Bump version to 3.1.0

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
CI: Remove linkcheck from docs workflow
2026-06-05 23:00:17 +00:00 · 2026-03-22 07:57:32 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 07:54:59 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 07:53:25 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 07:50:32 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 07:44:11 -04:00
112 changed files with 9531 additions and 2589 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+github: kennethreitz
+thanks_dev: kennethreitz
+custom: https://cash.app/$KennethReitz
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
+# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
+# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
+# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: "Documentation"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  documentation:
+    name: "Documentation"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.13"
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package and documentation dependencies
+      run: uv pip install '.[docs]'
+
+    - name: Build static HTML documentation
+      run: sphinx-build -W --keep-going docs/source docs/build
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+name: "Tests"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  test:
+    name: "Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: [
+          "3.9",
+          "3.10",
+          "3.11",
+          "3.12",
+          "3.13",
+        ]
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: 22
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package
+      run: uv pip install '.[develop,test]'
+
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: pytest
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+.venv*
 .vscode/
 .cache
 .idea
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@
 .pytest_cache
 .DS_Store
 coverage.xml
+.coverage*

 __pycache__
 tests/__pycache__
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# .readthedocs.yml
+# Read the Docs configuration file
+
+# Details
+# - https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+build:
+  os: "ubuntu-24.04"
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+
+python:
+  install:
+      - method: pip
+        path: .
+        extra_requirements:
+          - docs
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
+
+  # Use standard HTML builder.
+  builder: html
+
+  # Fail on all warnings to avoid broken references.
+  fail_on_warning: true
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF
+#formats:
+#  - pdf
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-language: python
-python:
-  - "3.6"
-
-# command to install dependencies
-install:
-  - "pip install pipenv --upgrade-strategy=only-if-needed"
-  - "pipenv install --dev"
-
-# command to run the dependencies
-script:
-  - "pytest"
@@ -1,102 +1,422 @@
-# v1.1.1
+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and
+this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+
+## [Unreleased]
+
+## [v3.0.0] - 2026-03-22
+
+### Added
+
+- Platform: Added support for Python 3.10 - Python 3.13
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts a filesystem path on its `<target>`
+  argument, enabling usage on single-file applications.
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts URLs.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Platform: Minimum Python version is now 3.9 (dropped 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)
+- Dependencies: Dramatically reduced core dependency count (10 → 5)
+  - Removed `requests`, `requests-toolbelt`, `rfc3986`, `whitenoise`
+  - Moved `apispec` and `marshmallow` to `openapi` optional extra
+  - Replaced `rfc3986` with stdlib `urllib.parse`
+  - Replaced `requests-toolbelt` multipart decoder with `python-multipart`
+  - Replaced deprecated `starlette.middleware.wsgi` with `a2wsgi`
+  - Switched from WhiteNoise to ServeStatic
+- Dependencies: Pinned `starlette[full]>=0.40` (was unpinned)
+- GraphQL: Upgraded to `graphene>=3` and `graphql-core>=3.1`
+  (from `graphene<3` and `graphql-server-core`, which is unmaintained)
+- GraphQL: Updated GraphiQL UI from 0.12.0 (2018) to 3.0.6 with React 18
+- Extensions: All of CLI-, GraphQL-, and OpenAPI-Support modules are
+  extensions now, found within the `responder.ext` module namespace.
+- Packaging: Migrated from `setup.py` to declarative `pyproject.toml`
+
+### Removed
+
+- Platform: Removed support for EOL Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
+- Status codes: Removed deprecated `resume_incomplete` and `resume`
+  aliases for HTTP 308 (marked for removal in 3.0)
+- CLI: `responder run --build` ceased to exist
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Routing: Fixed dispatching `static_route=None` on Windows
+- uvicorn: `--debug` now maps to uvicorn's `log_level = "debug"`
+- Tests: Fixed deprecated httpx TestClient usage
+
+## [v2.0.5] - 2019-12-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Update requirements to support python 3.8
+
+## [v2.0.4] - 2019-11-19
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix static app resolving
+
+## [v2.0.3] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.1] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template import
+
+## [v2.0.0] - 2019-09-19
+
+### Changed
+
+- Refactor Router and Schema
+
+## [v1.3.2] - 2019-08-15
+
+### Added
+
+- ASGI 3 support
+- CI tests for python 3.8-dev
+- Now requests have `state` a mapping object
+
+### Deprecated
+
+- ASGI 2
+
+## [v1.3.1] - 2019-04-28
+
+### Added
+
+- Route params Converters
+- Add search for documentation pages
+
+### Changed
+
+- Bump dependencies
+
+## [v1.3.0] - 2019-02-22
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Versioning issue
+- Multiple cookies.
+- Whitenoise returns not found.
+- Other bugfixes.
+
+### Added
+
+- Stream support via `resp.stream`.
+- Cookie directives via `resp.set_cookie`.
+- Add `resp.html` to send HTML.
+- Other improvements.
+
+## [v1.1.3] - 2019-01-12
+
+### Changed
+
+- Refactor `_route_for`
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Resolve startup/shutdwown events
+
+## [v1.2.0] - 2018-12-29
+
+### Added
+
+- Documentations
+
+### Changed
+
+- Use Starlette's LifeSpan middleware
+- Update denpendencies
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix route.is_class_based
+- Fix test_500
+- Typos
+
+## [v1.1.2] - 2018-11-11
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Minor fixes for Open API
+- Typos
+
+## [v1.1.1] - 2018-10-29
+
+### Changed
+
 - Run sync views in a threadpoolexecutor.

-# v1.1.0
+## [v1.1.0] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Added
+
 - Support for `before_request`.

-# v1.0.4
+## [v1.0.5]- 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix sessions.
+
+## [v1.0.4] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Potential bufix for cookies.

-# v1.0.3
+## [v1.0.3] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for redirects.

-# v1.0.2
+## [v1.0.2] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Changed
+
 - Improvement for static file hosting.

-# v1.0.1
+## [v1.0.1] - 2018-10-26
+
+### Changed
+
 - Improve cors configuration settings.

-# v1.0.0
+## [v1.0.0] - 2018-10-26
+
+### Changed
+
 - Move GraphQL support into a built-in plugin.

-# v0.3.3
- Improved exceptions.
- CORS support.
+## [v0.3.3] - 2018-10-25
+
+### Added
+
+- CORS support
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improved exceptions.
+
+## [v0.3.2] - 2018-10-25
+
+### Changed

-# v0.3.2
 - Subtle improvements.

-# v0.3.1
+## [v0.3.1] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Packaging fix.

-# v0.3.0
+## [v0.3.0] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Changed
+
 - Interactive Documentation endpoint.
 - Minor improvements.

-# v0.2.3
+## [v0.2.3] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Changed
+
 - Overall improvements.

-# v0.2.2
+## [v0.2.2] - 2018-10-23
+
+### Added
+
 - Show traceback info when background tasks raise exceptions.

-# v0.2.1
+## [v0.2.1] - 2018-10-23
+
+### Added
+
 - api.requests.

-# v0.2.0
+## [v0.2.0] - 2018-10-22
+
+### Added
+
 - WebSocket support.

-# v0.1.6
+## [v0.1.6] - 2018-10-20
+
+### Added
+
 - 500 support.

-# v0.1.5
- Improvements to sequential media reading.
- File upload support.
+## [v0.1.5] - 2018-10-20
+
+### Added
+
+- File upload support
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improvements to sequential media reading.
+
+## [v0.1.4] - 2018-10-19
+
+### Fixed

-# v0.1.4
 - Stability.

-# v0.1.3
+## [v0.1.3] - 2018-10-18
+
+### Added
+
 - Sessions support.

-# v0.1.2
+## [v0.1.2] - 2018-10-18
+
+### Added
+
 - Cookies support.

-# v0.1.1
+## [v0.1.1] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Changed
+
 - Default routes.

-# v0.1.0
+## [v0.1.0] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Added
+
 - Prototype of static application support.

-# v0.0.10
+## [v0.0.10] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.

-# v0.0.9
+## [v0.0.9] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.

-# v0.0.8
+## [v0.0.8] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Added
+
 - GraphiQL Support.
+
+### Changed
+
 - Improvement to route selection.

-# v0.0.7
- - Immutable Request object.
+## [v0.0.7] - 2018-10-16

-# v0.0.6:
- - Ability to mount WSGI apps.
- - Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
+### Changed

-# v0.0.5:
- - OpenAPI Schema support.
- - Safe load/dump yaml.
+- Immutable Request object.

-# v0.0.4:
- - Asynchronous support for data uploads.
- - Bug fixes.
+## [v0.0.6] - 2018-10-16
+
+### Added
+
+- Ability to mount WSGI apps.
+- Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
+
+## [v0.0.5] - 2018-10-15
+
+### Added
+
+- OpenAPI Schema support.
+- Safe load/dump yaml.
+
+## [v0.0.4] - 2018-10-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Asynchronous support for data uploads.
+
+### Fixed

-# v0.0.3:
 - Bug fixes.

-# v0.0.2
+## [v0.0.3] - 2018-10-13
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bug fixes.
+
+## [v0.0.2] - 2018-10-13
+
+### Changed
+
 - Switch to ASGI/Starlette.

-# v0.0.1
+## [v0.0.1] - 2018-10-12
+
+### Added
+
 - Conception!
+
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v3.0.0..HEAD
+[v3.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.5..v3.0.0
+[v2.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.4..v2.0.5
+[v2.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.3..v2.0.4
+[v2.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.2..v2.0.3
+[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
+[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
+[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
+[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
+[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
+[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
+[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
+[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
+[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
+[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
+[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
+[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
+[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
+[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
+[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
+[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
+[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
+[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
+[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
+[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
+[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
+[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
+[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
+[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
+[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
+[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
+[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
+[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
+[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
+[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
+[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
+[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
+[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
+[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
+[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
+[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
+[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
+[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
+[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
+[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
+[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
+[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1
@@ -1,13 +1,178 @@
-Copyright 2018 Kenneth Reitz

-Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-You may obtain a copy of the License at

-    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/

-Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-limitations under the License.
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
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+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
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+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
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+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
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+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-name = "pypi"
-
-[packages]
-responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
-
-[dev-packages]
-pytest = "*"
-"flake8" = "*"
-black = "*"
-twine = "*"
-flask = "*"
-sphinx = "*"
-marshmallow = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-
-[requires]
-python_version = "3.7"
-
-[pipenv]
-allow_prereleases = true
@@ -1,694 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "7bbe1f0addd73250027de73d6fb749aa2be3149af9744b107820c5e10498428e"
-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {
-            "python_version": "3.7"
-        },
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "aiofiles": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:021ea0ba314a86027c166ecc4b4c07f2d40fc0f4b3a950d1868a0f2571c2bbee",
-                "sha256:1e644c2573f953664368de28d2aa4c89dfd64550429d0c27c4680ccd3aa4985d"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.0"
-        },
-        "aniso8601": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:94f90871fcd314a458a3d4eca1c84448efbd200e86f55fe4c733c7a40149ef50"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.0.2"
-        },
-        "apispec": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:50b1cb8f0dc12db00a53e748b27ae601efdc210f1cb4358729173337b2e47354",
-                "sha256:648934f67aefa386cdde5d1d38ceb1c9fe9157c59824a6fb5499409a70dabab4"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.0.0b5"
-        },
-        "apistar": {
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-                "sha256:4338b24468b49526ceac4a8f84046056081ee747f373ca8d0647bd6b2344c895"
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-            "version": "==0.6.0"
-        },
-        "asgiref": {
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-            "version": "==2.3.2"
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-            "version": "==3.0.1"
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-                "sha256:6d58c986d22b038c8c0df30d639f23a3e6d172a05c3583e766f4c0b785c0986a"
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-            "version": "==2018.10.15"
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-                "sha256:fc323ffcaeaed0e0a02bf4d117757b98aed530d9ed4531e3e15460124c106691"
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-            "version": "==3.0.4"
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-                "sha256:5b94b49521f6456670fdb30cd82a4eca9412788a93fa6dd6df72c94d5a8ff2d7"
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-            "version": "==7.0"
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-            "version": "==1.1.0"
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-                "sha256:f84be1bb0040caca4cea721fcbbbbd61f9be9464ca236387158b0feea01914a4"
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-            "version": "==2.10"
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-                "sha256:130f844e7f5bdd8e9f3f42e7102ef1d49b2e6fdf0d7526df3f87281a532d8c8b",
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-                "sha256:1b8a7a87ad1b92bd887568ce54b23565f3fd7018c4180136e1cf412b405a47af",
-                "sha256:1c25694ca680b6919de53a4bb3bdd0602beafc63ff001fea2f2fc16ec3a11834",
-                "sha256:1f19ef5d3908110e1e891deefb5586aae1b49a7440db952454b4e281b41620cd",
-                "sha256:1fa6058938190ebe8290e5cae6c351e14e7bb44505c4a7624555ce57fbbeba0d",
-                "sha256:31cbb1359e8c25f9f48e156e59e2eaad51cd5242c05ed18a8de6dbe85184e4b7",
-                "sha256:3e835d8841ae7863f64e40e19477f7eb398674da6a47f09871673742531e6f4b",
-                "sha256:4e97332c9ce444b0c2c38dd22ddc61c743eb208d916e4265a2a3b575bdccb1d3",
-                "sha256:525396ee324ee2da82919f2ee9c9e73b012f23e7640131dd1b53a90206a0f09c",
-                "sha256:52b07fbc32032c21ad4ab060fec137b76eb804c4b9a1c7c7dc562549306afad2",
-                "sha256:52ccb45e77a1085ec5461cde794e1aa037df79f473cbc69b974e73940655c8d7",
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-                "sha256:5edfa27b2d3eefa2210fb2f5d539fbed81722b49f083b2c6566455eb7422fd7e",
-                "sha256:7d263e5770efddf465a9e31b78362d84d015cc894ca2c131901a4445eaa61ee1",
-                "sha256:83381342bfc22b3c8c06f2dd93a505413888694302de25add756254beee8449c",
-                "sha256:857eebb2c1dc60e4219ec8e98dfa19553dae33608237e107db9c6078b1167856",
-                "sha256:98e439297f78fca3a6169fd330fbe88d78b3bb72f967ad9961bcac0d7fdd1550",
-                "sha256:bf54103892a83c64db58125b3f2a43df6d2cb2d28889f14c78519394feb41492",
-                "sha256:d9ac82be533394d341b41d78aca7ed0e0f4ba5a2231602e2f05aa87f25c51672",
-                "sha256:e982fe07ede9fada6ff6705af70514a52beb1b2c3d25d4e873e82114cf3c5401",
-                "sha256:edce2ea7f3dfc981c4ddc97add8a61381d9642dc3273737e756517cc03e84dd6",
-                "sha256:efdc45ef1afc238db84cb4963aa689c0408912a0239b0721cb172b4016eb31d6",
-                "sha256:f137c02498f8b935892d5c0172560d7ab54bc45039de8805075e19079c639a9c",
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-            "version": "==1.11.0"
-        },
-        "snowballstemmer": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:919f26a68b2c17a7634da993d91339e288964f93c274f1343e3bbbe2096e1128",
-                "sha256:9f3bcd3c401c3e862ec0ebe6d2c069ebc012ce142cce209c098ccb5b09136e89"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.2.1"
-        },
-        "sphinx": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:652eb8c566f18823a022bb4b6dbc868d366df332a11a0226b5bc3a798a479f17",
-                "sha256:d222626d8356de702431e813a05c68a35967e3d66c6cd1c2c89539bb179a7464"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==1.8.1"
-        },
-        "sphinxcontrib-websupport": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:68ca7ff70785cbe1e7bccc71a48b5b6d965d79ca50629606c7861a21b206d9dd",
-                "sha256:9de47f375baf1ea07cdb3436ff39d7a9c76042c10a769c52353ec46e4e8fc3b9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.1.0"
-        },
-        "toml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:229f81c57791a41d65e399fc06bf0848bab550a9dfd5ed66df18ce5f05e73d5c",
-                "sha256:235682dd292d5899d361a811df37e04a8828a5b1da3115886b73cf81ebc9100e"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.10.0"
-        },
-        "tqdm": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:3c4d4a5a41ef162dd61f1edb86b0e1c7859054ab656b2e7c7b77e7fbf6d9f392",
-                "sha256:5b4d5549984503050883bc126280b386f5f4ca87e6c023c5d015655ad75bdebb"
-            ],
-            "version": "==4.28.1"
-        },
-        "twine": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:7d89bc6acafb31d124e6e5b295ef26ac77030bf098960c2a4c4e058335827c5c",
-                "sha256:fad6f1251195f7ddd1460cb76d6ea106c93adb4e56c41e0da79658e56e547d2c"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==1.12.1"
-        },
-        "urllib3": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:61bf29cada3fc2fbefad4fdf059ea4bd1b4a86d2b6d15e1c7c0b582b9752fe39",
-                "sha256:de9529817c93f27c8ccbfead6985011db27bd0ddfcdb2d86f3f663385c6a9c22"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.24.1"
-        },
-        "webencodings": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a0af1213f3c2226497a97e2b3aa01a7e4bee4f403f95be16fc9acd2947514a78",
-                "sha256:b36a1c245f2d304965eb4e0a82848379241dc04b865afcc4aab16748587e1923"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.5.1"
-        },
-        "werkzeug": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:c3fd7a7d41976d9f44db327260e263132466836cef6f91512889ed60ad26557c",
-                "sha256:d5da73735293558eb1651ee2fddc4d0dedcfa06538b8813a2e20011583c9e49b"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.14.1"
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,73 +1,109 @@
-# Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python
+# Responder

-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/mybinder/badge/?version=latest)](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors)
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python, powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/).

