Fix missing openapi title, version and openapi_version and black

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-github: kennethreitz
-thanks_dev: kennethreitz
-custom: https://cash.app/$KennethReitz

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
-# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
-# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
-# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
-
-version: 2
-updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-
-  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "monthly"

.github/workflows/docs.yaml

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-name: "Documentation"
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [ main ]
-  pull_request: ~
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-jobs:
-
-  documentation:
-    name: "Documentation"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    env:
-      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
-
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-    - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-      with:
-        python-version: "3.13"
-
-    - name: Set up uv
-      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
-      with:
-        version: "latest"
-        enable-cache: true
-        cache-dependency-glob: |
-          pyproject.toml
-
-    - name: Install package and documentation dependencies
-      run: uv pip install '.[docs]'
-
-    - name: Build static HTML documentation
-      run: sphinx-build -W --keep-going docs/source docs/build

.github/workflows/test.yaml

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-name: "Tests"
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [ main ]
-  pull_request: ~
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-jobs:
-
-  test:
-    name: "Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        python-version: [
-          "3.9",
-          "3.10",
-          "3.11",
-          "3.12",
-          "3.13",
-        ]
-    env:
-      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
-
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-      with:
-        node-version: 22
-
-    - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-      with:
-        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-
-    - name: Set up uv
-      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
-      with:
-        version: "latest"
-        enable-cache: true
-        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        cache-dependency-glob: |
-          pyproject.toml
-
-    - name: Install package
-      run: uv pip install '.[develop,test]'
-
-    - name: Run tests
-      run: pytest

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-.venv*
 .vscode/
 .cache
 .idea
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@
 .pytest_cache
 .DS_Store
 coverage.xml
-.coverage*
 
 __pycache__
 tests/__pycache__

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# .readthedocs.yml
-# Read the Docs configuration file
-
-# Details
-# - https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
-
-# Required
-version: 2
-
-build:
-  os: "ubuntu-24.04"
-  tools:
-    python: "3.12"
-
-python:
-  install:
-      - method: pip
-        path: .
-        extra_requirements:
-          - docs
-
-sphinx:
-  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
-
-  # Use standard HTML builder.
-  builder: html
-
-  # Fail on all warnings to avoid broken references.
-  fail_on_warning: true
-
-# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF
-#formats:
-#  - pdf

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# travis use trusty by default
+dist: xenial
+
+language: python
+python:
+  - 3.6
+  - 3.7
+  - "3.8-dev"
+
+# command to install dependencies
+install:
+  - pip install pipenv --upgrade-strategy=only-if-needed
+  - pipenv install --dev
+
+# command to run the dependencies
+script:
+  - black responder tests setup.py --check
+  - pytest

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,422 +1,274 @@
 # Changelog
-
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
-The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
-this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
 ## [Unreleased]
-
-## [v3.0.0] - 2026-03-22
-
-### Added
-
-- Platform: Added support for Python 3.10 - Python 3.13
-- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts a filesystem path on its `<target>`
-  argument, enabling usage on single-file applications.
-- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts URLs.
-
-### Changed
-
-- Platform: Minimum Python version is now 3.9 (dropped 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)
-- Dependencies: Dramatically reduced core dependency count (10 → 5)
-  - Removed `requests`, `requests-toolbelt`, `rfc3986`, `whitenoise`
-  - Moved `apispec` and `marshmallow` to `openapi` optional extra
-  - Replaced `rfc3986` with stdlib `urllib.parse`
-  - Replaced `requests-toolbelt` multipart decoder with `python-multipart`
-  - Replaced deprecated `starlette.middleware.wsgi` with `a2wsgi`
-  - Switched from WhiteNoise to ServeStatic
-- Dependencies: Pinned `starlette[full]>=0.40` (was unpinned)
-- GraphQL: Upgraded to `graphene>=3` and `graphql-core>=3.1`
-  (from `graphene<3` and `graphql-server-core`, which is unmaintained)
-- GraphQL: Updated GraphiQL UI from 0.12.0 (2018) to 3.0.6 with React 18
-- Extensions: All of CLI-, GraphQL-, and OpenAPI-Support modules are
-  extensions now, found within the `responder.ext` module namespace.
-- Packaging: Migrated from `setup.py` to declarative `pyproject.toml`
-
-### Removed
-
-- Platform: Removed support for EOL Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
-- Status codes: Removed deprecated `resume_incomplete` and `resume`
-  aliases for HTTP 308 (marked for removal in 3.0)
-- CLI: `responder run --build` ceased to exist
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Routing: Fixed dispatching `static_route=None` on Windows
-- uvicorn: `--debug` now maps to uvicorn's `log_level = "debug"`
-- Tests: Fixed deprecated httpx TestClient usage
-
-## [v2.0.5] - 2019-12-15
-
-### Added
-
-- Update requirements to support python 3.8
-
 ## [v2.0.4] - 2019-11-19
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Fix static app resolving
 
