diff --git a/examples/lifespan.py b/examples/lifespan.py
index 152d096..98abd3b 100644
--- a/examples/lifespan.py
+++ b/examples/lifespan.py
@@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ import responder
 @asynccontextmanager
 async def lifespan(app):
     # Startup: initialize resources
-    print("Starting up...")
     yield
     # Shutdown: clean up resources
-    print("Shutting down...")
 
 
 api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
diff --git a/examples/rest_api.py b/examples/rest_api.py
index 848a066..60db95f 100644
--- a/examples/rest_api.py
+++ b/examples/rest_api.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # Complete REST API example with Pydantic validation.
 # https://responder.kennethreitz.org/tutorial-rest.html
-import responder
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
+import responder
+
 
 class BookIn(BaseModel):
     title: str
@@ -35,8 +36,13 @@ def list_books(req, resp):
     resp.media = list(books_db.values())
 
 
-@api.route("/books", methods=["POST"], check_existing=False,
-           request_model=BookIn, response_model=BookOut)
+@api.route(
+    "/books",
+    methods=["POST"],
+    check_existing=False,
+    request_model=BookIn,
+    response_model=BookOut,
+)
 async def create_book(req, resp):
     global next_id
     data = await req.media()
diff --git a/examples/websocket_chat.py b/examples/websocket_chat.py
index 615173e..22fa680 100644
--- a/examples/websocket_chat.py
+++ b/examples/websocket_chat.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def index(req, resp):
       </script>
     </body>
     </html>
-    """
+    """  # noqa: E501
 
 
 @api.route("/chat", websocket=True)
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ async def chat(ws):
             message = await ws.receive_text()
             for client in connected:
                 await client.send_text(message)
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception:  # noqa: S110
         pass
     finally:
         connected.discard(ws)
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 1d81f81..d883d35 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ requires = [
 name = "responder"
 description = "A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python."
 readme = "README.md"
-license = {text = "Apache 2.0"}
+license = { text = "Apache 2.0" }
 authors = [
   { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
 ]
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ classifiers = [
   "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
   "Operating System :: OS Independent",
   "Programming Language :: Python",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ classifiers = [
   "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
   "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
 ]
-dynamic = ["version"]
+dynamic = [ "version" ]
 dependencies = [
   "a2wsgi",
-  "apispec>=1.0.0",
+  "apispec>=1",
   "chardet",
   "docopt-ng",
   "graphene>=3",
@@ -44,17 +44,15 @@ dependencies = [
   "pueblo[sfa-full]>=0.0.11",
   "pydantic>=2",
   "python-multipart",
-  "starlette[full]>=1.0",
+  "starlette[full]>=1",
   "uvicorn[standard]",
 ]
-
-[project.optional-dependencies]
-develop = [
+optional-dependencies.develop = [
   "pyproject-fmt",
   "ruff",
   "validate-pyproject",
 ]
-docs = [
+optional-dependencies.docs = [
   "alabaster<1.1",
   "myst-parser",
   "sphinx>=5,<9",
@@ -62,8 +60,8 @@ docs = [
   "sphinx-copybutton",
   "sphinx-design-elements",
 ]
-release = ["build", "twine"]
-test = [
+optional-dependencies.release = [ "build", "twine" ]
+optional-dependencies.test = [
   "flask",
   "mypy",
   "pytest",
@@ -71,32 +69,22 @@ test = [
   "pytest-mock",
   "pytest-rerunfailures",
 ]
+urls.Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
+urls.Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+urls.Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
+urls.Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+scripts.responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
 
-[project.scripts]
-responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
-
-[project.urls]
-Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
-Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
-Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
-Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
-
-[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
-version = {attr = "responder.__version__.__version__"}
-
-[tool.setuptools.package-data]
-responder = ["py.typed", "ext/openapi/docs/*.html"]
-
-[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
-exclude = ["tests"]
+[tool.setuptools]
+dynamic.version = { attr = "responder.__version__.__version__" }
+package-data.responder = [ "py.typed", "ext/openapi/docs/*.html" ]
+packages.find.exclude = [ "tests" ]
 
