('\r\n', self.encoding)
-            ])
+        self._encoded_boundary = b"".join(
+            [
+                encode_with(self.boundary, self.encoding),
+                encode_with("\r\n", self.encoding),
+            ]
+        )
 
         #: Fields provided by the user
         self.fields = fields
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
         return self._len or self._calculate_length()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<MultipartEncoder: {!r}>'.format(self.fields)
+        return "<MultipartEncoder: {!r}>".format(self.fields)
 
     def _calculate_length(self):
         """
@@ -158,9 +160,11 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
         """
         boundary_len = len(self.boundary)  # Length of --{boundary}
         # boundary length + header length + body length + len('\r\n') * 2
-        self._len = sum(
-            (boundary_len + total_len(p) + 4) for p in self.parts
-            ) + boundary_len + 4
+        self._len = (
+            sum((boundary_len + total_len(p) + 4) for p in self.parts)
+            + boundary_len
+            + 4
+        )
         return self._len
 
     def _calculate_load_amount(self, read_size):
@@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
         while amount == -1 or amount > 0:
             written = 0
             if part and not part.bytes_left_to_write():
-                written += self._write(b'\r\n')
+                written += self._write(b"\r\n")
                 written += self._write_boundary()
                 part = self._next_part()
 
@@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
 
     def _iter_fields(self):
         _fields = self.fields
-        if hasattr(self.fields, 'items'):
+        if hasattr(self.fields, "items"):
             _fields = list(self.fields.items())
         for k, v in _fields:
             file_name = None
@@ -230,9 +234,9 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
             else:
                 file_pointer = v
 
-            field = fields.RequestField(name=k, data=file_pointer,
-                                        filename=file_name,
-                                        headers=file_headers)
+            field = fields.RequestField(
+                name=k, data=file_pointer, filename=file_name, headers=file_headers
+            )
             field.make_multipart(content_type=file_type)
             yield field
 
@@ -263,7 +267,7 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
         """Write the bytes necessary to finish a multipart/form-data body."""
         with reset(self._buffer):
             self._buffer.seek(-2, 2)
-            self._buffer.write(b'--\r\n')
+            self._buffer.write(b"--\r\n")
         return 2
 
     def _write_headers(self, headers):
@@ -272,9 +276,7 @@ class MultipartEncoder(object):
 
     @property
     def content_type(self):
-        return str(
-            'multipart/form-data; boundary={}'.format(self.boundary_value)
-            )
+        return str("multipart/form-data; boundary={}".format(self.boundary_value))
 
     def to_string(self):
         """Return the entirety of the data in the encoder.
@@ -385,8 +387,7 @@ class MultipartEncoderMonitor(object):
         self.len = self.encoder.len
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_fields(cls, fields, boundary=None, encoding='utf-8',
-                    callback=None):
+    def from_fields(cls, fields, boundary=None, encoding="utf-8", callback=None):
         encoder = MultipartEncoder(fields, boundary, encoding)
         return cls(encoder, callback)
 
@@ -419,20 +420,20 @@ def encode_with(string, encoding):
 
 def readable_data(data, encoding):
     """Coerce the data to an object with a ``read`` method."""
-    if hasattr(data, 'read'):
+    if hasattr(data, "read"):
         return data
 
     return CustomBytesIO(data, encoding)
 
 
 def total_len(o):
-    if hasattr(o, '__len__'):
+    if hasattr(o, "__len__"):
         return len(o)
 
-    if hasattr(o, 'len'):
+    if hasattr(o, "len"):
         return o.len
 
-    if hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
+    if hasattr(o, "fileno"):
         try:
             fileno = o.fileno()
         except io.UnsupportedOperation:
@@ -440,7 +441,7 @@ def total_len(o):
         else:
             return os.fstat(fileno).st_size
 
-    if hasattr(o, 'getvalue'):
+    if hasattr(o, "getvalue"):
         # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO
         return len(o.getvalue())
 
@@ -462,20 +463,20 @@ def reset(buffer):
 def coerce_data(data, encoding):
     """Ensure that every object's __len__ behaves uniformly."""
     if not isinstance(data, CustomBytesIO):
-        if hasattr(data, 'getvalue'):
+        if hasattr(data, "getvalue"):
             return CustomBytesIO(data.getvalue(), encoding)
 
-        if hasattr(data, 'fileno'):
+        if hasattr(data, "fileno"):
             return FileWrapper(data)
 