 ## [v2.0.3] - 2019-09-20
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Fix template conflicts
 
 ## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Fix template conflicts
 
 ## [v2.0.1] - 2019-09-20
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Fix template import
 
 ## [v2.0.0] - 2019-09-19
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Refactor Router and Schema
 
 ## [v1.3.2] - 2019-08-15
-
 ### Added
-
 - ASGI 3 support
 - CI tests for python 3.8-dev
 - Now requests have `state` a mapping object
 
 ### Deprecated
-
 - ASGI 2
 
 ## [v1.3.1] - 2019-04-28
-
 ### Added
-
 - Route params Converters
 - Add search for documentation pages
 
 ### Changed
-
 - Bump dependencies
 
 ## [v1.3.0] - 2019-02-22
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Versioning issue
 - Multiple cookies.
 - Whitenoise returns not found.
 - Other bugfixes.
 
 ### Added
-
 - Stream support via `resp.stream`.
 - Cookie directives via `resp.set_cookie`.
 - Add `resp.html` to send HTML.
 - Other improvements.
 
 ## [v1.1.3] - 2019-01-12
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Refactor `_route_for`
 
 ### Fixed
-
 - Resolve startup/shutdwown events
 
 ## [v1.2.0] - 2018-12-29
-
 ### Added
-
 - Documentations
 
 ### Changed
-
 - Use Starlette's LifeSpan middleware
 - Update denpendencies
 
 ### Fixed
-
 - Fix route.is_class_based
 - Fix test_500
 - Typos
 
 ## [v1.1.2] - 2018-11-11
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Minor fixes for Open API
 - Typos
 
 ## [v1.1.1] - 2018-10-29
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Run sync views in a threadpoolexecutor.
 
 ## [v1.1.0] - 2018-10-27
-
 ### Added
-
 - Support for `before_request`.
 
 ## [v1.0.5]- 2018-10-27
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Fix sessions.
 
 ## [v1.0.4] - 2018-10-27
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Potential bufix for cookies.
 
 ## [v1.0.3] - 2018-10-27
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Bugfix for redirects.
 
 ## [v1.0.2] - 2018-10-27
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Improvement for static file hosting.
 
 ## [v1.0.1] - 2018-10-26
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Improve cors configuration settings.
 
 ## [v1.0.0] - 2018-10-26
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Move GraphQL support into a built-in plugin.
 
 ## [v0.3.3] - 2018-10-25
-
 ### Added
-
 - CORS support
 
 ### Changed
-
 - Improved exceptions.
 
 ## [v0.3.2] - 2018-10-25
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Subtle improvements.
 
 ## [v0.3.1] - 2018-10-24
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Packaging fix.
 
 ## [v0.3.0] - 2018-10-24
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Interactive Documentation endpoint.
 - Minor improvements.
 