 [tool.ruff]
 line-length = 90
-
 extend-exclude = [
   "docs/source/conf.py",
 ]
-
 lint.select = [
   # Builtins
   "A",
@@ -124,59 +112,20 @@ lint.select = [
   # flake8-2020
   "YTT",
 ]
-
 lint.extend-ignore = [
-  "S101", #  Allow use of `assert`.
+  "S101", # Allow use of `assert`.
 ]
-
-lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ] # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
-
+lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ]  # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
 lint.per-file-ignores."tests/*" = [
   "ERA001", # Found commented-out code.
   "S101",   # Allow use of `assert`, and `print`.
 ]
 
-[tool.pytest.ini_options]
-addopts = """
-  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
-  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
-  """
-filterwarnings = [
-  "error::UserWarning",
-]
-log_level = "DEBUG"
-log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
-log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
-minversion = "2.0"
-testpaths = [
-  "responder",
-  "tests",
-]
-markers = [
-]
-xfail_strict = true
-
-[tool.coverage.run]
-branch = false
-omit = [
-  "*.html",
-  "tests/*",
-]
-
-[tool.coverage.report]
-fail_under = 0
-show_missing = true
-exclude_lines = [
-  "# pragma: no cover",
-  "raise NotImplemented",
-]
-
 [tool.mypy]
 packages = [
   "responder",
 ]
-exclude = [
-]
+exclude = []
 check_untyped_defs = true
 explicit_package_bases = true
 ignore_missing_imports = true
@@ -184,3 +133,35 @@ implicit_optional = true
 install_types = true
 namespace_packages = true
 non_interactive = true
+
+[tool.pytest]
+ini_options.addopts = """
+  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
+  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
+  """
+ini_options.filterwarnings = [
+  "error::UserWarning",
+]
+ini_options.log_level = "DEBUG"
+ini_options.log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
+ini_options.log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
+ini_options.minversion = "2.0"
+ini_options.testpaths = [
+  "responder",
+  "tests",
+]
+ini_options.markers = []
+ini_options.xfail_strict = true
+
+[tool.coverage]
+run.branch = false
+run.omit = [
+  "*.html",
+  "tests/*",
+]
+report.exclude_lines = [
+  "# pragma: no cover",
+  "raise NotImplemented",
+]
+report.fail_under = 0
+report.show_missing = true
diff --git a/responder/api.py b/responder/api.py
index 785b101..87eb59f 100644
--- a/responder/api.py
+++ b/responder/api.py
@@ -161,9 +161,7 @@ class API:
             import uuid as _uuid
 
             def _add_request_id(req, resp):
-                rid = req.headers.get(
-                    "X-Request-ID", str(_uuid.uuid4())
-                )
+                rid = req.headers.get("X-Request-ID", str(_uuid.uuid4()))
                 resp.headers["X-Request-ID"] = rid
 
             self.router.after_request(_add_request_id)
@@ -562,7 +560,7 @@ class API:
         """Run the application. Shorthand for :meth:`serve` that inherits the ``debug`` setting.
 
         :param kwargs: Keyword arguments passed through to :meth:`serve`.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501
         if "debug" not in kwargs:
             kwargs.update({"debug": self.debug})
         self.serve(**kwargs)
diff --git a/responder/ext/openapi/__init__.py b/responder/ext/openapi/__init__.py
index c6746ea..bd2fb34 100644
--- a/responder/ext/openapi/__init__.py
+++ b/responder/ext/openapi/__init__.py
@@ -129,7 +129,9 @@ class OpenAPISchema:
                         op["requestBody"] = {
                             "content": {
                                 "application/json": {
-                                    "schema": {"$ref": f"#/components/schemas/{model_name}"}
+                                    "schema": {
+                                        "$ref": f"#/components/schemas/{model_name}"
+                                    }
                                 }
                             }
                         }
diff --git a/responder/ext/ratelimit.py b/responder/ext/ratelimit.py
index a9c8e64..df5d5f4 100644
--- a/responder/ext/ratelimit.py
+++ b/responder/ext/ratelimit.py
@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ class RateLimiter:
     def _cleanup(self, key):
         now = time.time()
         cutoff = now - self.period
-        self._buckets[key] = [
-            t for t in self._buckets[key] if t > cutoff
-        ]
+        self._buckets[key] = [t for t in self._buckets[key] if t > cutoff]
 
     def check(self, req, resp):
         """Check rate limit. Sets 429 status if exceeded."""
diff --git a/responder/routes.py b/responder/routes.py
index 13db9f6..6096958 100644
--- a/responder/routes.py
+++ b/responder/routes.py
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class Route(BaseRoute):
             try:
                 validated = resp_model(**response.media)
                 response.media = validated.model_dump()
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception:  # noqa: S110
                 pass  # Don't break the response if serialization fails
 
