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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>About the book</h1>
<p>The content of <cite>Dive Into Python 3</cite> is licensed under the <a href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ rel=license>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>.
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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>Case study: porting <code>chardet</code> to Python 3</h1>
<blockquote class=q>
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<p class=first><cite>Dive Into Python 3</cite> will cover Python 3 and its differences from Python 2. Compared to the original <cite><a href=http://diveintopython.org/>Dive Into Python</a></cite>, it will be about 50% revised and 50% new material. I will publish drafts online as I go. The final version will be published on paper by Apress. The book will remain online under the <a rel=license href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>CC-BY-SA-3.0</a> license.
<p>You can see the <a href=table-of-contents.html>full table of contents</a> (<strong>not finalized</strong>), or read what I&#8217;ve written so far:</p>
<ol start=0>
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<li><a href=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html>Case study: porting <code>chardet</code> to Python 3</a>
<li><a href=porting-code-to-python-3-with-2to3.html>Porting code to Python 3 with <code>2to3</code></a>
</ol>
<p>There is a <a href=http://hg.diveintopython3.org/>changelog</a>, a <a type=application/atom+xml href=http://hg.diveintopython3.org/atom-log>feed</a>, and <a href=http://www.reddit.com/search?q=%22Dive+Into+Python+3%22&amp;sort=new>discussion on Reddit</a>. During development, you can download the book by cloning the Mercurial repository:
<p>There is a <a href=http://hg.diveintopython3.org/>changelog</a>, a <a type=application/atom+xml href=http://hg.diveintopython3.org/atom-log>feed</a>, and <a href="http://www.reddit.com/search?q=%22Dive+Into+Python+3%22&amp;sort=new">discussion on Reddit</a>. During development, you can download the book by cloning the Mercurial repository:
<pre><samp class=prompt>you@localhost:~$ </samp><kbd>hg clone http://hg.diveintopython3.org/ diveintopython3</kbd></pre>
<p>The final version will be downloadable as <abbr>HTML</abbr> and <abbr>PDF</abbr>.
<p class=c>This site is optimized for Lynx just because fuck you.<br>I&#8217;m told it also looks good in graphical browsers.
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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#native-datatypes>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>Native datatypes</h1>
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<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>x * 2</kbd> <span>&#x2462;</span></a>
<samp>Fraction(2, 3)</samp>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>fractions.Fraction(6, 4)</kbd> <span>&#x2463;</span></a>
<samp>Fraction(3, 2)</samp></code></pre>
<samp>Fraction(3, 2)</samp></pre>
<ol>
<li>To start using fractions, import the <code>fractions</code> module.
<li>To define a fraction, create a <code>Fraction</code> object and pass in the numerator and denominator.
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ ValueError: list.index(x): x not in list</samp></pre>
<h3 id=lists-in-a-boolean-context>Lists in a boolean context</h3>
<p>You can also use a list in <a href=#booleans>a boolean context</a>, such as an <code>if</code> statement.
<pre class=screen>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>def is_it_true(anything):</kbd> <span>&#x2460;</span></a>
<samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>def is_it_true(anything):</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> if anything:</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> print("yes, it's true")</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> else:</kbd>
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<h3 id=dictionaries-in-a-boolean-context>Dictionaries in a boolean context</h3>
<p>You can also use a list in <a href=#booleans>a boolean context</a>, such as an <code>if</code> statement.
<pre class=screen>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>def is_it_true(anything):</kbd> <span>&#x2460;</span></a>
<samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>def is_it_true(anything):</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> if anything:</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> print("yes, it's true")</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> else:</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> print("no, it's false")</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>...</samp>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true({})</kbd> <span>&#x2461;</span></a>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true({})</kbd> <span>&#x2460;</span></a>
<samp>no, it's false</samp>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true({'a': 1})</kbd> <span>&#x2462;</span></a>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true({'a': 1})</kbd> <span>&#x2461;</span></a>
<samp>yes, it's true</samp></pre>
<ol>
<li>In a boolean context, an empty dictionary is false.
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<h3 id=none-in-a-boolean-context><code>None</code> in a boolean context</h3>
<p>In <a href=#booleans>a boolean context</a>, <code>None</code> is false and <code>not None</code> is true.
<pre class=screen>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>def is_it_true(anything):</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>def is_it_true(anything):</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> if anything:</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> print("yes, it's true")</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> else:</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>... </samp><kbd> print("no, it's false")</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>...</samp>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true(None)</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true(None)</kbd>
<samp>no, it's false</samp>
<a><samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true(not None)</kbd>
<samp class=prompt>>>> </samp><kbd>is_it_true(not None)</kbd>
<samp>yes, it's true</samp></pre>
<h2 id=furtherreading>Further reading</h2>
<ul>
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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#porting-code-to-python-3-with-2to3>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>Porting code to Python 3 with <code>2to3</code></h1>
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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#regular-expressions>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>Regular expressions</h1>
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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> Dive Into Python 3 <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>Table of contents</h1>
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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#unit-testing>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>Unit testing</h1>
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<p class=nav>You are here: <a href=/>Home</a> <span>&#8227;</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#your-first-python-program>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span>&#8227;</span>
<h1>Your first Python program</h1>
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<h2 id=divingin>Diving in</h2>
<p class=fancy>Books about programming usually start with a bunch of boring chapters about fundamentals and eventually work up to building something useful. Let's skip all that. Here is a complete, working Python program. It probably makes absolutely no sense to you. Don't worry about that, because you're going to dissect it line by line. But read through it first and see what, if anything, you can make of it.
<p id=noscript>[The code examples will be easier to follow if you enable Javascript, but whatever.]
<p class=download>[<a href=humansize.py>download <code>humansize.py</code></a>]</p>
<p class=skip><a href=#skip-humansize-py>skip over this code listing</a>
<p class=download>[<a href=humansize.py>download <code>humansize.py</code></a>]
<pre><code>SUFFIXES = {1000: ['KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB', 'YB'],
1024: ['KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB', 'EiB', 'ZiB', 'YiB']}