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explanations for filter, map; some css tweaks for skip links

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Mark Pilgrim
2009-01-30 01:40:48 -05:00
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case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html
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<body>
<h1>Case study: porting chardet to Python 3</h1>
<h1>Case study: porting <code class="filename">chardet</code> to Python 3</h1>
<blockquote class="q">
<p><span>&#x275D;</span> Words, words. They're all we have to go on. <span>&#x275E;</span><br>&mdash; <cite>Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead</cite>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><a href="#faq">Introducing <code class="filename">chardet</code>: a mini-FAQ</a>
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ body{counter-reset:h1 19}
<h2 id="faq">Introducing <code class="filename">chardet</code>: a mini-FAQ</h2>
<p class="fancy">When you think of "text", you probably think of "characters and symbols I see on my computer screen". But computers don't deal in characters and symbols; they deal in bits and bytes. Every piece of text you've ever seen on a computer screen is actually stored in a particular <em>character encoding</em>. There are many different character encodings, some optimized for particular languages like Russian or Chinese or English, and others that can be used for multiple languages. Very roughly speaking, the character encoding provides a mapping between the stuff you see on your screen and the stuff your computer actually stores in memory and on disk.
<p class="fancy">When you think of "text," you probably think of "characters and symbols I see on my computer screen." But computers don't deal in characters and symbols; they deal in bits and bytes. Every piece of text you've ever seen on a computer screen is actually stored in a particular <em>character encoding</em>. There are many different character encodings, some optimized for particular languages like Russian or Chinese or English, and others that can be used for multiple languages. Very roughly speaking, the character encoding provides a mapping between the stuff you see on your screen and the stuff your computer actually stores in memory and on disk.
<p>In reality, it's more complicated than that. Many characters are common to multiple encodings, but each encoding may use a different sequence of bytes to actually store those characters in memory or on disk. So you can think of the character encoding as a kind of decryption key for the text. Whenever someone gives you a sequence of bytes and claims it's "text", you need to know what character encoding they used so you can decode the bytes into characters and display them (or process them, or whatever).
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ body{counter-reset:h1 19}
<p>The main <code class="filename">chardet</code> package is split across several different files, all in the same directory. The <code class="filename">2to3</code> script makes it easy to convert multiple files at once: just pass a directory as a command line argument, and <code class="filename">2to3</code> will convert each of the files in turn.
<p><a href="#skip2to3output" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skip2to3output">skip over this</a>
<pre class="screen"><samp class="prompt">C:\home\chardet></samp><kbd>python c:\Python30\Tools\Scripts\2to3.py -w chardet\</kbd>
<samp>RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: buffer
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: idioms
@@ -606,7 +610,7 @@ RefactoringTool: chardet\utf8prober.py</samp></pre>
<p id="skip2to3output">Now run the <code class="filename">2to3</code> script on the testing harness, <code class="filename">test.py</code>.
<p><a href="#skip2to3outputtest" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skip2to3outputtest">skip over this</a>
<pre class="screen"><samp class="prompt">C:\home\chardet></samp><kbd>python c:\Python30\Tools\Scripts\2to3.py -w test.py</kbd>
<samp>RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: buffer
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: idioms
@@ -646,7 +650,7 @@ RefactoringTool: test.py</samp></pre>
<p>Now for the real test: running the test harness against the test suite. Since the test suite is designed to cover all the possible code paths, it's a good way to test our ported code to make sure there aren't any bugs lurking anywhere.
<p><a href="#skipinvalidsyntax" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipinvalidsyntax">skip over this</a>
<pre class="screen"><samp class="prompt">C:\home\chardet></samp><kbd>python test.py tests\*\*</kbd>
<samp class="traceback">Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 1, in &lt;module>
@@ -658,7 +662,7 @@ SyntaxError: invalid syntax</samp></pre>
<p id="skipinvalidsyntax">Hmm, a small snag. In Python 3, <code>False</code> is a reserved word, so you can't use it as a variable name. Let's look at <code class="filename">constants.py</code> to see where it's defined. Here's the original version from <code class="filename">constants.py</code>, before the <code class="filename">2to3</code> script changed it:
<p><a href="#skipbuiltincode" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipbuiltincode">skip over this</a>
<pre><code>import __builtin__
if not hasattr(__builtin__, 'False'):
False = 0
@@ -685,7 +689,7 @@ else:
<p>Time to run <code class="filename">test.py</code> again and see how far it gets.
