v3.2.0: Request ID, rate limiting, MessagePack, docs update

New features: - Request ID: api = responder.API(request_id=True) - Rate limiting: RateLimiter(requests=100, period=60).install(api) - MessagePack format: await req.media("msgpack") - All new features documented in tour 176 tests, 95% coverage. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add auto-validation, SSE, stream_file, after_request, route groups
2026-06-05 23:00:17 +00:00 · 2026-03-22 12:45:50 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:42:48 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:36:02 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:35:07 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:17:22 -04:00
137 changed files with 6696 additions and 3847 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+github: kennethreitz
+thanks_dev: kennethreitz
+custom: https://cash.app/$KennethReitz
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
+# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
+# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
+# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: "Documentation"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  documentation:
+    name: "Documentation"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.13"
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package and documentation dependencies
+      run: uv pip install '.[docs]'
+
+    - name: Build static HTML documentation
+      run: sphinx-build -W --keep-going docs/source docs/build
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+name: "Tests"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  test:
+    name: "Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: [
+          "3.9",
+          "3.10",
+          "3.11",
+          "3.12",
+          "3.13",
+        ]
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: 22
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package
+      run: uv pip install '.[develop,test]'
+
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: pytest
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+.venv*
 .vscode/
 .cache
 .idea
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@
 .pytest_cache
 .DS_Store
 coverage.xml
+.coverage*

 __pycache__
 tests/__pycache__
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# .readthedocs.yml
+# Read the Docs configuration file
+
+# Details
+# - https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+build:
+  os: "ubuntu-24.04"
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+
+python:
+  install:
+      - method: pip
+        path: .
+        extra_requirements:
+          - docs
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
+
+  # Use standard HTML builder.
+  builder: html
+
+  # Fail on all warnings to avoid broken references.
+  fail_on_warning: true
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF
+#formats:
+#  - pdf
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-language: python
-python:
-  - "3.6"
-
-# command to install dependencies
-install:
-  - "pip install pipenv --upgrade-strategy=only-if-needed"
-  - "pipenv install --dev"
-
-# command to run the dependencies
-script:
-  - "pytest"
@@ -1,71 +1,422 @@
-# v0.3.0
+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and
+this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+
+## [Unreleased]
+
+## [v3.0.0] - 2026-03-22
+
+### Added
+
+- Platform: Added support for Python 3.10 - Python 3.13
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts a filesystem path on its `<target>`
+  argument, enabling usage on single-file applications.
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts URLs.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Platform: Minimum Python version is now 3.9 (dropped 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)
+- Dependencies: Dramatically reduced core dependency count (10 → 5)
+  - Removed `requests`, `requests-toolbelt`, `rfc3986`, `whitenoise`
+  - Moved `apispec` and `marshmallow` to `openapi` optional extra
+  - Replaced `rfc3986` with stdlib `urllib.parse`
+  - Replaced `requests-toolbelt` multipart decoder with `python-multipart`
+  - Replaced deprecated `starlette.middleware.wsgi` with `a2wsgi`
+  - Switched from WhiteNoise to ServeStatic
+- Dependencies: Pinned `starlette[full]>=0.40` (was unpinned)
+- GraphQL: Upgraded to `graphene>=3` and `graphql-core>=3.1`
+  (from `graphene<3` and `graphql-server-core`, which is unmaintained)
+- GraphQL: Updated GraphiQL UI from 0.12.0 (2018) to 3.0.6 with React 18
+- Extensions: All of CLI-, GraphQL-, and OpenAPI-Support modules are
+  extensions now, found within the `responder.ext` module namespace.
+- Packaging: Migrated from `setup.py` to declarative `pyproject.toml`
+
+### Removed
+
+- Platform: Removed support for EOL Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
+- Status codes: Removed deprecated `resume_incomplete` and `resume`
+  aliases for HTTP 308 (marked for removal in 3.0)
+- CLI: `responder run --build` ceased to exist
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Routing: Fixed dispatching `static_route=None` on Windows
+- uvicorn: `--debug` now maps to uvicorn's `log_level = "debug"`
+- Tests: Fixed deprecated httpx TestClient usage
+
+## [v2.0.5] - 2019-12-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Update requirements to support python 3.8
+
+## [v2.0.4] - 2019-11-19
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix static app resolving
+
+## [v2.0.3] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.1] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template import
+
+## [v2.0.0] - 2019-09-19
+
+### Changed
+
+- Refactor Router and Schema
+
+## [v1.3.2] - 2019-08-15
+
+### Added
+
+- ASGI 3 support
+- CI tests for python 3.8-dev
+- Now requests have `state` a mapping object
+
+### Deprecated
+
+- ASGI 2
+
+## [v1.3.1] - 2019-04-28
+
+### Added
+
+- Route params Converters
+- Add search for documentation pages
+
+### Changed
+
+- Bump dependencies
+
+## [v1.3.0] - 2019-02-22
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Versioning issue
+- Multiple cookies.
+- Whitenoise returns not found.
+- Other bugfixes.
+
+### Added
+
+- Stream support via `resp.stream`.
+- Cookie directives via `resp.set_cookie`.
+- Add `resp.html` to send HTML.
+- Other improvements.
+
+## [v1.1.3] - 2019-01-12
+
+### Changed
+
+- Refactor `_route_for`
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Resolve startup/shutdwown events
+
+## [v1.2.0] - 2018-12-29
+
+### Added
+
+- Documentations
+
+### Changed
+
+- Use Starlette's LifeSpan middleware
+- Update denpendencies
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix route.is_class_based
+- Fix test_500
+- Typos
+
+## [v1.1.2] - 2018-11-11
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Minor fixes for Open API
+- Typos
+
+## [v1.1.1] - 2018-10-29
+
+### Changed
+
+- Run sync views in a threadpoolexecutor.
+
+## [v1.1.0] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Added
+
+- Support for `before_request`.
+
+## [v1.0.5]- 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix sessions.
+
+## [v1.0.4] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Potential bufix for cookies.
+
+## [v1.0.3] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bugfix for redirects.
+
+## [v1.0.2] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improvement for static file hosting.
+
+## [v1.0.1] - 2018-10-26
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improve cors configuration settings.
+
+## [v1.0.0] - 2018-10-26
+
+### Changed
+
+- Move GraphQL support into a built-in plugin.
+
+## [v0.3.3] - 2018-10-25
+
+### Added
+
+- CORS support
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improved exceptions.
+
+## [v0.3.2] - 2018-10-25
+
+### Changed
+
+- Subtle improvements.
+
+## [v0.3.1] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Packaging fix.
+
+## [v0.3.0] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Changed
+
 - Interactive Documentation endpoint.
 - Minor improvements.

-# v0.2.3
+## [v0.2.3] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Changed
+
 - Overall improvements.

-# v0.2.2
+## [v0.2.2] - 2018-10-23
+
+### Added
+
 - Show traceback info when background tasks raise exceptions.

-# v0.2.1
+## [v0.2.1] - 2018-10-23
+
+### Added
+
 - api.requests.

-# v0.2.0
+## [v0.2.0] - 2018-10-22
+
+### Added
+
 - WebSocket support.

-# v0.1.6
+## [v0.1.6] - 2018-10-20
+
+### Added
+
 - 500 support.

-# v0.1.5
- Improvements to sequential media reading.
- File upload support.
+## [v0.1.5] - 2018-10-20
+
+### Added
+
+- File upload support
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improvements to sequential media reading.
+
+## [v0.1.4] - 2018-10-19
+
+### Fixed

-# v0.1.4
 - Stability.

-# v0.1.3
+## [v0.1.3] - 2018-10-18
+
+### Added
+
 - Sessions support.

-# v0.1.2
+## [v0.1.2] - 2018-10-18
+
+### Added
+
 - Cookies support.

-# v0.1.1
+## [v0.1.1] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Changed
+
 - Default routes.

-# v0.1.0
+## [v0.1.0] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Added
+
 - Prototype of static application support.

-# v0.0.10
+## [v0.0.10] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.

-# v0.0.9
+## [v0.0.9] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.

-# v0.0.8
+## [v0.0.8] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Added
+
 - GraphiQL Support.
+
+### Changed
+
 - Improvement to route selection.

-# v0.0.7
- - Immutable Request object.
+## [v0.0.7] - 2018-10-16

-# v0.0.6:
- - Ability to mount WSGI apps.
- - Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
+### Changed

-# v0.0.5:
- - OpenAPI Schema support.
- - Safe load/dump yaml.
+- Immutable Request object.

-# v0.0.4:
- - Asynchronous support for data uploads.
- - Bug fixes.
+## [v0.0.6] - 2018-10-16
+
+### Added
+
+- Ability to mount WSGI apps.
+- Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
+
+## [v0.0.5] - 2018-10-15
+
+### Added
+
+- OpenAPI Schema support.
+- Safe load/dump yaml.
+
+## [v0.0.4] - 2018-10-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Asynchronous support for data uploads.
+
+### Fixed

-# v0.0.3:
 - Bug fixes.

-# v0.0.2
+## [v0.0.3] - 2018-10-13
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bug fixes.
+
+## [v0.0.2] - 2018-10-13
+
+### Changed
+
 - Switch to ASGI/Starlette.

-# v0.0.1
+## [v0.0.1] - 2018-10-12
+
+### Added
+
 - Conception!
+
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v3.0.0..HEAD
+[v3.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.5..v3.0.0
+[v2.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.4..v2.0.5
+[v2.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.3..v2.0.4
+[v2.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.2..v2.0.3
+[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
+[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
+[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
+[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
+[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
+[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
+[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
+[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
+[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
+[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
+[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
+[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
+[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
+[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
+[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
+[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
+[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
+[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
+[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
+[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
+[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
+[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
+[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
+[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
+[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
+[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
+[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
+[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
+[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
+[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
+[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
+[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
+[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
+[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
+[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
+[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
+[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
+[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
+[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
+[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
+[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
+[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1
@@ -1,13 +1,178 @@
-Copyright 2018 Kenneth Reitz

-Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-You may obtain a copy of the License at

-    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/

-Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-limitations under the License.
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
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+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
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+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
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+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
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+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
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+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
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+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
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+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
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+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-name = "pypi"
-
-[packages]
-responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
-
-[dev-packages]
-pytest = "*"
-"flake8" = "*"
-black = "*"
-twine = "*"
-flask = "*"
-sphinx = "*"
-marshmallow = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-
-[requires]
-python_version = "3.7"
-
-[pipenv]
-allow_prereleases = true
@@ -1,639 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "7bbe1f0addd73250027de73d6fb749aa2be3149af9744b107820c5e10498428e"
-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {
-            "python_version": "3.7"
-        },
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "aiofiles": {
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-                "sha256:021ea0ba314a86027c166ecc4b4c07f2d40fc0f4b3a950d1868a0f2571c2bbee",
-                "sha256:1e644c2573f953664368de28d2aa4c89dfd64550429d0c27c4680ccd3aa4985d"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.0"
-        },
-        "aniso8601": {
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-                "sha256:94f90871fcd314a458a3d4eca1c84448efbd200e86f55fe4c733c7a40149ef50"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.0.2"
-        },
-        "apispec": {
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-                "sha256:c2e6ac6471aaf7c6ec6d12714821898910c6b3c87c189de9a2e3754786b86ada",
-                "sha256:fa7dfa8a292bae9b1e70c44a50bf61901805821726c5b804568c9f2501f57ebb"
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-            "version": "==1.0.0b3"
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-        "apistar": {
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-            "version": "==0.6.0"
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-            "version": "==2018.10.15"
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-                "sha256:348f5f6c3edd4fd47c9cd65aed03ac1b31136d375aa63871a57d3e444c85655c"
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-}
@@ -1,15 +1,6 @@
-# Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python
+# Responder

-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/mybinder/badge/?version=latest)](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors)
-
-[![](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/master/ext/small.jpg)](http://python-responder.org/)
-
-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd spread some [Hacktoberfest](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/) spirit around, bring some of my ideas to the table, and see what I could come up with.
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python, powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/).

 ```python
 import responder
@@ -20,151 +11,99 @@ api = responder.API()
 async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"

-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
    api.run()
 ```

-That `async` declaration is optional. [View documentation](http://python-responder.org).
+    $ pip install responder

-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+That's it. Supports Python 3.9+.

+## The Basics

-## Testimonials
+- `resp.text` sends back text. `resp.html` sends back HTML. `resp.content` sends back bytes.
+- `resp.media` sends back JSON (or YAML, with content negotiation).
+- `resp.file("path.pdf")` serves a file with automatic content-type detection.
+- `req.headers` is case-insensitive. `req.params` gives you query parameters.
+- Both sync and async views work — the `async` is optional.

-> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder. [@kennethreitz](https://twitter.com/kennethreitz) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh M.K.
-
-> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
-
-> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of [Two Scoops of Django]()
-
-> "Love what I have seen while it's in progress! Many features of Responder are from my wishlist for Flask, and it's even faster and even easier than Flask!" — Luna C.
-
-## More Examples
-
-Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff):
+## Highlights

 ```python
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
-class GreetingResource:
-    def on_request(req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
-        resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-        resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
-        resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
-```
+# Type-safe route parameters
+@api.route("/users/{user_id:int}")
+async def get_user(req, resp, *, user_id):
+    resp.media = {"id": user_id}

-Render a template, with arguments:
+# HTTP method filtering
+@api.route("/items", methods=["POST"])
+async def create_item(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.media = {"created": data}

-```python
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
-def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-    resp.content = api.template("index.html", greeting=greeting)
-```
+# Class-based views
+@api.route("/things/{id}")
+class ThingResource:
+    def on_get(self, req, resp, *, id):
+        resp.media = {"id": id}
+    def on_post(self, req, resp, *, id):
+        resp.text = "created"

-The `api` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
+# Before-request hooks (auth, rate limiting, etc.)
+@api.route(before_request=True)
+def check_auth(req, resp):
+    if not req.headers.get("Authorization"):
+        resp.status_code = 401
+        resp.media = {"error": "unauthorized"}

-Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request:
+# Custom error handling
+@api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+async def handle_error(req, resp, exc):
+    resp.status_code = 400
+    resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}

-```python
-@api.route("/")
-def hello(req, resp):
+# Lifespan events
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

-    @api.background.task
-    def sleep(s=10):
-        time.sleep(s)
-        print("slept!")
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    print("starting up")
+    yield
+    print("shutting down")

-    sleep()
-    resp.content = "processing"
-```
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)

-And even serve a GraphQL API:
-
-```python
+# GraphQL
 import graphene
+api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))

-class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-    hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+# WebSockets
+@api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
+async def websocket(ws):
+    await ws.accept()
+    while True:
+        name = await ws.receive_text()
+        await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")

-    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return f"Hello {name}"
+# Mount WSGI/ASGI apps
+from flask import Flask
+flask_app = Flask(__name__)
+api.mount("/flask", flask_app)

-api.add_route("/graph", graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+# Background tasks
+@api.route("/work")
+def do_work(req, resp):
+    @api.background.task
+    def process():
+        import time; time.sleep(10)
+    process()
+    resp.media = {"status": "processing"}
 ```

-We can then send a query to our service:
+Built-in OpenAPI docs, cookie-based sessions, gzip compression, static file serving, Jinja2 templates, and a production uvicorn server.

-```pycon
->>> requests = api.session()
->>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello }"})
->>> r.json()
-{'data': {'hello': 'Hello stranger'}}
-```
+Route convertors: `str`, `int`, `float`, `uuid`, `path`.

-Or, request YAML back:
+## Documentation

-```pycon
->>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello(name:\"john\") }"}, headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"})
->>> print(r.text)
-data: {hello: Hello john}
-
-```
-
-Want HSTS?
-
-```
-api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
-```
-
-Boom.
-
-
-# Installing Responder
-
-Install the latest release:
-
-
-    $ pipenv install responder --pre
-    ✨🍰✨
-
-
-Or, install from the development branch:
-
-    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git#egg=responder
-
-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
-
-
-# The Basic Idea
-
-The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
-
- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.
-
-## Ideas
-
- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
- Automatic gzipped-responses.
- In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
- A production static file server is built-in.
- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
-
-## Future Ideas
-
- Cookie-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
- If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.
-
-# The Goal
-
-The primary goal here is to learn, not to get adoption. Though, who knows how these things will pan out.
-
-
----------
-
-[![hacktoberfest](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/hacktoberfest-2018-social-card-c8d2e1489f647f2e0a26e6f598adeb760872818905b34cd437afc7ac2857ceab.png)](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/)
+https://responder.kennethreitz.org
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-alabaster==0.7.12
-appdirs==1.4.3
-atomicwrites==1.2.1
-attrs==18.2.0
-babel==2.6.0
-black==18.9b0
-bleach==3.0.2
-certifi==2018.8.24
-cffi==1.11.5
-chardet==3.0.4
-click==7.0
-cmarkgfm==0.4.2
-colorama==0.4.0 ; sys_platform == 'win32'
-docutils==0.14
-flake8==3.5.0
-flask==1.0.2
-future==0.16.0
-idna==2.7
-imagesize==1.1.0
-itsdangerous==0.24
-jinja2==2.10
-markupsafe==1.0
-mccabe==0.6.1
-more-itertools==4.3.0
-packaging==18.0
-pkginfo==1.4.2
-pluggy==0.7.1
-py==1.7.0
-pycodestyle==2.3.1
-pycparser==2.19
-pyflakes==1.6.0
-pygments==2.2.0
-pyparsing==2.2.2
-pytest==3.8.2
-pytz==2018.5
-readme-renderer==22.0
-requests-toolbelt==0.8.0
-requests==2.19.1
-six==1.11.0
-snowballstemmer==1.2.1
-sphinx==1.8.1
-sphinxcontrib-websupport==1.1.0
-toml==0.10.0
-tqdm==4.26.0
-twine==1.12.1
-urllib3==1.23
-webencodings==0.5.1
-werkzeug==0.14.1
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-/* Hide module name and default value for environment variable section */
-div[id$='environment-variables'] code.descclassname {
-    display: none;
-}
-div[id$='environment-variables'] em.property {
-    display: none;
-}
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-
-/*
-	Copyright (C) 2011-2018 Hoefler & Co.
-	This software is the property of Hoefler & Co. (H&Co).
-	Your right to access and use this software is subject to the
-	applicable License Agreement, or Terms of Service, that exists
-	between you and H&Co. If no such agreement exists, you may not
-	access or use this software for any purpose.
-	This software may only be hosted at the locations specified in
-	the applicable License Agreement or Terms of Service, and only
-	for the purposes expressly set forth therein. You may not copy,
-	modify, convert, create derivative works from or distribute this
-	software in any way, or make it accessible to any third party,
-	without first obtaining the written permission of H&Co.
-	For more information, please visit us at http://typography.com.
-	148887-130097-20181011
-*/
-
-<!-- sorry your browser is not supported. -->
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-
-/*
-	Copyright (C) 2011-2018 Hoefler & Co.
-	This software is the property of Hoefler & Co. (H&Co).
-	Your right to access and use this software is subject to the
-	applicable License Agreement, or Terms of Service, that exists
-	between you and H&Co. If no such agreement exists, you may not
-	access or use this software for any purpose.
-	This software may only be hosted at the locations specified in
-	the applicable License Agreement or Terms of Service, and only
-	for the purposes expressly set forth therein. You may not copy,
-	modify, convert, create derivative works from or distribute this
-	software in any way, or make it accessible to any third party,
-	without first obtaining the written permission of H&Co.
-	For more information, please visit us at http://typography.com.
-	148887-130097-20181011
-*/
-
-<!-- sorry your browser is not supported. -->
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Konami-JS ~
- * :: Now with support for touch events and multiple instances for
- * :: those situations that call for multiple easter eggs!
- * Code: https://github.com/snaptortoise/konami-js
- * Copyright (c) 2009 George Mandis (georgemandis.com, snaptortoise.com)
- * Version: 1.6.2 (7/17/2018)
- * Licensed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
- * Tested in: Safari 4+, Google Chrome 4+, Firefox 3+, IE7+, Mobile Safari 2.2.1+ and Android
- */
-
-var Konami = function (callback) {
-    var konami = {
-        addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
-            if (obj.addEventListener)
-                obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
-            else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                // IE
-                obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
-                obj[type + fn] = function () {
-                    obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
-                }
-                obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
-            }
-        },
-        removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
-            if (obj.removeEventListener) {
-                obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
-            } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                obj.detachEvent(eventName);
-            }
-        },
-        input: "",
-        pattern: "38384040373937396665",
-        keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
-            if (ref_obj) {
-                konami = ref_obj;
-            } // IE
-            konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
-            if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
-                konami.input = konami.input.substr((konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length));
-            }
-            if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
-                konami.code(konami._currentLink);
-                konami.input = '';
-                e.preventDefault();
-                return false;
-            }
-        },
-        load: function (link) {
-            this._currentLink = link;
-            this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
-            this.iphone.load(link);
-        },
-        unload: function () {
-            this.removeEvent(document, 'keydown', this.keydownHandler);
-            this.iphone.unload();
-        },
-        code: function (link) {
-            window.location = link
-        },
-        iphone: {
-            start_x: 0,
-            start_y: 0,
-            stop_x: 0,
-            stop_y: 0,
-            tap: false,
-            capture: false,
-            orig_keys: "",
-            keys: ["UP", "UP", "DOWN", "DOWN", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "TAP", "TAP"],
-            input: [],
-            code: function (link) {
-                konami.code(link);
-            },
-            touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
-                if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
-                    var touch = e.touches[0];
-                    konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
-                    konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
-                    konami.iphone.tap = false;
-                    konami.iphone.capture = false;
-                    konami.iphone.check_direction();
-                }
-            },
-            touchendHandler: function () {
-                konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length) konami.iphone.input.shift();
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
-                    var match = true;
-                    for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
-                        if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
-                            match = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (match) {
-                        konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            touchstartHandler: function (e) {
-                konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
-                konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
-                konami.iphone.tap = true;
-                konami.iphone.capture = true;
-            },
-            load: function (link) {
-                this.orig_keys = this.keys;
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            unload: function () {
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchmove', this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchend', this.touchendHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchstart', this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            check_direction: function () {
-                x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
-                y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
-                x = ((this.start_x - this.stop_x) < 0) ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
-                y = ((this.start_y - this.stop_y) < 0) ? "DOWN" : "UP";
-                result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
-                result = (this.tap === true) ? "TAP" : result;
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
-    if (typeof callback === "function") {
-        konami.code = callback;
-        konami.load();
-    }
-
-    return konami;
-};
-
-
-if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && typeof module.exports !== 'undefined') {
-        module.exports = Konami;
-} else {
-        if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-                define([], function() {
-                        return Konami;
-                });
-        } else {
-                window.Konami = Konami;
-        }
-}
@@ -1,206 +1,21 @@
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css" />
-<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').hide(0);</script>
-<!--Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
-
-<!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
 <style type="text/css">
-  /* Rezzy requires precise alignment. */
-  img.logo {
-    margin-left: -20px !important;
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
-    font-style: normal !important;
-    font-weight: 600 !important;
-  }
-
-  .section {
-    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
-    font-style: normal !important;
-    font-weight: 400 !important;
-  }
-
-  pre,
-  .pre,
-  .class em,
-  .descname,
-  .method em {
-    font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B" !important;
-    font-weight: 400 !important;
-  }
-
-  .property {
-    color: lightgrey !important;
-  }
-
-  .method .descname {
-    color: #220a54;
-  }
-
-  .method {
-
-    margin-bottom: 2em;
-
-  }
-
-  .si,
-  .s2,
-  .s1,
-  .method em,
-  .class em {
-    font-style: italic !important;
-    color: grey;
-  }
-
-  .method em,
-  .class em {
-    margin-left: 0.3em;
-    margin-right: 0.3em;
-  }
-
-  .method p,
-  .class p {
-    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B";
-    font-style: italic !important;
-    font-weight: 400 !important;
-    font-size: 1.15em;
-  }
-
-  .method p:first,
-  .class p:first {
-    background: #fffcbf;
-  }
-
-  .class .property {
-    display: none;
-  }
-
-  #testimonials p.attribution {
-    margin-top: -1em;
-  }
-
-
-
-  /* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
-  div#searchbox h3 {
-    display: none;
-  }
-
-  /* Make the document a little wider, less code is cut-off. */
+  /* Make the document a little wider. */
  div.document {
    width: 1008px;
  }

-  /* Much-improved spacing around code blocks. */
+  /* Better spacing around code blocks. */
  div.highlight pre {
    padding: 11px 14px;
  }

