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<section id="websocket-tutorial">
<h1>WebSocket Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#websocket-tutorial" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>HTTP is request-response — the client asks, the server answers, and the
connection closes. WebSockets upgrade that into a persistent, bidirectional
channel where both sides can send messages at any time. This is what powers
chat apps, live dashboards, multiplayer games, and collaborative editors.</p>
<p>This tutorial builds a simple chat room to show how WebSockets work in
Responder.</p>
<section id="how-websockets-work">
<h2>How WebSockets Work<a class="headerlink" href="#how-websockets-work" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>The client sends a normal HTTP request with an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Upgrade:</span> <span class="pre">websocket</span></code>
header.</p></li>
<li><p>The server accepts the upgrade and the connection switches protocols.</p></li>
<li><p>Both sides can now send messages freely — no more request/response.</p></li>
<li><p>Either side can close the connection at any time.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>In Responder, WebSocket routes receive a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ws</span></code> object instead of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">req</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resp</span></code>. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ws</span></code> object has methods for accepting the
connection, sending and receiving data, and closing.</p>
</section>
<section id="echo-server">
<h2>Echo Server<a class="headerlink" href="#echo-server" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The simplest WebSocket — echoes everything back:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nd">@api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/ws&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">websocket</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">echo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ws</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">receive_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;Echo: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span> <span class="pre">ws.accept()</span></code> call completes the WebSocket handshake. After
that, you’re in a loop — receive a message, send a response.</p>
<p>Test it with a WebSocket client:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ pip install websocket-client
$ python -c &quot;
import websocket
ws = websocket.create_connection(&#39;ws://localhost:5042/ws&#39;)
ws.send(&#39;hello&#39;)
print(ws.recv()) # Echo: hello
ws.close()
&quot;
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="chat-room">
<h2>Chat Room<a class="headerlink" href="#chat-room" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>A chat room needs to broadcast messages to all connected clients. We keep
a set of active connections and iterate through them when someone sends
a message:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">starlette.websockets</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">WebSocketDisconnect</span>
<span class="n">connected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/chat&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">websocket</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">chat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ws</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">connected</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ws</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">receive_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Broadcast to all connected clients</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">client</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">connected</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">WebSocketDisconnect</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">connected</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">discard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ws</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try/finally</span></code> block ensures we remove disconnected clients from
the set, even if the connection drops unexpectedly. Catching
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WebSocketDisconnect</span></code> specifically (rather than bare <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code>)
makes the intent clear and avoids swallowing real bugs.</p>
</section>
<section id="data-formats">
<h2>Data Formats<a class="headerlink" href="#data-formats" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>WebSockets support three data formats:</p>
<p><strong>Text</strong> — plain strings:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">receive_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>JSON</strong> — auto-serialized Python objects:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_json</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s2">&quot;type&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;update&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;data&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]})</span>
<span class="n">message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">receive_json</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Binary</strong> — raw bytes, useful for images, audio, or custom protocols:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\x00\x01\x02</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">receive_bytes</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="html-client">
<h2>HTML Client<a class="headerlink" href="#html-client" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Here’s a minimal HTML page that connects to the chat room. The browser’s
built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WebSocket</span></code> API handles everything — no libraries needed:</p>
<div class="highlight-html notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;messages&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;input&quot;</span> <span class="na">placeholder</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Type a message...&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">WebSocket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;ws://localhost:5042/chat&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">messages</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;messages&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;input&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ws</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">onmessage</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;p&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">textContent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">messages</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">addEventListener</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;keypress&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Enter&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ws</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Save this as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">static/index.html</span></code> and serve it with Responder’s
built-in static file support.</p>
</section>
<section id="before-request-hooks-for-websockets">
<h2>Before-Request Hooks for WebSockets<a class="headerlink" href="#before-request-hooks-for-websockets" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>You can run code before a WebSocket connection is established, just like
HTTP before-request hooks. This is useful for authentication:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nd">@api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">websocket</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ws_auth</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ws</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># Check for a token in the query string</span>
<span class="c1"># (WebSocket headers are limited in browsers)</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>WebSocket before-request hooks receive the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ws</span></code> object and must call
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span> <span class="pre">ws.accept()</span></code> if they want the connection to proceed.</p>
</section>
<section id="connection-lifecycle">
<h2>Connection Lifecycle<a class="headerlink" href="#connection-lifecycle" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>WebSocket connections go through several states:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p><strong>Connecting</strong> — the client sends an upgrade request</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Open</strong> — after <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span> <span class="pre">ws.accept()</span></code>, both sides can send messages</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Closing</strong> — either side initiates a close handshake</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Closed</strong> — the connection is fully terminated</p></li>
</ol>
<p>When a client disconnects (closes the tab, loses network), the next
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span> <span class="pre">ws.receive_text()</span></code> raises <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WebSocketDisconnect</span></code>. Always
handle this — otherwise your server accumulates dead connections:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">starlette.websockets</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">WebSocketDisconnect</span>
<span class="nd">@api</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/ws&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">websocket</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ws</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">receive_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;Got: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">WebSocketDisconnect</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Client disconnected&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also close connections from the server side:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 1000 = normal closure</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Common close codes: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1000</span></code> (normal), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1001</span></code> (going away),
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1008</span></code> (policy violation), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1011</span></code> (server error).</p>
</section>
<section id="testing-websockets">
<h2>Testing WebSockets<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-websockets" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Use Starlette’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TestClient</span></code> for WebSocket tests:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">starlette.testclient</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">TestClient</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">test_echo</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TestClient</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">websocket_connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/ws&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">ws</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">receive_text</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Echo: hello&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">websocket_connect</span></code> context manager handles the connection
lifecycle — it connects on enter and disconnects on exit.</p>
<p>You can also test that connections are properly rejected:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">starlette.websockets</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">WebSocketDisconnect</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">test_websocket_404</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TestClient</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">pytest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WebSocketDisconnect</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">websocket_connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/nonexistent&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
</pre></div>
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<strong>Responder</strong> — a familiar HTTP service framework for Python.
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<small>v3.6.2</small>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">WebSocket Tutorial</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-websockets-work">How WebSockets Work</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#echo-server">Echo Server</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chat-room">Chat Room</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#data-formats">Data Formats</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#html-client">HTML Client</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#before-request-hooks-for-websockets">Before-Request Hooks for WebSockets</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connection-lifecycle">Connection Lifecycle</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-websockets">Testing WebSockets</a></li>
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