         # Run after-request hooks
diff --git a/tests/test_coverage.py b/tests/test_coverage.py
index 331a359..f5c851e 100644
--- a/tests/test_coverage.py
+++ b/tests/test_coverage.py
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ import time
 
 import pytest
 from starlette.testclient import TestClient as StarletteTestClient
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect
 
 import responder
 from responder.background import BackgroundQueue
-from responder.models import CaseInsensitiveDict, QueryDict, Response
+from responder.models import QueryDict
 from responder.routes import Route, WebSocketRoute
 from responder.templates import Templates
 
-
 # --- api.py coverage ---
 
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def test_background_task_exception(capsys):
         raise ValueError("task failed")
 
     future = failing_task()
-    future.result  # wait for completion
+    future.result  # wait for completion  # noqa: B018
     time.sleep(0.2)  # let the done callback fire
 
     captured = capsys.readouterr()
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ def test_yaml_content_negotiation(api):
 def test_websocket_404(api):
     """Lines 308-310: WebSocket to unknown route gets closed."""
     client = StarletteTestClient(api)
-    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
         with client.websocket_connect("ws://;/nonexistent"):
             pass
 
@@ -325,9 +325,7 @@ def test_websocket_route_params():
         pass
 
     route = WebSocketRoute("/ws/{room_id:int}", handler)
-    matches, scope = route.matches(
-        {"type": "websocket", "path": "/ws/42"}
-    )
+    matches, scope = route.matches({"type": "websocket", "path": "/ws/42"})
     assert matches is True
     assert scope["path_params"] == {"room_id": 42}
 
@@ -591,7 +589,10 @@ def test_pydantic_schema():
     from pydantic import BaseModel
 
     api = responder.API(
-        title="Test", version="1.0", openapi="3.0.2", allowed_hosts=[";"],
+        title="Test",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        allowed_hosts=[";"],
     )
 
     @api.schema("Pet")
@@ -611,7 +612,10 @@ def test_pydantic_request_response_models():
     from pydantic import BaseModel
 
     api = responder.API(
-        title="Test", version="1.0", openapi="3.0.2", allowed_hosts=[";"],
+        title="Test",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        allowed_hosts=[";"],
     )
 
     class ItemIn(BaseModel):
@@ -623,8 +627,7 @@ def test_pydantic_request_response_models():
         name: str
         price: float
 
-    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"],
-               request_model=ItemIn, response_model=ItemOut)
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], request_model=ItemIn, response_model=ItemOut)
     async def create(req, resp):
         data = await req.media()
         resp.media = {"id": 1, **data}
diff --git a/tests/test_graphql.py b/tests/test_graphql.py
index f38c4ad..bfb5ca7 100644
--- a/tests/test_graphql.py
+++ b/tests/test_graphql.py
@@ -109,10 +109,13 @@ def test_graphql_error_response(api, schema):
 def test_graphql_variables_json(api, schema):
     """Variables passed via JSON body."""
     api.add_route("/", GraphQLView(schema=schema, api=api))
-    r = api.requests.post("http://;/", json={
-        "query": "query Hello($name: String!) { hello(name: $name) }",
-        "variables": {"name": "Alice"},
-    })
+    r = api.requests.post(
+        "http://;/",
+        json={
+            "query": "query Hello($name: String!) { hello(name: $name) }",
+            "variables": {"name": "Alice"},
+        },
+    )
     assert r.json() == {"data": {"hello": "Hello Alice"}}
 
