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<section id="configuration">
<h1>Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>Every application needs different settings for different environments —
debug mode in development, real secrets in production, different database
URLs for testing. This guide covers how to manage configuration cleanly.</p>
<section id="environment-variables">
<h2>Environment Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#environment-variables" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The simplest and most universal approach. Environment variables work
everywhere — locally, in Docker, on cloud platforms — and keep secrets
out of your source code:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">responder</span>
<span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DEBUG&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;false&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">secret_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;SECRET_KEY&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">cors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;CORS_ENABLED&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;false&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Some variables Responder handles automatically:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PORT</span></code> — when set, the server binds to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0.0.0.0</span></code> on this port</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Set variables in your shell:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ export SECRET_KEY=&quot;your-secret-here&quot;
$ export DEBUG=true
$ python app.py
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> file (don’t commit this to git):</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">SECRET_KEY</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">your</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">secret</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">here</span>
<span class="n">DEBUG</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">true</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="using-env-files">
<h2>Using .env Files<a class="headerlink" href="#using-env-files" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>For local development, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> file is convenient. Install
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python-dotenv</span></code> and load it at the top of your app:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ uv pip install python-dotenv
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">dotenv</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">load_dotenv</span>
<span class="n">load_dotenv</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">responder</span>
<span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">secret_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;SECRET_KEY&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> to your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> — never commit secrets.</p>
</section>
<section id="configuration-class-pattern">
<h2>Configuration Class Pattern<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration-class-pattern" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>For larger applications, a configuration class keeps things organized:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Config</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">SECRET_KEY</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SECRET_KEY&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;dev-secret&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DEBUG&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;false&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;true&quot;</span>
<span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DATABASE_URL&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sqlite:///dev.db&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">CORS_ORIGINS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;CORS_ORIGINS&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Config</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEBUG</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">secret_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SECRET_KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">cors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CORS_ORIGINS</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]),</span>
<span class="n">cors_params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;allow_origins&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CORS_ORIGINS</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This makes it easy to see all your settings in one place.</p>
</section>
<section id="secret-key">
<h2>Secret Key<a class="headerlink" href="#secret-key" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">secret_key</span></code> is used to sign session cookies. If someone knows your
secret key, they can forge session data and impersonate any user.</p>
<p>Rules:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>Never use the default</strong> in production</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Generate a random key</strong>: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-c</span> <span class="pre">&quot;import</span> <span class="pre">secrets;</span> <span class="pre">print(secrets.token_hex(32))&quot;</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><strong>Store it in an environment variable</strong>, not in code</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Rotate it</strong> if it’s ever compromised (this invalidates all sessions)</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">secret_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;SECRET_KEY&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="debug-mode">
<h2>Debug Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-mode" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Debug mode controls error page behavior:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>On</strong> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debug=True</span></code>): detailed error pages with tracebacks. Never
use this in production — it exposes your source code.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Off</strong> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debug=False</span></code>): generic error pages. This is the default.</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># development only</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A common pattern is to read it from the environment:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DEBUG&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="allowed-hosts">
<h2>Allowed Hosts<a class="headerlink" href="#allowed-hosts" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>In production, always set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">allowed_hosts</span></code> to prevent Host header
attacks. This should match the domain names your application serves:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">allowed_hosts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;example.com&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;www.example.com&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In development, you can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[&quot;*&quot;]</span></code> (the default) or specific local
addresses:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">allowed_hosts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;localhost&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;127.0.0.1&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="putting-it-all-together">
<h2>Putting It All Together<a class="headerlink" href="#putting-it-all-together" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>A production-ready configuration setup:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">dotenv</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">load_dotenv</span>
<span class="n">load_dotenv</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">responder</span>
<span class="n">api</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">responder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">API</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">debug</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DEBUG&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;false&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">secret_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;SECRET_KEY&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">allowed_hosts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;ALLOWED_HOSTS&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;*&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">cors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;CORS_ORIGINS&quot;</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">cors_params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;allow_origins&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;CORS_ORIGINS&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;allow_methods&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;GET&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;POST&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;PUT&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;DELETE&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> file for local development:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">SECRET_KEY</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">secret</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">do</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="ow">not</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">use</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">prod</span>
<span class="n">DEBUG</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">true</span>
<span class="n">ALLOWED_HOSTS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">localhost</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">127.0.0.1</span>
<span class="n">CORS_ORIGINS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">http</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">localhost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">3000</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And environment variables set properly in production (via your cloud
platform’s dashboard, Docker secrets, or a secrets manager).</p>
</section>
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<strong>Responder</strong> — a familiar HTTP service framework for Python.
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<h3>Useful Links</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Configuration</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#environment-variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-env-files">Using .env Files</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuration-class-pattern">Configuration Class Pattern</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#secret-key">Secret Key</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-mode">Debug Mode</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#allowed-hosts">Allowed Hosts</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#putting-it-all-together">Putting It All Together</a></li>
</ul>
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