-        if not hasattr(data, 'read'):
+        if not hasattr(data, "read"):
             return CustomBytesIO(data, encoding)
 
     return data
 
 
 def to_list(fields):
-    if hasattr(fields, 'items'):
+    if hasattr(fields, "items"):
         return list(fields.items())
     return list(fields)
 
@@ -531,7 +532,7 @@ class Part(object):
 
 
 class CustomBytesIO(io.BytesIO):
-    def __init__(self, buffer=None, encoding='utf-8'):
+    def __init__(self, buffer=None, encoding="utf-8"):
         buffer = encode_with(buffer, encoding)
         super(CustomBytesIO, self).__init__(buffer)
 
@@ -625,18 +626,17 @@ class FileFromURLWrapper(object):
     def __init__(self, file_url, session=None):
         self.session = session or requests.Session()
         requested_file = self._request_for_file(file_url)
-        self.len = int(requested_file.headers['content-length'])
+        self.len = int(requested_file.headers["content-length"])
         self.raw_data = requested_file.raw
 
     def _request_for_file(self, file_url):
         """Make call for file under provided URL."""
         response = self.session.get(file_url, stream=True)
-        content_length = response.headers.get('content-length', None)
+        content_length = response.headers.get("content-length", None)
         if content_length is None:
             error_msg = (
                 "Data from provided URL {url} is not supported. Lack of "
-                "content-length Header in requested file response.".format(
-                    url=file_url)
+                "content-length Header in requested file response.".format(url=file_url)
             )
             raise FileNotSupportedError(error_msg)
         elif not content_length.isdigit():
@@ -650,6 +650,6 @@ class FileFromURLWrapper(object):
     def read(self, chunk_size):
         """Read file in chunks."""
         chunk_size = chunk_size if chunk_size >= 0 else self.len
-        chunk = self.raw_data.read(chunk_size) or b''
+        chunk = self.raw_data.read(chunk_size) or b""
         self.len -= len(chunk) if chunk else 0  # left to read
         return chunk
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/sessions.py b/requests3/toolbelt/sessions.py
index 362924ff..d0f8f0d3 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/sessions.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/sessions.py
@@ -61,9 +61,7 @@ class BaseUrlSession(requests.Session):
     def request(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
         """Send the request after generating the complete URL."""
         url = self.create_url(url)
-        return super(BaseUrlSession, self).request(
-            method, url, *args, **kwargs
-        )
+        return super(BaseUrlSession, self).request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def create_url(self, url):
         """Create the URL based off this partial path."""
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/streaming_iterator.py b/requests3/toolbelt/streaming_iterator.py
index 64fd75f1..54384ea1 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/streaming_iterator.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/streaming_iterator.py
@@ -52,14 +52,12 @@ class StreamingIterator(object):
     appropriately because the toolbelt will not attempt to guess that for you.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, size, iterator, encoding='utf-8'):
+    def __init__(self, size, iterator, encoding="utf-8"):
         #: The expected size of the upload
         self.size = int(size)
 
         if self.size < 0:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'The size of the upload must be a positive integer'
-                )
+            raise ValueError("The size of the upload must be a positive integer")
 
         #: Attribute that requests will check to determine the length of the
         #: body. See bug #80 for more details
@@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ class StreamingIterator(object):
         #: The iterator used to generate the upload data
         self.iterator = iterator
 
-        if hasattr(iterator, 'read'):
+        if hasattr(iterator, "read"):
             self._file = iterator
         else:
             self._file = _IteratorAsBinaryFile(iterator, encoding)
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ class StreamingIterator(object):
 
 
 class _IteratorAsBinaryFile(object):
-    def __init__(self, iterator, encoding='utf-8'):
+    def __init__(self, iterator, encoding="utf-8"):
         #: The iterator used to generate the upload data
         self.iterator = iterator
 
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ class _IteratorAsBinaryFile(object):
         try:
             return encode_with(next(self.iterator), self.encoding)
         except StopIteration:
-            return b''
+            return b""
 
     def _load_bytes(self, size):
         self._buffer.smart_truncate()
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ class _IteratorAsBinaryFile(object):
     def read(self, size=-1):
         size = int(size)
         if size == -1:
-            return b''.join(self.iterator)
+            return b"".join(self.iterator)
 
         self._load_bytes(size)
         return self._buffer.read(size)
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/__init__.py b/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/__init__.py
index 984f1e80..ffaf770a 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/__init__.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/__init__.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def map(requests, **kwargs):
         :class:`~requests_toolbelt.threaded.pool.ThreadException`)
     """
     if not (requests and all(isinstance(r, dict) for r in requests)):
-        raise ValueError('map expects a list of dictionaries.')
+        raise ValueError("map expects a list of dictionaries.")
 