-[![](https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1959/43750081370_a4e20752de_o_d.png)](http://python-responder.org/)
+```python
+import responder

+api = responder.API()

-Powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/). That `async` declaration is optional. [View documentation](http://python-responder.org).
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"

-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
+```

+    $ pip install responder

-## Testimonials
+That's it. Supports Python 3.9+.

-> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder. [@kennethreitz](https://twitter.com/kennethreitz) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh M.K.
+## The Basics

-> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
+- `resp.text` sends back text. `resp.html` sends back HTML. `resp.content` sends back bytes.
+- `resp.media` sends back JSON (or YAML, with content negotiation).
+- `resp.file("path.pdf")` serves a file with automatic content-type detection.
+- `req.headers` is case-insensitive. `req.params` gives you query parameters.
+- Both sync and async views work — the `async` is optional.

-> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of [Two Scoops of Django]()
+## Highlights

+```python
+# Type-safe route parameters
+@api.route("/users/{user_id:int}")
+async def get_user(req, resp, *, user_id):
+    resp.media = {"id": user_id}

-## More Examples
+# HTTP method filtering
+@api.route("/items", methods=["POST"])
+async def create_item(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.media = {"created": data}

-See [the documentation's feature tour](http://python-responder.org/en/latest/tour.html) for more details on features available in Responder.
+# Class-based views
+@api.route("/things/{id}")
+class ThingResource:
+    def on_get(self, req, resp, *, id):
+        resp.media = {"id": id}
+    def on_post(self, req, resp, *, id):
+        resp.text = "created"

+# Before-request hooks (auth, rate limiting, etc.)
+@api.route(before_request=True)
+def check_auth(req, resp):
+    if not req.headers.get("Authorization"):
+        resp.status_code = 401
+        resp.media = {"error": "unauthorized"}

-# Installing Responder
+# Custom error handling
+@api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+async def handle_error(req, resp, exc):
+    resp.status_code = 400
+    resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}

-Install the latest release:
+# Lifespan events
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    print("starting up")
+    yield
+    print("shutting down")

-    $ pipenv install responder --pre
-    ✨🍰✨
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)

+# GraphQL
+import graphene
+api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))

-Or, install from the development branch:
+# WebSockets
+@api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
+async def websocket(ws):
+    await ws.accept()
+    while True:
+        name = await ws.receive_text()
+        await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")

-    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git#egg=responder
+# Mount WSGI/ASGI apps
+from flask import Flask
+flask_app = Flask(__name__)
+api.mount("/flask", flask_app)

-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
+# Background tasks
+@api.route("/work")
+def do_work(req, resp):
+    @api.background.task
+    def process():
+        import time; time.sleep(10)
+    process()
+    resp.media = {"status": "processing"}
+```

+Built-in OpenAPI docs, cookie-based sessions, gzip compression, static file serving, Jinja2 templates, and a production uvicorn server.

-# The Basic Idea
+Route convertors: `str`, `int`, `float`, `uuid`, `path`.

-The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+## Documentation

- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.
-
-## Ideas
-
- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
- Automatic gzipped-responses.
- In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
- A production static file server is built-in.
- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
- Provide an official way to run webpack.
-
-
----------
-
-[![hacktoberfest](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/hacktoberfest-2018-social-card-c8d2e1489f647f2e0a26e6f598adeb760872818905b34cd437afc7ac2857ceab.png)](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/)
+https://responder.kennethreitz.org
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-alabaster==0.7.12
-appdirs==1.4.3
-atomicwrites==1.2.1
-attrs==18.2.0
-babel==2.6.0
-black==18.9b0
-bleach==3.0.2
-certifi==2018.8.24
-cffi==1.11.5
-chardet==3.0.4
-click==7.0
-cmarkgfm==0.4.2
-colorama==0.4.0 ; sys_platform == 'win32'
-docutils==0.14
-flake8==3.5.0
-flask==1.0.2
-future==0.16.0
-idna==2.7
-imagesize==1.1.0
-itsdangerous==0.24
-jinja2==2.10
-markupsafe==1.0
-mccabe==0.6.1
-more-itertools==4.3.0
-packaging==18.0
-pkginfo==1.4.2
-pluggy==0.7.1
-py==1.7.0
-pycodestyle==2.3.1
-pycparser==2.19
-pyflakes==1.6.0
-pygments==2.2.0
-pyparsing==2.2.2
-pytest==3.8.2
-pytz==2018.5
-readme-renderer==22.0
-requests-toolbelt==0.8.0
-requests==2.19.1
-six==1.11.0
-snowballstemmer==1.2.1
-sphinx==1.8.1
-sphinxcontrib-websupport==1.1.0
-toml==0.10.0
-tqdm==4.26.0
-twine==1.12.1
-urllib3==1.23
-webencodings==0.5.1
-werkzeug==0.14.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* Hide module name and default value for environment variable section */
-div[id$='environment-variables'] code.descclassname {
-    display: none;
+div[id$="environment-variables"] code.descclassname {
+  display: none;
 }
-div[id$='environment-variables'] em.property {
-    display: none;
+div[id$="environment-variables"] em.property {
+  display: none;
 }
@@ -10,142 +10,152 @@
 */

 var Konami = function (callback) {
-    var konami = {
-        addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
-            if (obj.addEventListener)
-                obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
-            else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                // IE
-                obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
-                obj[type + fn] = function () {
-                    obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
-                }
-                obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
-            }
-        },
-        removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
-            if (obj.removeEventListener) {
-                obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
-            } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                obj.detachEvent(eventName);
-            }
-        },
-        input: "",
-        pattern: "38384040373937396665",
-        keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
-            if (ref_obj) {
-                konami = ref_obj;
-            } // IE
-            konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
-            if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
-                konami.input = konami.input.substr((konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length));
-            }
-            if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
-                konami.code(konami._currentLink);
-                konami.input = '';
-                e.preventDefault();
-                return false;
-            }
-        },
-        load: function (link) {
-            this._currentLink = link;
-            this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
-            this.iphone.load(link);
-        },
-        unload: function () {
-            this.removeEvent(document, 'keydown', this.keydownHandler);
-            this.iphone.unload();
-        },
-        code: function (link) {
-            window.location = link
-        },
-        iphone: {
-            start_x: 0,
-            start_y: 0,
-            stop_x: 0,
-            stop_y: 0,
-            tap: false,
-            capture: false,
-            orig_keys: "",
-            keys: ["UP", "UP", "DOWN", "DOWN", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "TAP", "TAP"],
-            input: [],
-            code: function (link) {
-                konami.code(link);
-            },
-            touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
-                if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
-                    var touch = e.touches[0];
-                    konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
-                    konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
-                    konami.iphone.tap = false;
-                    konami.iphone.capture = false;
-                    konami.iphone.check_direction();
-                }
-            },
-            touchendHandler: function () {
-                konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length) konami.iphone.input.shift();
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
-                    var match = true;
-                    for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
-                        if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
-                            match = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (match) {
-                        konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            touchstartHandler: function (e) {
-                konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
-                konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
-                konami.iphone.tap = true;
-                konami.iphone.capture = true;
-            },
-            load: function (link) {
-                this.orig_keys = this.keys;
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            unload: function () {
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchmove', this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchend', this.touchendHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchstart', this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            check_direction: function () {
-                x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
-                y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
-                x = ((this.start_x - this.stop_x) < 0) ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
-                y = ((this.start_y - this.stop_y) < 0) ? "DOWN" : "UP";
-                result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
-                result = (this.tap === true) ? "TAP" : result;
-                return result;
-            }
+  var konami = {
+    addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
+      if (obj.addEventListener) obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
+      else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+        // IE
+        obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
+        obj[type + fn] = function () {
+          obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
+        };
+        obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
+      }
+    },
+    removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
+      if (obj.removeEventListener) {
+        obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
+      } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+        obj.detachEvent(eventName);
+      }
+    },
+    input: "",
+    pattern: "38384040373937396665",
+    keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
+      if (ref_obj) {
+        konami = ref_obj;
+      } // IE
+      konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
+      if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
+        konami.input = konami.input.substr(konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length);
+      }
+      if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
+        konami.code(konami._currentLink);
+        konami.input = "";
+        e.preventDefault();
+        return false;
+      }
+    },
+    load: function (link) {
+      this._currentLink = link;
+      this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
+      this.iphone.load(link);
+    },
+    unload: function () {
+      this.removeEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler);
+      this.iphone.unload();
+    },
+    code: function (link) {
+      window.location = link;
+    },
+    iphone: {
+      start_x: 0,
+      start_y: 0,
+      stop_x: 0,
+      stop_y: 0,
+      tap: false,
+      capture: false,
+      orig_keys: "",
+      keys: [
+        "UP",
+        "UP",
+        "DOWN",
+        "DOWN",
+        "LEFT",
+        "RIGHT",
+        "LEFT",
+        "RIGHT",
+        "TAP",
+        "TAP",
+      ],
+      input: [],
+      code: function (link) {
+        konami.code(link);
+      },
+      touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
+        if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
+          var touch = e.touches[0];
+          konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
+          konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
+          konami.iphone.tap = false;
+          konami.iphone.capture = false;
+          konami.iphone.check_direction();
        }
-    }
+      },
+      touchendHandler: function () {
+        konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());

-    typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
-    if (typeof callback === "function") {
-        konami.code = callback;
-        konami.load();
-    }
+        if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length)
+          konami.iphone.input.shift();

-    return konami;
+        if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
+          var match = true;
+          for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
+            if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
+              match = false;
+            }
+          }
+          if (match) {
+            konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      touchstartHandler: function (e) {
+        konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
+        konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
+        konami.iphone.tap = true;
+        konami.iphone.capture = true;
+      },
+      load: function (link) {
+        this.orig_keys = this.keys;
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
+      },
+      unload: function () {
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler);
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
+      },
+      check_direction: function () {
+        x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
+        y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
+        x = this.start_x - this.stop_x < 0 ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
+        y = this.start_y - this.stop_y < 0 ? "DOWN" : "UP";
+        result = x_magnitude > y_magnitude ? x : y;
+        result = this.tap === true ? "TAP" : result;
+        return result;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+
+  typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
+  if (typeof callback === "function") {
+    konami.code = callback;
+    konami.load();
+  }
+
+  return konami;
 };

-
-if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && typeof module.exports !== 'undefined') {
-        module.exports = Konami;
+if (typeof module !== "undefined" && typeof module.exports !== "undefined") {
+  module.exports = Konami;
 } else {
-        if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-                define([], function() {
-                        return Konami;
-                });
-        } else {
-                window.Konami = Konami;
-        }
+  if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
+    define([], function () {
+      return Konami;
+    });
+  } else {
+    window.Konami = Konami;
+  }
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css" />
-<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').hide(0);</script>
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  type="text/css"
+  href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css"
+/>
+<script async defer src="https://buttons.github.io/buttons.js"></script>
+
+<script type="text/javascript">
+  $("#searchbox").hide(0);
+</script>
 <!--Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->

 <!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
@@ -26,7 +34,7 @@
  .class em,
  .descname,
  .method em {
-    font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B" !important;
+    font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B", monospace !important;
    font-weight: 400 !important;
  }

@@ -39,9 +47,7 @@
  }

  .method {
-
    margin-bottom: 2em;
-
  }

  .si,
@@ -80,8 +86,6 @@
    margin-top: -1em;
  }

-
-
  /* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
  div#searchbox h3 {
    display: none;
@@ -118,10 +122,12 @@
 <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
 <script>
  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
-  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
-  gtag('js', new Date());
+  function gtag() {
+    dataLayer.push(arguments);
+  }
+  gtag("js", new Date());

-  gtag('config', 'UA-127383416-1');
+  gtag("config", "UA-127383416-1");
 </script>

 <!-- There are no more hacks. -->
@@ -130,7 +136,10 @@

 <script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
 <script>
-  var easter_egg = new Konami('https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1));
+  var easter_egg = new Konami(
+    "https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/" +
+      (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1)
+  );
 </script>

 <style>
@@ -140,67 +149,94 @@
 </style>

 <!-- GitHub Logo -->
-<a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on GitHub">
-  <svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#151513; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;"
-    aria-hidden="true">
+<a
+  href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+  class="github-corner"
+  aria-label="View source on GitHub"
+>
+  <svg
+    width="80"
+    height="80"
+    viewBox="0 0 250 250"
+    style="fill: #151513; color: #fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0"
+    aria-hidden="true"
+  >
    <path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path>
-    <path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
-      fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path>
-    <path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
-      fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path>
+    <path
+      d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
+      fill="currentColor"
+      style="transform-origin: 130px 106px"
+      class="octo-arm"
+    ></path>
+    <path
+      d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
+      fill="currentColor"
+      class="octo-body"
+    ></path>
  </svg>
 </a>
 <style>
  .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
  }

  @keyframes octocat-wave {
-
    0%,
    100% {
-      transform: rotate(0)
+      transform: rotate(0);
    }

    20%,
    60% {
-      transform: rotate(-25deg)
+      transform: rotate(-25deg);
    }

    40%,
    80% {
-      transform: rotate(10deg)
+      transform: rotate(10deg);
    }
  }

-  @media (max-width:500px) {
+  @media (max-width: 500px) {
    .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-      animation: none
+      animation: none;
    }

    .github-corner .octo-arm {
-      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
    }
  }
 </style>

-
 <!-- That was not a hack. That was art.

 <!-- UserVoice JavaScript SDK (only needed once on a page) -->
-<script>(function () { var uv = document.createElement('script'); uv.type = 'text/javascript'; uv.async = true; uv.src = '//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s) })()</script>
+<script>
+  (function () {
+    var uv = document.createElement("script");
+    uv.type = "text/javascript";
+    uv.async = true;
+    uv.src = "//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js";
+    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
+    s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s);
+  })();
+</script>

 <!-- A tab to launch the Classic Widget -->
 <script>
  UserVoice = window.UserVoice || [];
-  UserVoice.push(['showTab', 'classic_widget', {
-    mode: 'feedback',
-    primary_color: '#fa8c28',
-    link_color: '#0a8cc6',
-    forum_id: 913660,
-    tab_label: 'Got feedback?',
-    tab_color: '#00994f',
-    tab_position: 'bottom-left',
-    tab_inverted: true
-  }]);
+  UserVoice.push([
+    "showTab",
+    "classic_widget",
+    {
+      mode: "feedback",
+      primary_color: "#fa8c28",
+      link_color: "#0a8cc6",
+      forum_id: 913660,
+      tab_label: "Got feedback?",
+      tab_color: "#00994f",
+      tab_position: "bottom-left",
+      tab_inverted: true,
+    },
+  ]);
 </script>
@@ -1,33 +1,88 @@
 <p class="logo">
  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img
+      class="logo"
+      src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}"
+      title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"
+    />
  </a>
 </p>
-
 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <a class="github-button"
+     href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+     data-color-scheme="no-preference: light; light: light; dark: light;"
+     data-size="large"
+     data-show-count="true"
+     aria-label="Star kennethreitz/responder on GitHub">Star</a>
 </p>
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css"
+/>
+<style>
+  .algolia-autocomplete {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .algolia-autocomplete a {
+    border-bottom: none !important;
+  }
+  #doc_search {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+  }
+</style>
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus />
+<script
+  type="text/javascript"
+  src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"
+  onload="docsearch({
+  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
+  indexName: 'python-responder',
+  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
+  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
+})"
+  async
+></script>

-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
+<p><strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.</p>

 <h3>Stay Informed</h3>
 <p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>

-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+<p>
+  <a class="github-button"
+     href="https://github.com/kennethreitz"
+     data-color-scheme="no-preference: light; light: light; dark: light;"
+     data-size="medium"
+     data-show-count="true"
+     aria-label="Follow @kennethreitz on GitHub">Follow @kennethreitz</a>
 </p>

+<p>
+  <a
+    href="https://x.com/kennethreitz42"
+    class="twitter-follow-button"
+    data-show-count="false"
+    >Follow @kennethreitz</a
+  >
+  <script>
+    !(function (d, s, id) {
+      var js,
+        fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
+        p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? "http" : "https";
+      if (!d.getElementById(id)) {
+        js = d.createElement(s);
+        js.id = id;
+        js.src = p + "://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";
+        fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
+      }
+    })(document, "script", "twitter-wjs");
+  </script>
+</p>

 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
@@ -1,33 +1,93 @@
 <p class="logo">
  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img
+      class="logo"
+      src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}"
+      title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"
+    />
  </a>
 </p>

 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <iframe
+    src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+    allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0"
+    scrolling="0"
+    width="200px"
+    height="35px"
+  ></iframe>
 </p>
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css"
+/>
+<style>
+  .algolia-autocomplete {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .algolia-autocomplete a {
+    border-bottom: none !important;
+  }
+  #doc_search {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+  }
+</style>
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus />
+<script
+  type="text/javascript"
+  src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"
+  onload="docsearch({
+  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
+  indexName: 'python-responder',
+  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
+  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
+})"
+  async
+></script>

-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
+<p><strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.</p>

 <h3>Stay Informed</h3>
 <p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>

-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+<p>
+  <iframe
+    src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true"
+    allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0"
+    scrolling="0"
+    width="200"
+    height="20"
+  ></iframe>
 </p>

