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<title>A familiar HTTP Service Framework — responder 2.0.7 documentation</title>
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<section id="a-familiar-http-service-framework">
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<h1>A familiar HTTP Service Framework<a class="headerlink" href="#a-familiar-http-service-framework" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/"><img alt="image1" src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg" /></a> <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/"><img alt="image2" src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg" /></a> <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/"><img alt="image3" src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg" /></a> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors"><img alt="image4" src="https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg" /></a></p>
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">responder</span>
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<span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nd">@api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"/</span><span class="si">{greeting}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">greet_world</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">greeting</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">greeting</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">, world!"</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Powered by <a class="reference external" href="https://www.starlette.io/">Starlette</a>. That <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> declaration is optional.</p>
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<p>This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server
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(<a class="reference external" href="http://whitenoise.evans.io/en/stable/">WhiteNoise</a>)
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pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
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production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with
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automatic gzip compression.</p>
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<section id="features">
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<h2>Features<a class="headerlink" href="#features" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>A pleasant API, with a single import statement.</p></li>
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<li><p>Class-based views without inheritance.</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://asgi.readthedocs.io">ASGI</a> framework, the future of Python web services.</p></li>
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<li><p>WebSocket support!</p></li>
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<li><p>The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals">f-string syntax</a> route declaration.</p></li>
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<li><p>Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.</p></li>
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<li><p>Background tasks, spawned off in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code>.</p></li>
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<li><p>GraphQL (with <em>GraphiQL</em>) support!</p></li>
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<li><p>OpenAPI schema generation, with interactive documentation!</p></li>
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<li><p>Single-page webapp support!</p></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="testimonials">
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<h2>Testimonials<a class="headerlink" href="#testimonials" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>“Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
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<a class="reference external" href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz">@kennethreitz</a> at his absolute
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best.”</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>—Rudraksh M.K.</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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</div></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>“ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It’s awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that.”</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>—Tom Christie, author of <a class="reference external" href="https://www.django-rest-framework.org/">Django REST Framework</a></p>
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</div></blockquote>
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</div></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>“I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>— Danny Greenfield, author of <a class="reference external" href="https://www.twoscoopspress.com/products/two-scoops-of-django-1-11">Two Scoops of Django</a></p>
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</div></blockquote>
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</div></blockquote>
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</section>
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<section id="user-guides">
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<h2>User Guides<a class="headerlink" href="#user-guides" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html">Quick Start!</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#declare-a-web-service">Declare a Web Service</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#hello-world">Hello World!</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#run-the-server">Run the Server</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#accept-route-arguments">Accept Route Arguments</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#returning-json-yaml">Returning JSON / YAML</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#rendering-a-template">Rendering a Template</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#setting-response-status-code">Setting Response Status Code</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#setting-response-headers">Setting Response Headers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quickstart.html#receiving-data-background-tasks">Receiving Data & Background Tasks</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html">Feature Tour</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#class-based-views">Class-Based Views</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#background-tasks">Background Tasks</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#graphql">GraphQL</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#openapi-schema-support">OpenAPI Schema Support</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#interactive-documentation">Interactive Documentation</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#mount-a-wsgi-asgi-apps-e-g-flask-starlette">Mount