 ## [v0.2.3] - 2018-10-24
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Overall improvements.
 
 ## [v0.2.2] - 2018-10-23
-
 ### Added
-
 - Show traceback info when background tasks raise exceptions.
 
 ## [v0.2.1] - 2018-10-23
-
 ### Added
-
 - api.requests.
 
 ## [v0.2.0] - 2018-10-22
-
 ### Added
-
 - WebSocket support.
 
 ## [v0.1.6] - 2018-10-20
-
 ### Added
-
 - 500 support.
 
 ## [v0.1.5] - 2018-10-20
-
 ### Added
-
 - File upload support
 
 ### Changed
-
 - Improvements to sequential media reading.
 
 ## [v0.1.4] - 2018-10-19
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Stability.
 
 ## [v0.1.3] - 2018-10-18
-
 ### Added
-
 - Sessions support.
 
 ## [v0.1.2] - 2018-10-18
-
 ### Added
-
 - Cookies support.
 
 ## [v0.1.1] - 2018-10-17
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Default routes.
 
 ## [v0.1.0] - 2018-10-17
-
 ### Added
-
 - Prototype of static application support.
 
 ## [v0.0.10] - 2018-10-17
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.
 
 ## [v0.0.9] - 2018-10-17
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.
 
 ## [v0.0.8] - 2018-10-17
-
 ### Added
-
 - GraphiQL Support.
 
 ### Changed
-
 - Improvement to route selection.
 
 ## [v0.0.7] - 2018-10-16
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Immutable Request object.
 
 ## [v0.0.6] - 2018-10-16
-
 ### Added
-
 - Ability to mount WSGI apps.
 - Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
 
 ## [v0.0.5] - 2018-10-15
-
 ### Added
-
 - OpenAPI Schema support.
 - Safe load/dump yaml.
 
 ## [v0.0.4] - 2018-10-15
-
 ### Added
-
 - Asynchronous support for data uploads.
 
 ### Fixed
-
 - Bug fixes.
 
 ## [v0.0.3] - 2018-10-13
-
 ### Fixed
-
 - Bug fixes.
 
 ## [v0.0.2] - 2018-10-13
-
 ### Changed
-
 - Switch to ASGI/Starlette.
 
 ## [v0.0.1] - 2018-10-12
-
 ### Added
-
 - Conception!
 
-[unreleased]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v3.0.0..HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.4..HEAD
-[v3.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.5..v3.0.0
+[v2.0.4]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.3..v2.0.4
-[v2.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.4..v2.0.5
+[v2.0.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.2..v2.0.3
-[v2.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.3..v2.0.4
+[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
-[v2.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.2..v2.0.3
+[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
-[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
+[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
-[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
+[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
-[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
+[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
-[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
+[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
-[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
+[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
-[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
+[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
-[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
+[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
-[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
+[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
-[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
+[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
-[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
+[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
-[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
+[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
-[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
+[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
-[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
+[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
-[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
+[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
-[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
+[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
-[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
+[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
-[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
+[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
-[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
+[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
-[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
+[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
-[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
+[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
-[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
+[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
-[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
+[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
-[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
+[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
-[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
+[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
-[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
+[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
-[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
+[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
-[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
+[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
-[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
+[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
-[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
+[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
-[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
+[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
-[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
+[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
-[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
+[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
-[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
+[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
-[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
+[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
-[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
+[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
-[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
+[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
-[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
+[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
-[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
+[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
-[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
+[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
-[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
+[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1
-[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
-[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1

LICENSE

@@ -1,178 +1,13 @@
+Copyright 2018 Kenneth Reitz
 
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
-                                 Apache License
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-                           Version 2.0, January 2004
-                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
 
-   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-   1. Definitions.
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-   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

MANIFEST.in

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include LICENSE

Pipfile

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[[source]]
+url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
+verify_ssl = true
+name = "pypi"
+
+[packages]
+responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
+
+[dev-packages]
+pytest = "*"
+"flake8" = "*"
+black = "*"
+twine = "*"
+flask = "*"
+sphinx = "*"
+marshmallow = "*"
+pytest-cov = "*"
+
+[pipenv]
+allow_prereleases = true