<p><a href="#skipnomodulenamedconstants" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipnomodulenamedconstants">skip over this</a>
<pre class="screen"><samp class="prompt">C:\home\chardet></samp><kbd>python test.py tests\*\*</kbd>
<samp class="traceback">Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 1, in &lt;module>
@@ -717,7 +721,7 @@ import sys</code></pre>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a href="#skipnamefileisnotdefined" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipnamefileisnotdefined">skip over this</a>
<pre class="screen"><samp class="prompt">C:\home\chardet></samp><kbd>python test.py tests\*\*</kbd>
<samp>tests\ascii\howto.diveintomark.org.xml</samp>
<samp class="traceback">Traceback (most recent call last):
@@ -737,7 +741,7 @@ NameError: name 'file' is not defined</samp></pre>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a href="#skipcantuseastringpattern" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcantuseastringpattern">skip over this</a>
<pre class="screen"><samp class="prompt">C:\home\chardet></samp><kbd>python test.py tests\*\*</kbd>
<samp>tests\ascii\howto.diveintomark.org.xml</samp>
<samp class="traceback">Traceback (most recent call last):
@@ -751,7 +755,7 @@ TypeError: can't use a string pattern on a bytes-like object</samp></pre>
<p>First, let's see what <var>self._highBitDetector</var> is. It's defined in the <var>__init__</var> method of the <var>UniversalDetector</var> class:
<p><a href="#skiphighbitdetectorcode" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skiphighbitdetectorcode">skip over this</a>
<pre><code>class UniversalDetector:
def __init__(self):
self._highBitDetector = re.compile(r'[\x80-\xFF]')</code></pre>
@@ -762,7 +766,7 @@ TypeError: can't use a string pattern on a bytes-like object</samp></pre>
<p>In Python 2, a string was an array of bytes whose character encoding was tracked separately. If you wanted Python 2 to keep track of the character encoding, you had to use a Unicode string (<code>u''</code>) instead. But in Python 3, a string is always what Python 2 called a Unicode string -- that is, an array of Unicode characters (of possibly varying byte lengths). Since this regular expression is defined by a string pattern, it can only be used to search a string -- again, an array of characters. But what we're searching is not a string, it's a byte array. Looking at the traceback, this error occurred in <code class="filename">universaldetector.py</code>:
<p><a href="#skipfeedhighbitdetectorcode" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipfeedhighbitdetectorcode">skip over this</a>
<pre><code>def feed(self, aBuf):
.
.
@@ -772,7 +776,7 @@ TypeError: can't use a string pattern on a bytes-like object</samp></pre>
<p id="skipfeedhighbitdetectorcode">And what is <var>aBuf</var>? Let's backtrack further to a place that calls <var>UniversalDetector.feed()</var>. One place that calls it is the test harness, <code class="filename">test.py</code>.
<p><a href="#skiptestharnessfeedcode" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skiptestharnessfeedcode">skip over this</a>
<pre><code>u = UniversalDetector()
.
.
@@ -804,7 +808,7 @@ for line in open(f, 'rb'):
<p>Curiouser and curiouser...