a WSGI / ASGI Apps (e.g. Flask, Starlette,…)</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#single-page-web-apps">Single-Page Web Apps</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#reading-writing-cookies">Reading / Writing Cookies</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#using-cookie-based-sessions">Using Cookie-Based Sessions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#using-before-request">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">before_request</span></code></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#websocket-support">WebSocket Support</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#using-requests-test-client">Using Requests Test Client</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#hsts-redirect-to-https">HSTS (Redirect to HTTPS)</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#cors">CORS</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tour.html#trusted-hosts">Trusted Hosts</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="deployment.html">Deploying Responder</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="deployment.html#docker-deployment">Docker Deployment</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="deployment.html#heroku-deployment">Heroku Deployment</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html">Building and Testing with Responder</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#the-basics">The Basics</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#writing-tests">Writing Tests</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="testing.html#optional-proper-python-package">(Optional) Proper Python Package</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html">API Documentation</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html#module-responder">Web Service (API) Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html#requests-responses">Requests & Responses</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="api.html#utility-functions">Utility Functions</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="installing-responder">
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<h2>Installing Responder<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-responder" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>pipenv<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>responder
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✨🍰✨
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Only <strong>Python 3.6+</strong> is supported.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="the-basic-idea">
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<h2>The Basic Idea<a class="headerlink" href="#the-basic-idea" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you’ll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>Setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.content</span></code> sends back bytes.</p></li>
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<li><p>Setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.text</span></code> sends back unicode, while setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.html</span></code> sends back HTML.</p></li>
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<li><p>Setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.media</span></code> sends back JSON/YAML (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.text</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.html</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.content</span></code> override this).</p></li>
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<li><p>Case-insensitive <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req.headers</span></code> dict (from Requests directly).</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp.status_code</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req.method</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req.url</span></code>, and other familiar friends.</p></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="ideas">
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<h2>Ideas<a class="headerlink" href="#ideas" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities – all while using Python 3.6+’s new f-string syntax.</p></li>
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<li><p>I love Falcon’s “every request and response is passed into each view and mutated” methodology, especially <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">response.media</span></code>, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love</strong>.</p></li>
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<li><p>The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.</p></li>
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<li><p>Automatic gzipped-responses.</p></li>
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||
<li><p>In addition to Falcon’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on_get</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on_post</span></code>, etc methods, Responder features an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on_request</span></code> method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.</p></li>
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<li><p>A production static files server is built-in.</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.uvicorn.org/">Uvicorn</a> is built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn’t run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris_(computer_security)">slowloris</a> attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.</p></li>
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<li><p>GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.</p></li>
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||
</ul>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="indices-and-tables">
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<h1>Indices and tables<a class="headerlink" href="#indices-and-tables" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="genindex.html"><span class="std std-ref">Index</span></a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="py-modindex.html"><span class="std std-ref">Module Index</span></a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="search.html"><span class="std std-ref">Search Page</span></a></p></li>
|
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</ul>
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||
</section>
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||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"><p class="logo">
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async
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||
<strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human
|
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beings.
|
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</p>
|
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|
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<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
|
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<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