+<p>
+  <a
+    href="https://x.com/kennethreitz42"
+    class="twitter-follow-button"
+    data-show-count="false"
+    >Follow @kennethreitz</a
+  >
+  <script>
+    !(function (d, s, id) {
+      var js,
+        fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
+        p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? "http" : "https";
+      if (!d.getElementById(id)) {
+        js = d.createElement(s);
+        js.id = id;
+        js.src = p + "://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";
+        fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
+      }
+    })(document, "script", "twitter-wjs");
+  </script>
+</p>

 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Backlog
+
+## Future Ideas
+- Consider adding `after_request` hooks (complement to `before_request`)
+- Explore WebSocket before_request short-circuit support
+- Add rate limiting middleware
+- Consider async template rendering by default
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+Responder CLI
+=============
+
+Responder installs a command line program ``responder``. Use it to launch
+a Responder application from a file or module, either located on a local
+or remote filesystem, or object store.
+
+Launch Module Entrypoint
+------------------------
+
+For loading a Responder application from a Python module, you will refer to
+its ``API()`` instance using a `Python entry point object reference`_ that
+points to a Python object. It is either in the form ``importable.module``,
+or ``importable.module:object.attr``.
+
+A basic invocation command to launch a Responder application:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app
+
+The command above assumes a Python package ``acme`` including an ``app``
+module ``acme/app.py`` that includes an attribute ``api`` that refers
+to a ``responder.API`` instance, reflecting the typical layout of
+a standard Responder application.
+
+Loading a Responder application using an entrypoint specification will
+inherit the capacities of `Python's import system`_, as implemented by
+`importlib`_.
+
+Launch Local File
+-----------------
+
+Acquire a minimal example single-file application, ``helloworld.py`` [1]_,
+to your local filesystem, giving you the chance to edit it, and launch the
+Responder HTTP service.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    wget https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run helloworld.py
+
+.. note::
+
+    To validate the example application, invoke a HTTP request, for example using
+    `curl`_, `HTTPie`_, or your favourite browser at hand.
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        http http://127.0.0.1:5042/Hello
+
+    The response is no surprise.
+
+    ::
+
+        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+        content-length: 13
+        content-type: text/plain
+        date: Sat, 26 Oct 2024 13:16:55 GMT
+        encoding: utf-8
+        server: uvicorn
+
+        Hello, world!
+
+.. [1] The Responder application `helloworld.py`_ implements a basic echo handler.
+
+Launch Remote File
+------------------
+
+You can also launch a single-file application where its Python file is stored
+on a remote location.
+
+Responder supports all filesystem adapters compatible with `fsspec`_, and
+installs the adapters for Azure Blob Storage (az), Google Cloud Storage (gs),
+GitHub, HTTP, and AWS S3 by default.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Works 1:1.
+    responder run https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run github://kennethreitz:responder@/examples/helloworld.py
+
+If you need access other kinds of remote targets, see the `list of
+fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols`_. The next section enumerates
+a few synthetic examples. The corresponding storage buckets do not even
+exist, so don't expect those commands to work.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, and AWS S3.
+    responder run az://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run gs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run s3://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+    # Hadoop Distributed File System (hdfs), SSH File Transfer Protocol (sftp),
+    # Common Internet File System (smb), Web-based Distributed Authoring and
+    # Versioning (webdav).
+    responder run hdfs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run sftp://user@host/kennethreitz/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run smb://workgroup;user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run webdav+https://user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+.. tip::
+
+    In order to install support for all filesystem types supported by fsspec, run:
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        uv pip install 'fsspec[full]'
+
+    When using ``uv``, this concludes within an acceptable time of approx.
+    25 seconds. If you need to be more selectively instead of using ``full``,
+    choose from one or multiple of the available `fsspec extras`_, which are:
+
+    abfs, arrow, dask, dropbox, fuse, gcs, git, github, hdfs, http, oci, s3,
+    sftp, smb, ssh.
+
+Launch with Non-Standard Instance Name
+--------------------------------------
+
+By default, Responder will acquire an ``responder.API`` instance using the
+symbol name ``api`` from the specified Python module.
+
+If your main application file uses a different name than ``api``, please
+append the designated symbol name to the launch target address.
+
+It works like this for module entrypoints and local files:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app:service
+    responder run /path/to/acme/app.py:service
+
+It works like this for URLs:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run http://app.server.local/path/to/acme/app.py#service
+
+Within your ``app.py``, the instance would have been defined to use
+the ``service`` symbol name instead of ``api``, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    service = responder.API()
+
+Build JavaScript Application
+----------------------------
+
+The ``build`` subcommand invokes ``npm run build``, optionally accepting
+a target directory. By default, it uses the current working directory,
+where it expects a regular NPM ``package.json`` file.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build
+
+When specifying a target directory, Responder will change to that
+directory beforehand.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build /path/to/project
+
+
+.. _curl: https://curl.se/
+.. _fsspec: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _fsspec extras: https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/blob/2024.12.0/pyproject.toml#L27-L69
+.. _helloworld.py: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/blob/main/examples/helloworld.py
+.. _HTTPie: https://httpie.io/docs/cli
+.. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html
+.. _list of fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols: https://github.com/fsspec/universal_pathlib#currently-supported-filesystems-and-protocols
+.. _Python entry point object reference: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/entry-points/
+.. _Python's import system: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 # -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------

 project = "responder"
-copyright = "2018, A Kenneth Reitz project"
+copyright = "2018-2026, A Kenneth Reitz project"
 author = "Kenneth Reitz"

 # The short X.Y version
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ extensions = [
    "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
    "sphinx.ext.githubpages",
+    "myst_parser",
+    "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx_design",
+    "sphinx_design_elements",
+    "sphinxext.opengraph",
 ]

 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ templates_path = ["_templates"]
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 #
 # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = ".rst"
+source_suffix = {".rst": "restructuredtext"}

 # The master toctree document.
 master_doc = "index"
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ master_doc = "index"
 #
 # This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
 # Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
-language = None
+language = "en"

 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
@@ -211,12 +216,77 @@ epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]

 # -- Extension configuration -------------------------------------------------

+# -- Options for link checker ----------------------------------------------
+linkcheck_ignore = [
+    # Feldroy.com links are ignored because it blocks GHA.
+    r"https://www.feldroy.com/.*",
+]
+linkcheck_anchors_ignore_for_url = [
+    # Requires JavaScript.
+    # After opting-in to new GitHub issues, Sphinx can no longer grok the HTML anchor references.
+    r"https://github.com",
+]
+
 # -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------

 # Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {"https://docs.python.org/": None}
+intersphinx_mapping = {"python": ("https://docs.python.org/3", None)}

 # -- Options for todo extension ----------------------------------------------

 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = True
+
+# -- Options for MyST --------------------------------------------------------
+
+myst_heading_anchors = 3
+myst_enable_extensions = [
+    "attrs_block",
+    "attrs_inline",
+    "colon_fence",
+    "deflist",
+    "fieldlist",
+    "html_admonition",
+    "html_image",
+    "linkify",
+    "replacements",
+    "strikethrough",
+    "substitution",
+    "tasklist",
+]
+myst_substitutions = {}
+
+# -- Options for OpenGraph ---------------------------------------------------
+#
+# When making changes, check them using the RTD PR preview URL on https://www.opengraph.xyz/.
+#
+# About text lengths
+#
+# Original documentation says:
+# - ogp_description_length
+#   Configure the amount of characters taken from a page. The default of 200 is probably good
+#   for most people. If something other than a number is used, it defaults back to 200.
+#   -- https://sphinxext-opengraph.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#options
+#
+# Other people say:
+# - og:title 40 chars
+# - og:description has 2 max lengths:
+#   When the link is used in a Post, it's 300 chars. When a link is used in a Comment, it's 110 chars.
+#   So you can either treat it as 110, or, write your Descriptions to 300 but make sure the first 110
+#   is the critical part and still makes sense when it gets cut off.
+#   -- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8914476/facebook-open-graph-meta-tags-maximum-content-length
+ogp_site_url = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org/"
+ogp_description_length = 300
+ogp_site_name = "Responder Documentation"
+ogp_image = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org/_static/responder.png"
+ogp_image_alt = False
+ogp_use_first_image = False
+ogp_type = "website"
+ogp_enable_meta_description = True
+
+# -- Options for sphinx-copybutton -------------------------------------------
+
+copybutton_remove_prompts = True
+copybutton_line_continuation_character = "\\"
+copybutton_prompt_text = r">>> |\.\.\. |\$ |sh\$ |PS> |cr> |mysql> |In \[\d*\]: | {2,5}\.\.\.: | {5,8}: "
+copybutton_prompt_is_regexp = True
@@ -6,33 +6,30 @@ You can deploy Responder anywhere you can deploy a basic Python application.
 Docker Deployment
 -----------------

-Assuming existing ``api.py`` and ``Pipfile.lock`` containing ``responder``.
+Assuming an existing ``api.py`` containing your Responder application.

 ``Dockerfile``::

-    FROM kennethreitz/pipenv
-    ENV PORT '80'
-    COPY . /app
-    CMD python3 api.py
+    FROM python:3.13-slim
+    WORKDIR /app
+    COPY . .
+    RUN pip install responder
+    ENV PORT=80
    EXPOSE 80
+    CMD ["python", "api.py"]

 That's it!

-Heroku Deployment
-----------------
+Cloud Deployment
+----------------
+
+Responder automatically honors the ``PORT`` environment variable, which is
+set by most cloud platforms (Fly.io, Railway, Render, Google Cloud Run, etc.).

 The basics::

    $ mkdir my-api
    $ cd my-api
-    $ git init
-    $ heroku create
-    ...
-
-Install Responder::
-
-    $ pipenv install responder --pre
-    ...

 Write out an ``api.py``::

@@ -47,12 +44,12 @@ Write out an ``api.py``::
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        api.run()

-Write out a ``Procfile``::
+Deploy with your platform of choice. Responder will bind to ``0.0.0.0``
+on the port specified by ``PORT`` automatically.

-    web: python api.py
+Running with Uvicorn Directly
+-----------------------------

-That's it! Next, we commit and push to Heroku::
+For production deployments, you can also run your app directly with uvicorn::

-    $ git add -A
-    $ git commit -m 'initial commit'
-    $ git push heroku master
+    uvicorn api:api --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 --workers 4
@@ -6,19 +6,23 @@
 A familiar HTTP Service Framework
 =================================

-|Build Status| |image1| |image2| |image3| |image4| |image5|
+|ci-tests| |version| |license| |python-versions| |downloads| |contributors| |say-thanks|

-.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master
-   :target: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder
-.. |image1| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
+.. |ci-tests| image:: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml
+.. |ci-docs| image:: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml
+.. |version| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image2| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
+.. |license| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image3| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
+.. |python-versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image4| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
+.. |downloads| image:: https://static.pepy.tech/badge/responder/month
+   :target: https://www.pepy.tech/projects/responder
+.. |contributors| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
-.. |image5| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
+.. |say-thanks| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
   :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz

 .. code:: python
@@ -34,21 +38,24 @@ A familiar HTTP Service Framework
   if __name__ == '__main__':
       api.run()

-Powered by `Starlette <https://www.starlette.io/>`_. That ``async`` declaration is optional.
+Responder is powered by `Starlette`_.

-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server (WhiteNoise)
-pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
-production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip
-compression automatically.
+The example program demonstrates an `ASGI`_ application using `Responder`_,
+including production-ready components like the `uvicorn`_ webserver, based
+on `uvloop`_, and the `Jinja`_ templating library pre-installed.
+The ``async`` declaration within the example program is optional.

 Features
 --------

 - A pleasant API, with a single import statement.
 - Class-based views without inheritance.
- ASGI framework, the future of Python web services.
+- `ASGI`_, the future of Python web services.
+- Asynchronous Python frameworks and applications.
+- Automatic gzip compression.
+- WebSocket support!
 - The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.
- *f-string syntax* route declaration.
+- `f-string syntax`_ route declaration.
 - Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.
 - Background tasks, spawned off in a ``ThreadPoolExecutor``.
 - GraphQL (with *GraphiQL*) support!
@@ -59,30 +66,23 @@ Testimonials
 ------------

   “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
-   `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ at his absolute
-   best.”
-
-    —Rudraksh M.K.
-
+   `@kennethreitz`_ at his absolute best.”

+     — Rudraksh M.K.

 ..

   "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that."

-    —Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
+     — Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_

 ..

-
   “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”

-    — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
+     — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_


-.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
-.. _Two Scoops of Django: https://www.twoscoopspress.com/products/two-scoops-of-django-1-11
-
 User Guides
 -----------

@@ -94,17 +94,38 @@ User Guides
   deployment
   testing
   api
+   cli


 Installing Responder
 --------------------

+Use ``uv`` for fast installation.
+
 .. code-block:: shell

-    $ pipenv install responder --pre
-    ✨🍰✨
+    uv pip install --upgrade 'responder'

-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
+Or use standard pip where ``uv`` is not available.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    pip install --upgrade 'responder'
+
+Responder supports **Python 3.9+**.
+
+Development
+-----------
+
+If you are looking at installing Responder
+for hacking on it, please refer to the :ref:`sandbox` documentation.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   changes
+   Sandbox <sandbox>
+   backlog


 The Basic Idea
@@ -112,22 +133,23 @@ The Basic Idea

 The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.

- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
- Setting ``resp.media`` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.content`` override this).
+- Setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
+- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.html`` sends back HTML.
+- Setting ``resp.media`` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.html``/``.content`` override this).
 - Case-insensitive ``req.headers`` dict (from Requests directly).
 - ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url``, and other familiar friends.

 Ideas
 -----

- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- using Python's f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
+- **A built in testing client** powered by Starlette's TestClient.
 - The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
 - Automatic gzipped-responses.
 - In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
 - A production static files server is built-in.
- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unneccessary in production.
+- `uvicorn`_ is built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, uvicorn serves well to protect against `Slowloris`_ attacks, making Nginx unnecessary in production.
 - GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.


@@ -137,3 +159,17 @@ Indices and tables
 * :ref:`genindex`
 * :ref:`modindex`
 * :ref:`search`
+
+
+.. _@kennethreitz: https://x.com/kennethreitz42
+.. _ASGI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface
+.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
+.. _f-string syntax: https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals
+.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/
+.. _ServeStatic: https://archmonger.github.io/ServeStatic/latest/
+.. _Slowloris: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris_(computer_security)
+.. _Starlette: https://www.starlette.io/
+.. _Responder: https://responder.kennethreitz.org/
+.. _Two Scoops of Django: https://www.feldroy.com/two-scoops-press#two-scoops-of-django
+.. _uvicorn: https://www.uvicorn.org/
+.. _uvloop: https://uvloop.readthedocs.io/
@@ -48,6 +48,14 @@ If you want dynamic URLs, you can use Python's familiar *f-string syntax* to dec

 A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/brettcannon`` will result in a response of ``hello, brettcannon!``.

+Type convertors are also available::
+
+    @api.route("/add/{a:int}/{b:int}")
+    async def add(req, resp, *, a, b):
+        resp.text = f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}"
+
+Supported types: ``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``uuid``, and ``path``.
+
 Returning JSON / YAML
 ---------------------

@@ -65,13 +73,30 @@ If the client requests YAML instead (with a header of ``Accept: application/x-ya
 Rendering a Template
 --------------------

-If you want to render a template, simply use ``api.template``. No need for additional imports::
+Responder provides a built-in light `Jinja`_ wrapper ``templates.Templates``
+
+Usage::
+
+  from responder.templates import Templates
+
+  templates = Templates()
+
+  @api.route("/hello/{name}/html")
+  def hello(req, resp, name):
+      resp.html = templates.render("hello.html", name=name)
+
+
+Also a ``render_async`` is available::
+
+    templates = Templates(enable_async=True)
+    resp.html = await templates.render_async("hello.html", who=who)
+
+You can also use the existing ``api.template(filename, *args, **kwargs)`` to render templates::

    @api.route("/hello/{who}/html")
    def hello_html(req, resp, *, who):
-        resp.content = api.template('hello.html', who=who)
+        resp.html = api.template('hello.html', who=who)

-The ``api`` instance is available as an object during template rendering.

 Setting Response Status Code
 ----------------------------
@@ -124,3 +149,28 @@ Here, we'll process our data in the background, while responding immediately to
        resp.media = {'success': True}

 A ``POST`` request to ``/incoming`` will result in an immediate response of ``{'success': true}``.
+
+
+Here's a sample code to post a file with background::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def upload_file(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def process_data(data):
+            with open(f"./{data['file']['filename']}", 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data['file']['content'])
+
+        data = await req.media(format='files')
+        process_data(data)
+
+        resp.media = {'success': 'ok'}
+
+You can test file uploads using the built-in test client::
+
+    files = {'file': ('hello.txt', b'hello, world!', 'text/plain')}
+    r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(upload_file), files=files)
+    print(r.json())
+
+
+.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+(sandbox)=
+# Development Sandbox
+
+## Setup
+Set up a development sandbox.
+
+Acquire sources and create virtualenv.
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git
+cd responder
+uv venv
+```
+
+Install project in editable mode, including
+all development tools.
+```shell
+uv pip install --upgrade --editable '.[develop,docs,release,test]'
+```
+
+## Operations
+Run tests.
+```shell
+source .venv/bin/activate
+pytest
+```
+
+Format code.
+```shell
+ruff format .
+ruff check --fix .
+```
+
+Documentation authoring.
+```shell
+sphinx-autobuild --open-browser --watch docs/source docs/source docs/build
+```
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 Building and Testing with Responder
 ===================================

-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services (powered by Starlette's TestClient).

-Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up a proper Python package and adding testing to it.
+Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up and testing a Responder application.

 The Basics
 ----------

-Your repository should look like this::
+Your project should look like this::

-    Pipfile   Pipfile.lock   api.py  test_api.py
+    api.py  test_api.py

 ``$ cat api.py``::

@@ -25,26 +25,6 @@ Your repository should look like this::
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        api.run()

-
-``$ cat Pipfile``::
-
-    [[source]]
-    url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-    verify_ssl = true
-    name = "pypi"
-
-    [packages]
-    responder = "*"
-
-    [dev-packages]
-    pytest = "*"
-
-    [requires]
-    python_version = "3.7"
-
-    [pipenv]
-    allow_prereleases = true
-
 Writing Tests
 -------------

@@ -66,16 +46,3 @@ Writing Tests

    ...
    ========================== 1 passed in 0.10 seconds ==========================
-
-
-(Optional) Proper Python Package
--------------------------------
-
-Optionally, you can not rely on relative imports, and instead install your api as a proper package. This requires:
-
-1. A `proper setup.py <https://github.com/kennethreitz/setup.py>`_ file.
-2. ``$ pipenv install -e . --dev``
-
-This will allow you to only specify your dependencies once: in ``setup.py``. ``$ pipenv lock`` will automatically lock your transitive dependencies (e.g. Responder), even if it's not specified in the ``Pipfile``.
-
-This will ensure that your application gets installed in every developer's environment, using Pipenv.
@@ -2,6 +2,21 @@ Feature Tour
 ============


+Route Method Filtering
+----------------------
+
+You can restrict routes to specific HTTP methods::
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["GET"])
+    def list_items(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"items": [...]}
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], check_existing=False)
+    async def create_item(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()
+        resp.media = {"created": data}
+
+
 Class-Based Views
 -----------------

@@ -15,6 +30,61 @@ Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416


+Lifespan Events
+---------------
+
+Use the lifespan context manager for startup and shutdown logic::
+
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def lifespan(app):
+        # Startup: connect to database, etc.
+        print("Starting up...")
+        yield
+        # Shutdown: clean up resources
+        print("Shutting down...")
+
+    api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+You can also use the traditional event decorators::
+
+    @api.on_event('startup')
+    async def startup():
+        print("Starting up...")
+
+    @api.on_event('shutdown')
+    async def shutdown():
+        print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+Serving Files
+-------------
+
+Serve files from disk with automatic content-type detection::
+
+    @api.route("/download")
+    def download(req, resp):
+        resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")
+
+You can also specify the content type explicitly::
+
+    @api.route("/image")
+    def image(req, resp):
+        resp.file("photos/cat.jpg", content_type="image/jpeg")
+
+
+Custom Error Handling
+---------------------
+
+Register handlers for specific exception types::
+
+    @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+    async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+        resp.status_code = 400
+        resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+
 Background Tasks
 ----------------

@@ -34,10 +104,15 @@ Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request:

 GraphQL
 -------
+Responder supports GraphQL, a query language for APIs that enables clients to
+request exactly the data they need.
+
+For more information about GraphQL, visit https://graphql.org/.

 Serve a GraphQL API::

    import graphene
+    from responder.ext.graphql import GraphQLView

    class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
        hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
@@ -46,25 +121,56 @@ Serve a GraphQL API::
            return f"Hello {name}"

    schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
-    view = responder.ext.GraphQLView(api=api, schema=schema)
+    view = GraphQLView(api=api, schema=schema)

    api.add_route("/graph", view)

 Visiting the endpoint will render a *GraphiQL* instance, in the browser.

+You can make use of Responder's Request and Response objects in your GraphQL resolvers through ``info.context['request']`` and ``info.context['response']``.
+

 OpenAPI Schema Support
 ----------------------

-Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow::
+Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If you're upgrading from a previous version, note that the OpenAPI module
+    has been renamed from ``responder.ext.schema`` to ``responder.ext.openapi``.
+    Update your imports accordingly.
+
+New in Responder 1.4.0::

    import responder
+    from responder.ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
    from marshmallow import Schema, fields

-    api = responder.API(title="Web Service", version="1.0", openapi="3.0.0")
+    contact = {
+        "name": "API Support",
+        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
+        "email": "support@example.com",
+    }
+    license = {
+        "name": "Apache 2.0",
+        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
+    }
+    
+    api = responder.API()

+    schema = OpenAPISchema(
+        app=api,
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        description="A simple pet store",
+        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )

-    @api.schema("Pet")
+    @schema.schema("Pet")
    class PetSchema(Schema):
        name = fields.Str()

@@ -78,46 +184,133 @@ Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow::
            responses:
                200:
                    description: A pet to be returned
-                    schema:
-                        $ref = "#/components/schemas/Pet"
+                    content:  
+                        application/json: 
+                            schema: 
+                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
        """
-        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"}).data
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})


+Old way *It's recommended to use the code above* ::
+
+    import responder
+    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+    contact = {
+        "name": "API Support",
+        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
+        "email": "support@example.com",
+    }
+    license = {
+        "name": "Apache 2.0",
+        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
+    }
+
+    api = responder.API(
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        description="A simple pet store",
+        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+
+    @api.schema("Pet")
+    class PetSchema(Schema):
+        name = fields.Str()
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get a random pet
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A pet to be returned
+                    content:  
+                        application/json: 
+                            schema: 
+                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
+        """
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
+
 ::

    >>> r = api.session().get("http://;/schema.yml")

    >>> print(r.text)
    components:
-    parameters: {}
-    schemas:
+      parameters: {}
+      responses: {}
+      schemas:
        Pet:
-        properties:
+          properties:
            name: {type: string}
-        type: object
-    info: {title: Web Service, version: 1.0}
-    openapi: '3.0'
+          type: object
+      securitySchemes: {}
+    info:
+      contact: {email: support@example.com, name: API Support, url: 'http://www.example.com/support'}
+      description: This is a sample server for a pet store.
+      license: {name: Apache 2.0, url: 'https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html'}
+      termsOfService: http://example.com/terms/
+      title: Web Service
+      version: 1.0
+    openapi: 3.0.2
    paths:
      /:
        get:
          description: Get a random pet
          responses:
-            200: {description: A pet to be returned, schema: $ref = "#/components/schemas/Pet"}
+            200: {description: A pet to be returned, schema: $ref: "#/components/schemas/Pet"}
    tags: []


 Interactive Documentation
 -------------------------

-Responder can automatically supply API Documentation for you. Using the example above::
+Responder can automatically supply API Documentation for you. Using the example above

-    api = responder.API(title="Web Service", version="1.0", openapi="3.0.0", docs_route="/docs")
+The new and recommended way::
+
+    from responder.ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+
+    api = responder.API()
+
+    schema = OpenAPISchema(
+        app=api,
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        ...
+        docs_route='/docs',
+        ...
+        description=description,
+        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+    
+
+The old way::
+
+    api = responder.API(
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        docs_route='/docs',
+        description=description,
+        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )

 This will make ``/docs`` render interactive documentation for your API.

-Mount a WSGI App (e.g. Flask)
-----------------------------
+Mount a WSGI / ASGI Apps (e.g. Flask, Starlette,...)
+----------------------------------------------------

 Responder gives you the ability to mount another ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute::

@@ -155,6 +348,24 @@ Responder makes it very easy to interact with cookies from a Request, or add som
    {"hello": "world"}


+To set cookies directives, you should use `resp.set_cookie`::
+
+    >>> resp.set_cookie("hello", value="world", max_age=60)
+
+Supported directives:
+
+* ``key`` - **Required**
+* ``value`` - [OPTIONAL] - Defaults to ``""``. 
+* ``expires`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``max_age`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``domain`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``path`` - Defaults to ``"/"``.
+* ``secure`` - Defaults to ``False``.
+* ``httponly`` - Defaults to ``True``.
+
+For more information see `directives <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie>`_
+
+
 Using Cookie-Based Sessions
 ---------------------------

@@ -184,10 +395,45 @@ If you'd like a view to be executed before every request, simply do the followin

 Now all requests to your HTTP Service will include an ``X-Pizza`` header.

+For ``websockets``::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True, websocket=True)
+    def prepare_response(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+
+
+WebSocket Support
+-----------------
+
+Responder supports WebSockets::
+
+    @api.route('/ws', websocket=True)
+    async def websocket(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+        while True:
+            name = await ws.receive_text()
+            await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
+        await ws.close()
+
+Accepting the connection::
+
+    await websocket.accept()
+
+Sending and receiving data::
+
+    await websocket.send_{format}(data) 
+    await websocket.receive_{format}(data)
+
+Supported formats: ``text``, ``json``, ``bytes``.
+
+Closing the connection::
+
+    await websocket.close()
+
 Using Requests Test Client
 --------------------------

-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services (powered by Starlette's TestClient).

 Here's an example of a test (written with pytest)::

@@ -250,7 +496,7 @@ A 400 response will be raised, if a request does not match any of the provided p

 ::

-    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=[example.com, tenant.example.com])
+    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=['example.com', 'tenant.example.com'])

 * ``allowed_hosts`` - A list of allowed hostnames. 

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Example showing the lifespan context manager pattern.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+import responder
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    # Startup: initialize resources
+    print("Starting up...")
+    yield
+    # Shutdown: clean up resources
+    print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "Welcome"
+
+
+@api.route("/user")
+async def user_create(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.text = f"Hello, {data['username']}"
+
+
+@api.route("/user/{identifier}")
+async def user_get(req, resp, *, identifier):
+    resp.text = f"Hello, user {identifier}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+[build-system]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+requires = [
+  "setuptools>=42",
+]
+
+[project]
+name = "responder"
+description = "A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python."
+readme = "README.md"
+license = {text = "Apache 2.0"}
+authors = [
+  { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+classifiers = [
+  "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+  "Environment :: Web Environment",
+  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+  "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+  "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+  "Programming Language :: Python",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+  "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
+]
+dynamic = ["version"]
+dependencies = [
+  "a2wsgi",
+  "apispec>=1.0.0",
+  "chardet",
+  "docopt-ng",
+  "graphene>=3",
+  "graphql-core>=3.1",
+  "marshmallow",
+  "pueblo[sfa-full]>=0.0.11",
+  "python-multipart",
+  "starlette[full]>=0.40",
+  "uvicorn[standard]",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+develop = [
+  "pyproject-fmt",
+  "ruff",
+  "validate-pyproject",
+]
+docs = [
+  "alabaster<1.1",
+  "myst-parser[linkify]",
+  "sphinx>=5,<9",
+  "sphinx-autobuild",
+  "sphinx-copybutton",
+  "sphinx-design-elements",
+  "sphinxext.opengraph",
+]
+release = ["build", "twine"]
+test = [
+  "flask",
+  "mypy",
+  "pytest",
+  "pytest-cov",
+  "pytest-mock",
+  "pytest-rerunfailures",
+]
+
+[project.scripts]
+responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
+
+[project.urls]
+Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
+Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
+
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = {attr = "responder.__version__.__version__"}
+
+[tool.setuptools.package-data]
+responder = ["py.typed"]
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+exclude = ["tests"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 90
+
+extend-exclude = [
+  "docs/source/conf.py",
+]
+
+lint.select = [
+  # Builtins
+  "A",
+  # Bugbear
+  "B",
+  # comprehensions
+  "C4",
+  # Pycodestyle
+  "E",
+  # eradicate
+  "ERA",
+  # Pyflakes
+  "F",
+  # isort
+  "I",
+  # pandas-vet
+  "PD",
+  # return
+  "RET",
+  # Bandit
+  "S",
+  # print
+  "T20",
+  "W",
+  # flake8-2020
+  "YTT",
+]
+
+lint.extend-ignore = [
+  "S101", #  Allow use of `assert`.
+]
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ] # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."tests/*" = [
+  "ERA001", # Found commented-out code.
+  "S101",   # Allow use of `assert`, and `print`.
+]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = """
+  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
+  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
+  """
+filterwarnings = [
+  "error::UserWarning",
+]
+log_level = "DEBUG"
+log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
+log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
+minversion = "2.0"
+testpaths = [
+  "responder",
+  "tests",
+]
+markers = [
+]
+xfail_strict = true
+
+[tool.coverage.run]
+branch = false
+omit = [
+  "*.html",
+  "tests/*",
+]
+
+[tool.coverage.report]
+fail_under = 0
+show_missing = true
+exclude_lines = [
+  "# pragma: no cover",
+  "raise NotImplemented",
+]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+packages = [
+  "responder",
+]
+exclude = [
+]
+check_untyped_defs = true
+explicit_package_bases = true
+ignore_missing_imports = true
+implicit_optional = true
+install_types = true
+namespace_packages = true
+non_interactive = true
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[pytest]
-;addopts= -rsxX -s -v --strict
-filterwarnings =
-    error::UserWarning
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-build:
-    image: latest
-
-python:
-    version: 3.6
@@ -1,2 +1,18 @@
-from .core import *
+"""
+Responder - a familiar HTTP Service Framework.
+
+This module exports the core functionality of the Responder framework,
+including the API, Request, and Response classes.
+"""
+
 from . import ext
+from .__version__ import __version__
+from .core import API, Request, Response
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+    "__version__",
+    "ext",
+]
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-from .cli import main
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "1.1.2"
+__version__ = "3.1.0"
@@ -1,52 +1,37 @@
-import json
+import asyncio
 import os
-
-from uuid import uuid4
 from pathlib import Path
-from base64 import b64encode

-import apistar
-import itsdangerous
-import jinja2
+__all__ = ["API"]
+
 import uvicorn
-import yaml
-from apispec import APISpec, yaml_utils
-from apispec.ext.marshmallow import MarshmallowPlugin
-from asgiref.wsgi import WsgiToAsgi
-from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
-from starlette.lifespan import LifespanHandler
 from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.sessions import SessionMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
-from starlette.routing import Router
-from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
-from starlette.testclient import TestClient
-from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
-from whitenoise import WhiteNoise

-from . import models, status_codes
+from . import status_codes
 from .background import BackgroundQueue
 from .formats import get_formats
-from .routes import Route
-from .statics import (
-    DEFAULT_API_THEME,
-    DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS,
-    DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY,
-    DEFAULT_SESSION_COOKIE,
-)
-from .templates import GRAPHIQL
+from .models import Request, Response
+from .routes import Router
+from .staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from .statics import DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
+from .templates import Templates


-# TODO: consider moving status codes here
 class API:
    """The primary web-service class.

-        :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
-        :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
-    """
+    :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
+    :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
+    :param openapi_theme: OpenAPI documentation theme, must be one of ``elements``, ``rapidoc``, ``redoc``, ``swagger_ui``
+    """  # noqa: E501

    status_codes = status_codes

@@ -56,6 +41,10 @@ class API:
        debug=False,
        title=None,
        version=None,
+        description=None,
+        terms_of_service=None,
+        contact=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
        openapi=None,
        openapi_route="/schema.yml",
        static_dir="static",
@@ -68,66 +57,42 @@ class API:
        cors=False,
        cors_params=DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS,
        allowed_hosts=None,
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
+        lifespan=None,
    ):
        self.background = BackgroundQueue()

        self.secret_key = secret_key
-        self.title = title
-        self.version = version
-        self.openapi_version = openapi
-        self.static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
+
+        self.router = Router(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+        if static_dir is not None:
+            if static_route is None:
+                static_route = ""
+            static_dir = Path(static_dir).resolve()
+
+        self.static_dir = static_dir
        self.static_route = static_route
-        self.templates_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(templates_dir))
-        self.built_in_templates_dir = Path(
-            os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/templates")
-        )
-        self.routes = {}
-        self.docs_theme = DEFAULT_API_THEME
-        self.docs_route = docs_route
-        self.schemas = {}
-        self.session_cookie = DEFAULT_SESSION_COOKIE

        self.hsts_enabled = enable_hsts
        self.cors = cors
        self.cors_params = cors_params
+        self.debug = debug

        if not allowed_hosts:
-            # if not debug:
-            #     raise RuntimeError(
-            #         "You need to specify `allowed_hosts` when debug is set to False"
-            #     )
            allowed_hosts = ["*"]
        self.allowed_hosts = allowed_hosts

-        # Make the static/templates directory if they don't exist.
-        for _dir in (self.static_dir, self.templates_dir):
-            os.makedirs(_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-        self.whitenoise = WhiteNoise(application=self._default_wsgi_app)
-        self.whitenoise.add_files(str(self.static_dir))
-
-        self.whitenoise.add_files(
-            (
-                Path(apistar.__file__).parent / "themes" / self.docs_theme / "static"
-            ).resolve()
-        )
-
-        self.apps = {}
-        self.mount(self.static_route, self.whitenoise)
+        if self.static_dir is not None:
+            self.static_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            self.mount(self.static_route, self.static_app)

        self.formats = get_formats()

-        # Cached requests session.
        self._session = None

-        if self.openapi_version:
-            self.add_route(openapi_route, self.schema_response)
-
-        if self.docs_route:
-            self.add_route(self.docs_route, self.docs_response)
-
        self.default_endpoint = None
-        self.app = self.dispatch
+        self.app = ExceptionMiddleware(self.router, debug=debug)
        self.add_middleware(GZipMiddleware)

        if self.hsts_enabled:
@@ -135,121 +100,120 @@ class API:

        self.add_middleware(TrustedHostMiddleware, allowed_hosts=self.allowed_hosts)

-        self.lifespan_handler = LifespanHandler()
-
        if self.cors:
            self.add_middleware(CORSMiddleware, **self.cors_params)
-        self.add_middleware(ExceptionMiddleware, debug=debug)
+        self.add_middleware(ServerErrorMiddleware, debug=debug)
+        self.add_middleware(SessionMiddleware, secret_key=self.secret_key)

-        # Jinja enviroment
-        self.jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(
-            loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
-                [str(self.templates_dir), str(self.built_in_templates_dir)],
-                followlinks=True,
-            ),
-            autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "xml"] if auto_escape else []),
-        )
-        self.jinja_values_base = {"api": self}  # Give reference to self.
-        self.requests = (
-            self.session()
-        )  #: A Requests session that is connected to the ASGI app.
+        if openapi or docs_route:
+            try:
+                from .ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+            except ImportError as ex:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "The dependencies for the OpenAPI extension are not installed. "
+                    "Install them using: pip install responder"
+                ) from ex

-    @staticmethod
-    def _default_wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs):
-        pass
+            self.openapi = OpenAPISchema(
+                app=self,
+                title=title,
+                version=version,
+                openapi=openapi,
+                docs_route=docs_route,
+                description=description,
+                terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+                contact=contact,
+                license=license,
+                openapi_route=openapi_route,
+                static_route=static_route,
+                openapi_theme=openapi_theme,
+            )
+
+        self.templates = Templates(directory=templates_dir)

    @property
-    def before_requests(self):
-        def gen():
-            for route in self.routes:
-                if self.routes[route].before_request:
-                    yield self.routes[route]
-
-        return [g for g in gen()]
+    def requests(self):
+        """A test client connected to the ASGI app. Lazily initialized."""
+        return self.session()

    @property
-    def _apispec(self):
-        spec = APISpec(
-            title=self.title,
-            version=self.version,
-            openapi_version=self.openapi_version,
-            plugins=[MarshmallowPlugin()],
-        )
+    def static_app(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_static_app"):
+            assert self.static_dir is not None
+            self._static_app = StaticFiles(directory=self.static_dir)
+        return self._static_app

-        for route in self.routes:
-            if self.routes[route].description:
-                operations = yaml_utils.load_operations_from_docstring(
-                    self.routes[route].description
-                )
-                spec.path(path=route, operations=operations)
+    def before_request(self, websocket=False):
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.router.before_request(f, websocket=websocket)
+            return f

-        for name, schema in self.schemas.items():
-            spec.components.schema(name, schema=schema)
-
-        return spec
-
-    @property
-    def openapi(self):
-        return self._apispec.to_yaml()
+        return decorator

    def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
        self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)

-    def __call__(self, scope):
-        if scope["type"] == "lifespan":
-            return self.lifespan_handler(scope)
+    def exception_handler(self, exception_cls):
+        """Register a handler for a specific exception type.

-        path = scope["path"]
-        root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
+        Usage::

-        # Call into a submounted app, if one exists.
-        for path_prefix, app in self.apps.items():
-            if path.startswith(path_prefix):
-                scope["path"] = path[len(path_prefix) :]
-                scope["root_path"] = root_path + path_prefix
-                try:
-                    return app(scope)
-                except TypeError:
-                    app = WsgiToAsgi(app)
-                    return app(scope)
+            @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+            async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}

-        return self.app(scope)
+        """

-    def dispatch(self, scope):
-        # Call the main dispatcher.
-        async def asgi(receive, send):
-            nonlocal scope, self
+        def decorator(func):
+            async def _handler(request, exc):
+                from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResp

-            req = models.Request(scope, receive=receive, api=self)
-            resp = await self._dispatch_request(
-                req, scope=scope, send=send, receive=receive
+                req = Request(request.scope, request.receive, formats=get_formats())
+                resp = Response(req=req, formats=get_formats())
+                if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+                    await func(req, resp, exc)
+                else:
+                    func(req, resp, exc)
+                if resp.status_code is None:
+                    resp.status_code = 500
+                body, headers = await resp.body
+                return StarletteResp(
+                    content=body, status_code=resp.status_code, headers=headers
+                )
+
+            # Register with the ExceptionMiddleware
+            self.router._exception_handlers = getattr(
+                self.router, "_exception_handlers", {}
            )
-            await resp(receive, send)
+            self.router._exception_handlers[exception_cls] = _handler
+            # Also register on the ASGI app chain
+            from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware as EM

-        return asgi
+            app = self.app
+            while app is not None:
+                if isinstance(app, EM):
+                    app.add_exception_handler(exception_cls, _handler)
+                    break
+                app = getattr(app, "app", None)
+            return func

-    def add_schema(self, name, schema, check_existing=True):
-        """Adds a mashmallow schema to the API specification."""
-        if check_existing:
-            assert name not in self.schemas
-
-        self.schemas[name] = schema
+        return decorator

    def schema(self, name, **options):
-        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+        """
+        Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.

        Usage::

            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
-
            @api.schema("Pet")
            class PetSchema(Schema):
                name = fields.Str()
-
        """

        def decorator(f):
-            self.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
+            self.openapi.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
            return f

        return decorator
@@ -258,121 +222,12 @@ class API:
        """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.

        :param path: The path portion of a URL, to test all known routes against.
-        """
-        for (route, route_object) in self.routes.items():
-            if route_object.does_match(path):
+        """  # noqa: E501 (Line too long)
+        for route in self.router.routes:
+            match, _ = route.matches(path)
+            if match:
                return route
-
-    def _prepare_cookies(self, resp):
-        if resp.cookies:
-            header = " ".join([f"{k}={v};" for k, v in resp.cookies.items()])
-            resp.headers["Set-Cookie"] = header
-
-    @property
-    def _signer(self):
-        return itsdangerous.Signer(self.secret_key)
-
-    def _prepare_session(self, resp):
-
-        if resp.session:
-            data = self._signer.sign(
-                b64encode(json.dumps(resp.session).encode("utf-8"))
-            )
-            resp.cookies[self.session_cookie] = data.decode("utf-8")
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def no_response(req, resp, **params):
-        pass
-
-    async def _dispatch_request(self, req, **options):
-        # Set formats on Request object.
-        req.formats = self.formats
-
-        # Get the route.
-        route = self.path_matches_route(req.url.path)
-        route = self.routes.get(route)
-        if route:
-            if route.uses_websocket:
-                resp = WebSocket(**options)
-            else:
-                resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
-
-            for before_request in self.before_requests:
-                await self._execute_route(route=before_request, req=req, resp=resp)
-
-            await self._execute_route(route=route, req=req, resp=resp, **options)
-        else:
-            resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
-            self.default_response(req, resp, notfound=True)
-        self.default_response(req, resp)
-
-        self._prepare_session(resp)
-        self._prepare_cookies(resp)
-
-        return resp
-
-    async def _execute_route(self, *, route, req, resp, **options):
-
-        params = route.incoming_matches(req.url.path)
-
-        if route.is_function:
-            try:
-                try:
-                    # Run the view.
-
-                    r = self.background(route.endpoint, req, resp, **params)
-                    # If it's async, await it.
-                    if hasattr(r, "cr_running"):
-                        await r
-                except TypeError as e:
-                    cont = True
-            except Exception:
-                self.background(self.default_response, req, resp, error=True)
-                raise
-
-        if route.is_class_based or cont:
-            try:
-                view = route.endpoint(**params)
-            except TypeError:
-                try:
-                    view = route.endpoint()
-                except TypeError:
-                    view = route.endpoint
-                    pass
-
-            # Run on_request first.
-            try:
-                # Run the view.
-                r = getattr(view, "on_request", self.no_response)
-                r = self.background(r, req, resp, **params)
-                # If it's async, await it.
-                if hasattr(r, "send"):
-                    await r
-            except Exception:
-                await self.background(self.default_response, req, resp, error=True)
-                raise
-
-            # Then run on_method.
-            method = req.method
-            try:
-                # Run the view.
-                r = getattr(view, f"on_{method}", self.no_response)
-                r = self.background(r, req, resp, **params)
-                # If it's async, await it.
-                if hasattr(r, "send"):
-                    await r
-            except Exception as e:
-                await self.background(self.default_response, req, resp, error=True)
-                raise
-
-    def add_event_handler(self, event_type, handler):
-        """Adds an event handler to the API.
-
-        :param event_type: A string in ("startup", "shutdown")
-        :param handler: The function to run. Can be either a function or a coroutine.
-        """
-
-        self.lifespan_handler.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
+        return None

    def add_route(
        self,
@@ -380,90 +235,70 @@ class API:
        endpoint=None,
        *,
        default=False,
-        static=False,
+        static=True,
        check_existing=True,
        websocket=False,
        before_request=False,
+        methods=None,
    ):
        """Adds a route to the API.

        :param route: A string representation of the route.
        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, or a class.
        :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
-        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html", and it will become a default route.
-        :param check_existing: If ``True``, an AssertionError will be raised, if the route is already defined.
-        """
-        if route is None:
-            route = f"/{uuid4().hex}"
+        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html".
+                       Also, it will become a default route.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ``["GET", "POST"]``).
+        """  # noqa: E501

-        if check_existing:
-            assert route not in self.routes
+        if static:
+            assert self.static_dir is not None
+            if not endpoint:
+                endpoint = self._static_response
+                default = True

-        if not endpoint and static:
-            endpoint = self.static_response
-            default = True
-
-        if default:
-            self.default_endpoint = endpoint
-
-        self.routes[route] = Route(
-            route, endpoint, websocket=websocket, before_request=before_request
-        )
-        # TODO: A better data structure or sort it once the app is loaded
-        self.routes = dict(
-            sorted(self.routes.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]._weight())
+        self.router.add_route(
+            route,
+            endpoint,
+            default=default,
+            websocket=websocket,
+            before_request=before_request,
+            check_existing=check_existing,
+            methods=methods,
        )

-    def default_response(self, req, resp, notfound=False, error=False):
-        if resp.status_code is None:
-            resp.status_code = 200
+    async def _static_response(self, req, resp):
+        assert self.static_dir is not None

-        if self.default_endpoint and notfound:
-            self.default_endpoint(req, resp)
-        else:
-            if notfound:
-                resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404
-                resp.text = "Not found."
-            if error:
-                resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_500
-                resp.text = "Application error."
-
-    def docs_response(self, req, resp):
-        resp.text = self.docs
-
-    def static_response(self, req, resp):
        index = (self.static_dir / "index.html").resolve()
-        resp.content = ""
-        if os.path.exists(index):
-            with open(index, "r") as f:
-                resp.text = f.read()
-
-    def schema_response(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200
-        resp.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-yaml"
-        resp.content = self.openapi
+        if index.exists():
+            resp.html = index.read_text()
+        else:
+            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            resp.text = "Not found."

    def redirect(
-        self, resp, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301
+        self,
+        resp,
+        location,
+        *,
+        set_text=True,
+        status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    ):
-        """Redirects a given response to a given location.
+        """
+        Redirects a given response to a given location.

        :param resp: The Response to mutate.
        :param location: The location of the redirect.
        :param set_text: If ``True``, sets the Redirect body content automatically.
-        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer, representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
+        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer,
+                            representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
        """
-
-        # assert resp.status_code.is_300(status_code)
-
-        resp.status_code = status_code
-        if set_text:
-            resp.text = f"Redirecting to: {location}"
-        resp.headers.update({"Location": location})
+        resp.redirect(location, set_text=set_text, status_code=status_code)

    def on_event(self, event_type: str, **args):
        """Decorator for registering functions or coroutines to run at certain events
-        Supported events: startup, cleanup, shutdown, tick
+        Supported events: startup, shutdown

        Usage::

@@ -471,11 +306,7 @@ class API:
            async def open_database_connection_pool():
                ...

-            @api.on_event('tick', seconds=10)
-            async def do_stuff():
-                ...
-
-            @api.on_event('cleanup')
+            @api.on_event('shutdown')
            async def close_database_connection_pool():
                ...

@@ -487,6 +318,15 @@ class API:

        return decorator

+    def add_event_handler(self, event_type, handler):
+        """Adds an event handler to the API.
+
+        :param event_type: A string in ("startup", "shutdown")
+        :param handler: The function to run. Can be either a function or a coroutine.
+        """
+
+        self.router.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
+
    def route(self, route=None, **options):
        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.

@@ -504,128 +344,106 @@ class API:

        return decorator

+    def graphql(self, route="/graphql", *, schema):
+        """Mount a GraphQL API at the given route.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            import graphene
+
+            class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+                hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+                def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+                    return f"Hello {name}"
+
+            api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+
+        :param route: The URL path for the GraphQL endpoint.
+        :param schema: A Graphene schema instance.
+        """
+        from .ext.graphql import GraphQLView
+
+        self.add_route(route, GraphQLView(api=self, schema=schema))
+
    def mount(self, route, app):
        """Mounts an WSGI / ASGI application at a given route.

-        :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
+        :param route: String representation of the route to be used
+                      (shouldn't be parameterized).
        :param app: The other WSGI / ASGI app.
        """
-        self.apps.update({route: app})
+        self.router.apps.update({route: app})

    def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
-        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
+        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Starlette TestClient instance,
+        able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.

-        :param base_url: The URL to mount the connection adaptor to.
+        :param base_url: The base URL for the test client.
        """

        if self._session is None:
+            from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
            self._session = TestClient(self, base_url=base_url)
        return self._session

-    def _route_for(self, endpoint):
-        for (route, route_object) in self.routes.items():
-            if route_object.endpoint == endpoint:
-                return route_object
-            elif route_object.endpoint_name == endpoint:
-                return route_object
-
    def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
-        # TODO: Absolute_url
        """Given an endpoint, returns a rendered URL for its route.

-        :param view: The route endpoint you're searching for.
+        :param endpoint: The route endpoint you're searching for.
        :param params: Data to pass into the URL generator (for parameterized URLs).
        """
-        route_object = self._route_for(endpoint)
-        if route_object:
-            return route_object.url(**params)
-        raise ValueError
+        return self.router.url_for(endpoint, **params)

-    def static_url(self, asset):
-        """Given a static asset, return its URL path."""
-        return f"{self.static_route}/{str(asset)}"
+    def template(self, filename, *args, **kwargs):
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template file with the provided values.

-    @property
-    def docs(self):
-
-        loader = jinja2.PrefixLoader(
-            {
-                self.docs_theme: jinja2.PackageLoader(
-                    "apistar", os.path.join("themes", self.docs_theme, "templates")
-                )
-            }
-        )
-        env = jinja2.Environment(autoescape=True, loader=loader)
-        document = apistar.document.Document()
-        document.content = yaml.safe_load(self.openapi)
-
-        template = env.get_template("/".join([self.docs_theme, "index.html"]))
-
-        def static_url(asset):
-            return f"{self.static_route}/{asset}"
-            # return asset
-
-        return template.render(
-            document=document,
-            langs=["javascript", "python"],
-            code_style=None,
-            static_url=static_url,
-            schema_url="/schema.yml",
-        )
-
-    def template(self, name_, **values):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
-
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
-
-        :param name_: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
-        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param filename: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
        """
-        # Prepopulate values with base
-        values = {**self.jinja_values_base, **values}
+        return self.templates.render(filename, *args, **kwargs)

-        template = self.jinja_env.get_template(name_)
-        return template.render(**values)
+    def template_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template string with the provided values.

-    def template_string(self, s_, **values):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
-
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
-
-        :param s_: The template to use.
-        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param source: The template to use, a Jinja2 template string.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
        """
-        # Prepopulate values with base
-        values = {**self.jinja_values_base, **values}
-
-        template = self.jinja_env.from_string(s_)
-        return template.render(**values)
+        return self.templates.render_string(source, *args, **kwargs)

    def serve(self, *, address=None, port=None, debug=False, **options):
-        """Runs the application with uvicorn. If the ``PORT`` environment
-        variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
-        known hosts.
+        """
+        Run the application with uvicorn.
+
+        If the ``PORT`` environment variable is set, requests will be served on that port
+        automatically to all known hosts.

        :param address: The address to bind to.
        :param port: The port to bind to. If none is provided, one will be selected at random.
-        :param debug: Run uvicorn server in debug mode.
+        :param debug: Whether to run application in debug mode.
        :param options: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``uvicorn.run()``.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501

        if "PORT" in os.environ:
            if address is None:
-                address = "0.0.0.0"
+                address = "0.0.0.0"  # noqa: S104
            port = int(os.environ["PORT"])

        if address is None:
            address = "127.0.0.1"
        if port is None:
            port = 5042
+        if debug:
+            options["log_level"] = "debug"

-        def spawn():
-            uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, debug=debug, **options)
-
-        spawn()
+        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)

    def run(self, **kwargs):
+        if "debug" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs.update({"debug": self.debug})
        self.serve(**kwargs)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 import asyncio
-import functools
 import concurrent.futures
 import multiprocessing
 import traceback

+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+
+__all__ = ["BackgroundQueue"]
+

 class BackgroundQueue:
    def __init__(self, n=None):
@@ -15,9 +18,6 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
        self.results = []

    def run(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.pool._max_workers = self.n
-        self.pool._adjust_thread_count()
-
        f = self.pool.submit(f, *args, **kwargs)
        self.results.append(f)
        return f
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
        def on_future_done(fs):
            try:
                fs.result()
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                traceback.print_exc()

        def do_task(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -38,8 +38,5 @@ class BackgroundQueue:

    async def __call__(self, func, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
-            return await asyncio.ensure_future(func(*args, **kwargs))
-        else:
-            fn = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
-            loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-            return await loop.run_in_executor(None, fn)
+            return await asyncio.create_task(func(*args, **kwargs))
+        return await run_in_threadpool(func, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-"""Responder.
-
-Usage:
-  responder
-  responder run [--build] [--debug] <module>
-  responder build
-  responder --version
-
-Options:
-  -h --help     Show this screen.
-  -v --version  Show version.
-
-"""
-
-import os
-
-import docopt
-from .__version__ import __version__
-
-
-def cli():
-    args = docopt.docopt(
-        __doc__, argv=None, help=True, version=__version__, options_first=False
-    )
-
-    module = args["<module>"]
-    build = args["build"] or args["--build"]
-    run = args["run"]
-
-    if build:
-        os.system("npm run build")
-
-    if run:
-        split_module = module.split(":")
-
-        if len(split_module) > 1:
-            module = split_module[0]
-            prop = split_module[1]
-        else:
-            prop = "api"
-
-        app = __import__(module)
-        getattr(app, prop).run()
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
 from .api import API
 from .models import Request, Response
-from .cli import cli
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+]
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-from .graphql import GraphQLView
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"""
+Responder CLI.
+
+A web framework for Python.
+
+Commands:
+  run     Start the application server
+  build   Build frontend assets using npm
+
+Usage:
+  responder
+  responder run [--debug] [--limit-max-requests=] <target>
+  responder build [<target>]
+  responder --version
+
+Options:
+  -h --help     Show this screen.
+  -v --version  Show version.
+  --debug       Enable debug mode with verbose logging.
+  --limit-max-requests=<n>  Maximum number of requests to handle before shutting down.
+
+Arguments:
+  <target>      For run: Python module specifier (e.g., "app:api" loads api from app.py)
+                         Format: "module.submodule:variable_name" where variable_name is your API instance
+                For build: Directory containing package.json (default: current directory)
+
+Examples:
+  responder run app:api                     # Run the 'api' instance from app.py
+  responder run myapp/core.py:application   # Run the 'application' instance from myapp/core.py
+  responder build                           # Build frontend assets
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+import logging
+import platform
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import docopt
+
+from responder.__version__ import __version__
+from responder.util.python import InvalidTarget, load_target
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def cli() -> None:
+    """
+    Main entry point for the Responder CLI.
+
+    Parses command line arguments and executes the appropriate command.
+    Supports running the application, building assets, and displaying version info.
+    """
+    args = docopt.docopt(__doc__, argv=None, version=__version__, options_first=False)
+    setup_logging(args["--debug"])
+
+    target: t.Optional[str] = args["<target>"]
+    build: bool = args["build"]
+    debug: bool = args["--debug"]
+    run: bool = args["run"]
+
+    if build:
+        target_path = Path(target).resolve() if target else Path.cwd()
+        if not target_path.is_dir() or not (target_path / "package.json").exists():
+            logger.error(
+                f"Invalid target directory or missing package.json: {target_path}"
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+        npm_cmd = "npm.cmd" if platform.system() == "Windows" else "npm"
+        try:
+            logger.info("Starting frontend asset build")
+            # S603, S607 are addressed by validating the target directory.
+            subprocess.check_call(  # noqa: S603, S607
+                [npm_cmd, "run", "build"],
+                cwd=target_path,
+                timeout=300,
+            )
+            logger.info("Frontend asset build completed successfully")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            logger.error("npm not found. Please install Node.js and npm.")
+            sys.exit(1)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            logger.error(f"Build failed with exit code {e.returncode}")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    if run:
+        if not target:
+            logger.error("Target argument is required for run command")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Maximum request limit. Terminating afterward. Suitable for software testing.
+        limit_max_requests = args["--limit-max-requests"]
+        if limit_max_requests is not None:
+            try:
+                limit_max_requests = int(limit_max_requests)
+                if limit_max_requests <= 0:
+                    logger.error("limit-max-requests must be a positive integer")
+                    sys.exit(1)
+            except ValueError:
+                logger.error("limit-max-requests must be a valid integer")
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Load application from target.
+        try:
+            api = load_target(target=target)
+        except InvalidTarget as ex:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{ex}. "
+                "Use either a Python module entrypoint specification, "
+                "a filesystem path, or a remote URL. "
+                "See also https://responder.kennethreitz.org/cli.html."
+            ) from ex
+
+        # Launch Responder API server (uvicorn).
+        api.run(debug=debug, limit_max_requests=limit_max_requests)
+
+
+def setup_logging(debug: bool) -> None:
+    """
+    Configure logging based on debug mode.
+
+    Args:
+        debug: When True, sets logging level to DEBUG; otherwise, sets to INFO
+    """
+    log_level = logging.DEBUG if debug else logging.INFO
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level=log_level, format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
+    )
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-import json
-from functools import partial
-
-from graphql_server import default_format_error, encode_execution_results, json_encode
-
-from ..templates import GRAPHIQL
-
-
-class GraphQLView:
-    def __init__(self, *, api, schema):
-        self.api = api
-        self.schema = schema
-
-    @staticmethod
-    async def _resolve_graphql_query(req):
-        # TODO: Get variables and operation_name from form data, params, request text?
-
-        if "json" in req.mimetype:
-            json_media = await req.media("json")
-            return (
-                json_media["query"],
-                json_media.get("variables"),
-                json_media.get("operationName"),
-            )
-
-        # Support query/q in form data.
-        # Form data is awaiting https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/102
-        # if "query" in req.media("form"):
-        #     return req.media("form")["query"], None, None
-        # if "q" in req.media("form"):
-        #     return req.media("form")["q"], None, None
-
-        # Support query/q in params.
-        if "query" in req.params:
-            return req.params["query"], None, None
-        if "q" in req.params:
-            return req.params["q"], None, None
-
-        # Otherwise, the request text is used (typical).
-        # TODO: Make some assertions about content-type here.
-        return req.text, None, None
-
-    async def graphql_response(self, req, resp, schema):
-        show_graphiql = req.method == "get" and req.accepts("text/html")
-
-        if show_graphiql:
-            resp.content = self.api.template_string(GRAPHIQL, endpoint=req.url.path)
-            return
-
-        query, variables, operation_name = await self._resolve_graphql_query(req)
-        result = schema.execute(
-            query, variables=variables, operation_name=operation_name
-        )
-        result, status_code = encode_execution_results(
-            [result],
-            is_batch=False,
-            format_error=default_format_error,
-            encode=partial(json_encode, pretty=False),
-        )
-        resp.media = json.loads(result)
-        return (query, result, status_code)
-
-    async def on_request(self, req, resp):
-        await self.graphql_response(req, resp, self.schema)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import json
+
+from .templates import GRAPHIQL
+
+
+class GraphQLView:
+    def __init__(self, *, api, schema):
+        self.api = api
+        self.schema = schema
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def _resolve_graphql_query(req, resp):
+        if "json" in req.mimetype:
+            json_media = await req.media("json")
+            if "query" not in json_media:
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"errors": ["'query' key is required in the JSON payload"]}
+                return None, None, None
+            return (
+                json_media["query"],
+                json_media.get("variables"),
+                json_media.get("operationName"),
+            )
+
+        # Support query/q in params.
+        if "query" in req.params:
+            return req.params["query"], None, None
+        if "q" in req.params:
+            return req.params["q"], None, None
+
+        # Otherwise, the request text is used (typical).
+        return await req.text, None, None
+
+    async def graphql_response(self, req, resp):
+        show_graphiql = req.method == "get" and req.accepts("text/html")
+
+        if show_graphiql:
+            resp.content = self.api.templates.render_string(
+                GRAPHIQL, endpoint=req.url.path
+            )
+            return None
+
+        query, variables, operation_name = await self._resolve_graphql_query(req, resp)
+        if query is None:
+            return None
+
+        context = {"request": req, "response": resp}
+        result = self.schema.execute(
+            query, variables=variables, operation_name=operation_name, context=context
+        )
+
+        response_data = {}
+        if result.errors:
+            response_data["errors"] = [{"message": str(e)} for e in result.errors]
+        if result.data is not None:
+            response_data["data"] = result.data
+
+        resp.media = response_data
+        status_code = 200 if not result.errors else 400
+        return (query, json.dumps(response_data), status_code)
+
+    async def on_request(self, req, resp):
+        await self.graphql_response(req, resp)
+
+    async def __call__(self, req, resp):
+        await self.on_request(req, resp)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# ruff: noqa: E501
+GRAPHIQL = """
+{% set GRAPHIQL_VERSION = '3.0.6' %}
+{% set REACT_VERSION = '18.2.0' %}
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        height: 100%;
+        margin: 0;
+        width: 100%;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      }
+      #graphiql {
+        height: 100vh;
+      }
+    </style>
+    <link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="graphiql">Loading...</div>
+    <script crossorigin src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@{{ REACT_VERSION }}/umd/react.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script crossorigin src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react-dom@{{ REACT_VERSION }}/umd/react-dom.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      const fetcher = GraphiQL.createFetcher({ url: '{{ endpoint }}' });
+      const root = ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('graphiql'));
+      root.render(React.createElement(GraphiQL, { fetcher: fetcher }));
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
+""".strip()
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from apispec import APISpec, yaml_utils
+from apispec.ext.marshmallow import MarshmallowPlugin
+
+from responder import status_codes
+from responder.statics import API_THEMES, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME
+from responder.templates import Templates
+
+
+class OpenAPISchema:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app,
+        title,
+        version,
+        plugins=None,
+        description=None,
+        terms_of_service=None,
+        contact=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
+        openapi=None,
+        openapi_route="/schema.yml",
+        docs_route="/docs/",
+        static_route="/static",
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
+    ):
+        self.app = app
+        self.schemas = {}
+        self.title = title
+        self.version = version
+        self.description = description
+        self.terms_of_service = terms_of_service
+        self.contact = contact
+        self.license = license
+
+        self.openapi_version = openapi
+        self.openapi_route = openapi_route
+
+        self.docs_theme = (
+            openapi_theme if openapi_theme in API_THEMES else DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME
+        )
+        self.docs_route = docs_route
+
+        self.plugins = [MarshmallowPlugin()] if plugins is None else plugins
+
+        if self.openapi_version is not None:
+            self.app.add_route(self.openapi_route, self.schema_response)
+
+        if self.docs_route is not None:
+            self.app.add_route(self.docs_route, self.docs_response)
+
+        theme_path = (Path(__file__).parent / "docs").resolve()
+        self.templates = Templates(directory=theme_path)
+
+        self.static_route = static_route
+
+    @property
+    def _apispec(self):
+        info = {}
+        if self.description is not None:
+            info["description"] = self.description
+        if self.terms_of_service is not None:
+            info["termsOfService"] = self.terms_of_service
+        if self.contact is not None:
+            info["contact"] = self.contact
+        if self.license is not None:
+            info["license"] = self.license
+
+        spec = APISpec(
+            title=self.title,
+            version=self.version,
+            openapi_version=self.openapi_version,
+            plugins=self.plugins,
+            info=info,
+        )
+
+        for route in self.app.router.routes:
+            if route.description:
+                operations = yaml_utils.load_operations_from_docstring(route.description)
+                spec.path(path=route.route, operations=operations)
+
+        for name, schema in self.schemas.items():
+            spec.components.schema(name, schema=schema)
+
+        return spec
+
+    @property
+    def openapi(self):
+        return self._apispec.to_yaml()
+
+    def add_schema(self, name, schema, check_existing=True):
+        """Adds a marshmallow schema to the API specification."""
+        if check_existing:
+            assert name not in self.schemas
+
+        self.schemas[name] = schema
+
+    def schema(self, name, **options):
+        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+            @api.schema("Pet")
+            class PetSchema(Schema):
+                name = fields.Str()
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @property
+    def docs(self):
+        return self.templates.render(
+            f"{self.docs_theme}.html",
+            title=self.title,
+            version=self.version,
+            schema_url="/schema.yml",
+        )
+
+    def static_url(self, asset):
+        """Given a static asset, return its URL path."""
+        assert self.static_route is not None
+        return f"{self.static_route}/{str(asset)}"
+
+    def docs_response(self, req, resp):
+        resp.html = self.docs
+
+    def schema_response(self, req, resp):
+        resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        resp.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-yaml"
+        resp.content = self.openapi
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta
+      name="viewport"
+      content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"
+    />
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <!-- Embed elements Elements via Web Component -->
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/@stoplight/elements/web-components.min.js"></script>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      href="https://unpkg.com/@stoplight/elements/styles.min.css"
+    />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <elements-api
+      apiDescriptionUrl="{{ schema_url }}"
+      router="hash"
+      layout="sidebar"
+    />
+  </body>
+</html>
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!-- Important: must specify -->
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <!-- Important: rapi-doc uses utf8 characters -->
+    <script
+      type="module"
+      src="https://unpkg.com/rapidoc/dist/rapidoc-min.js"
+    ></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <rapi-doc spec-url="{{ schema_url }}" show-header="false"> </rapi-doc>
+  </body>
+</html>
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <link
+      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:300,400,700|Roboto:300,400,700"
+      rel="stylesheet"
+    />
+
+    <style>
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        padding: 0;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <redoc spec-url="{{ schema_url }}"></redoc>
+    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@latest/bundles/redoc.standalone.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui.css"
+    />
+    <style>
+      html {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+        overflow: -moz-scrollbars-vertical;
+        overflow-y: scroll;
+      }
+
+      *,
+      *:before,
+      *:after {
+        box-sizing: inherit;
+      }
+
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        background: #fafafa;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <div id="swagger-ui"></div>
+
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui-bundle.js"></script>
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui-standalone-preset.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      window.onload = function () {
+        const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({
+          url: "{{ schema_url }}",
+          dom_id: "#swagger-ui",
+          deepLinking: true,
+          presets: [SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis, SwaggerUIStandalonePreset],
+          plugins: [SwaggerUIBundle.plugins.DownloadUrl],
+          layout: "BaseLayout",
+        });
+      };
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
@@ -1,59 +1,142 @@
-from urllib.parse import parse_qs
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from urllib.parse import urlencode

 import yaml
-import json
-from parse import findall
+from python_multipart import MultipartParser
+
 from .models import QueryDict
-from requests_toolbelt.multipart import decoder
+
+
+class _PartData:
+    __slots__ = ("headers", "body", "header_field")
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.body = b""
+        self.header_field = ""
+
+
+def _parse_multipart(content: bytes, content_type: str) -> list[_PartData]:
+    """Parse multipart form data into a list of parts with headers and body."""
+    boundary = None
+    for segment in content_type.split(";"):
+        segment = segment.strip()
+        if segment.startswith("boundary="):
+            boundary = segment.split("=", 1)[1].strip('"')
+            break
+
+    if boundary is None:
+        return []
+
+    parts: list[_PartData] = []
+    current: list[_PartData | None] = [None]
+
+    def on_part_begin():
+        current[0] = _PartData()
+
+    def on_part_data(data, start, end):
+        current[0].body += data[start:end]  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+    def on_header_field(data, start, end):
+        current[0].header_field = data[start:end].decode("utf-8")  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+    def on_header_value(data, start, end):
+        part = current[0]
+        assert part is not None
+        part.headers[part.header_field] = data[start:end].decode("utf-8")
+
+    def on_part_end():
+        parts.append(current[0])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    parser = MultipartParser(
+        boundary.encode(),
+        {  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            "on_part_begin": on_part_begin,
+            "on_part_data": on_part_data,
+            "on_header_field": on_header_field,
+            "on_header_value": on_header_value,
+            "on_part_end": on_part_end,
+        },
+    )
+    parser.write(content)
+    parser.finalize()
+
+    return parts


 async def format_form(r, encode=False):
    if encode:
-        pass
-    else:
-        return QueryDict(await r.text)
+        return None
+    if "multipart/form-data" in r.headers.get("Content-Type"):
+        parts = _parse_multipart(await r.content, r.mimetype)
+        queries = []
+        for part in parts:
+            header = part.headers.get("Content-Disposition", "")
+            text = part.body.decode("utf-8")
+
+            for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
+                split = section.split("=")
+                if len(split) > 1:
+                    key = split[1]
+                    key = key[1:-1]
+                    queries.append((key, text))
+
+        content = urlencode(queries)
+        return QueryDict(content)
+    return QueryDict(await r.text)


 async def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
    if encode:
        r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/x-yaml"})
        return yaml.safe_dump(r.media)
-    else:
-        return yaml.safe_load(await r.content)
+    return yaml.safe_load(await r.content)


 async def format_json(r, encode=False):
    if encode:
        r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/json"})
        return json.dumps(r.media)
-    else:
-        return json.loads(await r.content)
+    return json.loads(await r.content)


 async def format_files(r, encode=False):
    if encode:
-        pass
-    else:
-        decoded = decoder.MultipartDecoder(await r.content, r.mimetype)
-        dump = {}
-        for part in decoded.parts:
-            header = part.headers[b"Content-Disposition"].decode("utf-8")
-            filename = None
+        return None
+    parts = _parse_multipart(await r.content, r.mimetype)
+    dump = {}
+    for part in parts:
+        header = part.headers.get("Content-Disposition", "")
+        mimetype = part.headers.get("Content-Type", None)
+        filename = None
+        formname = None

-            for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
-                split = section.split("=")
-                if len(split) > 1:
-                    key = split[0]
-                    value = split[1]
+        for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
+            split = section.split("=")
+            if len(split) > 1:
+                key = split[0]
+                value = split[1]
+                value = value[1:-1]

-                    value = value[1:-1]
+                if key == "filename":
+                    filename = value
+                elif key == "name":
+                    formname = value

-                    if key == "filename":
-                        filename = value
+        if formname is None:
+            continue

-            if filename:
-                dump[filename] = part.content
-        return dump
+        if mimetype is None:
+            dump[formname] = part.body
+        else:
+            dump[formname] = {
+                "filename": filename,
+                "content": part.body,
+                "content-type": mimetype,
+            }
+    return dump


 def get_formats():
@@ -1,24 +1,51 @@
-import io
-import json
-import gzip
-from base64 import b64decode
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import inspect
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse

+__all__ = ["Request", "Response", "QueryDict"]

-import chardet
-import rfc3986
-import graphene
-import yaml
-from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from requests.cookies import RequestsCookieJar
-from starlette.datastructures import MutableHeaders
+try:
+    import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    chardet = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
 from starlette.requests import Request as StarletteRequest
-from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResponse
+from starlette.requests import State
+from starlette.responses import (
+    Response as StarletteResponse,
+)
+from starlette.responses import (
+    StreamingResponse as StarletteStreamingResponse,
+)

-from urllib.parse import parse_qs
-
-from .status_codes import HTTP_200
 from .statics import DEFAULT_ENCODING
+from .status_codes import HTTP_301  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):
+    """A case-insensitive dict for HTTP headers."""
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        super().__setitem__(key.lower(), value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return super().__getitem__(key.lower())
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return super().__contains__(key.lower())
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return super().get(key.lower(), default)
+
+    def update(self, other=None, **kwargs):
+        if other:
+            for key, value in other.items():
+                self[key] = value
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self[key] = value


 class QueryDict(dict):
@@ -89,34 +116,35 @@ class QueryDict(dict):
        yield from super().items()


-# TODO: add slots
 class Request:
-    __slots__ = ["_starlette", "formats", "_headers", "_encoding", "api", "_content"]
+    __slots__ = [
+        "_starlette",
+        "formats",
+        "_headers",
+        "_encoding",
+        "api",
+        "_content",
+        "_cookies",
+    ]

-    def __init__(self, scope, receive, api=None):
+    def __init__(self, scope, receive, api=None, formats=None):
        self._starlette = StarletteRequest(scope, receive)
-        self.formats = None
+        self.formats = formats
        self._encoding = None
        self.api = api
        self._content = None

-        headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        headers: CaseInsensitiveDict = CaseInsensitiveDict()
        for key, value in self._starlette.headers.items():
            headers[key] = value

        self._headers = headers
+        self._cookies = None

    @property
    def session(self):
        """The session data, in dict form, from the Request."""
-        if "Responder-Session" in self.cookies:
-
-            data = self.cookies[self.api.session_cookie]
-
-            data = self.api._signer.unsign(data)
-            data = b64decode(data)
-            return json.loads(data)
-        return {}
+        return self._starlette.session

    @property
    def headers(self):
@@ -127,6 +155,11 @@ class Request:
    def mimetype(self):
        return self.headers.get("Content-Type", "")

+    @property
+    def is_json(self):
+        """Returns ``True`` if the request content type is JSON."""
+        return "json" in self.mimetype
+
    @property
    def method(self):
        """The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased."""
@@ -140,19 +173,22 @@ class Request:
    @property
    def url(self):
        """The parsed URL of the Request."""
-        return rfc3986.urlparse(self.full_url)
+        return urlparse(self.full_url)

    @property
    def cookies(self):
        """The cookies sent in the Request, as a dictionary."""
-        cookies = RequestsCookieJar()
-        cookie_header = self.headers.get("Cookie", "")
+        if self._cookies is None:
+            cookies = {}
+            cookie_header = self.headers.get("Cookie", "")

-        bc = SimpleCookie(cookie_header)
-        for k, v in bc.items():
-            cookies[k] = v
+            bc: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie(cookie_header)
+            for key, morsel in bc.items():
+                cookies[key] = morsel.value

-        return cookies.get_dict()
+            self._cookies = cookies
+
+        return self._cookies

    @property
    def params(self):
@@ -162,6 +198,29 @@ class Request:
        except AttributeError:
            return QueryDict({})

+    @property
+    def path_params(self) -> dict:
+        """The path parameters extracted from the URL route."""
+        return self._starlette.path_params
+
+    @property
+    def client(self):
+        """The client's address as a (host, port) named tuple, or None."""
+        return self._starlette.client
+
+    @property
+    def state(self) -> State:
+        """
+        Use the state to store additional information.
+
+        This can be a very helpful feature, if you want to hand over
+        information from a middelware or a route decorator to the
+        actual route handler.
+
+        Usage: ``request.state.time_started = time.time()``
+        """
+        return self._starlette.state
+
    @property
    async def encoding(self):
        """The encoding of the Request's body. Can be set, manually. Must be awaited."""
@@ -169,13 +228,7 @@ class Request:
        if self._encoding:
            return self._encoding

-        # Then try what's defined by the Request.
-        elif await self.declared_encoding:
-            return self.declared_encoding
-
-        # Then, automatically detect the encoding.
-        else:
-            return await self.apparent_encoding
+        return await self.apparent_encoding

    @encoding.setter
    def encoding(self, value):
@@ -197,16 +250,23 @@ class Request:
    async def declared_encoding(self):
        if "Encoding" in self.headers:
            return self.headers["Encoding"]
+        return None

    @property
    async def apparent_encoding(self):
-        """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library. Must be awaited."""
+        """The apparent encoding, detected automatically. Must be awaited.
+
+        Uses chardet for detection if installed, otherwise falls back to UTF-8.
+        """
        declared_encoding = await self.declared_encoding

        if declared_encoding:
            return declared_encoding
-        else:
-            return chardet.detect(await self.content)["encoding"]
+
+        if chardet is not None:
+            return chardet.detect(await self.content)["encoding"] or DEFAULT_ENCODING
+
+        return DEFAULT_ENCODING

    @property
    def is_secure(self):
@@ -216,27 +276,48 @@ class Request:
        """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request accepts the given ``content_type``."""
        return content_type in self.headers.get("Accept", [])

-    async def media(self, format=None):
+    async def media(self, format: str | Callable = None):  # noqa: A002
        """Renders incoming json/yaml/form data as Python objects. Must be awaited.

-        :param format: The name of the format being used. Alternatively accepts a custom callable for the format type.
+        :param format: The name of the format being used.
+                       Alternatively, accepts a custom callable for the format type.
        """

        if format is None:
-            format = "yaml" if "yaml" in self.mimetype or "" else "json"
-            format = "form" if "form" in self.mimetype or "" else format
+            format = "yaml" if "yaml" in self.mimetype or "" else "json"  # noqa: A001
+            format = "form" if "form" in self.mimetype or "" else format  # noqa: A001
+
+        formatter: Callable
+        if isinstance(format, str):
+            try:
+                formatter = self.formats[format]
+            except KeyError as ex:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unable to process data in '{format}' format") from ex
+
+        elif callable(format):
+            formatter = format

-        if format in self.formats:
-            return await self.formats[format](self)
        else:
-            return await format(self)
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid 'format' argument: {format}")
+
+        return await formatter(self)
+
+
+def content_setter(mimetype):
+    def getter(instance):
+        return instance.content
+
+    def setter(instance, value):
+        instance.content = value
+        instance.mimetype = mimetype
+
+    return property(fget=getter, fset=setter)


 class Response:
    __slots__ = [
        "req",
        "status_code",
-        "text",
        "content",
        "encoding",
        "media",
@@ -244,37 +325,82 @@ class Response:
        "formats",
        "cookies",
        "session",
+        "mimetype",
+        "_stream",
    ]

+    text = content_setter("text/plain")
+    html = content_setter("text/html")
+
    def __init__(self, req, *, formats):
        self.req = req
-        self.status_code = None  #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
-        self.text = None  #: A unicode representation of the response body.
+        #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
+        self.status_code: int | None = None
        self.content = None  #: A bytes representation of the response body.
+        self.mimetype = None
        self.encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING
-        self.media = (
-            None
-        )  #: A Python object that will be content-negotiated and sent back to the client. Typically, in JSON formatting.
-        self.headers = (
-            {}
-        )  #: A Python dictionary of ``{key: value}``, representing the headers of the response.
+        self.media = None  #: A Python object that will be content-negotiated and
+        #: sent back to the client. Typically, in JSON formatting.
+        self._stream = None
+        self.headers = {}  #: A Python dictionary of ``{key: value}``,
+        #: representing the headers of the response.
        self.formats = formats
-        self.cookies = {}  #: The cookies set in the Response, as a dictionary
+        self.cookies: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()  #: The cookies set in the Response
        self.session = (
-            req.session.copy()
+            req.session
        )  #: The cookie-based session data, in dict form, to add to the Response.

+    def stream(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        assert inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func)
+
+        self._stream = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return func
+
+    def file(self, path, *, content_type=None):
+        """Serve a file from disk as the response.
+
+        :param path: Path to the file to serve.
+        :param content_type: Optional MIME type override.
+        """
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        path = Path(path)
+        self.content = path.read_bytes()
+
+        if content_type:
+            self.mimetype = content_type
+        else:
+            import mimetypes
+
+            guessed = mimetypes.guess_type(str(path))[0]
+            self.mimetype = guessed or "application/octet-stream"
+
+    def redirect(self, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=HTTP_301):
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        if set_text:
+            self.text = f"Redirecting to: {location}"
+        self.headers.update({"Location": location})
+
    @property
    async def body(self):
+        if self._stream is not None:
+            return (self._stream(), {})
+
        if self.content is not None:
-            return (self.content, {})
+            headers = {}
+            content = self.content
+            if self.mimetype is not None:
+                headers["Content-Type"] = self.mimetype
+            if self.mimetype == "text/plain" and self.encoding is not None:
+                headers["Encoding"] = self.encoding
+                if isinstance(content, str):
+                    content = content.encode(self.encoding)
+            return (content, headers)

-        if self.text is not None:
-            return (self.text.encode(self.encoding), {"Encoding": self.encoding})
-
-        for format in self.formats:
-            if self.req.accepts(format):
-                return (await self.formats[format](self, encode=True)), {}
+        for format_ in self.formats:
+            if self.req.accepts(format_):
+                return (await self.formats[format_](self, encode=True)), {}

        # Default to JSON anyway.
        return (
@@ -282,12 +408,59 @@ class Response:
            {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
        )

-    async def __call__(self, receive, send):
+    def set_cookie(
+        self,
+        key,
+        value="",
+        expires=None,
+        path="/",
+        domain=None,
+        max_age=None,
+        secure=False,
+        httponly=True,
+    ):
+        self.cookies[key] = value
+        morsel = self.cookies[key]
+        if expires is not None:
+            morsel["expires"] = expires
+        if path is not None:
+            morsel["path"] = path
+        if domain is not None:
+            morsel["domain"] = domain
+        if max_age is not None:
+            morsel["max-age"] = max_age
+        morsel["secure"] = secure
+        morsel["httponly"] = httponly
+
+    def _prepare_cookies(self, starlette_response):
+        cookie_header = (
+            (b"set-cookie", morsel.output(header="").lstrip().encode("latin-1"))
+            for morsel in self.cookies.values()
+        )
+        starlette_response.raw_headers.extend(cookie_header)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
        body, headers = await self.body
        if self.headers:
            headers.update(self.headers)

-        response = StarletteResponse(
-            body, status_code=self.status_code, headers=headers
-        )
-        await response(receive, send)
+        response_cls: type[StarletteResponse] | type[StarletteStreamingResponse]
+        if self._stream is not None:
+            response_cls = StarletteStreamingResponse
+        else:
+            response_cls = StarletteResponse
+
+        response = response_cls(body, status_code=self.status_code_safe, headers=headers)
+        self._prepare_cookies(response)
+
+        await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        return 200 <= self.status_code_safe < 300
+
+    @property
+    def status_code_safe(self) -> int:
+        if self.status_code is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("HTTP status code has not been defined")
+        return self.status_code
@@ -1,27 +1,83 @@
+import asyncio
+import inspect
 import re
-import functools
-from parse import parse
+import traceback
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+__all__ = ["Route", "WebSocketRoute", "Router"]
+
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket, WebSocketClose
+
+from . import status_codes
+from .formats import get_formats
+from .models import Request, Response
+
+_UUID_RE = r"[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}"
+
+_CONVERTORS = {
+    "int": (int, r"\d+"),
+    "str": (str, r"[^/]+"),
+    "float": (float, r"\d+(.\d+)?"),
+    "path": (str, r".+"),
+    "uuid": (str, _UUID_RE),
+}
+
+PARAM_RE = re.compile("{([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)(:[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)?}")


-class Route:
-    _param_pattern = re.compile(r"{([^{}]*)}")
+def compile_path(path):
+    path_re = "^"
+    param_convertors = {}
+    idx = 0

-    def __init__(self, route, endpoint, *, websocket=False, before_request=False):
+    for match in PARAM_RE.finditer(path):
+        param_name, convertor_type = match.groups(default="str")
+        convertor_type = convertor_type.lstrip(":")
+        assert convertor_type in _CONVERTORS.keys(), (
+            f"Unknown path convertor '{convertor_type}'"
+        )
+        convertor, convertor_re = _CONVERTORS[convertor_type]
+
+        path_re += path[idx : match.start()]
+        path_re += rf"(?P<{param_name}>{convertor_re})"
+
+        param_convertors[param_name] = convertor
+
+        idx = match.end()
+
+    path_re += path[idx:] + "$"
+
+    return re.compile(path_re), param_convertors
+
+
+class BaseRoute:
+    def matches(self, scope):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class Route(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(self, route, endpoint, *, before_request=False, methods=None):
+        assert route.startswith("/"), "Route path must start with '/'"
        self.route = route
        self.endpoint = endpoint
-        self.uses_websocket = websocket
        self.before_request = before_request
+        self.methods = {m.upper() for m in methods} if methods else None
+
+        self.path_re, self.param_convertors = compile_path(route)
+        # Strip type annotations for URL generation (e.g. {id:int} -> {id})
+        self._url_template = PARAM_RE.sub(r"{\1}", route)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"<Route {self.route!r}={self.endpoint!r}>"

-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if hasattr(other, "route"):
-            # Being compared to other routes.
-            return self.route == other.route
-        else:
-            # Strings.
-            return self.does_match(other)
+    def url(self, **params):
+        return self._url_template.format(**params)

    @property
    def endpoint_name(self):
@@ -31,46 +87,308 @@ class Route:
    def description(self):
        return self.endpoint.__doc__

-    @property
-    def has_parameters(self):
-        return bool(self._param_pattern.search(self.route))
+    def matches(self, scope):
+        if scope["type"] != "http":
+            return False, {}

-    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
-    def does_match(self, s):
-        if s == self.route:
-            return True
+        if self.methods and scope.get("method", "").upper() not in self.methods:
+            return False, {}

-        named = self.incoming_matches(s)
-        return bool(len(named))
+        path = scope["path"]
+        match = self.path_re.match(path)

-    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
-    def incoming_matches(self, s):
-        results = parse(self.route, s)
-        return results.named if results else {}
+        if match is None:
+            return False, {}

-    def url(self, **params):
-        return self.route.format(**params)
+        matched_params = match.groupdict()
+        for key, value in matched_params.items():
+            matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key](value)

-    def _weight(self):
-        params = set(self._param_pattern.findall(self.route))
-        params_count = len(params)
-        w = len(self.route.rsplit('}', 1)[-1].strip('/'))
-        return params_count != 0, w == 0, -params_count
+        return True, {"path_params": {**matched_params}}

-    @property
-    def is_class_based(self):
-        return hasattr(self.endpoint, "__class__")
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        request = Request(scope, receive, formats=get_formats())
+        response = Response(req=request, formats=get_formats())

-    @property
-    def is_function(self):
-        code = hasattr(self.endpoint, "__code__")
-        kwdefaults = hasattr(self.endpoint, "__kwdefaults__")
-        return all((callable(self.endpoint), code, kwdefaults))
+        path_params = scope.get("path_params", {})
+        before_requests = scope.get("before_requests", [])
+
+        for before_request in before_requests.get("http", []):
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(before_request):
+                await before_request(request, response)
+            else:
+                await run_in_threadpool(before_request, request, response)
+            # If a before_request hook set a status code, short-circuit
+            if response.status_code is not None:
+                await response(scope, receive, send)
+                return
+
+        views = []
+
+        if inspect.isclass(self.endpoint):
+            endpoint = self.endpoint()
+            on_request = getattr(endpoint, "on_request", None)
+            if on_request:
+                views.append(on_request)
+
+            method_name = f"on_{request.method}"
+            try:
+                view = getattr(endpoint, method_name)
+                views.append(view)
+            except AttributeError as ex:
+                if on_request is None:
+                    raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_405) from ex  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        else:
+            views.append(self.endpoint)
+
+        for view in views:
+            # Check __call__ for class-based views (e.g. GraphQL)
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(view) or asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(
+                view.__call__
+            ):
+                await view(request, response, **path_params)
+            else:
+                await run_in_threadpool(view, request, response, **path_params)
+
+        if response.status_code is None:
+            response.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.route == other.route and self.endpoint == other.endpoint

    def __hash__(self):
-        return (
-            hash(self.route)
-            ^ hash(self.endpoint)
-            ^ hash(self.uses_websocket)
-            ^ hash(self.before_request)
+        return hash(self.route) ^ hash(self.endpoint) ^ hash(self.before_request)
+
+
+class WebSocketRoute(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(self, route, endpoint, *, before_request=False):
+        assert route.startswith("/"), "Route path must start with '/'"
+        self.route = route
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.before_request = before_request
+
+        self.path_re, self.param_convertors = compile_path(route)
+        self._url_template = PARAM_RE.sub(r"{\1}", route)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Route {self.route!r}={self.endpoint!r}>"
+
+    def url(self, **params):
+        return self._url_template.format(**params)
+
+    @property
+    def endpoint_name(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__name__
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__doc__
+
+    def matches(self, scope):
+        if scope["type"] != "websocket":
+            return False, {}
+
+        path = scope["path"]
+        match = self.path_re.match(path)
+
+        if match is None:
+            return False, {}
+
+        matched_params = match.groupdict()
+        for key, value in matched_params.items():
+            matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key](value)
+
+        return True, {"path_params": {**matched_params}}
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        ws = WebSocket(scope, receive, send)
+
+        before_requests = scope.get("before_requests", [])
+        for before_request in before_requests.get("ws", []):
+            await before_request(ws)
+
+        await self.endpoint(ws)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.route == other.route and self.endpoint == other.endpoint
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.route) ^ hash(self.endpoint) ^ hash(self.before_request)
+
+
+class Router:
+    def __init__(
+        self, routes=None, default_response=None, before_requests=None, lifespan=None
+    ):
+        self.routes = [] if routes is None else list(routes)
+
+        self.apps: dict[str, ASGIApp] = {}
+        self.default_endpoint = (
+            self.default_response if default_response is None else default_response
        )
+        self.before_requests = (
+            {"http": [], "ws": []} if before_requests is None else before_requests
+        )
+        self.events = defaultdict(list)
+        self._lifespan_handler = lifespan
+
+    def add_route(
+        self,
+        route=None,
+        endpoint=None,
+        *,
+        default=False,
+        websocket=False,
+        before_request=False,
+        check_existing=False,
+        methods=None,
+    ):
+        """Adds a route to the router.
+        :param route: A string representation of the route
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be callable, or class.
+        :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ["GET", "POST"]).
+        """
+        if before_request:
+            if websocket:
+                self.before_requests.setdefault("ws", []).append(endpoint)
+            else:
+                self.before_requests.setdefault("http", []).append(endpoint)
+            return
+
+        if check_existing:
+            assert not self.routes or route not in (item.route for item in self.routes), (
+                f"Route '{route}' already exists"
+            )
+
+        if default:
+            self.default_endpoint = endpoint
+
+        if websocket:
+            route = WebSocketRoute(route, endpoint)
+        else:
+            route = Route(route, endpoint, methods=methods)
+
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def mount(self, route, app):
+        """Mounts ASGI / WSGI applications at a given route"""
+        self.apps.update({route: app})
+
+    def add_event_handler(self, event_type, handler):
+        assert event_type in (
+            "startup",
+            "shutdown",
+        ), f"Only 'startup' and 'shutdown' events are supported, not {event_type}."
+        self.events[event_type].append(handler)
+
+    async def trigger_event(self, event_type):
+        for handler in self.events.get(event_type, []):
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(handler):
+                await handler()
+            else:
+                handler()
+
+    def before_request(self, endpoint, websocket=False):
+        if websocket:
+            self.before_requests.setdefault("ws", []).append(endpoint)
+        else:
+            self.before_requests.setdefault("http", []).append(endpoint)
+
+    def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
+        for route in self.routes:
+            if endpoint in (route.endpoint, route.endpoint.__name__):
+                return route.url(**params)
+        return None
+
+    async def default_response(self, scope, receive, send):
+        if scope["type"] == "websocket":
+            websocket_close = WebSocketClose()
+            await websocket_close(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        request = Request(scope, receive)
+        response = Response(request, formats=get_formats())  # noqa: F841
+
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_404)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def _resolve_route(self, scope):
+        for route in self.routes:
+            matches, child_scope = route.matches(scope)
+            if matches:
+                scope.update(child_scope)
+                return route
+        return None
+
+    async def lifespan(self, scope, receive, send):
+        message = await receive()
+        assert message["type"] == "lifespan.startup"
+
+        if self._lifespan_handler is not None:
+            # Modern lifespan context manager pattern
+            try:
+                ctx = self._lifespan_handler(scope.get("app"))
+                await ctx.__aenter__()
+            except BaseException:
+                msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.failed", "message": msg})
+                raise
+
+            await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.complete"})
+            message = await receive()
+            assert message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown"
+
+            await ctx.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+        else:
+            # Legacy on_event("startup") / on_event("shutdown") pattern
+            try:
+                await self.trigger_event("startup")
+            except BaseException:
+                msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.failed", "message": msg})
+                raise
+
+            await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.complete"})
+            message = await receive()
+            assert message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown"
+            await self.trigger_event("shutdown")
+
+        await send({"type": "lifespan.shutdown.complete"})
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        assert scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket", "lifespan")
+
+        if scope["type"] == "lifespan":
+            await self.lifespan(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        path = scope["path"]
+        root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
+
+        # Check "primary" mounted routes first (before submounted apps)
+        route = self._resolve_route(scope)
+
+        scope["before_requests"] = self.before_requests
+
+        if route is not None:
+            await route(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        # Call into a submounted app, if one exists.
+        for path_prefix, app in self.apps.items():
+            if path.startswith(path_prefix):
+                scope["path"] = path[len(path_prefix) :]
+                scope["root_path"] = root_path + path_prefix
+                try:
+                    await app(scope, receive, send)
+                    return
+                except TypeError:
+                    from a2wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
+
+                    app = WSGIMiddleware(app)
+                    await app(scope, receive, send)
+                    return
+
+        await self.default_endpoint(scope, receive, send)
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles as StarletteStaticFiles
+
+
+class StaticFiles(StarletteStaticFiles):
+    """Extension to Starlette's StaticFiles with support for multiple directories."""
+
+    def add_directory(self, directory: str) -> None:
+        self.all_directories = [*self.all_directories, *self.get_directories(directory)]
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
+API_THEMES = ["elements", "rapidoc", "redoc", "swagger_ui"]
 DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
-DEFAULT_API_THEME = "swaggerui"
+DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME = "swagger_ui"
 DEFAULT_SESSION_COOKIE = "Responder-Session"
-DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY = "NOTASECRET"
+DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY = "NOTASECRET"  # noqa: S105

 DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS = {
-	"allow_origins": (),
-	"allow_methods": ("GET",),
-	"allow_headers": (),
-	"allow_credentials": False,
-	"allow_origin_regex": None,
-	"expose_headers": (),
-	"max_age": 600,
+    "allow_origins": (),
+    "allow_methods": ("GET",),
+    "allow_headers": (),
+    "allow_credentials": False,
+    "allow_origin_regex": None,
+    "expose_headers": (),
+    "max_age": 600,
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# from: https://github.com/requests/requests/blob/master/requests/status_codes.py
-
 codes = {
    # Informational.
    100: ("continue",),
@@ -26,11 +24,7 @@ codes = {
    305: ("use_proxy",),
    306: ("switch_proxy",),
    307: ("temporary_redirect", "temporary_moved", "temporary"),
-    308: (
-        "permanent_redirect",
-        "resume_incomplete",
-        "resume",
-    ),  # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
+    308: ("permanent_redirect",),
    # Client Error.
    400: ("bad_request", "bad"),
    401: ("unauthorized",),
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+import jinja2
+
+__all__ = ["Templates"]
+
+
+class Templates:
+    def __init__(
+        self, directory="templates", autoescape=True, context=None, enable_async=False
+    ):
+        self.directory = directory
+        self._env = jinja2.Environment(
+            loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader([str(self.directory)]),
+            autoescape=autoescape,  # noqa: S701
+            enable_async=enable_async,
+        )
+        self.default_context = {} if context is None else {**context}
+        self._env.globals.update(self.default_context)
+
+    @property
+    def context(self):
+        return self._env.globals
+
+    @context.setter
+    def context(self, context):
+        self._env.globals = {**self.default_context, **context}
+
+    def get_template(self, name):
+        return self._env.get_template(name)
+
+    def render(self, template, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
+
+        :param template: The filename of the jinja2 template.
+        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.get_template(template).render(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _async(self):
+        self._env.is_async = True
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._env.is_async = False
+
+    async def render_async(self, template, *args, **kwargs):
+        with self._async():
+            return await self.get_template(template).render_async(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def render_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
+
+        :param source: The template to use.
+        :param *args, **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        template = self._env.from_string(source)
+        return template.render(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-GRAPHIQL = """
-{% set GRAPHIQL_VERSION = '0.12.0' %}
-
-<!--
- *  Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc.
- *  All rights reserved.
- *
- *  This source code is licensed under the license found in the
- *  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
-->
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <style>
-      body {
-        height: 100%;
-        margin: 0;
-        width: 100%;
-        overflow: hidden;
-      }
-      #graphiql {
-        height: 100vh;
-      }
-    </style>
-
-    <!--
-      This GraphiQL example depends on Promise and fetch, which are available in
-      modern browsers, but can be "polyfilled" for older browsers.
-      GraphiQL itself depends on React DOM.
-      If you do not want to rely on a CDN, you can host these files locally or
-      include them directly in your favored resource bunder.
-    -->
-    <link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/whatwg-fetch@2.0.3/fetch.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@16.2.0/umd/react.production.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react-dom@16.2.0/umd/react-dom.production.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.js"></script>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="graphiql">Loading...</div>
-    <script>
-
-      /**
-       * This GraphiQL example illustrates how to use some of GraphiQL's props
-       * in order to enable reading and updating the URL parameters, making
-       * link sharing of queries a little bit easier.
-       *
-       * This is only one example of this kind of feature, GraphiQL exposes
-       * various React params to enable interesting integrations.
-       */
-
-      // Parse the search string to get url parameters.
-      var search = window.location.search;
-      var parameters = {};
-      search.substr(1).split('&').forEach(function (entry) {
-        var eq = entry.indexOf('=');
-        if (eq >= 0) {
-          parameters[decodeURIComponent(entry.slice(0, eq))] =
-            decodeURIComponent(entry.slice(eq + 1));
-        }
-      });
-
-      // if variables was provided, try to format it.
-      if (parameters.variables) {
-        try {
-          parameters.variables =
-            JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(parameters.variables), null, 2);
-        } catch (e) {
-          // Do nothing, we want to display the invalid JSON as a string, rather
-          // than present an error.
-        }
-      }
-
-      // When the query and variables string is edited, update the URL bar so
-      // that it can be easily shared
-      function onEditQuery(newQuery) {
-        parameters.query = newQuery;
-        updateURL();
-      }
-
-      function onEditVariables(newVariables) {
-        parameters.variables = newVariables;
-        updateURL();
-      }
-
-      function onEditOperationName(newOperationName) {
-        parameters.operationName = newOperationName;
-        updateURL();
-      }
-
-      function updateURL() {
-        var newSearch = '?' + Object.keys(parameters).filter(function (key) {
-          return Boolean(parameters[key]);
-        }).map(function (key) {
-          return encodeURIComponent(key) + '=' +
-            encodeURIComponent(parameters[key]);
-        }).join('&');
-        history.replaceState(null, null, newSearch);
-      }
-
-      // Defines a GraphQL fetcher using the fetch API. You're not required to
-      // use fetch, and could instead implement graphQLFetcher however you like,
-      // as long as it returns a Promise or Observable.
-      function graphQLFetcher(graphQLParams) {
-        // This example expects a GraphQL server at the path /graphql.
-        // Change this to point wherever you host your GraphQL server.
-        return fetch('{{ endpoint }}', {
-          method: 'post',
-          headers: {
-            'Accept': 'application/json',
-            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-          },
-          body: JSON.stringify(graphQLParams),
-          credentials: 'include',
-        }).then(function (response) {
-          return response.text();
-        }).then(function (responseBody) {
-          try {
-            return JSON.parse(responseBody);
-          } catch (error) {
-            return responseBody;
-          }
-        });
-      }
-
-      // Render <GraphiQL /> into the body.
-      // See the README in the top level of this module to learn more about
-      // how you can customize GraphiQL by providing different values or
-      // additional child elements.
-      ReactDOM.render(
-        React.createElement(GraphiQL, {
-          fetcher: graphQLFetcher,
-          query: parameters.query,
-          variables: parameters.variables,
-          operationName: parameters.operationName,
-          onEditQuery: onEditQuery,
-          onEditVariables: onEditVariables,
-          onEditOperationName: onEditOperationName
-        }),
-        document.getElementById('graphiql')
-      );
-    </script>
-  </body>
-</html>
-""".strip()
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# ruff: noqa: S603  # Subprocess call - output not captured
+# ruff: noqa: S607  # Starting a process with a partial executable path
+# Security considerations for subprocess usage:
+# 1. Only execute the 'responder' binary from PATH
+# 2. Validate all user inputs before passing to subprocess
+# 3. Use Path.resolve() to prevent path traversal
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import signal
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ResponderProgram:
+    """
+    Utility class for managing Responder program execution.
+
+    This class provides methods for:
+    - Locating the responder executable in PATH
+    - Building frontend assets using npm
+
+    Example:
+        >>> program_path = ResponderProgram.path()
+        >>> build_status = ResponderProgram.build(Path("app_dir"))
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+    def path():
+        name = "responder"
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            name = "responder.exe"
+        program = shutil.which(name)
+        if program is None:
+            paths = os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Could not find '{name}' executable in PATH. "
+                f"Please install Responder with 'pip install --upgrade responder'. "
+                f"Searched in: {', '.join(paths)}"
+            )
+        logger.debug(f"Found responder program: {program}")
+        return program
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path: Path) -> int:
+        """
+        Invoke `responder build` command.
+
+        Args:
+            path: Path to the application to build
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The return code from the build process
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the path is invalid
+            RuntimeError: If the responder executable is not found
+            subprocess.SubprocessError: If the build process fails
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(path, Path):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a Path object, got {type(path).__name__}")
+        if not path.exists():
+            raise ValueError(f"Path does not exist: {path}")
+        if not path.is_dir():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Path is not a directory: {path}")
+
+        command = [
+            cls.path(),
+            "build",
+            str(path),
+        ]
+        return subprocess.call(command)
+
+
+class ResponderServer(threading.Thread):
+    """
+    A threaded wrapper around the `responder run` command for testing purposes.
+
+    This class allows running a Responder application in a separate thread,
+    making it suitable for integration testing scenarios.
+
+    Args:
+        target (str): The path to the Responder application to run
+        port (int, optional): The port to run the server on. Defaults to 5042.
+        limit_max_requests (int, optional): Maximum number of requests to handle
+            before shutting down. Useful for testing scenarios.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> server = ResponderServer("app.py", port=8000)
+        >>> server.start()
+        >>> # Run tests
+        >>> server.stop()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target: str, port: int = 5042, limit_max_requests: int = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._stopping = False
+
+        # Validate input variables.
+        if not target or not isinstance(target, str):
+            raise ValueError("Target must be a non-empty string")
+        if not isinstance(port, int) or port < 1:
+            raise ValueError("Port must be a positive integer")
+        if limit_max_requests is not None and (
+            not isinstance(limit_max_requests, int) or limit_max_requests < 1
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("limit_max_requests must be a positive integer if specified")
+
+        # Check if port is available.
+        try:
+            with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
+                s.bind(("localhost", port))
+        except OSError as ex:
+            raise ValueError(f"Port {port} is already in use") from ex
+
+        # Instance variables after validation.
+        self.target = target
+        self.port = port
+        self.limit_max_requests = limit_max_requests
+        self.shutdown_timeout = 5  # seconds
+
+        # Allow the thread to be terminated when the main program exits.
+        self.process: subprocess.Popen
+        self.daemon = True
+        self._process_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        # Setup signal handlers.
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self._signal_handler)
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._signal_handler)
+
+    def run(self):
+        command = [
+            ResponderProgram.path(),
+            "run",
+            self.target,
+        ]
+        if self.limit_max_requests is not None:
+            command += [f"--limit-max-requests={self.limit_max_requests}"]
+
+        # Preserve existing environment
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+
+        if self.port is not None:
+            env["PORT"] = str(self.port)
+
+        with self._process_lock:
+            self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+                command,
+                env=env,
+                universal_newlines=True,
+            )
+        self.process.wait()
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Gracefully stop the process (API).
+        """
+        if self._stopping:
+            return
+        with self._process_lock:
+            self._stop()
+
+    def _stop(self):
+        """
+        Gracefully stop the process (impl).
+        """
+        self._stopping = True
+        if self.process and self.process.poll() is None:
+            logger.info("Attempting to terminate server process...")
+            self.process.terminate()
+            try:
+                # Wait for graceful shutdown.
+                self.process.wait(timeout=self.shutdown_timeout)
+                logger.info("Server process terminated gracefully")
+            except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Server process did not terminate gracefully, forcing kill"
+                )
+                self.process.kill()  # Force kill if not terminated
+
+    def _signal_handler(self, signum, frame):
+        """
+        Handle termination signals gracefully.
+        """
+        logger.info("Received signal %d, shutting down...", signum)
+        self.stop()
+
+    def wait_until_ready(self, timeout=30, request_timeout=1, delay=0.1) -> bool:
+        """
+        Wait until the server is ready to accept connections.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout (int, optional): Maximum time to wait in seconds. Defaults to 30.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if server is ready and accepting connections, False otherwise.
+        """
+        start_time = time.time()
+        last_error = None
+        while time.time() - start_time < timeout:
+            if not self.is_running():
+                if self.process is None:
+                    logger.error("Server process was never started")
+                else:
+                    returncode = self.process.poll()
+                    logger.error("Server process exited with code: %d", returncode)
+                return False
+            try:
+                with socket.create_connection(
+                    ("localhost", self.port), timeout=request_timeout
+                ):
+                    return True
+            except (
+                socket.timeout,
+                ConnectionRefusedError,
+                socket.gaierror,
+                OSError,
+            ) as ex:
+                last_error = ex
+                logger.debug(f"Server not ready yet: {ex}")
+                time.sleep(delay)
+        logger.error(
+            "Server failed to start within %d seconds. Last error: %s",
+            timeout,
+            last_error,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    def is_running(self):
+        """
+        Check if the server process is still running.
+        """
+        return self.process is not None and self.process.poll() is None
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More