     # Build our queue of requests
     job_queue = queue.Queue()
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def map(requests, **kwargs):
         job_queue.put(request)
 
     # Ensure the user doesn't try to pass their own job_queue
-    kwargs['job_queue'] = job_queue
+    kwargs["job_queue"] = job_queue
 
     threadpool = pool.Pool(**kwargs)
     threadpool.join_all()
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/pool.py b/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/pool.py
index 1fe81461..ab4d7e89 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/pool.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/pool.py
@@ -24,8 +24,14 @@ class Pool(object):
     :type session: requests.Session
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, job_queue, initializer=None, auth_generator=None,
-                 num_processes=None, session=requests.Session):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        job_queue,
+        initializer=None,
+        auth_generator=None,
+        num_processes=None,
+        session=requests.Session,
+    ):
         if num_processes is None:
             num_processes = multiprocessing.cpu_count() or 1
 
@@ -40,8 +46,12 @@ class Pool(object):
         self._auth = auth_generator or _identity
         self._session = session
         self._pool = [
-            thread.SessionThread(self._new_session(), self._job_queue,
-                                 self._response_queue, self._exc_queue)
+            thread.SessionThread(
+                self._new_session(),
+                self._job_queue,
+                self._response_queue,
+                self._exc_queue,
+            )
             for _ in range(self._processes)
         ]
 
@@ -85,12 +95,12 @@ class Pool(object):
         :returns: An initialized :class:`~Pool` object.
         :rtype: :class:`~Pool`
         """
-        request_dict = {'method': 'GET'}
+        request_dict = {"method": "GET"}
         request_dict.update(request_kwargs or {})
         job_queue = queue.Queue()
         for url in urls:
             job = request_dict.copy()
-            job.update({'url': url})
+            job.update({"url": url})
             job_queue.put(job)
 
         return cls(job_queue=job_queue, **kwargs)
@@ -172,8 +182,9 @@ class ThreadResponse(ThreadProxy):
         json = thread_response.json()
 
     """
-    proxied_attr = 'response'
-    attrs = frozenset(['request_kwargs', 'response'])
+
+    proxied_attr = "response"
+    attrs = frozenset(["request_kwargs", "response"])
 
     def __init__(self, request_kwargs, response):
         #: The original keyword arguments provided to the queue
@@ -194,8 +205,9 @@ class ThreadException(ThreadProxy):
         msg = thread_exc.message
 
     """
-    proxied_attr = 'exception'
-    attrs = frozenset(['request_kwargs', 'exception'])
+
+    proxied_attr = "exception"
+    attrs = frozenset(["request_kwargs", "exception"])
 
     def __init__(self, request_kwargs, exception):
         #: The original keyword arguments provided to the queue
@@ -208,4 +220,4 @@ def _identity(session_obj):
     return session_obj
 
 
-__all__ = ['ThreadException', 'ThreadResponse', 'Pool']
+__all__ = ["ThreadException", "ThreadResponse", "Pool"]
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/thread.py b/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/thread.py
index 542813c1..0b2efaeb 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/thread.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/threaded/thread.py
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ from .._compat import queue
 
 
 class SessionThread(object):
-    def __init__(self, initialized_session, job_queue, response_queue,
-                 exception_queue):
+    def __init__(self, initialized_session, job_queue, response_queue, exception_queue):
         self._session = initialized_session
         self._jobs = job_queue
         self._create_worker()
@@ -17,10 +16,7 @@ class SessionThread(object):
         self._exceptions = exception_queue
 
     def _create_worker(self):
-        self._worker = threading.Thread(
-            target=self._make_request,
-            name=uuid.uuid4(),
-        )
+        self._worker = threading.Thread(target=self._make_request, name=uuid.uuid4())
         self._worker.daemon = True
         self._worker._state = 0
         self._worker.start()
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/deprecated.py b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/deprecated.py
index c935783b..06611f1b 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/deprecated.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/deprecated.py
@@ -5,17 +5,13 @@ import sys
 
 from requests import utils
 
-find_charset = re.compile(
-    br'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I
-).findall
+find_charset = re.compile(br'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I).findall
 
 find_pragma = re.compile(
     br'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I
 ).findall
 