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<h3>Useful Links</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>
|
||
<a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
|
||
<h3>This Page</h3>
|
||
<ul class="this-page-menu">
|
||
<li><a href="_sources/index.rst.txt"
|
||
rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
|
||
<h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>
|
||
<div class="searchformwrapper">
|
||
<form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
|
||
<input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false"/>
|
||
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script>document.getElementById('searchbox').style.display = "block"</script><link
|
||
rel="stylesheet"
|
||
type="text/css"
|
||
href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css"
|
||
/>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
$("#searchbox").hide(0);
|
||
</script>
|
||
<!--Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
/* Rezzy requires precise alignment. */
|
||
img.logo {
|
||
margin-left: -20px !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
h1 {
|
||
font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
|
||
font-style: normal !important;
|
||
font-weight: 600 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.section {
|
||
font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
|
||
font-style: normal !important;
|
||
font-weight: 400 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
pre,
|
||
.pre,
|
||
.class em,
|
||
.descname,
|
||
.method em {
|
||
font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B", monospace !important;
|
||
font-weight: 400 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.property {
|
||
color: lightgrey !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.method .descname {
|
||
color: #220a54;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.method {
|
||
margin-bottom: 2em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.si,
|
||
.s2,
|
||
.s1,
|
||
.method em,
|
||
.class em {
|
||
font-style: italic !important;
|
||
color: grey;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.method em,
|
||
.class em {
|
||
margin-left: 0.3em;
|
||
margin-right: 0.3em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.method p,
|
||
.class p {
|
||
font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B";
|
||
font-style: italic !important;
|
||
font-weight: 400 !important;
|
||
font-size: 1.15em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.method p:first,
|
||
.class p:first {
|
||
background: #fffcbf;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.class .property {
|
||
display: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#testimonials p.attribution {
|
||
margin-top: -1em;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
|
||
div#searchbox h3 {
|
||
display: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Make the document a little wider, less code is cut-off. */
|
||
div.document {
|
||
width: 1008px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Much-improved spacing around code blocks. */
|
||
div.highlight pre {
|
||
padding: 11px 14px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Remain Responsive! */
|
||
@media screen and (max-width: 1008px) {
|
||
div.sphinxsidebar {
|
||
display: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
div.document {
|
||
width: 100% !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Have code blocks escape the document right-margin. */
|
||
div.highlight pre {
|
||
margin-right: -30px;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
|
||
<script
|
||
async
|
||
src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"
|
||
></script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
|
||
function gtag() {
|
||
dataLayer.push(arguments);
|
||
}
|
||
gtag("js", new Date());
|
||
|
||
gtag("config", "UA-127383416-1");
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- There are no more hacks. -->
|
||
<!-- இڿڰۣ-ڰۣ— -->
|
||
<!-- Love, Kenneth Reitz -->
|
||
|
||
<script src="_static//konami.js"></script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
var easter_egg = new Konami(
|
||
"https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/" +
|
||
(Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1)
|
||
);
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<style>
|
||
.injected {
|
||
display: none !important;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<!-- GitHub Logo -->
|
||
<a
|
||
href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
|
||
class="github-corner"
|
||
aria-label="View source on GitHub"
|
||
>
|
||
<svg
|
||
width="80"
|
||
height="80"
|
||
viewBox="0 0 250 250"
|
||
style="
|
||
fill: #151513;
|
||
color: #fff;
|
||
position: absolute;
|
||
top: 0;
|
||
border: 0;
|
||
right: 0;
|
||
"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
>
|
||
<path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path>
|
||
<path
|
||
d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
|
||
fill="currentColor"
|
||
style="transform-origin: 130px 106px"
|
||
class="octo-arm"
|
||
></path>
|
||
<path
|
||
d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
|
||
fill="currentColor"
|
||
class="octo-body"
|
||
></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<style>
|
||
.github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
|
||
animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
@keyframes octocat-wave {
|
||
0%,
|
||
100% {
|
||
transform: rotate(0);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
20%,
|
||
60% {
|
||
transform: rotate(-25deg);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
40%,
|
||
80% {
|
||
transform: rotate(10deg);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
@media (max-width: 500px) {
|
||
.github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
|
||
animation: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.github-corner .octo-arm {
|
||
animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<!-- That was not a hack. That was art.
|
||
|
||
<!-- UserVoice JavaScript SDK (only needed once on a page) -->
|
||
<script>
|
||
(function () {
|
||
var uv = document.createElement("script");
|
||
uv.type = "text/javascript";
|
||
uv.async = true;
|
||
uv.src = "//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js";
|
||
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
|
||
s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s);
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- A tab to launch the Classic Widget -->
|
||
<script>
|
||
UserVoice = window.UserVoice || [];
|
||
UserVoice.push([
|
||
"showTab",
|
||
"classic_widget",
|
||
{
|
||
mode: "feedback",
|
||
primary_color: "#fa8c28",
|
||
link_color: "#0a8cc6",
|
||
forum_id: 913660,
|
||
tab_label: "Got feedback?",
|
||
tab_color: "#00994f",
|
||
tab_position: "bottom-left",
|
||
tab_inverted: true,
|
||
},
|
||
]);
|
||
</script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
©2018, A Kenneth Reitz project.
|
||
|
||
|
|
||
<a href="_sources/index.rst.txt"
|
||
rel="nofollow">Page source</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |