redis-docs/docs

`|Redis Documentation| <index.html>`_
**README: Contents**
  `All data in memory, but saved on disk <#All%20data%20in%20memory,%20but%20saved%20on%20disk>`_
  `Master-Slave replication made trivial <#Master-Slave%20replication%20made%20trivial>`_
  `It's persistent but supports expires <#It's%20persistent%20but%20supports%20expires>`_
  `Beyond key-value databases <#Beyond%20key-value%20databases>`_
  `Multiple databases support <#Multiple%20databases%20support>`_
  `Know more about Redis! <#Know%20more%20about%20Redis!>`_
  `Redis Tutorial <#Redis%20Tutorial>`_
  `License <#License>`_
  `Credits <#Credits>`_
README
======

= Introduction =
Redis is an extremely fast and powerful key-value store database
and server implemented in ANSI C. Redis offers many different ways
to do one straightforward thing: store a value ("antirez") to a key
("redis"). While the format of keys must always be simple strings,
the power is with the values, which support the following data
types:

-  `Strings <Strings.html>`_
-  `Lists <Lists.html>`_
-  `Sets <Sets.html>`_
-  `Sorted Sets (zsets) <SortedSets.html>`_
-  `Hashes <Hashes.html>`_

Each value type has an associated list of commands which can
operate on them, and the
`The Redis Command Reference <CommandReference.html>`_ contains an
up to date list of these commands, organized primarily by data
type. The Redis source also includes a
`Redis command line interface <RedisCLI.html>`_ which allows you to
interact directly with the server, and is the means by which this
introduction will provide examples. Once you walk through the
`Redis Quick Start Guide <QuickStart.html>`_ to get your instance
of Redis running, you can follow along.
One of the most powerful aspects of Redis is the wide range of
commands which are optimized to work with specific data value types
and executed as atomic server-side operations. The
`List <Lists.html>`_ type is a great example - Redis implements
O(1) operations such as `LPUSH <RpushCommand.html>`_ or
`RPUSH <RpushCommand.html>`_, which have accompanying
`LPOP <LpopCommand.html>`_ and `RPOP <LpopCommand.html>`_ methods:
::

    redis> lpush programming_languages C
    OK
    redis> lpush programming_languages Ruby
    OK
    redis> rpush programming_languages Python
    OK
    redis> rpop programming_languages
    Python
    redis> lpop programming_languages
    Ruby

More complex operations are available for each data type as well.
Continuing with lists, you can get a range of elements with
`LRANGE <LrangeCommand.html>`_ (O(start+n)) or trim the list with
`LTRIM <LtrimCommand.html>`_ (O(n)):
::

    redis> lpush cities NYC
    OK
    redis> lpush cities SF
    OK
    redis> lpush cities Tokyo
    OK
    redis> lpush cities London
    OK
    redis> lpush cities Paris
    OK
    redis> lrange cities 0 2
    1. Paris
    2. London
    3. Tokyo
    redis> ltrim cities 0 1
    OK
    redis> lpop cities
    Paris
    redis> lpop cities
    London
    redis> lpop cities
    (nil)

You can also add and remove elements from a set, and perform
intersections, unions, and differences.
Redis can also be looked at as a data structures server. A Redis
user is virtually provided with an interface to
`Abstract Data Types <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_data_type>`_,
saving them from the responsibility of implementing concrete data
structures and algorithms -- indeed both algorithms and data
structures in Redis are properly chosen in order to obtain the best
performance.
All data in memory, but saved on disk
=====================================

Redis loads and mantains the whole dataset into memory, but the
dataset is persistent, since at the same time it is saved on disk,
so that when the server is restarted data can be loaded back in
memory.
There are two kinds of persistence supported: the first one is
called snapshotting. In this mode Redis periodically writes to disk
asynchronously. The dataset is loaded from the dump every time the
server is (re)started.
Redis can be configured to save the dataset when a certain number
of changes is reached and after a given number of seconds elapses.
For example, you can configure Redis to save after 1000 changes and
at most 60 seconds since the last save. You can specify any
combination for these numbers.
Because data is written asynchronously, when a system crash occurs,
the last few queries can get lost (that is acceptable in many
applications but not in all). In order to make this a non issue
Redis supports another, safer persistence mode, called
`Append Only File <AppendOnlyFileHowto.html>`_, where every command
received altering the dataset (so not a read-only command, but a
write command) is written on an append only file ASAP. This
commands are *replayed* when the server is restarted in order to
rebuild the dataset in memory.
Redis Append Only File supports a very handy feature: the server is
able to safely rebuild the append only file in background in a
non-blocking fashion when it gets too long. You can find
`more details in the Append Only File HOWTO <AppendOnlyFileHowto.html>`_.
Master-Slave replication made trivial
=====================================

Whatever will be the persistence mode you'll use Redis supports
master-slave replications if you want to stay really safe or if you
need to scale to huge amounts of reads.
**Redis Replication is trivial to setup**. So trivial that all you
need to do in order to configure a Redis server to be a slave of
another one, with automatic synchronization if the link will go
down and so forth, is the following config line:
``slaveof 192.168.1.100 6379``.
`We provide a Replication Howto <ReplicationHowto.html>`_ if you
want to know more about this feature.
It's persistent but supports expires
====================================

Redis can be used as a **memcached on steroids** because is as fast
as memcached but with a number of features more. Like memcached,
Redis also supports setting timeouts to keys so that this key will
be automatically removed when a given amount of time passes.
Beyond key-value databases
==========================

All these features allow to use Redis as the sole DB for your
scalable application without the need of any relational database.
`We wrote a simple Twitter clone in PHP + Redis <TwitterAlikeExample.html>`_
to show a real world example, the link points to an article
explaining the design and internals in very simple words.
Multiple databases support
==========================

Redis supports multiple databases with commands to atomically move
keys from one database to the other. By default DB 0 is selected
for every new connection, but using the SELECT command it is
possible to select a different database. The MOVE operation can
move an item from one DB to another atomically. This can be used as
a base for locking free algorithms together with the 'RANDOMKEY'
commands.
Know more about Redis!
======================

To really get a feeling about what Redis is and how it works please
try reading
`A fifteen minutes introduction to Redis data types <IntroductionToRedisDataTypes.html>`_.
To know a bit more about how Redis works *internally* continue
reading.
Redis Tutorial
==============

(note, you can skip this section if you are only interested in
"formal" doc.)
Later in this document you can find detailed information about
Redis commands, the protocol specification, and so on. This kind of
documentation is useful but... if you are new to Redis it is also
BORING! The Redis protocol is designed so that is both pretty
efficient to be parsed by computers, but simple enough to be used
by humans just poking around with the 'telnet' command, so this
section will show to the reader how to play a bit with Redis to get
an initial feeling about it, and how it works.
To start just compile redis with 'make' and start it with
'./redis-server'. The server will start and log stuff on the
standard output, if you want it to log more edit redis.conf, set
the loglevel to debug, and restart it.
You can specify a configuration file as unique parameter:
    ./redis-server /etc/redis.conf

This is NOT required. The server will start even without a
configuration file using a default built-in configuration.
Now let's try to set a key to a given value:
::

    $ telnet localhost 6379
    Trying 127.0.0.1...
    Connected to localhost.
    Escape character is '^]'.
    SET foo 3  
    bar
    +OK

The first line we sent to the server is "set foo 3". This means
"set the key foo with the following three bytes I'll send you". The
following line is the "bar" string, that is, the three bytes. So
the effect is to set the key "foo" to the value "bar". Very simple!
(note that you can send commands in lowercase and it will work
anyway, commands are not case sensitive)
Note that after the first and the second line we sent to the server
there is a newline at the end. The server expects commands
terminated by "\\r\\n" and sequence of bytes terminated by
"\\r\\n". This is a minimal overhead from the point of view of both
the server and client but allows us to play with Redis with the
telnet command easily.
The last line of the chat between server and client is "+OK". This
means our key was added without problems. Actually SET can never
fail but the "+OK" sent lets us know that the server received
everything and the command was actually executed.
Let's try to get the key content now:
::

    GET foo
    $3
    bar

Ok that's very similar to 'set', just the other way around. We sent
"get foo", the server replied with a first line that is just the $
character follwed by the number of bytes the value stored at key
contained, followed by the actual bytes. Again "\\r\\n" are
appended both to the bytes count and the actual data. In Redis
slang this is called a bulk reply.
What about requesting a non existing key?
::

    GET blabla
    $-1

When the key does not exist instead of the length, just the "$-1"
string is sent. Since a -1 length of a bulk reply has no meaning it
is used in order to specifiy a 'nil' value and distinguish it from
a zero length value. Another way to check if a given key exists or
not is indeed the EXISTS command:
::

    EXISTS nokey
    :0
    EXISTS foo
    :1

As you can see the server replied ':0' the first time since 'nokey'
does not exist, and ':1' for 'foo', a key that actually exists.
Replies starting with the colon character are integer reply.
Ok... now you know the basics, read the
`REDIS COMMAND REFERENCE <CommandReference.html>`_ section to learn
all the commands supported by Redis and the
`PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION <ProtocolSpecification.html>`_ section for
more details about the protocol used if you plan to implement one
for a language missing a decent client implementation.
License
=======

Redis is released under the BSD license. See the COPYING file for
more information.
Credits
=======

Redis is written and maintained by Salvatore Sanfilippo, Aka
'antirez'.
.. |Redis Documentation| image:: redis.png