-find_xml = re.compile(
-    br'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]'
-).findall
+find_xml = re.compile(br'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]').findall
 
 
 def get_encodings_from_content(content):
@@ -34,10 +30,9 @@ def get_encodings_from_content(content):
     :return: encodings detected in the provided content
     :rtype: list(str)
     """
-    encodings = (find_charset(content) + find_pragma(content)
-                 + find_xml(content))
+    encodings = find_charset(content) + find_pragma(content) + find_xml(content)
     if (3, 0) <= sys.version_info < (4, 0):
-        encodings = [encoding.decode('utf8') for encoding in encodings]
+        encodings = [encoding.decode("utf8") for encoding in encodings]
     return encodings
 
 
@@ -85,7 +80,7 @@ def get_unicode_from_response(response):
     # Fall back:
     if encoding:
         try:
-            return str(response.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+            return str(response.content, encoding, errors="replace")
         except TypeError:
             pass
     return response.text
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/dump.py b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/dump.py
index 23b35e75..3794d5bc 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/dump.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/dump.py
@@ -4,16 +4,11 @@ import collections
 from requests import compat
 
 
-__all__ = ('dump_response', 'dump_all')
+__all__ = ("dump_response", "dump_all")
 
-HTTP_VERSIONS = {
-    9: b'0.9',
-    10: b'1.0',
-    11: b'1.1',
-}
+HTTP_VERSIONS = {9: b"0.9", 10: b"1.0", 11: b"1.1"}
 
-_PrefixSettings = collections.namedtuple('PrefixSettings',
-                                         ['request', 'response'])
+_PrefixSettings = collections.namedtuple("PrefixSettings", ["request", "response"])
 
 
 class PrefixSettings(_PrefixSettings):
@@ -24,32 +19,31 @@ class PrefixSettings(_PrefixSettings):
 
 
 def _get_proxy_information(response):
-    if getattr(response.connection, 'proxy_manager', False):
+    if getattr(response.connection, "proxy_manager", False):
         proxy_info = {}
         request_url = response.request.url
-        if request_url.startswith('https://'):
-            proxy_info['method'] = 'CONNECT'
+        if request_url.startswith("https://"):
+            proxy_info["method"] = "CONNECT"
 
-        proxy_info['request_path'] = request_url
+        proxy_info["request_path"] = request_url
         return proxy_info
     return None
 
 
 def _format_header(name, value):
-    return (_coerce_to_bytes(name) + b': ' + _coerce_to_bytes(value) +
-            b'\r\n')
+    return _coerce_to_bytes(name) + b": " + _coerce_to_bytes(value) + b"\r\n"
 
 
 def _build_request_path(url, proxy_info):
     uri = compat.urlparse(url)
-    proxy_url = proxy_info.get('request_path')
+    proxy_url = proxy_info.get("request_path")
     if proxy_url is not None:
         request_path = _coerce_to_bytes(proxy_url)
         return request_path, uri
 
     request_path = _coerce_to_bytes(uri.path)
     if uri.query:
-        request_path += b'?' + _coerce_to_bytes(uri.query)
+        request_path += b"?" + _coerce_to_bytes(uri.query)
 
     return request_path, uri
 
@@ -59,29 +53,29 @@ def _dump_request_data(request, prefixes, bytearr, proxy_info=None):
         proxy_info = {}
 
     prefix = prefixes.request
-    method = _coerce_to_bytes(proxy_info.pop('method', request.method))
+    method = _coerce_to_bytes(proxy_info.pop("method", request.method))
     request_path, uri = _build_request_path(request.url, proxy_info)
 
     # <prefix><METHOD> <request-path> HTTP/1.1
-    bytearr.extend(prefix + method + b' ' + request_path + b' HTTP/1.1\r\n')
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + method + b" " + request_path + b" HTTP/1.1\r\n")
 
     # <prefix>Host: <request-host> OR host header specified by user
     headers = request.headers.copy()
-    host_header = _coerce_to_bytes(headers.pop('Host', uri.netloc))
-    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'Host: ' + host_header + b'\r\n')
+    host_header = _coerce_to_bytes(headers.pop("Host", uri.netloc))
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + b"Host: " + host_header + b"\r\n")
 
     for name, value in headers.items():
         bytearr.extend(prefix + _format_header(name, value))
 
-    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'\r\n')
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + b"\r\n")
     if request.body:
         if isinstance(request.body, compat.basestring):
             bytearr.extend(prefix + _coerce_to_bytes(request.body))
         else:
             # In the event that the body is a file-like object, let's not try
             # to read everything into memory.
-            bytearr.extend(b'<< Request body is not a string-like type >>')
-    bytearr.extend(b'\r\n')
+            bytearr.extend(b"<< Request body is not a string-like type >>")
+    bytearr.extend(b"\r\n")
 
 
 def _dump_response_data(response, prefixes, bytearr):
@@ -90,32 +84,40 @@ def _dump_response_data(response, prefixes, bytearr):
     raw = response.raw
 
     # Let's convert the version int from httplib to bytes
-    version_str = HTTP_VERSIONS.get(raw.version, b'?')
+    version_str = HTTP_VERSIONS.get(raw.version, b"?")
 
     # <prefix>HTTP/<version_str> <status_code> <reason>
-    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'HTTP/' + version_str + b' ' +
-                   str(raw.status).encode('ascii') + b' ' +
-                   _coerce_to_bytes(response.reason) + b'\r\n')
+    bytearr.extend(
+        prefix
+        + b"HTTP/"
+        + version_str
+        + b" "
+        + str(raw.status).encode("ascii")
+        + b" "
+        + _coerce_to_bytes(response.reason)
+        + b"\r\n"
+    )
 
     headers = raw.headers
     for name in headers.keys():
         for value in headers.getlist(name):
             bytearr.extend(prefix + _format_header(name, value))
 
-    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'\r\n')
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + b"\r\n")
 
     bytearr.extend(response.content)
 
 
 def _coerce_to_bytes(data):
-    if not isinstance(data, bytes) and hasattr(data, 'encode'):
-        data = data.encode('utf-8')
+    if not isinstance(data, bytes) and hasattr(data, "encode"):
+        data = data.encode("utf-8")
     # Don't bail out with an exception if data is None
-    return data if data is not None else b''
+    return data if data is not None else b""
 
 
-def dump_response(response, request_prefix=b'< ', response_prefix=b'> ',
-                  data_array=None):
+def dump_response(
+    response, request_prefix=b"< ", response_prefix=b"> ", data_array=None
+):
     """Dump a single request-response cycle's information.
 
     This will take a response object and dump only the data that requests can
@@ -148,17 +150,16 @@ def dump_response(response, request_prefix=b'< ', response_prefix=b'> ',
     data = data_array if data_array is not None else bytearray()
     prefixes = PrefixSettings(request_prefix, response_prefix)
 
-    if not hasattr(response, 'request'):
-        raise ValueError('Response has no associated request')
+    if not hasattr(response, "request"):
+        raise ValueError("Response has no associated request")
 
     proxy_info = _get_proxy_information(response)
-    _dump_request_data(response.request, prefixes, data,
-                       proxy_info=proxy_info)
+    _dump_request_data(response.request, prefixes, data, proxy_info=proxy_info)
     _dump_response_data(response, prefixes, data)
     return data
 
 
-def dump_all(response, request_prefix=b'< ', response_prefix=b'> '):
+def dump_all(response, request_prefix=b"< ", response_prefix=b"> "):
     """Dump all requests and responses including redirects.
 
     This takes the response returned by requests and will dump all
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/formdata.py b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/formdata.py
index b0a909d2..d81e5ab1 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/formdata.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/formdata.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from .._compat import basestring
 from .._compat import urlencode as _urlencode
 
 
-__all__ = ('urlencode',)
+__all__ = ("urlencode",)
 
 
 def urlencode(query, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -76,8 +76,10 @@ def urlencode(query, *args, **kwargs):
     original_query_list = _to_kv_list(query)
 
     if not all(_is_two_tuple(i) for i in original_query_list):
-        raise ValueError("Expected query to be able to be converted to a "
-                         "list comprised of length 2 tuples.")
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Expected query to be able to be converted to a "
+            "list comprised of length 2 tuples."
+        )
 
     query_list = original_query_list
     while any(isinstance(v, expand_classes) for _, v in query_list):
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ def urlencode(query, *args, **kwargs):
 
 
 def _to_kv_list(dict_or_list):
-    if hasattr(dict_or_list, 'items'):
+    if hasattr(dict_or_list, "items"):
         return list(dict_or_list.items())
     return dict_or_list
 
