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https://github.com/kennethreitz/dive-into-python3.git
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a bit further on installing-python chapter
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Mark Pilgrim
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<link rel=stylesheet href=dip3.css>
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body{counter-reset:h1 0}
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#which{padding-top:1.75em}
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<p>The first thing you need to do with Python is install it. Or do you?
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<p>If you're using an account on a hosted server, your ISP may have already installed Python 3. Most popular GNU/Linux distributions come with Python 2 in the default installation; a small but growing number of distributions also include Python 3. (As you’ll see in this chapter, you can have more than one version of Python installed on your computer.) Mac OS X includes a command-line version of Python 2, although you'll probably want to install a version that includes a more Mac-like graphical interface.
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<p>Windows does not come with any version of Python, but don’t despair! There are several ways to point-and-click your way to Python on Windows.
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<p>What's more, Python programs written on one platform can run on <em>any</em> supported platform. For instance, I regularly develop Python programs on Windows and later deploy them on Linux.
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<p>If you're using an account on a hosted server, your <abbr>ISP</abbr> may have already installed Python 3. If you’re running Linux at home, you may already have Python 3, too. Most popular GNU/Linux distributions come with Python 2 in the default installation; a small but growing number of distributions also include Python 3. (As you’ll see in this chapter, you can have more than one version of Python installed on your computer.) Mac OS X includes a command-line version of Python 2, but as of this writing it does not include Python 3. Microsoft Windows does not come with any version of Python. But don’t despair! You can point-and-click your way through installing Python, regardless of what operating system you have.
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<p>The easiest way to check for Python 3 on your Linux or Mac OS X system is to get to a command line. On Linux, look in your <b><code>Applications</code></b> menu for a program called <b><code>Terminal</code></b>. (It may be in a submenu like <b><code>Accessories</code></b> or <b><code>System</code></b>.) On Mac OS X, there is an application called <b><code>Terminal.app</code></b> in your <code>/Application/Utilities/</code> folder.
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<p>Once you’re at a command line prompt, just type <kbd>python3</kbd> (all lowercase, no spaces) and see what happens. On my home Linux system, Python 3 is already installed, and this command gets me into the <i>Python <dfn>interactive shell</dfn></i>.
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<pre class=screen>
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<samp class=p>mark@atlantis:~$ </samp><kbd>python3</kbd>
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<samp>Python 3.0.1+ (r301:69556, Apr 15 2009, 17:25:52)
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[GCC 4.3.3] on linux2
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Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
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>>></samp></pre>
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<p>(Type <kbd>exit</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd> to exit the Python interactive shell.)
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<p>My <a href=http://cornerhost.com/>web hosting provider</a> also runs Linux and provides command-line access, but my server does not have Python 3 installed. (Boo!)
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<pre class=screen>
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<samp class=p>mark@manganese:~$ </samp><kbd>python3</kbd>
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<samp>bash: python3: command not found</samp></pre>
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<p>So back to the question that started this section, “Which Python is right for you?” The answer is whichever one runs on the computer you already have.
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<p class=a>⁂
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<h2 id=windows>Installing on Microsoft Windows</h2>
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<p>FIXME
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<p><img src=i/win-install-0-security-warning.png width=409 height=309 alt='[Windows dialog: open file security warning]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-install-1-all-users-or-just-me.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: select whether to install Python 3.1 for all users of this computer]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-install-2-destination-directory.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: select destination directory]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-install-3-customize.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: customize Python 3.1]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-install-3a-disk-usage.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: disk space requirements]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-install-3b-test-suite.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: removing Test Suite option will save 7908KB on your hard drive]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-install-4-copying.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: progress meter]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-install-5-finish.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: installation completed. Special Windows thanks to Mark Hammond, without whose years of freely shared Windows expertise, Python for Windows would still be Python for DOS.]'>
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<p><img src=i/win-interactive-shell.png width=677 height=715 alt='[Windows Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
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<p>Windows comes in two architectures these days: 32-bit and 64-bit. Of course, there are lots of different <i>versions</i> of Windows — XP, Vista, Windows 7 — but Python runs on all of them. The more important distinction is 32-bit v. 64-bit. If you have no idea what architecture you’re running, it’s probably 32-bit.
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<p>Visit <a href=http://python.org/download/><code>python.org/download/</code></a> and download the appropriate Python 3 Windows installer for your architecture. Your choices will look something like this:
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<ul>
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<li><b>Python 3.1 Windows installer</b> (Windows binary — does not include source)
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<li><b>Python 3.1 Windows AMD64 installer</b> (Windows AMD64 binary — does not include source)
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</ul>
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<p>I don’t want to include direct download links here, because minor updates of Python happen all the time and I don’t want to be responsible for you missing important updates. You should always install the most recent version of Python 3.x unless you have some esoteric reason not to.
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<ol class=i>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-0-security-warning.png width=409 height=309 alt='[Windows dialog: open file security warning]'>
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<p>Once your download is complete, double-click the <code>.msi</code> file. Windows will pop up a security alert, since you’re about to be running executable code. The official Python installer is digitally signed by the <a href=http://www.python.org/psf/>Python Software Foundation</a>, the non-profit corporation that oversees Python development. Don’t accept imitations!
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<p>Click the <code>Run</code> button to launch the Python 3 installer.