 
@@ -121,7 +124,8 @@ def test_graphql_variables_query_param(api, schema):
     api.add_route("/", GraphQLView(schema=schema, api=api))
     variables = json.dumps({"name": "Bob"})
     r = api.requests.get(
-        f"http://;/?query=query Hello($name: String!) {{ hello(name: $name) }}&variables={variables}",
+        f"http://;/?query=query Hello($name: String!) "
+        f"{{ hello(name: $name) }}&variables={variables}",
         headers={"Accept": "json"},
     )
     assert r.json() == {"data": {"hello": "Hello Bob"}}
@@ -134,10 +138,13 @@ def test_graphql_operation_name_json(api, multi_op_schema):
         query SayHello { hello }
         query SayGoodbye { goodbye }
     """
-    r = api.requests.post("http://;/", json={
-        "query": query,
-        "operationName": "SayHello",
-    })
+    r = api.requests.post(
+        "http://;/",
+        json={
+            "query": query,
+            "operationName": "SayHello",
+        },
+    )
     data = r.json()
     assert data["data"]["hello"] == "Hello stranger"
 
@@ -157,9 +164,12 @@ def test_graphql_operation_name_query_param(api, multi_op_schema):
 def test_graphql_mutation(api, mutation_schema):
     """Mutations work via JSON body."""
     api.add_route("/", GraphQLView(schema=mutation_schema, api=api))
-    r = api.requests.post("http://;/", json={
-        "query": 'mutation { createUser(name: "Eve") { ok name } }',
-    })
+    r = api.requests.post(
+        "http://;/",
+        json={
+            "query": 'mutation { createUser(name: "Eve") { ok name } }',
+        },
+    )
     data = r.json()
     assert data["data"]["createUser"]["ok"] is True
     assert data["data"]["createUser"]["name"] == "Eve"
@@ -168,10 +178,14 @@ def test_graphql_mutation(api, mutation_schema):
 def test_graphql_mutation_with_variables(api, mutation_schema):
     """Mutations with variables."""
     api.add_route("/", GraphQLView(schema=mutation_schema, api=api))
-    r = api.requests.post("http://;/", json={
-        "query": "mutation CreateUser($name: String!) { createUser(name: $name) { ok name } }",
-        "variables": {"name": "Frank"},
-    })
+    r = api.requests.post(
+        "http://;/",
+        json={
+            "query": "mutation CreateUser($name: String!) "
+            "{ createUser(name: $name) { ok name } }",
+            "variables": {"name": "Frank"},
+        },
+    )
     data = r.json()
     assert data["data"]["createUser"]["ok"] is True
     assert data["data"]["createUser"]["name"] == "Frank"
diff --git a/tests/test_new_features.py b/tests/test_new_features.py
index 7ebaaf5..4ce8542 100644
--- a/tests/test_new_features.py
+++ b/tests/test_new_features.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 """Tests for new features: validation, SSE, after_request, route groups, etc."""
 
-import pytest
 from pydantic import BaseModel
-from starlette.testclient import TestClient as StarletteTestClient
 
 import responder
 from responder.ext.ratelimit import RateLimiter
 
-
 # --- Pydantic auto-validation ---
 
 
@@ -42,7 +39,9 @@ def test_pydantic_request_validation():
     assert "errors" in r.json()
 
     # Invalid request — wrong type
-    r = api.requests.post("http://;/items", json={"name": "widget", "price": "not_a_number"})
+    r = api.requests.post(
+        "http://;/items", json={"name": "widget", "price": "not_a_number"}
+    )
     assert r.status_code == 422
 
 
@@ -50,8 +49,7 @@ def test_pydantic_response_serialization():
     """Auto-serialize response through response_model."""
     api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=[";"])
 
-    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"],
-               request_model=ItemIn, response_model=ItemOut)
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], request_model=ItemIn, response_model=ItemOut)
     async def create(req, resp):
         data = await req.media()
         # Include an extra field that should be stripped by the model
@@ -257,7 +255,7 @@ def test_rate_limiter():
     def view(req, resp):
         resp.text = "ok"
 
-    for i in range(3):
+    for _i in range(3):
         r = api.requests.get("http://;/")
         assert r.status_code == 200
         assert "X-RateLimit-Remaining" in r.headers