@@ -102,7 +104,7 @@ def _expand_query_values(original_query_list):
         if isinstance(value, basestring):
             query_list.append((key, value))
         else:
-            key_fmt = key + '[%s]'
+            key_fmt = key + "[%s]"
             value_list = _to_kv_list(value)
             query_list.extend((key_fmt % k, v) for k, v in value_list)
     return query_list
diff --git a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py
index e9636a41..f02786e2 100644
--- a/requests3/toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py
+++ b/requests3/toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py
@@ -20,12 +20,13 @@ def user_agent(name, version, extras=None):
     if extras is None:
         extras = []
 
-    return UserAgentBuilder(
-            name, version
-        ).include_extras(
-            extras
-        ).include_implementation(
-        ).include_system().build()
+    return (
+        UserAgentBuilder(name, version)
+        .include_extras(extras)
+        .include_implementation()
+        .include_system()
+        .build()
+    )
 
 
 class UserAgentBuilder(object):
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ class UserAgentBuilder(object):
 
     """
 
-    format_string = '%s/%s'
+    format_string = "%s/%s"
 
     def __init__(self, name, version):
         """Initialize our builder with the name and version of our user agent.
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ class UserAgentBuilder(object):
             list of tuples of extra-name and extra-version
         """
         if any(len(extra) != 2 for extra in extras):
-            raise ValueError('Extras should be a sequence of two item tuples.')
+            raise ValueError("Extras should be a sequence of two item tuples.")
 
         self._pieces.extend(extras)
         return self
@@ -109,22 +110,24 @@ def _implementation_tuple():
     """
     implementation = platform.python_implementation()
 
-    if implementation == 'CPython':
+    if implementation == "CPython":
         implementation_version = platform.python_version()
-    elif implementation == 'PyPy':
-        implementation_version = '%s.%s.%s' % (sys.pypy_version_info.major,
-                                               sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
-                                               sys.pypy_version_info.micro)
-        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != 'final':
-            implementation_version = ''.join([
-                implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel
-                ])
-    elif implementation == 'Jython':
+    elif implementation == "PyPy":
+        implementation_version = "%s.%s.%s" % (
+            sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+            sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
+            sys.pypy_version_info.micro,
+        )
+        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != "final":
+            implementation_version = "".join(
+                [implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel]
+            )
+    elif implementation == "Jython":
         implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
-    elif implementation == 'IronPython':
+    elif implementation == "IronPython":
         implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
     else:
-        implementation_version = 'Unknown'
+        implementation_version = "Unknown"
 
     return (implementation, implementation_version)
 
@@ -138,6 +141,6 @@ def _platform_tuple():
         p_system = platform.system()
         p_release = platform.release()
     except IOError:
-        p_system = 'Unknown'
-        p_release = 'Unknown'
+        p_system = "Unknown"
+        p_release = "Unknown"
     return (p_system, p_release)
diff --git a/requests3/utils.py b/requests3/utils.py
index f358fb6b..f30a2ce6 100644
--- a/requests3/utils.py
+++ b/requests3/utils.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ from ._basics import (
     basestring,
     integer_types,
     proxy_bypass_environment,
-    getproxies_environment
+    getproxies_environment,
 )
 from .http_cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, RequestsCookieJar
 from ._structures import HTTPHeaderDict
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 1e5bcd9f..a8af77db 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -5,131 +5,121 @@ import sys
 
 from codecs import open
 
-from setuptools import setup
+from setuptools import setup, Command
 from setuptools.command.test import test as TestCommand
 
 here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 
 
-class Format(TestCommand):
+class Format(Command):
     user_options = []
 
     def initialize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
         pass
 
     def finalize_options(self):
         pass
 
-    def run_tests(self):
-        os.system('white requests')
+    def run(self):
+        os.system("black requests3")
 
 
-class PyTest(TestCommand):
-    user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
+class PyTest(Command):
+    user_options = [("pytest-args=", "a", "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
 
     def initialize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
-        self.pytest_args = ['-n', 'auto']
+        pass
 
     def finalize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
-        self.test_args = []
-        self.test_suite = True
+        # Command.finalize_options(self)
+        pass
 