-  /* Remain Responsive! */
+  /* Responsive layout. */
  @media screen and (max-width: 1008px) {
    div.sphinxsidebar {
      display: none;
    }
-
    div.document {
      width: 100% !important;
    }
-
-    /* Have code blocks escape the document right-margin. */
-    div.highlight pre {
-      margin-right: -30px;
-    }
  }
 </style>
-
-<!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
-<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
-<script>
-  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
-  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
-  gtag('js', new Date());
-
-  gtag('config', 'UA-127383416-1');
-</script>
-
-<!-- There are no more hacks. -->
-<!--         இڿڰۣ-ڰۣ—         -->
-<!--   Love, Kenneth Reitz    -->
-
-<script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
-<script>
-  var easter_egg = new Konami('https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1));
-</script>
-
-<style>
-  .injected {
-    display: none !important;
-  }
-</style>
-
-<!-- GitHub Logo -->
-<a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on GitHub">
-  <svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#151513; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;"
-    aria-hidden="true">
-    <path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path>
-    <path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
-      fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path>
-    <path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
-      fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path>
-  </svg>
-</a>
-<style>
-  .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
-  }
-
-  @keyframes octocat-wave {
-
-    0%,
-    100% {
-      transform: rotate(0)
-    }
-
-    20%,
-    60% {
-      transform: rotate(-25deg)
-    }
-
-    40%,
-    80% {
-      transform: rotate(10deg)
-    }
-  }
-
-  @media (max-width:500px) {
-    .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-      animation: none
-    }
-
-    .github-corner .octo-arm {
-      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
-    }
-  }
-</style>
-
-
-<!-- That was not a hack. That was art.
-
-<!-- UserVoice JavaScript SDK (only needed once on a page) -->
-<script>(function () { var uv = document.createElement('script'); uv.type = 'text/javascript'; uv.async = true; uv.src = '//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s) })()</script>
-
-<!-- A tab to launch the Classic Widget -->
-<script>
-  UserVoice = window.UserVoice || [];
-  UserVoice.push(['showTab', 'classic_widget', {
-    mode: 'feedback',
-    primary_color: '#fa8c28',
-    link_color: '#0a8cc6',
-    forum_id: 913660,
-    tab_label: 'Got feedback?',
-    tab_color: '#00994f',
-    tab_position: 'bottom-left',
-    tab_inverted: true
-  }]);
-</script>
@@ -1,34 +1,14 @@
 <p class="logo">
  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" />
  </a>
 </p>
-
 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <strong>Responder</strong> — a familiar HTTP service framework for Python.
 </p>
-
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
-
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
-</p>
-
-
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
 </ul>
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-<p class="logo">
-  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
-  </a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
-
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
-</p>
-
-
-<h3>Useful Links</h3>
-<ul>
-
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
-</ul>
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Backlog
+
+## Future Ideas
+- Consider adding `after_request` hooks (complement to `before_request`)
+- Explore WebSocket before_request short-circuit support
+- Add rate limiting middleware
+- Consider async template rendering by default
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+Responder CLI
+=============
+
+Responder installs a command line program ``responder``. Use it to launch
+a Responder application from a file or module, either located on a local
+or remote filesystem, or object store.
+
+Launch Module Entrypoint
+------------------------
+
+For loading a Responder application from a Python module, you will refer to
+its ``API()`` instance using a `Python entry point object reference`_ that
+points to a Python object. It is either in the form ``importable.module``,
+or ``importable.module:object.attr``.
+
+A basic invocation command to launch a Responder application:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app
+
+The command above assumes a Python package ``acme`` including an ``app``
+module ``acme/app.py`` that includes an attribute ``api`` that refers
+to a ``responder.API`` instance, reflecting the typical layout of
+a standard Responder application.
+
+Loading a Responder application using an entrypoint specification will
+inherit the capacities of `Python's import system`_, as implemented by
+`importlib`_.
+
+Launch Local File
+-----------------
+
+Acquire a minimal example single-file application, ``helloworld.py`` [1]_,
+to your local filesystem, giving you the chance to edit it, and launch the
+Responder HTTP service.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    wget https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run helloworld.py
+
+.. note::
+
+    To validate the example application, invoke a HTTP request, for example using
+    `curl`_, `HTTPie`_, or your favourite browser at hand.
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        http http://127.0.0.1:5042/Hello
+
+    The response is no surprise.
+
+    ::
+
+        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+        content-length: 13
+        content-type: text/plain
+        date: Sat, 26 Oct 2024 13:16:55 GMT
+        encoding: utf-8
+        server: uvicorn
+
+        Hello, world!
+
+.. [1] The Responder application `helloworld.py`_ implements a basic echo handler.
+
+Launch Remote File
+------------------
+
+You can also launch a single-file application where its Python file is stored
+on a remote location.
+
+Responder supports all filesystem adapters compatible with `fsspec`_, and
+installs the adapters for Azure Blob Storage (az), Google Cloud Storage (gs),
+GitHub, HTTP, and AWS S3 by default.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Works 1:1.
+    responder run https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run github://kennethreitz:responder@/examples/helloworld.py
+
+If you need access other kinds of remote targets, see the `list of
+fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols`_. The next section enumerates
+a few synthetic examples. The corresponding storage buckets do not even
+exist, so don't expect those commands to work.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, and AWS S3.
+    responder run az://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run gs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run s3://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+    # Hadoop Distributed File System (hdfs), SSH File Transfer Protocol (sftp),
+    # Common Internet File System (smb), Web-based Distributed Authoring and
+    # Versioning (webdav).
+    responder run hdfs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run sftp://user@host/kennethreitz/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run smb://workgroup;user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run webdav+https://user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+.. tip::
+
+    In order to install support for all filesystem types supported by fsspec, run:
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        uv pip install 'fsspec[full]'
+
+    When using ``uv``, this concludes within an acceptable time of approx.
+    25 seconds. If you need to be more selectively instead of using ``full``,
+    choose from one or multiple of the available `fsspec extras`_, which are:
+
+    abfs, arrow, dask, dropbox, fuse, gcs, git, github, hdfs, http, oci, s3,
+    sftp, smb, ssh.
+
+Launch with Non-Standard Instance Name
+--------------------------------------
+
+By default, Responder will acquire an ``responder.API`` instance using the
+symbol name ``api`` from the specified Python module.
+
+If your main application file uses a different name than ``api``, please
+append the designated symbol name to the launch target address.
+
+It works like this for module entrypoints and local files:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app:service
+    responder run /path/to/acme/app.py:service
+
+It works like this for URLs:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run http://app.server.local/path/to/acme/app.py#service
+
+Within your ``app.py``, the instance would have been defined to use
+the ``service`` symbol name instead of ``api``, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    service = responder.API()
+
+Build JavaScript Application
+----------------------------
+
+The ``build`` subcommand invokes ``npm run build``, optionally accepting
+a target directory. By default, it uses the current working directory,
+where it expects a regular NPM ``package.json`` file.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build
+
+When specifying a target directory, Responder will change to that
+directory beforehand.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build /path/to/project
+
+
+.. _curl: https://curl.se/
+.. _fsspec: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _fsspec extras: https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/blob/2024.12.0/pyproject.toml#L27-L69
+.. _helloworld.py: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/blob/main/examples/helloworld.py
+.. _HTTPie: https://httpie.io/docs/cli
+.. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html
+.. _list of fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols: https://github.com/fsspec/universal_pathlib#currently-supported-filesystems-and-protocols
+.. _Python entry point object reference: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/entry-points/
+.. _Python's import system: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html
@@ -1,103 +1,35 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-#
-# Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
-#
-# This file does only contain a selection of the most common options. For a
-# full list see the documentation:
-# http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/config
+# Sphinx configuration for Responder documentation.

-# -- Path setup --------------------------------------------------------------
-
-# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
-# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
-# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#
-# import os
-# import sys
-# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
-
-
-# -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
-
-project = "responder"
-copyright = "2018, A Kenneth Reitz project"
-author = "Kenneth Reitz"
-
-# The short X.Y version
 import os

-# Path hackery to get current version number.
-here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+project = "responder"
+copyright = "2018-2026, Kenneth Reitz"
+author = "Kenneth Reitz"

+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 about = {}
 with open(os.path.join(here, "..", "..", "responder", "__version__.py")) as f:
    exec(f.read(), about)

 version = about["__version__"]
-# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
 release = about["__version__"]

-
-# -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
-
-# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#
-# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
-
-# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
-# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
-# ones.
 extensions = [
    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
-    "sphinx.ext.doctest",
-    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
-    "sphinx.ext.todo",
-    "sphinx.ext.coverage",
-    "sphinx.ext.mathjax",
-    "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
-    "sphinx.ext.githubpages",
+    "myst_parser",
+    "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx_design_elements",
 ]

-# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
 templates_path = ["_templates"]
-
-# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
-# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
-#
-# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = ".rst"
-
-# The master toctree document.
+source_suffix = {".rst": "restructuredtext"}
 master_doc = "index"
-
-# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
-# for a list of supported languages.
-#
-# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
-# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
-language = None
-
-# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
-# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-# This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
+language = "en"
 exclude_patterns = []

-# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = None
-
-
-# -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
-
-# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
-# a list of builtin themes.
-#
+# Theme
 html_theme = "alabaster"
-
-# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
-# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
-# documentation.
-#
 html_theme_options = {
    "show_powered_by": False,
    "github_user": "kennethreitz",
@@ -105,118 +37,16 @@ html_theme_options = {
    "github_banner": False,
    "show_related": False,
 }
-
-
-html_sidebars = {
-    "index": ["sidebarintro.html", "sourcelink.html", "searchbox.html", "hacks.html"],
-    "**": [
-        "sidebarlogo.html",
-        "localtoc.html",
-        "relations.html",
-        "sourcelink.html",
-        "searchbox.html",
-        "hacks.html",
-    ],
-}
-
-# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
-# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
-# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
 html_static_path = ["_static"]
-
-# Custom sidebar templates, must be a dictionary that maps document names
-# to template names.
-#
-# The default sidebars (for documents that don't match any pattern) are
-# defined by theme itself.  Builtin themes are using these templates by
-# default: ``['localtoc.html', 'relations.html', 'sourcelink.html',
-# 'searchbox.html']``.
-#
-# html_sidebars = {}
-
-
-# -- Options for HTMLHelp output ---------------------------------------------
-
-# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = "responderdoc"
-
-
-# -- Options for LaTeX output ------------------------------------------------
-
-latex_elements = {
-    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-    #
-    # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-    #
-    # 'pointsize': '10pt',
-    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-    #
-    # 'preamble': '',
-    # Latex figure (float) alignment
-    #
-    # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
+html_sidebars = {
+    "index": ["sidebarintro.html", "searchbox.html"],
+    "**": ["sidebarintro.html", "localtoc.html", "searchbox.html"],
 }

-# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title,
-#  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
-latex_documents = [
-    (master_doc, "responder.tex", "responder Documentation", "Kenneth Reitz", "manual")
-]
+# MyST
+myst_heading_anchors = 3

-
-# -- Options for manual page output ------------------------------------------
-
-# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
-# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [(master_doc, "responder", "responder Documentation", [author], 1)]
-
-
-# -- Options for Texinfo output ----------------------------------------------
-
-# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title, author,
-#  dir menu entry, description, category)
-texinfo_documents = [
-    (
-        master_doc,
-        "responder",
-        "responder Documentation",
-        author,
-        "responder",
-        "One line description of project.",
-        "Miscellaneous",
-    )
-]
-
-
-# -- Options for Epub output -------------------------------------------------
-
-# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
-epub_title = project
-
-# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
-# or the project homepage.
-#
-# epub_identifier = ''
-
-# A unique identification for the text.
-#
-# epub_uid = ''
-
-# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
-epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]
-
-
-# -- Extension configuration -------------------------------------------------
-
-# -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------
-
-# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {"https://docs.python.org/": None}
-
-# -- Options for todo extension ----------------------------------------------
-
-# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
-todo_include_todos = True
+# Copybutton
+copybutton_remove_prompts = True
+copybutton_prompt_text = r">>> |\.\.\. |\$ "
+copybutton_prompt_is_regexp = True
@@ -1,57 +1,86 @@
-Deploying Responder
-===================
+Deployment
+==========

-You can deploy Responder anywhere you can deploy a basic Python application.
+Responder applications are standard ASGI apps. You can deploy them anywhere
+you'd deploy a Python web service.

-Docker Deployment
-----------------

-Assuming existing ``api.py`` and ``Pipfile.lock`` containing ``responder``.
+Running Locally
+---------------

-``Dockerfile``::
-
-    from kennethreitz/pipenv
-
-    COPY . /app
-    CMD python3 api.py
-
-That's it!
-
-Heroku Deployment
-----------------
-
-The basics::
-
-    $ mkdir my-api
-    $ cd my-api
-    $ git init
-    $ heroku create
-    ...
-
-Install Responder::
-
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ...
-
-Write out an ``api.py``::
+The simplest way to run your application::

+    # api.py
    import responder

    api = responder.API()

    @api.route("/")
-    async def hello(req, resp):
+    def hello(req, resp):
        resp.text = "hello, world!"

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        api.run()

-Write out a ``Procfile``::
+This starts a production uvicorn server on ``127.0.0.1:5042``.

-    web: python api.py

-That's it! Next, we commit and push to Heroku::
+Docker
+------

-    $ git add -A
-    $ git commit -m 'initial commit'
-    $ git push heroku master
+A minimal Dockerfile for deploying a Responder application::
+
+    FROM python:3.13-slim
+    WORKDIR /app
+    COPY . .
+    RUN pip install responder
+    ENV PORT=80
+    EXPOSE 80
+    CMD ["python", "api.py"]
+
+Build and run::
+
+    $ docker build -t myapi .
+    $ docker run -p 8000:80 myapi
+
+
+Cloud Platforms
+---------------
+
+Responder automatically honors the ``PORT`` environment variable, which is
+set by most cloud platforms. When ``PORT`` is set, Responder binds to
+``0.0.0.0`` on that port automatically.
+
+This works out of the box with:
+
+- **Fly.io**
+- **Railway**
+- **Render**
+- **Google Cloud Run**
+- **Azure Container Apps**
+- **AWS App Runner**
+
+Just deploy your code and set the start command to ``python api.py``.
+
+
+Uvicorn Directly
+----------------
+
+For more control over the production server, you can bypass ``api.run()``
+and use uvicorn directly::
+
+    $ uvicorn api:api --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 --workers 4
+
+This gives you access to all of uvicorn's options: worker count, SSL
+certificates, access logging, and more. See the
+`uvicorn documentation <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_ for details.
+
+
+Reverse Proxy
+-------------
+
+In production, you may want to place Responder behind a reverse proxy like
+nginx or Caddy for SSL termination, load balancing, or serving static assets.
+
+Responder's ``TrustedHostMiddleware`` and ``HTTPSRedirectMiddleware`` work
+correctly behind proxies that set standard forwarding headers.
@@ -1,28 +1,7 @@
-.. responder documentation master file, created by
-   sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 11 12:58:34 2018.
-   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
-   contain the root `toctree` directive.
+Responder
+=========

-A familiar HTTP Service Framework
-=================================
-
-|Build Status| |image1| |image2| |image3| |image4| |image5|
-
-.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master
-   :target: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder
-.. |image1| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
-   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image2| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
-   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image3| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
-   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image4| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
-.. |image5| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
-   :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
-
-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd
-spread some `Hacktoberfest <https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/>`_ spirit around, bring some of my ideas to the table, and see what I could come up with.
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python.

 .. code:: python

@@ -37,124 +16,96 @@ spread some `Hacktoberfest <https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/>`_ spirit ar
   if __name__ == '__main__':
       api.run()

-That ``async`` declaration is optional.
+Powered by `Starlette`_ and `uvicorn`_. The ``async`` is optional.

-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server
-pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
-production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip
-compression automatically.

-Features
+The Idea
 --------

- A pleasant API, with a single import statement.
- Class-based views without inheritence.
- ASGI framework, the future of Python web services.
- The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.
- *f-string syntax* route declaration.
- Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.
- Background tasks, spawned off in a ``ThreadPoolExecutor``.
- GraphQL (with *GraphiQL*) support!
- OpenAPI schema generation, with interactive documentation!
- Single-page webapp support!
+Responder takes the best ideas from `Flask`_ and `Falcon`_ and brings them
+together into one clean framework.

-Testimonials
+The request and response objects are passed into every view and mutated
+directly — no return values, no boilerplate. If you've used Requests,
+you'll feel right at home. If you've used Flask, the routing will look
+familiar. If you've used Falcon, the ``req`` / ``resp`` pattern will
+click immediately.
+
+- ``resp.text`` sends back text. ``resp.html`` sends back HTML.
+- ``resp.media`` sends back JSON — or YAML, if the client asks for it.
+- ``resp.file("path")`` serves a file. ``resp.content`` sends raw bytes.
+- ``req.headers`` is case-insensitive. ``req.params`` holds query parameters.
+- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url`` — the usual suspects.
+
+Content negotiation happens automatically. Set ``resp.media`` to a dict
+and Responder figures out the rest.
+
+Responder and `FastAPI`_ share DNA — both are built on Starlette, both
+appeared around the same time, and both pushed Python's ASGI ecosystem
+forward. FastAPI went deep on type annotations and automatic validation.
+Responder went for a mutable request/response pattern and a simpler,
+more familiar API. Both projects are better for the other existing, and
+you should use whichever feels right for what you're building.
+
+
+What You Get
 ------------

-   “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
-   `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ at his absolute
-   best.”
+One ``pip install``, batteries included:

-    —Rudraksh M.K.
+- Mount Flask, Django, or any WSGI/ASGI app at a subroute.
+- Gzip compression, HSTS, CORS, and trusted host validation.
+- Before-request hooks that can short-circuit for auth guards.
+- A test client for fast, in-process testing with pytest.
+- Route parameters with f-string syntax and type convertors.
+- Lifespan context managers for startup and shutdown logic.
+- Custom exception handlers for clean error responses.
+- `GraphQL`_ with Graphene and a built-in GraphiQL IDE.
+- File serving with automatic content-type detection.
+- Sync and async views — ``async`` is always optional.
+- Class-based views with ``on_get``, ``on_post``, ``on_request``.
+- A pleasant API with a single import statement.
+- OpenAPI schema generation with Swagger UI.
+- A production `uvicorn`_ server, ready to deploy.
+- HTTP method filtering for REST APIs.
+- Signed cookie-based sessions.
+- Background tasks in a thread pool.
+- WebSocket support.


+Installation
+------------

-..
+.. code-block:: shell

-   "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that."
+    $ uv pip install responder

-    —Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
+Python 3.9 and above. That's it.

-..
-
-
-   “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”
-
-    — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
-
-
-..
-
-
-   “The most ambitious crossover event in history.”
-
-    —Pablo Cabezas, `on Tom Christie joining the project`_
-
-
-.. _APIStar: https://github.com/encode/apistar
-.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
-.. _Two Scoops of Django:
-.. _on Tom Christie joining the project: https://twitter.com/pabloteleco/status/1050841098321620992?s=20
-
-User Guides
-----------

 .. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2
+   :caption: User Guide

   quickstart
   tour
   deployment
   testing
   api
+   cli
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+   :caption: Project
+
+   changes
+   Sandbox <sandbox>
+   backlog


-Installing Responder
--------------------
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    $ pipenv install responder --pre
-    ✨🍰✨
-
-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
-
-
-The Basic Idea
--------------
-
-The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
-
- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
- Setting ``resp.media`` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.content`` override this).
- Case-insensitive ``req.headers`` dict (from Requests directly).
- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url``, and other familiar friends.
-
-Ideas
-----
-
- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
- Automatic gzipped-responses.
- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
- A production static files server is built-in.
- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unneccessary in production.
- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
-
-
-Future Ideas
------------
-
- Cookie-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
- If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.
-
-
-
-Indices and tables
-==================
-
-* :ref:`genindex`
-* :ref:`modindex`
-* :ref:`search`
+.. _Starlette: https://www.starlette.io/
+.. _uvicorn: https://www.uvicorn.org/
+.. _Flask: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
+.. _Falcon: https://falconframework.org/
+.. _FastAPI: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/
+.. _GraphQL: https://graphql.org/
@@ -1,126 +1,234 @@
-Quick Start!
-============
+Quick Start
+===========

-This section of the documentation exists to provide an introduction to the Responder interface,
-as well as educate the user on basic functionality.
+This guide will walk you through the basics of building a web service with
+Responder. By the end, you'll know how to declare routes, handle requests,
+send responses, render templates, and process background tasks.


-Declare a Web Service
---------------------
+Create a Web Service
+--------------------

-The first thing you need to do is declare a web service::
+The first thing you need to do is declare a web service. This is the central
+object that holds all your routes, middleware, and configuration::

    import responder

    api = responder.API()

-Hello World!
------------

-Then, you can add a view / route to it.
+Hello World
+-----------

-Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello world!"::
+Next, add a route. Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello, world!"::

    @api.route("/")
    def hello_world(req, resp):
        resp.text = "hello, world!"

+Every view receives a ``req`` (request) and ``resp`` (response) object. You
+don't need to return anything — just mutate the response directly.
+
+
 Run the Server
 --------------

-Next, we can run our web service easily, with ``api.run()``::
+Start your web service with ``api.run()``::

    api.run()

-This will spin up a production web server on port ``5042``, ready for incoming HTTP requests.
+This spins up a production-grade uvicorn server on port ``5042``, ready for
+incoming HTTP requests.

-Note: you can pass ``port=5000`` if you want to customize the port. The ``PORT`` environment variable for established web service providers (e.g. Heroku) will automatically be honored.
+You can customize the port with ``api.run(port=8000)``. The ``PORT``
+environment variable is also honored automatically — when set, Responder
+binds to ``0.0.0.0`` on that port, which is what cloud platforms like
+Fly.io, Railway, and Google Cloud Run expect.
+
+.. note::
+
+   Both sync and async views are supported. The ``async`` keyword is always
+   optional — use it when you need to ``await`` something.


-Accept Route Arguments
----------------------
+Route Parameters
+----------------

-If you want dynamic URLs, you can use Python's familiar *f-string syntax* to declare variables in your routes::
+If you want dynamic URLs, use Python's familiar f-string syntax to declare
+variables in your routes::

    @api.route("/hello/{who}")
    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
        resp.text = f"hello, {who}!"

-A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/brettcannon`` will result in a response of ``hello, brettcannon!``.
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/world`` will respond with ``hello, world!``.

-Returning JSON / YAML
---------------------
+Route parameters are passed as keyword-only arguments (after the ``*``).

-If you want your API to send back JSON, simply set the ``resp.media`` property to a JSON-serializable Python object::

+Type Convertors
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+You can constrain route parameters to specific types. The parameter will be
+automatically converted before it reaches your view::
+
+    @api.route("/add/{a:int}/{b:int}")
+    async def add(req, resp, *, a, b):
+        resp.text = f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}"
+
+Supported types:
+
+- ``str`` — matches any string without slashes (default)
+- ``int`` — matches digits, converts to ``int``
+- ``float`` — matches decimal numbers, converts to ``float``
+- ``uuid`` — matches UUID strings like ``550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000``
+- ``path`` — matches any string *including* slashes, useful for file paths
+
+
+Sending Responses
+-----------------
+
+Responder gives you several ways to send data back to the client. Just set
+the appropriate property on the response object.
+
+**Text and HTML**::
+
+    resp.text = "plain text response"
+    resp.html = "<h1>HTML response</h1>"
+
+**JSON** — the most common pattern for APIs. Set ``resp.media`` to any
+JSON-serializable Python object::

    @api.route("/hello/{who}/json")
-    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
+    def hello_json(req, resp, *, who):
        resp.media = {"hello": who}

-A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/guido/json`` will result in a response of ``{'hello': 'guido'}``.
+If the client sends an ``Accept: application/x-yaml`` header, the same data
+will be returned as YAML instead. Content negotiation is automatic.

-If the client requests YAML instead (with a header of ``Accept: application/x-yaml``), YAML will be sent.
+**Files** — serve a file from disk with automatic content-type detection::

-Rendering a Template
--------------------
+    resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")

-If you want to render a template, simply use ``api.template``. No need for additional imports::
+**Raw bytes**::

-    @api.route("/hello/{who}/html")
-    def hello_html(req, resp, *, who):
-        resp.content = api.template('hello.html', who=who)
+    resp.content = b"\x89PNG\r\n..."

-The ``api`` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
+**Status codes and headers**::

-Setting Response Status Code
----------------------------
+    resp.status_code = 201
+    resp.headers["X-Custom"] = "value"

-If you want to set the response status code, simply set ``resp.status_code``::
+**Redirects**::

-    @api.route("/416")
-    def teapot(req, resp):
-        resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416   # ...or 416
+    api.redirect(resp, location="/new-url")


-Setting Response Headers
------------------------
+Reading Requests
+----------------

-If you want to set a response header, like ``X-Pizza: 42``, simply modify the ``resp.headers`` dictionary::
+The request object gives you access to everything the client sent.

-    @api.route("/pizza")
-    def pizza_pizza(req, resp):
-        resp.headers['X-Pizza'] = 42
+**Method and URL**::

-That's it!
+    req.method      # "get", "post", etc. (lowercase)
+    req.full_url    # "http://example.com/path?q=1"
+    req.url         # parsed URL object
+
+**Headers** — case-insensitive, just like you'd expect::
+
+    req.headers["Content-Type"]
+    req.headers["content-type"]  # same thing
+
+**Query parameters**::
+
+    # GET /search?q=python&page=2
+    req.params["q"]     # "python"
+    req.params["page"]  # "2"
+
+**Path parameters** — also available on the request object::
+
+    req.path_params["user_id"]  # same as the keyword argument
+
+**Request body** — for POST/PUT/PATCH requests, you need to ``await`` the
+body content::
+
+    # JSON body
+    data = await req.media()
+
+    # Form data
+    data = await req.media("form")
+
+    # File uploads
+    files = await req.media("files")
+
+    # Raw bytes
+    body = await req.content
+
+    # Raw text
+    text = await req.text
+
+**Other useful properties**::
+
+    req.is_json     # True if content type is JSON
+    req.cookies     # dict of cookies
+    req.session     # session data (dict)
+    req.client      # (host, port) tuple
+    req.is_secure   # True if HTTPS


-Receiving Data & Background Tasks
---------------------------------
+Rendering Templates
+-------------------

-If you're expecting to read any request data, on the server, you need to declare your view as async and await the content.
+Responder includes built-in `Jinja2 <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_
+support. Templates are loaded from the ``templates/`` directory by default.

-Here, we'll process our data in the background, while responding immediately to the client::
+The simplest way is to use ``api.template()``::

-    import time
+    @api.route("/hello/{name}/html")
+    def hello_html(req, resp, *, name):
+        resp.html = api.template("hello.html", name=name)
+
+You can also use the ``Templates`` class directly for more control::
+
+    from responder.templates import Templates
+
+    templates = Templates(directory="templates")
+
+    @api.route("/page")
+    def page(req, resp):
+        resp.html = templates.render("page.html", title="Hello")
+
+Async rendering is supported too::
+
+    templates = Templates(directory="templates", enable_async=True)
+    resp.html = await templates.render_async("page.html", title="Hello")
+
+You can render template strings without a file::
+
+    resp.html = api.template_string("Hello, {{ name }}!", name="world")
+
+
+Background Tasks
+----------------
+
+Sometimes you want to accept a request, respond immediately, and do the
+actual processing later. Responder makes this easy with background tasks::

    @api.route("/incoming")
    async def receive_incoming(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()

        @api.background.task
        def process_data(data):
-            """Just sleeps for three seconds, as a demo."""
-            time.sleep(3)
+            """This runs in a background thread."""
+            import time
+            time.sleep(10)  # simulate heavy work

-
-        # Parse the incoming data as form-encoded.
-        # Note: 'json' and 'yaml' formats are also automatically supported.
-        data = await req.media()
-
-        # Process the data (in the background).
        process_data(data)

-        # Immediately respond that upload was successful.
-        resp.media = {'success': True}
+        # Respond immediately — processing continues in the background
+        resp.media = {"status": "accepted"}

-A ``POST`` request to ``/incoming`` will result in an immediate response of ``{'success': true}``.
+The ``@api.background.task`` decorator wraps any function to run in a thread
+pool. The client gets an immediate response while the work continues.
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+(sandbox)=
+# Development Sandbox
+
+## Setup
+Set up a development sandbox.
+
+Acquire sources and create virtualenv.
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git
+cd responder
+uv venv
+```
+
+Install project in editable mode, including
+all development tools.
+```shell
+uv pip install --upgrade --editable '.[develop,docs,release,test]'
+```
+
+## Operations
+Run tests.
+```shell
+source .venv/bin/activate
+pytest
+```
+
+Format code.
+```shell
+ruff format .
+ruff check --fix .
+```
+
+Documentation authoring.
+```shell
+sphinx-autobuild --open-browser --watch docs/source docs/source docs/build
+```
@@ -1,54 +1,46 @@
-Building and Testing with Responder
-===================================
+Testing
+=======

-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
+Responder includes a built-in test client powered by Starlette's
+``TestClient``. You don't need to start a server — tests run in-process,
+making them fast and reliable.

-Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up a proper Python package and adding testing to it.

-The Basics
----------
+Getting Started
+---------------

-Your repository should look like this::
-
-    Pipfile   Pipfile.lock   api.py  test_api.py
-
-``$ cat api.py``::
+Given a simple application in ``api.py``::

    import responder

    api = responder.API()

    @api.route("/")
-    def hello_world(req, resp):
+    def hello(req, resp):
        resp.text = "hello, world!"

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        api.run()

+You can test it with pytest::

-``$ cat Pipfile``::
+    # test_api.py
+    import api as service

-    [[source]]
-    url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-    verify_ssl = true
-    name = "pypi"
+    def test_hello():
+        r = service.api.requests.get("/")
+        assert r.text == "hello, world!"

-    [packages]
-    responder = "*"
+Run your tests::

-    [dev-packages]
-    pytest = "*"
+    $ pytest

-    [requires]
-    python_version = "3.7"

-    [pipenv]
-    allow_prereleases = true
+Using Fixtures
+--------------

-Writing Tests
-------------
-
-``$ cat test_api.py``::
+For larger test suites, use pytest fixtures to share the API instance
+across tests::

    import pytest
    import api as service
@@ -57,25 +49,109 @@ Writing Tests
    def api():
        return service.api

-
-    def test_hello_world(api):
+    def test_hello(api):
        r = api.requests.get("/")
        assert r.text == "hello, world!"

-``$ pytest``::
+    def test_json(api):
+        @api.route("/data")
+        def data(req, resp):
+            resp.media = {"key": "value"}

-    ...
-    ========================== 1 passed in 0.10 seconds ==========================
+        r = api.requests.get(api.url_for(data))
+        assert r.json() == {"key": "value"}
+
+The ``api.url_for()`` method generates a URL for a given route endpoint,
+so you don't have to hard-code paths in your tests.


-(Optional) Proper Python Package
--------------------------------
+Testing JSON APIs
+-----------------

-Optionally, you can not rely on relative imports, and instead install your api as a proper package. This requires:
+Send JSON data and check the response::

-1. A `proper setup.py <https://github.com/kennethreitz/setup.py>`_ file.
-2. ``$ pipenv install -e . --dev``
+    def test_create_item(api):
+        @api.route("/items")
+        async def create(req, resp):
+            data = await req.media()
+            resp.media = {"created": data}
+            resp.status_code = 201

-This will allow you to only specify your dependencies once: in ``setup.py``. ``$ pipenv lock`` will automatically lock your transitive dependencies (e.g. Responder), even if it's not specified in the ``Pipfile``.
+        r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(create), json={"name": "widget"})
+        assert r.status_code == 201
+        assert r.json() == {"created": {"name": "widget"}}

-This will ensure that your application gets installed in every developer's environment, using Pipenv.
+
+Testing File Uploads
+--------------------
+
+Send files using the ``files`` parameter::
+
+    def test_upload(api):
+        @api.route("/upload")
+        async def upload(req, resp):
+            files = await req.media("files")
+            resp.media = {"received": list(files.keys())}
+
+        files = {"doc": ("report.pdf", b"content", "application/pdf")}
+        r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(upload), files=files)
+        assert r.json() == {"received": ["doc"]}
+
+
+Testing WebSockets
+------------------
+
+Use Starlette's ``TestClient`` directly for WebSocket connections::
+
+    from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+    def test_websocket(api):
+        @api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
+        async def ws(ws):
+            await ws.accept()
+            await ws.send_text("hello")
+            await ws.close()
+
+        client = TestClient(api)
+        with client.websocket_connect("/ws") as ws:
+            assert ws.receive_text() == "hello"
+
+
+Testing Error Handling
+----------------------
+
+To test error responses without pytest raising the exception, disable
+server exception propagation::
+
+    from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+    def test_500(api):
+        @api.route("/fail")
+        def fail(req, resp):
+            raise ValueError("something broke")
+
+        client = TestClient(api, raise_server_exceptions=False)
+        r = client.get(api.url_for(fail))
+        assert r.status_code == 500
+
+
+Testing Lifespan Events
+-----------------------
+
+The test client supports lifespan events. Use ``with`` to ensure startup
+and shutdown hooks run::
+
+    def test_with_lifespan(api):
+        started = {"value": False}
+
+        @api.on_event("startup")
+        async def on_startup():
+            started["value"] = True
+
+        @api.route("/")
+        def check(req, resp):
+            resp.media = {"started": started["value"]}
+
+        with api.requests as session:
+            r = session.get("http://;/")
+            assert r.json() == {"started": True}
@@ -1,41 +1,177 @@
 Feature Tour
 ============

+This section walks through Responder's features in detail. Each section
+includes working code examples you can copy into your application.
+
+
+Method Filtering
+----------------
+
+By default, a route matches all HTTP methods. If you want to restrict a
+route to specific methods, pass the ``methods`` parameter::
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["GET"])
+    def list_items(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"items": []}
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], check_existing=False)
+    async def create_item(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()
+        resp.media = {"created": data}
+
+Note the ``check_existing=False`` — this allows you to register multiple
+handlers for the same path with different methods.
+

 Class-Based Views
 -----------------

-Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
+For more complex resources, you can use class-based views. Responder will
+dispatch to the appropriate method handler based on the HTTP method::

    @api.route("/{greeting}")
    class GreetingResource:
-        def on_request(req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
+        def on_get(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
            resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-            resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
-            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+        def on_post(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
+            resp.media = {"received": greeting}
+
+        def on_request(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
+            """Called on EVERY request, before the method-specific handler."""
+            resp.headers["X-Greeting"] = greeting
+
+The ``on_request`` method is called for all HTTP methods, much like
+middleware scoped to a single route. Method-specific handlers (``on_get``,
+``on_post``, ``on_put``, ``on_delete``, etc.) are called after.
+
+No inheritance required — just define a class with the right method names.


-Background Tasks
----------------
+Lifespan Events
+---------------

-Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request::
+Modern applications often need to set up resources on startup (database
+connections, caches, ML models) and tear them down on shutdown. Responder
+supports the lifespan context manager pattern::

-    @api.route("/")
-    def hello(req, resp):
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

-        @api.background.task
-        def sleep(s=10):
-            time.sleep(s)
-            print("slept!")
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def lifespan(app):
+        # Startup — runs before the first request
+        print("connecting to database...")
+        yield
+        # Shutdown — runs after the server stops
+        print("closing connections...")

-        sleep()
-        resp.content = "processing"
+    api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+You can also use the traditional event decorator style::
+
+    @api.on_event("startup")
+    async def startup():
+        print("starting up")
+
+    @api.on_event("shutdown")
+    async def shutdown():
+        print("shutting down")
+
+The context manager approach is preferred for new code — it makes the
+startup/shutdown relationship explicit and keeps related code together.
+
+
+Serving Files
+-------------
+
+Serve files from disk with automatic content-type detection. Responder
+uses Python's ``mimetypes`` module to figure out the right ``Content-Type``
+header for you::
+
+    @api.route("/download")
+    def download(req, resp):
+        resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")
+
+You can override the content type if needed::
+
+    @api.route("/image")
+    def image(req, resp):
+        resp.file("photos/cat.jpg", content_type="image/jpeg")
+
+
+Custom Error Handling
+---------------------
+
+By default, unhandled exceptions result in a 500 Internal Server Error.
+You can register custom handlers for specific exception types to return
+structured error responses::
+
+    @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+    async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+        resp.status_code = 400
+        resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+Now, any route that raises a ``ValueError`` will return a clean 400 response
+with a JSON error message instead of a generic 500 page.
+
+
+Before-Request Hooks
+--------------------
+
+Run code before every request. This is useful for logging, adding common
+headers, or setting up per-request state::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True)
+    def add_headers(req, resp):
+        resp.headers["X-API-Version"] = "3.1"
+
+**Short-circuiting:** If your hook sets ``resp.status_code``, the route
+handler will be skipped entirely and the response will be sent immediately.
+This is the pattern for authentication guards::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True)
+    def auth_check(req, resp):
+        if "Authorization" not in req.headers:
+            resp.status_code = 401
+            resp.media = {"error": "unauthorized"}
+
+If the ``Authorization`` header is missing, the client gets a 401 response
+and the actual route handler never runs.
+
+WebSocket hooks work the same way::
+
+    @api.before_request(websocket=True)
+    async def ws_auth(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+
+
+WebSocket Support
+-----------------
+
+Responder supports WebSockets for real-time, bidirectional communication::
+
+    @api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
+    async def websocket(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+        while True:
+            name = await ws.receive_text()
+            await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
+        await ws.close()
+
+You can send and receive in multiple formats:
+
+- ``send_text`` / ``receive_text`` — plain text
+- ``send_json`` / ``receive_json`` — JSON objects
+- ``send_bytes`` / ``receive_bytes`` — raw binary data


 GraphQL
 -------

-Serve a GraphQL API::
+Responder includes built-in GraphQL support via
+`Graphene <https://graphene-python.org/>`_. Set up a full GraphQL endpoint
+with a single method call::

    import graphene

@@ -45,162 +181,328 @@ Serve a GraphQL API::
        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
            return f"Hello {name}"

-    api.add_route("/graph", graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+    api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))

-Visiting the endpoint will render a *GraphiQL* instance, in the browser.
+Visiting ``/graphql`` in a browser renders the GraphiQL interactive IDE,
+where you can explore your schema and test queries. Programmatic clients
+can POST JSON queries to the same endpoint.
+
+You can access the Responder request and response objects in your resolvers
+through ``info.context["request"]`` and ``info.context["response"]``.


-OpenAPI Schema Support
----------------------
+OpenAPI Documentation
+---------------------

-Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow::
+Responder can generate an OpenAPI schema and serve interactive API
+documentation automatically::
+
+    api = responder.API(
+        title="Pet Store",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        docs_route="/docs",
+    )
+
+This gives you:
+
+- An OpenAPI schema at ``/schema.yml``
+- Interactive Swagger UI documentation at ``/docs``
+
+There are three ways to document your endpoints.
+
+**Pydantic models** — the recommended approach for new APIs. Use
+``request_model`` and ``response_model`` to annotate your routes, and
+Responder will generate the schema automatically::
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    class PetIn(BaseModel):
+        name: str
+        age: int = 0
+
+    class PetOut(BaseModel):
+        id: int
+        name: str
+        age: int
+
+    @api.route("/pets", methods=["POST"],
+               request_model=PetIn, response_model=PetOut)
+    async def create_pet(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()
+        resp.media = {"id": 1, **data}
+
+This generates a full OpenAPI path with ``requestBody`` and ``responses``
+schemas, all linked by ``$ref`` to your Pydantic models in
+``components/schemas``.
+
+You can also register standalone schemas with the ``@api.schema`` decorator::
+
+    @api.schema("Pet")
+    class Pet(BaseModel):
+        name: str
+        age: int = 0
+
+**YAML docstrings** — inline your OpenAPI spec directly in the docstring.
+This gives you full control over every detail::
+
+    @api.route("/pets")
+    def list_pets(req, resp):
+        """A list of pets.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get all pets
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A list of pets
+        """
+        resp.media = [{"name": "Fido"}]
+
+**Marshmallow schemas** — if you're already using marshmallow for
+validation, Responder integrates with it via the apispec plugin::

-    import responder
    from marshmallow import Schema, fields

-    api = responder.API(title="Web Service", version="1.0", openapi="3.0")
-
-
    @api.schema("Pet")
    class PetSchema(Schema):
        name = fields.Str()

+All three approaches can be mixed in the same API. Pydantic models,
+marshmallow schemas, and YAML docstrings all contribute to the same
+generated OpenAPI specification.

