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<title>Responder &#8212; responder 3.2.0 documentation</title>
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<section id="responder">
<h1>Responder<a class="headerlink" href="#responder" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">responder</span>
<span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/</span><span class="si">{greeting}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">greet_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">greeting</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">greeting</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">, world!&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Powered by <a class="reference external" href="https://www.starlette.io/">Starlette</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://www.uvicorn.org/">uvicorn</a>. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> is optional.</p>
<section id="the-idea">
<h2>The Idea<a class="headerlink" href="#the-idea" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Responder takes the best ideas from <a class="reference external" href="https://flask.palletsprojects.com/">Flask</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://falconframework.org/">Falcon</a> and brings them
together into one clean framework.</p>
<p>The request and response objects are passed into every view and mutated
directly — no return values, no boilerplate. If you’ve used Requests,
you’ll feel right at home. If you’ve used Flask, the routing will look
familiar. If you’ve used Falcon, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req</span></code> / <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp</span></code> pattern will
click immediately.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.text</span></code> sends back text. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.html</span></code> sends back HTML.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.media</span></code> sends back JSON — or YAML, if the client asks for it.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.file(&quot;path&quot;)</span></code> serves a file. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.content</span></code> sends raw bytes.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req.headers</span></code> is case-insensitive. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req.params</span></code> holds query parameters.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.status_code</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req.method</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req.url</span></code> — the usual suspects.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Content negotiation happens automatically. Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.media</span></code> to a dict
and Responder figures out the rest.</p>
<p>Responder and <a class="reference external" href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/">FastAPI</a> share DNA — both are built on Starlette, both
appeared around the same time, and both pushed Python’s ASGI ecosystem
forward. FastAPI went deep on type annotations and automatic validation.
Responder went for a mutable request/response pattern and a simpler,
more familiar API. Both projects are better for the other existing, and
you should use whichever feels right for what you’re building.</p>
</section>
<section id="what-you-get">
<h2>What You Get<a class="headerlink" href="#what-you-get" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>One <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code>, batteries included:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Mount Flask, Django, or any WSGI/ASGI app at a subroute.</p></li>
<li><p>Gzip compression, HSTS, CORS, and trusted host validation.</p></li>
<li><p>Before-request hooks that can short-circuit for auth guards.</p></li>
<li><p>A test client for fast, in-process testing with pytest.</p></li>
<li><p>Route parameters with f-string syntax and type convertors.</p></li>
<li><p>Lifespan context managers for startup and shutdown logic.</p></li>
<li><p>Custom exception handlers for clean error responses.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://graphql.org/">GraphQL</a> with Graphene and a built-in GraphiQL IDE.</p></li>
<li><p>File serving with automatic content-type detection.</p></li>
<li><p>Sync and async views — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> is always optional.</p></li>
<li><p>Class-based views with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on_get</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on_post</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on_request</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>A pleasant API with a single import statement.</p></li>
<li><p>OpenAPI schema generation with Swagger UI.</p></li>
<li><p>A production <a class="reference external" href="https://www.uvicorn.org/">uvicorn</a> server, ready to deploy.</p></li>
<li><p>HTTP method filtering for REST APIs.</p></li>
<li><p>Signed cookie-based sessions.</p></li>
<li><p>Background tasks in a thread pool.</p></li>
<li><p>WebSocket support.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="installation">
<h2>Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>uv<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>responder
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Python 3.9 and above. That’s it.</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">User Guide</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html">Quick Start</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#create-a-web-service">Create a Web Service</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#sending-responses">Sending Responses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#reading-requests">Reading Requests</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#graphql">GraphQL</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#route-groups">Route Groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#request-id">Request ID</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#messagepack">MessagePack</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="deployment.html">Deployment</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="deployment.html#running-locally">Running Locally</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="deployment.html#docker">Docker</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="deployment.html#uvicorn-directly">Uvicorn Directly</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html">Testing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#getting-started">Getting Started</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#using-fixtures">Using Fixtures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#testing-json-apis">Testing JSON APIs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#testing-file-uploads">Testing File Uploads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#testing-websockets">Testing WebSockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#testing-error-handling">Testing Error Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#testing-lifespan-events">Testing Lifespan Events</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html">API Documentation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html#module-responder">Web Service (API) Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html#requests-responses">Requests &amp; Responses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html#utility-functions">Utility Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Responder CLI</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html#launch-module-entrypoint">Launch Module Entrypoint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html#launch-local-file">Launch Local File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html#launch-remote-file">Launch Remote File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html#launch-with-non-standard-instance-name">Launch with Non-Standard Instance Name</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html#build-javascript-application">Build JavaScript Application</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Project</span></p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changes.html">Changelog</a></li>
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<p>
<strong>Responder</strong> — a familiar HTTP service framework for Python.
</p>
<h3>Useful Links</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
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&#169;2018-2026, Kenneth Reitz.
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