mirror of
https://github.com/kennethreitz/pydantic.git
synced 2026-06-05 23:00:18 +00:00
Niko Strijbol
fd32516e0f
* add `exclude_none` option (#587) * run formatter * Apply @samuelcolvin's suggestions
146 lines
5.9 KiB
Markdown
146 lines
5.9 KiB
Markdown
As well as accessing model attributes directly via their names (e.g. `model.foobar`), models can be converted
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and exported in a number of ways:
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## `model.dict(...)`
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This is the primary way of converting a model to a dictionary. Sub-models will be recursively converted to dictionaries.
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Arguments:
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* `include`: fields to include in the returned dictionary; see [below](#advanced-include-exclude)
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* `exclude`: fields to exclude from the returned dictionary; see [below](#advanced-include-exclude)
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* `by_alias`: whether field aliases should be used as keys in the returned dictionary; default `False`
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* `exclude_unset`: whether fields which were not explicitly set when creating the model should
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be excluded from the returned dictionary; default `False`.
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Prior to **v1.0**, `exclude_unset` was known as `skip_defaults`; use of `skip_defaults` is now deprecated
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* `exclude_defaults`: whether fields which are equal to their default values (whether set or otherwise) should
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be excluded from the returned dictionary; default `False`
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* `exclude_none`: whether fields which are equal to `None` should be excluded from the returned dictionary; default
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`False`
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Example:
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_dict.py!}
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```
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_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
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## `dict(model)` and iteration
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*pydantic* models can also be converted to dictionaries using `dict(model)`, and you can also
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iterate over a model's field using `for field_name, value in model:`. With this approach the raw field values are
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returned, so sub-models will not be converted to dictionaries.
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Example:
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_iterate.py!}
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```
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_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
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## `model.copy(...)`
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`copy()` allows models to be duplicated, which is particularly useful for immutable models.
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Arguments:
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* `include`: fields to include in the returned dictionary; see [below](#advanced-include-exclude)
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* `exclude`: fields to exclude from the returned dictionary; see [below](#advanced-include-exclude)
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* `update`: a dictionary of values to change when creating the copied model
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* `deep`: whether to make a deep copy of the new model; default `False`
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Example:
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_copy.py!}
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```
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_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
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## `model.json(...)`
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The `.json()` method will serialise a model to JSON. Typically, `.json()` in turn calls `.dict()` and
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serialises its result. (For models with a [custom root type](models.md#custom-root-types), after calling `.dict()`,
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only the value for the `__root__` key is serialised.)
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Serialisation can be customised on a model using the `json_encoders` config property; the keys should be types, and
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the values should be functions which serialise that type (see the example below).
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Arguments:
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* `include`: fields to include in the returned dictionary; see [below](#advanced-include-exclude)
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* `exclude`: fields to exclude from the returned dictionary; see [below](#advanced-include-exclude)
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* `by_alias`: whether field aliases should be used as keys in the returned dictionary; default `False`
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* `exclude_unset`: whether fields which were not set when creating the model and have their default values should
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be excluded from the returned dictionary; default `False`.
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Prior to **v1.0**, `exclude_unset` was known as `skip_defaults`; use of `skip_defaults` is now deprecated
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* `exclude_defaults`: whether fields which are equal to their default values (whether set or otherwise) should
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be excluded from the returned dictionary; default `False`
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* `exclude_none`: whether fields which are equal to `None` should be excluded from the returned dictionary; default
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`False`
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* `encoder`: a custom encoder function passed to the `default` argument of `json.dumps()`; defaults to a custom
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encoder designed to take care of all common types
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* `**dumps_kwargs`: any other keyword arguments are passed to `json.dumps()`, e.g. `indent`.
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Example:
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_json.py!}
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```
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_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
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By default, `timedelta` is encoded as a simple float of total seconds. The `timedelta_isoformat` is provided
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as an optional alternative which implements ISO 8601 time diff encoding.
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See [below](#custom-json-deserialisation) for details on how to use other libraries for more performant JSON encoding
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and decoding.
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## `pickle.dumps(model)`
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Using the same plumbing as `copy()`, *pydantic* models support efficient pickling and unpickling.
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_pickle.py!}
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```
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_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
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## Advanced include and exclude
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The `dict`, `json`, and `copy` methods support `include` and `exclude` arguments which can either be
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sets or dictionaries. This allows nested selection of which fields to export:
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_exclude1.py!}
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```
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The ellipsis (``...``) indicates that we want to exclude or include an entire key, just as if we included it in a set.
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Of course, the same can be done at any depth level:
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_exclude2.py!}
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```
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The same holds for the `json` and `copy` methods.
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## Custom JSON (de)serialisation
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To improve the performance of encoding and decoding JSON, alternative JSON implementations
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(e.g. [ujson](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ujson)) can be used via the
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`json_loads` and `json_dumps` properties of `Config`.
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_ujson.py!}
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```
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_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
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`ujson` generally cannot be used to dump JSON since it doesn't support encoding of objects like datetimes and does
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not accept a `default` fallback function argument. To do this, you may use another library like
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[orjson](https://github.com/ijl/orjson).
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```py
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{!.tmp_examples/exporting_models_orjson.py!}
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```
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_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
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Note that `orjson` takes care of `datetime` encoding natively, making it faster than `json.dumps` but
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meaning you cannot always customise the encoding using `Config.json_encoders`.
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