-    @api.route("/")
-    def route(req, resp):
-        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
-        ---
-        get:
-            description: Get a random pet
-            responses:
-                200:
-                    description: A pet to be returned
-                    schema:
-                        $ref = "#/components/schemas/Pet"
-        """
-        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
+You can choose from multiple documentation themes:
+``swagger_ui`` (default), ``redoc``, ``rapidoc``, or ``elements``.


-::
+Mounting Other Apps
+-------------------

-    >>> r = api.session().get("http://;/schema.yml")
+Responder can mount any WSGI or ASGI application at a subroute. This means
+you can gradually migrate from Flask, or run multiple frameworks side by side::

-    >>> print(r.text)
-    components:
-    parameters: {}
-    schemas:
-        Pet:
-        properties:
-            name: {type: string}
-        type: object
-    info: {title: Web Service, version: 1.0}
-    openapi: '3.0'
-    paths:
-      /:
-        get:
-          description: Get a random pet
-          responses:
-            200: {description: A pet to be returned, schema: $ref = "#/components/schemas/Pet"}
-    tags: []
-
-
-Interactive Documentation
-------------------------
-
-Responder can automatically supply API Documentation for you. Using the example above::
-
-    api = responder.API(title="Web Service", version="1.0", openapi="3.0", docs_route="/docs")
-
-This will make ``/docs`` render interactive documentation for your API.
-
-Mount a WSGI App (e.g. Flask)
-----------------------------
-
-Responder gives you the ability to mount another ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute::
-
-    import responder
    from flask import Flask

-    api = responder.API()
-    flask = Flask(__name__)
+    flask_app = Flask(__name__)

-    @flask.route('/')
+    @flask_app.route("/")
    def hello():
-        return 'hello'
+        return "Hello from Flask!"

-    api.mount('/flask', flask)
+    api.mount("/flask", flask_app)

-That's it!
+Requests to ``/flask/`` will be handled by Flask. Everything else goes
+through Responder. Both WSGI and ASGI apps are supported — Responder
+wraps WSGI apps automatically.

-Single-Page Web Apps
--------------------

-If you have a single-page webapp, you can tell Responder to serve up your ``static/index.html`` at a route, like so::
+Cookies
+-------
+
+Reading and writing cookies is straightforward::
+
+    # Read cookies from the request
+    session_id = req.cookies.get("session_id")
+
+    # Set a cookie on the response
+    resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
+
+For more control over cookie directives, use ``set_cookie``::
+
+    resp.set_cookie(
+        "token",
+        value="abc123",
+        max_age=3600,
+        secure=True,
+        httponly=True,
+        path="/",
+    )
+
+Supported directives: ``key``, ``value``, ``expires``, ``max_age``,
+``domain``, ``path``, ``secure``, ``httponly``.
+
+
+Cookie-Based Sessions
+---------------------
+
+Responder has built-in support for signed, cookie-based sessions. Just
+read from and write to the ``session`` dictionary::
+
+    @api.route("/login")
+    def login(req, resp):
+        resp.session["username"] = "alice"
+
+    @api.route("/profile")
+    def profile(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"user": req.session.get("username")}
+
+The session data is stored in a cookie called ``Responder-Session``. It's
+signed for tamper protection, so you can trust that the data originated
+from your server.
+
+.. warning::
+
+   For production use, always set a secret key::
+
+       api = responder.API(secret_key="your-secret-key-here")
+
+
+Static Files
+------------
+
+Static files are served from the ``static/`` directory by default::
+
+    api = responder.API(static_dir="static", static_route="/static")
+
+Place your CSS, JavaScript, images, and other assets in the ``static/``
+directory and they'll be served automatically.
+
+For single-page applications, you can serve ``index.html`` as the default
+response for all unmatched routes::

    api.add_route("/", static=True)

-This will make ``index.html`` the default response to all undefined routes.
+You can add additional static directories at runtime::

-Reading / Writing Cookies
-------------------------
-
-Responder makes it very easy to interact with cookies from a Request, or add some to a Response::
-
-    >>> resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
-
-    >>> req.cookies
-    {"hello": "world"}
+    api.static_app.add_directory("extra_assets")


-Using Cookie-Based Sessions
---------------------------
+CORS
+----

-Responder has built-in support for cookie-based sessions. To enable cookie-based sessions, simply add something to the ``resp.session`` dictionary::
+Enable Cross-Origin Resource Sharing for your API::

-    >>> resp.session['username'] = 'kennethreitz'
+    api = responder.API(cors=True, cors_params={
+        "allow_origins": ["https://example.com"],
+        "allow_methods": ["GET", "POST"],
+        "allow_headers": ["*"],
+        "allow_credentials": True,
+        "max_age": 600,
+    })

-A cookie called ``Responder-Session`` will be set, which contains all the data in ``resp.session``. It is signed, for verification purposes.
+The default CORS policy is restrictive — you must explicitly enable the
+origins, methods, and headers your frontend needs.

-You can easily read a Request's session data, that can be trusted to have originated from the API::

-    >>> req.session
-    {'username': 'kennethreitz'}
+HSTS
+----

-**Note**: if you are using this in production, you should pass the ``secret_key`` argument to ``API(...)``::
-
-    api = responder.API(secret_key=os.environ['SECRET_KEY'])
-
-Using Requests Test Client
--------------------------
-
-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
-
-Here's an example of a test (written with pytest)::
-
-    import myapi
-
-    @pytest.fixture
-    def api():
-        return myapi.api
-
-    def test_response(api):
-        hello = "hello, world!"
-
-        @api.route('/some-url')
-        def some_view(req, resp):
-            resp.text = hello
-
-        r = api.requests.get(url=api.url_for(some_view))
-        assert r.text == hello
-
-HSTS (Redirect to HTTPS)
------------------------
-
-Want HSTS (to redirect all traffic to HTTPS)?
-
-::
+Force all traffic to HTTPS with a single flag::

    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)

+This adds the ``Strict-Transport-Security`` header and redirects HTTP
+requests to HTTPS.

-Boom.
+
+Trusted Hosts
+-------------
+
+Protect against HTTP Host header attacks by restricting which hostnames
+your application will respond to::
+
+    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=["example.com", "*.example.com"])
+
+Requests with a ``Host`` header that doesn't match any of the patterns
+will receive a 400 Bad Request response. Wildcard domains are supported.
+
+By default, all hostnames are allowed.
+
+
+Server-Sent Events (SSE)
+------------------------
+
+Stream real-time updates to the client using Server-Sent Events. This is
+great for live feeds, progress updates, and AI streaming responses::
+
+    @api.route("/events")
+    async def events(req, resp):
+        @resp.sse
+        async def stream():
+            for i in range(10):
+                yield {"data": f"message {i}"}
+
+Each yielded value can be a string (treated as data) or a dict with
+``data``, ``event``, ``id``, and ``retry`` fields::
+
+    yield {"event": "update", "data": "hello", "id": "1"}
+    yield "simple string message"
+
+
+Streaming Files
+---------------
+
+For large files, use ``resp.stream_file()`` to stream the content without
+loading the entire file into memory::
+
+    @api.route("/download")
+    def download(req, resp):
+        resp.stream_file("large-dataset.csv")
+
+For small files where memory isn't a concern, ``resp.file()`` loads the
+entire file at once — simpler but less efficient for large files.
+
+
+After-Request Hooks
+-------------------
+
+Run code after every request, useful for logging, adding headers, or
+cleanup::
+
+    @api.after_request()
+    def log_response(req, resp):
+        print(f"{req.method} {req.full_url} -> {resp.status_code}")
+
+
+Route Groups
+------------
+
+Organize related routes with a shared URL prefix. Useful for API versioning
+and logical grouping::
+
+    v1 = api.group("/v1")
+
+    @v1.route("/users")
+    def list_users(req, resp):
+        resp.media = []
+
+    @v1.route("/users/{user_id:int}")
+    def get_user(req, resp, *, user_id):
+        resp.media = {"id": user_id}
+
+
+Request ID
+----------
+
+Auto-generate unique request IDs for tracing and debugging. If the client
+sends an ``X-Request-ID`` header, it's forwarded; otherwise a new UUID is
+generated::
+
+    api = responder.API(request_id=True)
+
+
+Rate Limiting
+-------------
+
+Built-in token bucket rate limiter::
+
+    from responder.ext.ratelimit import RateLimiter
+
+    limiter = RateLimiter(requests=100, period=60)  # 100 req/min
+    limiter.install(api)
+
+When the limit is exceeded, clients receive a ``429 Too Many Requests``
+response with ``Retry-After`` and ``X-RateLimit-Remaining`` headers.
+
+
+MessagePack
+-----------
+
+In addition to JSON and YAML, Responder supports MessagePack for efficient
+binary serialization::
+
+    # Decode MessagePack request body
+    data = await req.media("msgpack")
+
+    # Content negotiation also works — clients can send
+    # Accept: application/x-msgpack to receive MessagePack responses.
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Example showing the lifespan context manager pattern.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+import responder
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    # Startup: initialize resources
+    print("Starting up...")
+    yield
+    # Shutdown: clean up resources
+    print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "Welcome"
+
+
+@api.route("/user")
+async def user_create(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.text = f"Hello, {data['username']}"
+
+
+@api.route("/user/{identifier}")
+async def user_get(req, resp, *, identifier):
+    resp.text = f"Hello, user {identifier}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+[build-system]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+requires = [
+  "setuptools>=42",
+]
+
+[project]
+name = "responder"
+description = "A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python."
+readme = "README.md"
+license = {text = "Apache 2.0"}
+authors = [
+  { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+classifiers = [
+  "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+  "Environment :: Web Environment",
+  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+  "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+  "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+  "Programming Language :: Python",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+  "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
+]
+dynamic = ["version"]
+dependencies = [
+  "a2wsgi",
+  "apispec>=1.0.0",
+  "chardet",
+  "docopt-ng",
+  "graphene>=3",
+  "graphql-core>=3.1",
+  "marshmallow",
+  "msgpack",
+  "pueblo[sfa-full]>=0.0.11",
+  "pydantic>=2",
+  "python-multipart",
+  "starlette[full]>=0.40",
+  "uvicorn[standard]",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+develop = [
+  "pyproject-fmt",
+  "ruff",
+  "validate-pyproject",
+]
+docs = [
+  "alabaster<1.1",
+  "myst-parser",
+  "sphinx>=5,<9",
+  "sphinx-autobuild",
+  "sphinx-copybutton",
+  "sphinx-design-elements",
+]
+release = ["build", "twine"]
+test = [
+  "flask",
+  "mypy",
+  "pytest",
+  "pytest-cov",
+  "pytest-mock",
+  "pytest-rerunfailures",
+]
+
+[project.scripts]
+responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
+
+[project.urls]
+Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
+Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
+
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = {attr = "responder.__version__.__version__"}
+
+[tool.setuptools.package-data]
+responder = ["py.typed"]
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+exclude = ["tests"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 90
+
+extend-exclude = [
+  "docs/source/conf.py",
+]
+
+lint.select = [
+  # Builtins
+  "A",
+  # Bugbear
+  "B",
+  # comprehensions
+  "C4",
+  # Pycodestyle
+  "E",
+  # eradicate
+  "ERA",
+  # Pyflakes
+  "F",
+  # isort
+  "I",
+  # pandas-vet
+  "PD",
+  # return
+  "RET",
+  # Bandit
+  "S",
+  # print
+  "T20",
+  "W",
+  # flake8-2020
+  "YTT",
+]
+
+lint.extend-ignore = [
+  "S101", #  Allow use of `assert`.
+]
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ] # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."tests/*" = [
+  "ERA001", # Found commented-out code.
+  "S101",   # Allow use of `assert`, and `print`.
+]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = """
+  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
+  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
+  """
+filterwarnings = [
+  "error::UserWarning",
+]
+log_level = "DEBUG"
+log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
+log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
+minversion = "2.0"
+testpaths = [
+  "responder",
+  "tests",
+]
+markers = [
+]
+xfail_strict = true
+
+[tool.coverage.run]
+branch = false
+omit = [
+  "*.html",
+  "tests/*",
+]
+
+[tool.coverage.report]
+fail_under = 0
+show_missing = true
+exclude_lines = [
+  "# pragma: no cover",
+  "raise NotImplemented",
+]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+packages = [
+  "responder",
+]
+exclude = [
+]
+check_untyped_defs = true
+explicit_package_bases = true
+ignore_missing_imports = true
+implicit_optional = true
+install_types = true
+namespace_packages = true
+non_interactive = true
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[pytest]
-;addopts= -rsxX -s -v --strict
-filterwarnings =
-    error::UserWarning
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-build:
-    image: latest
-
-python:
-    version: 3.6
@@ -1 +1,18 @@
-from .core import *
+"""
+Responder - a familiar HTTP Service Framework.
+
+This module exports the core functionality of the Responder framework,
+including the API, Request, and Response classes.
+"""
+
+from . import ext
+from .__version__ import __version__
+from .core import API, Request, Response
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+    "__version__",
+    "ext",
+]
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-from .cli import main
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.3.0"
+__version__ = "3.2.0"
@@ -1,41 +1,37 @@
+import asyncio
 import os
-import json
-from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path

+__all__ = ["API"]
+
 import uvicorn
-import apistar
-import yaml
-import jinja2
-import itsdangerous
-from graphql_server import encode_execution_results, json_encode, default_format_error
-from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
-from starlette.debug import DebugMiddleware
-from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware
-from apispec import APISpec
-from apispec.ext.marshmallow import MarshmallowPlugin
-from apispec import yaml_utils
-from asgiref.wsgi import WsgiToAsgi
-from whitenoise import WhiteNoise
+from starlette.middleware.sessions import SessionMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware

-from . import models
 from . import status_codes
-from .routes import Route
-from .formats import get_formats
 from .background import BackgroundQueue
-from .templates import GRAPHIQL
+from .formats import get_formats
+from .models import Request, Response
+from .routes import Router
+from .staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from .statics import DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
+from .templates import Templates
+

-# TODO: consider moving status codes here
 class API:
    """The primary web-service class.