<p><a href="#skipcantconvertbytesobject" class="skip">skip over this</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcantconvertbytesobject">skip over this</a>
<pre class="screen"><samp class="prompt">C:\home\chardet></samp><kbd>python test.py tests\*\*</kbd>
<samp>tests\ascii\howto.diveintomark.org.xml</samp>
<samp class="traceback">Traceback (most recent call last):
dip3.css
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figure img{display:block;margin:0 auto}
section,article,footer{display:block}
var{font-family:monospace;font-style:normal}
a.skip{font-size:small;display:block;margin:auto;text-align:right;border:0}
.skip a,.skip a:hover,.skip a:visited{position:absolute;left:0px;top:-500px;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}
.skip a:active,.skip a:focus{position:static;width:auto;height:auto}
table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse}
th{text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;vertical-align:baseline;border:1px dotted}
th,td{width:45%;vertical-align:top}
th:first-child{width:10%;text-align:center}
.q span,tr + tr th:first-child{font-family:'Arial Unicode MS',sans-serif;font-style:normal}
.q span,.note p:first-child,tr + tr th:first-child{font-family:'Arial Unicode MS',sans-serif;font-style:normal}
.note p:first-child{float:left;font-size:xx-large;line-height:0.875em;margin:0 0.22em 0 0}
.q span{font-size:large}
td{border:1px dotted;padding:0 0.5em}
body{counter-reset:h1}
porting-code-to-python-3-with-2to3.html
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@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ for (var i = arTables.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
<p>In Python 2, <code>print</code> was a statement -- whatever you wanted to print simply followed the <code>print</code> keyword. In Python 3, <code>print()</code> is a function -- whatever you want to print is passed to <code>print()</code> like any other function.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareprint">skip over this table</a>
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<table id="compareprint">
<tr>
<th class="notes">Notes</th>
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ for (var i = arTables.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
<p>Python 2 supported <code>&lt;></code> as a synonym for <code>!=</code>, the not-equals comparison operator. Python 3 supports the <code>!=</code> operator, but not <code>&lt;></code>.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparene">skip over this table</a>
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<table id="comparene">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ for (var i = arTables.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
<p>In Python 2, dictionaries had a <code>has_key()</code> method to test whether the dictionary had a certain key. In Python 3, this method no longer exists. Instead, you need to use the <code>in</code> operator.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparehas_key">skip over this table</a>
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<table id="comparehas_key">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ for (var i = arTables.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
<p>In Python 2, many dictionary methods returned lists. The most frequently used methods were <code>keys()</code>, <code>items()</code>, and <code>values()</code>. In Python 3, all of these methods return dynamic views. In some contexts, this is not a problem. If the method's return value is immediately passed to another function that iterates through the entire sequence, it makes no difference whether the actual type is a list or a view. In other contexts, it matters a great deal. If you were expecting a complete list with individually addressable elements, your code will choke, because views do not support indexing.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparedict">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparedict">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparedict">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -288,13 +288,11 @@ for (var i = arTables.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
<p>Several modules in the Python Standard Library have been renamed. Several other modules which are related to each other have been combined or reorganized to make their association more logical.
<p>FIXME: once the rest of the book is written, these should link back to the chapters and sections that explain these modules.
<h3 id="http"><code>http</code> package</h3>
<p>In Python 3, several related HTTP modules have been combined into a single package, <code>http</code>.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareimporthttp">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareimporthttp">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareimporthttp">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -336,7 +334,7 @@ import CGIHttpServer</code></pre></td>
<p>Python 2 had a rat's nest of overlapping modules to parse, encode, and fetch URLs. In Python 3, these have all been refactored and combined in a single package, <code>urllib</code>.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareimporturllib">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareimporturllib">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareimporturllib">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -392,7 +390,7 @@ from urllib.error import HTTPError</code></pre></td>
<p>All the various DBM clones are now in a single package, <code>dbm</code>. If you need a specific variant like GNU DBM, you can import the appropriate module within the <code>dbm</code> package.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareimportdbm">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareimportdbm">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareimportdbm">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -433,7 +431,7 @@ import whichdb</code></pre></td>
<p>XML-RPC is a lightweight method of performing remote RPC calls over HTTP. The XML-RPC client library and several XML-RPC server implementations are now combined in a single package, <code>xmlrpc</code>.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareimportxmlrpc">skip over this table</a>
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<table id="compareimportxmlrpc">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -457,7 +455,7 @@ import SimpleXMLRPCServer</code></pre></td>
<h3 id="othermodules">Other modules</h3>
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<table id="compareimports">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -536,7 +534,7 @@ except ImportError:
<p>Suppose you had this package, with multiple files in the same directory:
<p><a class="skip" href="#skippackageart">skip over this ASCII art</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skippackageart">skip over this ASCII art</a>
<pre>chardet/
|
+--__init__.py
@@ -549,7 +547,7 @@ except ImportError:
<p id="skippackageart">Now suppose that <code class="filename">universaldetector.py</code> needs to import the entire <code class="filename">constants.py</code> file and one class from <code class="filename">mbcharsetprober.py</code>. How do you do it?
