Structure of the Repository

2026-06-05 23:00:18 +00:00 · 2016-02-13 09:48:54 -05:00
parent 2b44ee34c8
commit 2c849a96ff
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@@ -19,8 +19,297 @@ project. We then discuss various perspectives on how to build code which
 can be extended and tested reliably.


-Structure is Key
----------------
+
+Structure of the Repository
+---------------------------
+
+It's Important.
+:::::::::::::::
+
+Just as Code Style, API Design, and Automation are essential for a
+healthy development cycle, Repository structure is a crucial part of
+your project's
+`architecture <http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1257638017/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=bookforkind-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=39095&creativeASIN=1257638017>`__.
+
+When a potential user or contributor lands on your repository's page,
+they see a few things:
+
+-  Project Name
+-  Project Description
+-  Bunch O' Files
+
+Only when they scroll below the fold will the user see your project's
+README.
+
+If your repo is a massive dump of files or a nested mess of directories,
+they might look elsewhere before even reading your beautiful
+documentation.
+
+    Dress for the job you want, not the job you have.
+
+Of course, first impressions aren't everything. You and your colleagues
+will spend countless hours working with this repository, eventually
+becoming intimately familiar with every nook and cranny. The layout of
+it is important.
+
+Sample Repository
+:::::::::::::::::
+
+**tl;dr**: This is what `Kenneth Reitz <http://kennethreitz.org>`_ recommends.
+
+This repository is `available on
+GitHub <https://github.com/kennethreitz/samplemod>`__.
+
+::
+
+    README.rst
+    LICENSE
+    setup.py
+    requirements.txt
+    sample/__init__.py
+    sample/core.py
+    sample/helpers.py
+    docs/conf.py
+    docs/index.rst
+    tests/test_basic.py
+    tests/test_advanced.py
+
+Let's get into some specifics.
+
+The Actual Module
+:::::::::::::::::
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :widths: 20, 40
+
+   "Location", "``./sample/`` or ``./sample.py``"
+   "Purpose", "The code of interest"
+
+
+Your module package is the core focus of the repository. It should not
+be tucked away:
+
+::
+
+    ./sample/
+
+If your module consists of only a single file, you can place it directly
+in the root of your repository:
+
+::
+
+    ./sample.py
+
+Your library does not belong in an ambiguous src or python subdirectory.
+
+License
+:::::::
+
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :widths: 20, 40
+
+   "Location", "``./LICENSE``"
+   "Purpose", "Lawyering up."
+
+
+This is arguably the most important part of your repository, aside from
+the source code itself. The full license text and copyright claims
+should exist in this file.
+
+If you aren't sure which license you should use for your project, check
+out `choosealicense.com <http://choosealicense.com>`_.
+
+Of course, you are also free to publish code without a license, but this
+would prevent many people from potentially using your code.
+
+Setup.py
+::::::::
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :widths: 20, 40
+
+   "Location", "``./setup.py``"
+   "Purpose", "Package and distribution management."
+
+
+If your module package is at the root of your repository, this should
+obviously be at the root as well.
+
+Requirements File
+:::::::::::::::::
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :widths: 20, 40
+
+   "Location", "``./requirements.txt``"
+   "Purpose", "Development dependencies."
+
+
+A `pip requirements
+file <http://www.pip-installer.org/en/latest/requirements.html>`__
+should be placed at the root of the repository. It should specify the
+dependencies required to contribute to the project: testing, building,
+and generating documentation.
+
+If your project has no development dependencies, or you prefer
+development environment setup via ``setup.py``, this file may be
+unnecessary.
+
+Documentation
+:::::::::::::
+
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :widths: 20, 40
+
+   "Location", "``./docs/``"
+   "Purpose", "Package reference documentation."
+
+There is little reason for this to exist elsewhere.
+
+Test Suite
+::::::::::
+
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :widths: 20, 40
+
+   "Location", "``./test_sample.py`` or ``./tests``"
+   "Purpose", "Package integration and unit tests."
+
+Starting out, a small test suite will often exist in a single file:
+
+::
+
+    ./test_sample.py
+
+Once a test suite grows, you can move your tests to a directory, like
+so:
+
+::
+
+    tests/test_basic.py
+    tests/test_advanced.py
+
+Obviously, these test modules must import your packaged module to test
+it. You can do this a few ways:
+
+-  Expect the package to be installed in site-packages.
+-  Use a simple (but *explicit*) path modification to resolve the
+   package properly.
+
+I highly recommend the latter. Requiring a developer to run
+`setup.py <http://setup.py>`__ develop to test an actively changing
+codebase also requires them to have an isolated environment setup for
+each instance of the codebase.
+
+To give the individual tests import context, create a tests/context.py
+file:
+
+::
+
+    import os
+    import sys
+    sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..'))
+
+    import sample
+
+Then, within the individual test modules, import the module like so:
+
+::
+
+    from .context import sample
+
+This will always work as expected, regardless of installation method.
+
+Some people will assert that you should distribute your tests within
+your module itself -- I disagree. It often increases complexity for your
+users; many test suites often require additional dependencies and
+runtime contexts.
+
+Makefile
+::::::::
+
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :widths: 20, 40
+
+   "Location", "``./Makefile``"
+   "Purpose", "Generic management tasks."
+
+
+If you look at most of my projects or any Pocoo project, you'll notice a
+Makefile laying around. Why? These projects aren't written in C... In
+short, make is a incredibly useful tool for defining generic tasks for
+your project.
+
+**Sample Makefile:**
+
+::
+
+    init:
+        pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+    test:
+        py.test tests
+
+Other generic management scripts (e.g. ``manage.py``
+or ``fabfile.py``) belong at the root of the repository as well.
+
+Regarding Django Applications
+:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+
+I've noticed a new trend in Django applications since the release of
+Django 1.4. Many developers are structuring their repositories poorly
+due to the new bundled application templates.
+
+How? Well, they go to their bare and fresh repository and run the
+following, as they always have:
+
+::
+
+    $ django-admin.py start-project samplesite
+
+The resulting repository structure looks like this:
+
+::
+
+    README.rst
+    samplesite/manage.py
+    samplesite/samplesite/settings.py
+    samplesite/samplesite/wsgi.py
+    samplesite/samplesite/sampleapp/models.py
+
+Don't do this.
+
+Repetitive paths are confusing for both your tools and your developers.
+Unnecessary nesting doesn't help anybody (unless they're nostalgic for
+monolithic SVN repos).
+
+Let's do it properly:
+
+::
+
+    $ django-admin.py start-project samplesite .
+
+Note the "``.``".
+
+The resulting structure:
+
+::
+
+    README.rst
+    manage.py
+    samplesite/settings.py
+    samplesite/wsgi.py
+    samplesite/sampleapp/models.py
+
+
+
+
+Structure of Code is Key
+------------------------

 Thanks to the way imports and modules are handled in Python, it is
 relatively easy to structure a Python project. Easy, here, means