-        :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
-        :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
-    """
+    :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
+    :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
+    :param openapi_theme: OpenAPI documentation theme, must be one of ``elements``, ``rapidoc``, ``redoc``, ``swagger_ui``
+    """  # noqa: E501

    status_codes = status_codes

@@ -45,170 +41,208 @@ class API:
        debug=False,
        title=None,
        version=None,
+        description=None,
+        terms_of_service=None,
+        contact=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
        openapi=None,
        openapi_route="/schema.yml",
        static_dir="static",
        static_route="/static",
        templates_dir="templates",
        auto_escape=True,
-        secret_key="NOTASECRET",
+        secret_key=DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY,
        enable_hsts=False,
        docs_route=None,
+        cors=False,
+        cors_params=DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS,
+        allowed_hosts=None,
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
+        lifespan=None,
+        request_id=False,
    ):
+        self.background = BackgroundQueue()
+
        self.secret_key = secret_key
-        self.title = title
-        self.version = version
-        self.openapi_version = openapi
-        self.static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
+
+        self.router = Router(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+        if static_dir is not None:
+            if static_route is None:
+                static_route = ""
+            static_dir = Path(static_dir).resolve()
+
+        self.static_dir = static_dir
        self.static_route = static_route
-        self.templates_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(templates_dir))
-        self.built_in_templates_dir = Path(
-            os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/templates")
-        )
-        self.routes = {}
-        self.docs_theme = "swaggerui"
-        self.docs_route = docs_route
-        self.schemas = {}
-        self.session_cookie = "Responder-Session"

        self.hsts_enabled = enable_hsts
+        self.cors = cors
+        self.cors_params = cors_params
+        self.debug = debug

-        self.whitenoise = WhiteNoise(
-            application=self._default_wsgi_app, index_file=True
-        )
-        self.whitenoise.add_files(str(self.static_dir))
-        import apistar
+        if not allowed_hosts:
+            allowed_hosts = ["*"]
+        self.allowed_hosts = allowed_hosts

-        self.whitenoise.add_files(
-            (
-                Path(apistar.__file__).parent / "themes" / self.docs_theme / "static"
-            ).resolve()
-        )
-
-        self.apps = {}
-        self.mount(self.static_route, self.whitenoise)
+        if self.static_dir is not None:
+            self.static_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            self.mount(self.static_route, self.static_app)

        self.formats = get_formats()

-        # Make the static/templates directory if they don't exist.
-        for _dir in (self.static_dir, self.templates_dir):
-            os.makedirs(_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-        # Cached requests session.
        self._session = None
-        self.background = BackgroundQueue()
-
-        if self.openapi_version:
-            self.add_route(openapi_route, self.schema_response)
-
-        if self.docs_route:
-            self.add_route(self.docs_route, self.docs_response)

        self.default_endpoint = None
-        self.app = self.dispatch
+        self.app = ExceptionMiddleware(self.router, debug=debug)
        self.add_middleware(GZipMiddleware)
-        if debug:
-            self.add_middleware(DebugMiddleware)
+
        if self.hsts_enabled:
            self.add_middleware(HTTPSRedirectMiddleware)

-        # Jinja enviroment
-        self.jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(
-            loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
-                [str(self.templates_dir), str(self.built_in_templates_dir)],
-                followlinks=True,
-            ),
-            autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "xml"] if auto_escape else []),
-        )
-        self.jinja_values_base = {"api": self}  # Give reference to self.
-        self.requests = (
-            self.session()
-        )  #: A Requests session that is connected to the ASGI app.
+        self.add_middleware(TrustedHostMiddleware, allowed_hosts=self.allowed_hosts)

-    @staticmethod
-    def _default_wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs):
-        pass
+        if self.cors:
+            self.add_middleware(CORSMiddleware, **self.cors_params)
+        self.add_middleware(ServerErrorMiddleware, debug=debug)
+        self.add_middleware(SessionMiddleware, secret_key=self.secret_key)

-    @property
-    def _apispec(self):
-        spec = APISpec(
-            title=self.title,
-            version=self.version,
-            openapi_version=self.openapi_version,
-            plugins=[MarshmallowPlugin()],
-        )
+        if openapi or docs_route:
+            try:
+                from .ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+            except ImportError as ex:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "The dependencies for the OpenAPI extension are not installed. "
+                    "Install them using: pip install responder"
+                ) from ex

-        for route in self.routes:
-            if self.routes[route].description:
-                operations = yaml_utils.load_operations_from_docstring(
-                    self.routes[route].description
-                )
-                spec.add_path(path=route, operations=operations)
-
-        for name, schema in self.schemas.items():
-            spec.definition(name, schema=schema)
-
-        return spec
-
-    @property
-    def openapi(self):
-        return self._apispec.to_yaml()
-
-    def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
-        self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)
-
-    def __call__(self, scope):
-        path = scope["path"]
-        root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
-
-        # Call into a submounted app, if one exists.
-        for path_prefix, app in self.apps.items():
-            if path.startswith(path_prefix):
-                scope["path"] = path[len(path_prefix) :]
-                scope["root_path"] = root_path + path_prefix
-                try:
-                    return app(scope)
-                except TypeError:
-                    app = WsgiToAsgi(app)
-                    return app(scope)
-
-        return self.app(scope)
-
-    def dispatch(self, scope):
-        # Call the main dispatcher.
-        async def asgi(receive, send):
-            nonlocal scope, self
-
-            req = models.Request(scope, receive=receive, api=self)
-            resp = await self._dispatch_request(
-                req, scope=scope, send=send, receive=receive
+            self.openapi = OpenAPISchema(
+                app=self,
+                title=title,
+                version=version,
+                openapi=openapi,
+                docs_route=docs_route,
+                description=description,
+                terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+                contact=contact,
+                license=license,
+                openapi_route=openapi_route,
+                static_route=static_route,
+                openapi_theme=openapi_theme,
            )
-            await resp(receive, send)

-        return asgi
+        self.templates = Templates(directory=templates_dir)

-    def add_schema(self, name, schema, check_existing=True):
-        """Adds a mashmallow schema to the API specification."""
-        if check_existing:
-            assert name not in self.schemas
+        if request_id:
+            import uuid as _uuid

-        self.schemas[name] = schema
+            def _add_request_id(req, resp):
+                rid = req.headers.get(
+                    "X-Request-ID", str(_uuid.uuid4())
+                )
+                resp.headers["X-Request-ID"] = rid

-    def schema(self, name, **options):
-        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+            self.router.after_request(_add_request_id)
+
+    @property
+    def requests(self):
+        """A test client connected to the ASGI app. Lazily initialized."""
+        return self.session()
+
+    @property
+    def static_app(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_static_app"):
+            assert self.static_dir is not None
+            self._static_app = StaticFiles(directory=self.static_dir)
+        return self._static_app
+
+    def before_request(self, websocket=False):
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.router.before_request(f, websocket=websocket)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def after_request(self):
+        """Register a function to run after every request.

        Usage::

-            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
-
-            @api.schema("Pet")
-            class PetSchema(Schema):
-                name = fields.Str()
+            @api.after_request()
+            def add_request_id(req, resp):
+                resp.headers["X-Request-ID"] = str(uuid.uuid4())

        """

        def decorator(f):
-            self.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
+            self.router.after_request(f)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
+        self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)
+
+    def exception_handler(self, exception_cls):
+        """Register a handler for a specific exception type.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+            async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            async def _handler(request, exc):
+                from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResp
+
+                req = Request(request.scope, request.receive, formats=get_formats())
+                resp = Response(req=req, formats=get_formats())
+                if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+                    await func(req, resp, exc)
+                else:
+                    func(req, resp, exc)
+                if resp.status_code is None:
+                    resp.status_code = 500
+                body, headers = await resp.body
+                return StarletteResp(
+                    content=body, status_code=resp.status_code, headers=headers
+                )
+
+            # Register with the ExceptionMiddleware
+            self.router._exception_handlers = getattr(
+                self.router, "_exception_handlers", {}
+            )
+            self.router._exception_handlers[exception_cls] = _handler
+            # Also register on the ASGI app chain
+            from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware as EM
+
+            app = self.app
+            while app is not None:
+                if isinstance(app, EM):
+                    app.add_exception_handler(exception_cls, _handler)
+                    break
+                app = getattr(app, "app", None)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def schema(self, name, **options):
+        """
+        Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+            @api.schema("Pet")
+            class PetSchema(Schema):
+                name = fields.Str()
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.openapi.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
            return f

        return decorator
@@ -217,247 +251,112 @@ class API:
        """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.

        :param path: The path portion of a URL, to test all known routes against.
-        """
-        for (route, route_object) in self.routes.items():
-            if route_object.does_match(path):
+        """  # noqa: E501 (Line too long)
+        for route in self.router.routes:
+            match, _ = route.matches(path)
+            if match:
                return route
-
-    def _prepare_cookies(self, resp):
-        if resp.cookies:
-            header = " ".join([f"{k}={v}" for k, v in resp.cookies.items()])
-            resp.headers["Set-Cookie"] = header
-
-    @property
-    def _signer(self):
-        return itsdangerous.Signer(self.secret_key)
-
-    def _prepare_session(self, resp):
-
-        if resp.session:
-            data = self._signer.sign(json.dumps(resp.session).encode("utf-8"))
-            resp.cookies[self.session_cookie] = data.decode("utf-8")
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def no_response(req, resp, **params):
-        pass
-
-    async def _dispatch_request(self, req, **options):
-        # Set formats on Request object.
-        req.formats = self.formats
-
-        # Get the route.
-        route = self.path_matches_route(req.url.path)
-        route = self.routes.get(route)
-
-        # Create the response object.
-        cont = False
-        if route:
-            if route.uses_websocket:
-                resp = WebSocket(**options)
-
-            else:
-                resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
-
-            params = route.incoming_matches(req.url.path)
-
-            if route.is_graphql:
-                await self.graphql_response(req, resp, schema=route.endpoint)
-
-            elif route.is_function:
-                try:
-                    try:
-                        # Run the view.
-                        r = route.endpoint(req, resp, **params)
-                        # If it's async, await it.
-                        if hasattr(r, "cr_running"):
-                            await r
-                    except TypeError as e:
-                        cont = True
-                except Exception:
-                    self.default_response(req, resp, error=True)
-
-            elif route.is_class_based or cont:
-                try:
-                    view = route.endpoint(**params)
-                except TypeError:
-                    view = route.endpoint()
-
-                # Run on_request first.
-                try:
-                    # Run the view.
-                    r = getattr(view, "on_request", self.no_response)(
-                        req, resp, **params
-                    )
-                    # If it's async, await it.
-                    if hasattr(r, "send"):
-                        await r
-                except Exception as e:
-                    self.default_response(req, resp, error=True)
-
-                # Then on_get.
-                method = req.method
-
-                # Run on_request first.
-                try:
-                    # Run the view.
-                    r = getattr(view, f"on_{method}", self.no_response)(
-                        req, resp, **params
-                    )
-                    # If it's async, await it.
-                    if hasattr(r, "send"):
-                        await r
-                except Exception as e:
-
-                    self.default_response(req, resp, error=True)
-
-        else:
-            resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
-            self.default_response(req, resp, notfound=True)
-        self.default_response(req, resp)
-
-        self._prepare_session(resp)
-        self._prepare_cookies(resp)
-
-        return resp
+        return None

    def add_route(
        self,
-        route,
+        route=None,
        endpoint=None,
        *,
        default=False,
-        static=False,
+        static=True,
        check_existing=True,
        websocket=False,
+        before_request=False,
+        methods=None,
    ):
-        """Add a route to the API.
+        """Adds a route to the API.