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-1-all-users-or-just-me.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: select whether to install Python 3.1 for all users of this computer]'>
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<p>The first question the installer will ask you is whether you want to install Python 3 for all users or just for you. The default choice is “install for all users,” which is the best choice unless you have a good reason to choose otherwise. (One possible reason why you would want to “install just for me” is that you are installing Python on your company’s computer and you don’t have administrative rights on your Windows account. But then, why are you installing Python without permission from your company’s Windows administrator? Don’t get me in trouble here!)
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<p>Click the <code>Next</code> button to accept your choice of installation type.
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-2-destination-directory.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: select destination directory]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-3-customize.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: customize Python 3.1]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-3a-disk-usage.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: disk space requirements]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-3b-test-suite.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: removing Test Suite option will save 7908KB on your hard drive]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-4-copying.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: progress meter]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-install-5-finish.png width=499 height=432 alt='[Python installer: installation completed. Special Windows thanks to Mark Hammond, without whose years of freely shared Windows expertise, Python for Windows would still be Python for DOS.]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/win-interactive-shell.png width=677 height=715 alt='[Windows Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
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</ol>
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<p class=a>⁂
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<h2 id=macosx>Installing on Mac OS X</h2>
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<p>FIXME
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-0-dmg-contents.png width=752 height=438 alt='[contents of Python installer disk image]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-1-welcome.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: welcome screen]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-2-information.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: information about supported architectures, disk space, and acceptable destination folders]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-3-license.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: software license agreement]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-4-license-dialog.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: dialog to accept license agreement]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-5-standard-install.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: standard install screen]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-6-custom-install.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: custom install screen]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-7-admin-password.png width=622 height=457 alt='[Python installer: dialog to enter administrative password]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-8-progress.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: progress meter]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-9-succeeded.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: install succeeded]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-install-10-application-folder.png width=488 height=482 alt='[contents of /Applications/Python 3.1/ folder]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-interactive-shell.png width=522 height=538 alt='[Mac Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
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<p><img src=i/mac-pythonlauncher.png width=432 height=536 alt='[Python Launcher preferences window]'>
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<ol class=i>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-0-dmg-contents.png width=752 height=438 alt='[contents of Python installer disk image]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-1-welcome.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: welcome screen]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-2-information.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: information about supported architectures, disk space, and acceptable destination folders]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-3-license.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: software license agreement]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-4-license-dialog.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: dialog to accept license agreement]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-5-standard-install.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: standard install screen]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-6-custom-install.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: custom install screen]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-7-admin-password.png width=622 height=457 alt='[Python installer: dialog to enter administrative password]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-8-progress.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: progress meter]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-9-succeeded.png width=622 height=442 alt='[Python installer: install succeeded]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-install-10-application-folder.png width=488 height=482 alt='[contents of /Applications/Python 3.1/ folder]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-interactive-shell.png width=522 height=538 alt='[Mac Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/mac-pythonlauncher.png width=432 height=536 alt='[Python Launcher preferences window]'>
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</ol>
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<p class=a>⁂
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<h2 id=ubuntu>Installing on Ubuntu Linux</h2>
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<p>FIXME
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-0-add-remove-programs.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: Canonical-maintained applications]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-1-all-open-source-applications.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: all open source applications]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-2-search-python-3.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: search for Python 3]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-3-select-python-3.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: select Python 3.0 package]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-4-select-idle.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: select IDLE for Python 3.0 package]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-5-apply-changes.png width=635 height=364 alt='[Add/Remove: apply changes]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-6-download-progress.png width=287 height=211 alt='[Add/Remove: download progress meter]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-7-install-progress.png width=486 height=258 alt='[Add/Remove: installation progress meter]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-install-8-success.png width=591 height=296 alt='[Add/Remove: new applications have been installed]'>
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<p><img src=i/ubu-interactive-shell.png width=679 height=687 alt='[Linux Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
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<ol class=i>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-0-add-remove-programs.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: Canonical-maintained applications]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-1-all-open-source-applications.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: all open source applications]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-2-search-python-3.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: search for Python 3]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-3-select-python-3.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: select Python 3.0 package]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-4-select-idle.png width=920 height=473 alt='[Add/Remove: select IDLE for Python 3.0 package]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-5-apply-changes.png width=635 height=364 alt='[Add/Remove: apply changes]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-6-download-progress.png width=287 height=211 alt='[Add/Remove: download progress meter]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-7-install-progress.png width=486 height=258 alt='[Add/Remove: installation progress meter]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-install-8-success.png width=591 height=296 alt='[Add/Remove: new applications have been installed]'>
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<li>
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<p class='ss nm'><img src=i/ubu-interactive-shell.png width=679 height=687 alt='[Linux Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
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</ol>
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<p class=a>⁂
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<h2 id=other>Installing on Other Platforms</h2>
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<p>FIXME
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<p class=a>⁂
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<h2 id=editors>Python Editors and IDEs</h2>
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<p>FIXME
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@@ -393,6 +393,10 @@ ul li ol{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 2.5em}
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<li>Views (several dictionary methods return them, they're dynamic, update when the dictionary changes, etc.)
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<li>Function annotations
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<li>PEP 8 style conventions
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<li>Decorators
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<ol>
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<li><a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/whatsnew/3.1.html><code>@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")</code></a>
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</ol>
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<li>Importing modules
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<ol>
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<li>...mention why from module import * is only allowed at module level
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