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareimport">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareimport">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareimport">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -575,9 +573,9 @@ except ImportError:
<h2 id="filter"><code>filter()</code> global function</h2>
<p>FIXME intro
<p>In Python 2, the <code>filter()</code> function returned a list, the result of "filtering" a sequence through a function that returned <code>True</code> or <code>False</code> for each item in the sequence. In Python 3, the <code>filter()</code> function returns an interator, not a list.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparefilter">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparefilter">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparefilter">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -601,7 +599,7 @@ except ImportError:
</tr>
<tr>
<th>&#x2463;</th>
<td><code>for i in filter(None, a_sequence)</code></td>
<td><code>for i in filter(None, a_sequence):</code></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -612,18 +610,18 @@ except ImportError:
</table>
<ol id="skipcomparefilter">
<li>...
<li>...
<li>...
<li>...
<li>...
<li>In the most basic case, <code>2to3</code> will wrap a call to <code>filter()</code> with a call to <code>list()</code>, which simply iterates through its argument and returns a real list.
<li>However, if the call to <code>filter()</code> is <em>already</em> wrapped in <code>list()</code>, <code>2to3</code> will do nothing, since the fact that <code>filter()</code> is returning an iterator is irrelevant.
<li>For the special syntax of <code>filter(None, ...)</code>, <code>2to3</code> will transform the call into a semantically equivalent list comprehension.
<li>In contexts like <code>for</code> loops, which iterate through the entire sequence anyway, no changes are necessary.
<li>Again, no changes are necessary, because the list comprehension will iterate through the entire sequence, and it can do that just as well if <code>filter()</code> returns an iterator as if it returns a list.
</ol>
<h2 id="map"><code>map()</code> global function</h2>
<p>FIXME intro
<p>In much the same way as <a href="#filter"><code>filter()</code></a>, the <code>map()</code> function now returns an iterator. (In Python 2, it returned a list.)
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparemap">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparemap">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparemap">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -648,28 +646,33 @@ except ImportError:
<tr>
<th>&#x2463;</th>
<td><code>for i in map(a_function, a_sequence):</code></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>&#x2464;</th>
<td><code>[i for i in map(a_function, a_sequence)]</code></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ol id="skipcomparemap">
<li>...
<li>...
<li>...
<li>...
<li>...
<li>As with <code>filter()</code>, in the most basic case, <code>2to3</code> will wrap a call to <code>map()</code> with a call to <code>list()</code>.
<li>For the special syntax of <code>map(None, ...)</code>, the identity function, <code>2to3</code> will convert it to an equivalent call to <code>list()</code>.
<li>If the first argument to <code>map()</code> is a lambda function, <code>2to3</code> will convert it to an equivalent list comprehension.
<li>In contexts like <code>for</code> loops, which iterate through the entire sequence anyway, no changes are necessary.
<li>Again, no changes are necessary, because the list comprehension will iterate through the entire sequence, and it can do that just as well if <code>map()</code> returns an iterator as if it returns a list.
</ol>
<h2 id="reduce"><code>reduce()</code> global function (3.1+)</h2>
<p>FIXME intro
<p>In Python 3, the <code>reduce()</code> function has been removed from the global namespace and placed in the <code class="filename">functools</code> module.
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparereduce">skip over this table</a>
<blockquote class="note">
<p>&#x261E;</p>
<p>The version of <code class="filename">2to3</code> that shipped with Python 3.0 would not fix this case automatically. The fix first appeared in the <code class="filename">2to3</code> script that shipped with Python 3.1.
</blockquote>
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<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -677,22 +680,20 @@ except ImportError:
<th>Python 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>&#x2460;</th>
<th></th>
<td><code>reduce(a, b, c)</code></td>
<td><pre><code>from functtools import reduce
reduce(a, b, c)</code></pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ol id="skipcomparereduce">
<li>...