        :param route: A string representation of the route.
-        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, a class, or graphene schema (GraphQL).
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, or a class.
        :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
-        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html", and it will become a default route.
-        :param check_existing: If ``True``, an AssertionError will be raised, if the route is already defined.
-        """
-        if check_existing:
-            assert route not in self.routes
+        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html".
+                       Also, it will become a default route.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ``["GET", "POST"]``).
+        """  # noqa: E501

-        if not endpoint and static:
-            endpoint = self.static_response
-            default = True
+        if static:
+            assert self.static_dir is not None
+            if not endpoint:
+                endpoint = self._static_response
+                default = True

-        if default:
-            self.default_endpoint = endpoint
-
-        # Can we remove it ?
-        try:
-            if callable(endpoint):
-                endpoint.is_routed = True
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-
-        self.routes[route] = Route(route, endpoint, websocket=websocket)
-        # TODO: A better data structure or sort it once the app is loaded
-        self.routes = dict(
-            sorted(self.routes.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]._weight())
+        self.router.add_route(
+            route,
+            endpoint,
+            default=default,
+            websocket=websocket,
+            before_request=before_request,
+            check_existing=check_existing,
+            methods=methods,
        )

-    def default_response(self, req, resp, notfound=False, error=False):
-        if resp.status_code is None:
-            resp.status_code = 200
+    async def _static_response(self, req, resp):
+        assert self.static_dir is not None

-        if self.default_endpoint and notfound:
-            self.default_endpoint(req, resp)
-        else:
-            if notfound:
-                resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404
-                resp.text = "Not found."
-            if error:
-                resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_500
-                resp.text = "Application error."
-
-    def docs_response(self, req, resp):
-        resp.text = self.docs
-
-    def static_response(self, req, resp):
        index = (self.static_dir / "index.html").resolve()
-        resp.content = ""
-        if os.path.exists(index):
-            with open(index, "r") as f:
-                resp.text = f.read()
-
-    def schema_response(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200
-        resp.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-yaml"
-        resp.content = self.openapi
+        if index.exists():
+            resp.html = index.read_text()
+        else:
+            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            resp.text = "Not found."

    def redirect(
-        self, resp, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301
+        self,
+        resp,
+        location,
+        *,
+        set_text=True,
+        status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    ):
-        """Redirects a given response to a given location.
+        """
+        Redirects a given response to a given location.

        :param resp: The Response to mutate.
        :param location: The location of the redirect.
        :param set_text: If ``True``, sets the Redirect body content automatically.
-        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer, representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
+        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer,
+                            representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
+        """
+        resp.redirect(location, set_text=set_text, status_code=status_code)
+
+    def on_event(self, event_type: str, **args):
+        """Decorator for registering functions or coroutines to run at certain events
+        Supported events: startup, shutdown
+
+        Usage::
+
+            @api.on_event('startup')
+            async def open_database_connection_pool():
+                ...
+
+            @api.on_event('shutdown')
+            async def close_database_connection_pool():
+                ...
+
        """

-        assert resp.status_code.is_300(status_code)
+        def decorator(func):
+            self.add_event_handler(event_type, func, **args)
+            return func

-        resp.status_code = status_code
-        if set_text:
-            resp.text = f"Redirecting to: {location}"
-        resp.headers.update({"Location": location})
+        return decorator

-    @staticmethod
-    async def _resolve_graphql_query(req):
-        # TODO: Get variables and operation_name from form data, params, request text?
+    def add_event_handler(self, event_type, handler):
+        """Adds an event handler to the API.

-        if "json" in req.mimetype:
-            json_media = await req.media("json")
-            return (
-                json_media["query"],
-                json_media.get("variables"),
-                json_media.get("operationName"),
-            )
+        :param event_type: A string in ("startup", "shutdown")
+        :param handler: The function to run. Can be either a function or a coroutine.
+        """

-        # Support query/q in form data.
-        # Form data is awaiting https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/102
-        # if "query" in req.media("form"):
-        #     return req.media("form")["query"], None, None
-        # if "q" in req.media("form"):
-        #     return req.media("form")["q"], None, None
+        self.router.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)

-        # Support query/q in params.
-        if "query" in req.params:
-            return req.params["query"], None, None
-        if "q" in req.params:
-            return req.params["q"], None, None
-
-        # Otherwise, the request text is used (typical).
-        # TODO: Make some assertions about content-type here.
-        return req.text, None, None
-
-    async def graphql_response(self, req, resp, schema):
-        show_graphiql = req.method == "get" and req.accepts("text/html")
-
-        if show_graphiql:
-            resp.content = self.template_string(GRAPHIQL, endpoint=req.url.path)
-            return
-
-        query, variables, operation_name = await self._resolve_graphql_query(req)
-        result = schema.execute(
-            query, variables=variables, operation_name=operation_name
-        )
-        result, status_code = encode_execution_results(
-            [result],
-            is_batch=False,
-            format_error=default_format_error,
-            encode=partial(json_encode, pretty=False),
-        )
-        resp.media = json.loads(result)
-        return (query, result, status_code)
-
-    def route(self, route, **options):
+    def route(self, route=None, *, request_model=None, response_model=None, **options):
        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.

        Usage::
@@ -466,130 +365,178 @@ class API:
            def hello(req, resp):
                resp.text = "hello, world!"

+        With Pydantic models for OpenAPI documentation::
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+            class ItemIn(BaseModel):
+                name: str
+                price: float
+
+            class ItemOut(BaseModel):
+                id: int
+                name: str
+                price: float
+
+            @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"],
+                        request_model=ItemIn, response_model=ItemOut)
+            async def create_item(req, resp):
+                data = await req.media()
+                resp.media = {"id": 1, **data}
+
        """

        def decorator(f):
+            if request_model is not None:
+                f._request_model = request_model
+                if hasattr(self, "openapi"):
+                    self.openapi.add_schema(
+                        request_model.__name__, request_model, check_existing=False
+                    )
+            if response_model is not None:
+                f._response_model = response_model
+                if hasattr(self, "openapi"):
+                    self.openapi.add_schema(
+                        response_model.__name__, response_model, check_existing=False
+                    )
            self.add_route(route, f, **options)
            return f

        return decorator

+    def graphql(self, route="/graphql", *, schema):
+        """Mount a GraphQL API at the given route.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            import graphene
+
+            class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+                hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+                def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+                    return f"Hello {name}"
+
+            api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+
+        :param route: The URL path for the GraphQL endpoint.
+        :param schema: A Graphene schema instance.
+        """
+        from .ext.graphql import GraphQLView
+
+        self.add_route(route, GraphQLView(api=self, schema=schema))
+
    def mount(self, route, app):
        """Mounts an WSGI / ASGI application at a given route.

-        :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
+        :param route: String representation of the route to be used
+                      (shouldn't be parameterized).
        :param app: The other WSGI / ASGI app.
        """
-        self.apps.update({route: app})
+        self.router.apps.update({route: app})

    def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
-        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
+        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Starlette TestClient instance,
+        able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.

-        :param base_url: The URL to mount the connection adaptor to.
+        :param base_url: The base URL for the test client.
        """

        if self._session is None:
-            self._session = TestClient(self)
+            from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+            self._session = TestClient(self, base_url=base_url)
        return self._session

-    def _route_for(self, endpoint):
-        for (route, route_object) in self.routes.items():
-            if route_object.endpoint == endpoint:
-                return route_object
-            elif route_object.endpoint_name == endpoint:
-                return route_object
-
    def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
-        # TODO: Absolute_url
        """Given an endpoint, returns a rendered URL for its route.

-        :param view: The route endpoint you're searching for.
+        :param endpoint: The route endpoint you're searching for.
        :param params: Data to pass into the URL generator (for parameterized URLs).
        """
-        route_object = self._route_for(endpoint)
-        if route_object:
-            return route_object.url(**params)
-        raise ValueError
+        return self.router.url_for(endpoint, **params)

-    def static_url(self, asset):
-        """Given a static asset, return its URL path."""
-        return f"{self.static_route}/{str(asset)}"
+    def template(self, filename, *args, **kwargs):
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template file with the provided values.

-    @property
-    def docs(self):
-
-        loader = jinja2.PrefixLoader(
-            {
-                self.docs_theme: jinja2.PackageLoader(
-                    "apistar", os.path.join("themes", self.docs_theme, "templates")
-                )
-            }
-        )
-        env = jinja2.Environment(autoescape=True, loader=loader)
-        document = apistar.document.Document()
-        document.content = yaml.safe_load(self.openapi)
-
-        template = env.get_template("/".join([self.docs_theme, "index.html"]))
-
-        def static_url(asset):
-            return f"{self.static_route}/{asset}"
-            # return asset
-
-        return template.render(
-            document=document,
-            langs=["javascript", "python"],
-            code_style=None,
-            static_url=static_url,
-            schema_url="/schema.yml",
-        )
-
-    def template(self, name_, **values):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
-
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
-
-        :param name_: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
-        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param filename: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
        """
-        # Prepopulate values with base
-        values = {**self.jinja_values_base, **values}
+        return self.templates.render(filename, *args, **kwargs)

-        template = self.jinja_env.get_template(name_)
-        return template.render(**values)
+    def template_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template string with the provided values.

-    def template_string(self, s_, **values):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
-
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
-
-        :param s_: The template to use.
-        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param source: The template to use, a Jinja2 template string.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
        """
-        # Prepopulate values with base
-        values = {**self.jinja_values_base, **values}
+        return self.templates.render_string(source, *args, **kwargs)

-        template = self.jinja_env.from_string(s_)
-        return template.render(**values)
+    def serve(self, *, address=None, port=None, debug=False, **options):
+        """
+        Run the application with uvicorn.

-    def run(self, address=None, port=None, debug=False, **options):
-        """Runs the application with uvicorn. If the ``PORT`` environment
-        variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
-        known hosts.
+        If the ``PORT`` environment variable is set, requests will be served on that port
+        automatically to all known hosts.

        :param address: The address to bind to.
        :param port: The port to bind to. If none is provided, one will be selected at random.
-        :param debug: Run uvicorn server in debug mode.
+        :param debug: Whether to run application in debug mode.
        :param options: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``uvicorn.run()``.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501

        if "PORT" in os.environ:
            if address is None:
-                address = "0.0.0.0"
+                address = "0.0.0.0"  # noqa: S104
            port = int(os.environ["PORT"])

        if address is None:
            address = "127.0.0.1"
        if port is None:
            port = 5042
+        if debug:
+            options["log_level"] = "debug"

-        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, debug=debug, **options)
+        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)
+
+    def run(self, **kwargs):
+        if "debug" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs.update({"debug": self.debug})
+        self.serve(**kwargs)
+
+    def group(self, prefix):
+        """Create a route group with a shared URL prefix.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            v1 = api.group("/v1")
+
+            @v1.route("/users")
+            def list_users(req, resp):
+                resp.media = []
+
+            @v1.route("/users/{id:int}")
+            def get_user(req, resp, *, id):
+                resp.media = {"id": id}
+
+        """
+        return RouteGroup(api=self, prefix=prefix)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+class RouteGroup:
+    """A group of routes with a shared URL prefix."""
+
+    def __init__(self, api, prefix):
+        self.api = api
+        self.prefix = prefix.rstrip("/")
+
+    def route(self, route=None, **options):
+        full_route = f"{self.prefix}{route}"
+        return self.api.route(full_route, **options)
+
+    def before_request(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.api.before_request(**kwargs)
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-import traceback
-import multiprocessing
+import asyncio
 import concurrent.futures
+import multiprocessing
+import traceback
+
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+
+__all__ = ["BackgroundQueue"]


 class BackgroundQueue:
@@ -13,9 +18,6 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
        self.results = []

    def run(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.pool._max_workers = self.n
-        self.pool._adjust_thread_count()
-
        f = self.pool.submit(f, *args, **kwargs)
        self.results.append(f)
        return f
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
        def on_future_done(fs):
            try:
                fs.result()
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                traceback.print_exc()

        def do_task(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -33,3 +35,8 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
            return result

        return do_task
+
+    async def __call__(self, func, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+            return await asyncio.create_task(func(*args, **kwargs))
+        return await run_in_threadpool(func, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-"""Responder.
-
-Usage:
-  responder
-  responder run [--build] [--debug] <module>
-  responder build
-  responder --version
-
-Options:
-  -h --help     Show this screen.
-  -v --version  Show version.
-
-"""
-
-import os
-
-import docopt
-from .__version__ import __version__
-
-
-def cli():
-    args = docopt.docopt(
-        __doc__, argv=None, help=True, version=__version__, options_first=False
-    )
-
-    module = args["<module>"]
-    build = args["build"] or args["--build"]
-    run = args["run"]
-
-    if build:
-        os.system("npm run build")
-
-    if run:
-        split_module = module.split(":")
-
-        if len(split_module) > 1:
-            module = split_module[0]
-            prop = split_module[1]
-        else:
-            prop = "api"
-
-        app = __import__(module)
-        getattr(app, prop).run()
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More