-    def run_tests(self):
+    def run(self):
         import pytest
 
-        errno = pytest.main(self.pytest_args)
+        errno = pytest.main(["-n", "auto"])
         sys.exit(errno)
 
 
-class MyPyTest(TestCommand):
-    user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
+class MyPyTest(Command):
+    user_options = [("pytest-args=", "a", "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
 
     def initialize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
-        self.pytest_args = ['-n', 'auto', '--mypy', 'tests']
+        pass
 
     def finalize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
-        self.test_args = []
-        self.test_suite = True
+        pass
 
     def run_tests(self):
         import pytest
 
-        errno = pytest.main(self.pytest_args)
+        errno = pytest.main(["-n", "auto", "--mypy", "tests"])
         sys.exit(errno)
 
 
 # 'setup.py publish' shortcut.
-if sys.argv[-1] == 'publish':
-    os.system('python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel')
-    os.system('twine upload dist/*')
+if sys.argv[-1] == "publish":
+    os.system("python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel")
+    os.system("twine upload dist/*")
     sys.exit()
-packages = ['requests3']
+packages = ["requests3"]
 requires = [
-    'chardet>=3.0.2,<3.1.0',
-    'idna>=2.5,<2.9',
-    'urllib3>=1.21.1,<1.25',
-    'certifi>=2017.4.17',
-    'requests-toolbelt'
-
+    "chardet>=3.0.2,<3.1.0",
+    "idna>=2.5,<2.9",
+    "urllib3>=1.21.1,<1.25",
+    "certifi>=2017.4.17",
 ]
 test_requirements = [
-    'pytest-httpbin==0.0.7',
-    'pytest-cov',
-    'pytest-mock',
-    'pytest-xdist',
-    'PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7',
-    'pytest>=2.8.0'
+    "pytest-httpbin==0.0.7",
+    "pytest-cov",
+    "pytest-mock",
+    "pytest-xdist",
+    "PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7",
+    "pytest>=2.8.0",
 ]
 
 about = {}
-with open(os.path.join(here, 'requests3', '__version__.py'), 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
+with open(os.path.join(here, "requests3", "__version__.py"), "r", "utf-8") as f:
     exec(f.read(), about)
 
-with open('README.md', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
+with open("README.md", "r", "utf-8") as f:
     readme = f.read()
-with open('HISTORY.md', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
+with open("HISTORY.md", "r", "utf-8") as f:
     history = f.read()
 setup(
-    name=about['__title__'],
-    version=about['__version__'],
-    description=about['__description__'],
+    name=about["__title__"],
+    version=about["__version__"],
+    description=about["__description__"],
     long_description=readme,
-    long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
-    author=about['__author__'],
-    author_email=about['__author_email__'],
-    url=about['__url__'],
+    long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
+    author=about["__author__"],
+    author_email=about["__author_email__"],
+    url=about["__url__"],
     packages=packages,
-    package_data={'': ['LICENSE', 'NOTICE'], 'requests': ['*.pem']},
-    package_dir={'requests': 'requests'},
+    package_data={"": ["LICENSE", "NOTICE"], "requests": ["*.pem"]},
+    package_dir={"requests": "requests"},
     include_package_data=True,
     python_requires=">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*",
     install_requires=requires,
-    license=about['__license__'],
+    license=about["__license__"],
     zip_safe=False,
     classifiers=[
-        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-        'Natural Language :: English',
-        'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
-        'Programming Language :: Python',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy',
+        "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+        "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+        "Natural Language :: English",
+        "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+        "Programming Language :: Python",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
     ],
-    cmdclass={'test': PyTest, 'mypy': MyPyTest, 'format': Format},
+    cmdclass={"test": PyTest, "mypy": MyPyTest, "format": Format},
     tests_require=test_requirements,
     extras_require={
-        'security': ['pyOpenSSL >= 0.14', 'cryptography>=1.3.4', 'idna>=2.0.0'],
-        'socks': ['PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7'],
-        'socks:sys_platform == "win32" and python_version == "2.7"': [
-            'win_inet_pton'
-        ],
+        "security": ["pyOpenSSL >= 0.14", "cryptography>=1.3.4", "idna>=2.0.0"],
+        "socks": ["PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7"],
+        'socks:sys_platform == "win32" and python_version == "2.7"': ["win_inet_pton"],
     },
 )