</ol>
<p id="skipcomparereduce">
<h2 id="apply"><code>apply()</code> global function</h2>
<p>FIXME intro
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<th>Notes</th>
@@ -732,7 +733,7 @@ reduce(a, b, c)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
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@@ -754,7 +755,7 @@ reduce(a, b, c)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
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@@ -788,7 +789,7 @@ reduce(a, b, c)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
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@@ -810,7 +811,7 @@ reduce(a, b, c)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
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<p>FIXME intro
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@@ -879,7 +880,7 @@ except (RuntimeError, ImportError) as e:
import mymodule
except ImportError:
pass</code></pre></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
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</tr>
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@@ -887,7 +888,7 @@ except ImportError:
import mymodule
except:
pass</code></pre></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -902,7 +903,7 @@ except:
<p>FIXME intro
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<p>FIXME intro
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<tr>
<th>&#x2460;</th>
<td><code>aGenerator.throw(MyException)</code></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
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<p>FIXME intro
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<p>FIXME intro
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<tr>
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<td><code>for i in range(10):</code></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>&#x2464;</th>
<td><code>sum(range(10))</code></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -1062,7 +1063,7 @@ except:
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareraw_input">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareraw_input">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareraw_input">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1102,7 +1103,7 @@ except:
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparefuncattrs">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparefuncattrs">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparefuncattrs">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1160,7 +1161,7 @@ except:
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparexreadlines">skip over this table</a>
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<table id="comparexreadlines">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1175,7 +1176,7 @@ except:
<tr>
<th>&#x2461;</th>
<td><code>for line in a_file.xreadlines(5):</code></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -1188,7 +1189,7 @@ except:
<p>FIXME intro
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<table id="comparetuple_params">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1222,7 +1223,7 @@ except:
<p>FIXME intro
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<table id="comparemethodattrs">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1256,7 +1257,7 @@ except:
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparenext">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparenext">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparenext">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1287,7 +1288,7 @@ except:
<td><pre><code>class A:
def next(self, x, y):
pass</code></pre></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>&#x2464;</th>
@@ -1312,7 +1313,7 @@ for an_iterator in a_sequence_of_iterators:
<p>FIXME intro
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<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparenonzero">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparenonzero">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1333,7 +1334,7 @@ for an_iterator in a_sequence_of_iterators:
<td><pre><code>class A:
def __nonzero__(self, x, y):
pass</code></pre></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -1346,7 +1347,7 @@ for an_iterator in a_sequence_of_iterators:
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparenumliterals">skip over this table</a>
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<table id="comparenumliterals">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1374,7 +1375,7 @@ for an_iterator in a_sequence_of_iterators:
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparerenames">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparerenames">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparerenames">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1404,7 +1405,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareunicode">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareunicode">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareunicode">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1426,7 +1427,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareunicodeliteral">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareunicodeliteral">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareunicodeliteral">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1454,7 +1455,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
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<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparecallable">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparecallable">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1476,7 +1477,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparezip">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparezip">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparezip">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1491,7 +1492,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<tr>
<th>&#x2461;</th>
<td><code>d.join(zip(a, b, c))</code></td>
<td><i>unchanged</i></td>
<td><i>no change</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -1504,7 +1505,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparestandarderror">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparestandarderror">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparestandarderror">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1532,7 +1533,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparetypes">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparetypes">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparetypes">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1584,7 +1585,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareisinstance">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareisinstance">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareisinstance">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1606,7 +1607,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparebasestring">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparebasestring">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparebasestring">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1673,7 +1674,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparesys_exc">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparesys_exc">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparesys_exc">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1707,7 +1708,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareparen">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareparen">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareparen">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1729,7 +1730,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
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<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparegetcwdu">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparegetcwdu">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1751,7 +1752,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparemetaclass">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparemetaclass">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparemetaclass">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1783,7 +1784,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
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<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareset_literal">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareset_literal">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1817,7 +1818,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparebuffer">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparebuffer">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparebuffer">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1839,7 +1840,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcomparewscomma">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcomparewscomma">skip over this table</a>
<table id="comparewscomma">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1867,7 +1868,7 @@ a_function(sys.maxsize)</code></pre></td>
<p>FIXME intro
<p><a class="skip" href="#skipcompareidioms">skip over this table</a>
<p class="skip"><a href="#skipcompareidioms">skip over this table</a>
<table id="compareidioms">
<tr>
<th>Notes</th>
@@ -1908,6 +1909,8 @@ do_stuff(a_list)</code></pre></td>
<li>...
</ol>
<p>FIXME: once the rest of the book is written, this appendix should contain copious links back to any chapter or section that touches on these features.
<footer>
<p class="c">&copy; 2001-4, 2009 Mark Pilgrim, <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC-BY-3.0</a>
</footer>