Pipfile.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,762 @@
+{
+    "_meta": {
+        "hash": {
+            "sha256": "ea12c0d556a3ca0848b0eba291a11a5ea98a701f0885c2d030b2aeb1e5b9c15f"
+        },
+        "pipfile-spec": 6,
+        "requires": {},
+        "sources": [
+            {
+                "name": "pypi",
+                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
+                "verify_ssl": true
+            }
+        ]
+    },
+    "default": {
+        "aiofiles": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:021ea0ba314a86027c166ecc4b4c07f2d40fc0f4b3a950d1868a0f2571c2bbee",
+                "sha256:1e644c2573f953664368de28d2aa4c89dfd64550429d0c27c4680ccd3aa4985d"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.4.0"
+        },
+        "aniso8601": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:513d2b6637b7853806ae79ffaca6f3e8754bdd547048f5ccc1420aec4b714f1e",
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+            "version": "==7.0.0"
+        },
+        "apispec": {
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+            "version": "==3.0.0"
+        },
+        "apistar": {
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+        },
+        "responder": {
+            "editable": true,
+            "path": "."
+        },
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+                "sha256:409cd48d4db7052af495b09dec721011634af3753ae1ef92d2b32f73a745f832",
+                "sha256:92b8c4b06dac4f0611c0729b2f2ede52b2e1bac1ab48f089c7ddc12e26bb60c4"
+            ],
+            "version": "==7.2.0"
+        },
+        "packaging": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:28b924174df7a2fa32c1953825ff29c61e2f5e082343165438812f00d3a7fc47",
+                "sha256:d9551545c6d761f3def1677baf08ab2a3ca17c56879e70fecba2fc4dde4ed108"
+            ],
+            "version": "==19.2"
+        },
+        "pkginfo": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:7424f2c8511c186cd5424bbf31045b77435b37a8d604990b79d4e70d741148bb",
+                "sha256:a6d9e40ca61ad3ebd0b72fbadd4fba16e4c0e4df0428c041e01e06eb6ee71f32"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.5.0.1"
+        },
+        "pluggy": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:0db4b7601aae1d35b4a033282da476845aa19185c1e6964b25cf324b5e4ec3e6",
+                "sha256:fa5fa1622fa6dd5c030e9cad086fa19ef6a0cf6d7a2d12318e10cb49d6d68f34"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.13.0"
+        },
+        "py": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:64f65755aee5b381cea27766a3a147c3f15b9b6b9ac88676de66ba2ae36793fa",
+                "sha256:dc639b046a6e2cff5bbe40194ad65936d6ba360b52b3c3fe1d08a82dd50b5e53"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.8.0"
+        },
+        "pycodestyle": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:95a2219d12372f05704562a14ec30bc76b05a5b297b21a5dfe3f6fac3491ae56",
+                "sha256:e40a936c9a450ad81df37f549d676d127b1b66000a6c500caa2b085bc0ca976c"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.5.0"
+        },
+        "pyflakes": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:17dbeb2e3f4d772725c777fabc446d5634d1038f234e77343108ce445ea69ce0",
+                "sha256:d976835886f8c5b31d47970ed689944a0262b5f3afa00a5a7b4dc81e5449f8a2"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.1.1"
+        },
+        "pygments": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:71e430bc85c88a430f000ac1d9b331d2407f681d6f6aec95e8bcfbc3df5b0127",
+                "sha256:881c4c157e45f30af185c1ffe8d549d48ac9127433f2c380c24b84572ad66297"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.4.2"
+        },
+        "pyparsing": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:6f98a7b9397e206d78cc01df10131398f1c8b8510a2f4d97d9abd82e1aacdd80",
+                "sha256:d9338df12903bbf5d65a0e4e87c2161968b10d2e489652bb47001d82a9b028b4"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.4.2"
+        },
+        "pytest": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:7e4800063ccfc306a53c461442526c5571e1462f61583506ce97e4da6a1d88c8",
+                "sha256:ca563435f4941d0cb34767301c27bc65c510cb82e90b9ecf9cb52dc2c63caaa0"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==5.2.1"
+        },
+        "pytest-cov": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:cc6742d8bac45070217169f5f72ceee1e0e55b0221f54bcf24845972d3a47f2b",
+                "sha256:cdbdef4f870408ebdbfeb44e63e07eb18bb4619fae852f6e760645fa36172626"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==2.8.1"
+        },
+        "pytz": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:1c557d7d0e871de1f5ccd5833f60fb2550652da6be2693c1e02300743d21500d",
+                "sha256:b02c06db6cf09c12dd25137e563b31700d3b80fcc4ad23abb7a315f2789819be"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2019.3"
+        },
+        "readme-renderer": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:bb16f55b259f27f75f640acf5e00cf897845a8b3e4731b5c1a436e4b8529202f",
+                "sha256:c8532b79afc0375a85f10433eca157d6b50f7d6990f337fa498c96cd4bfc203d"
+            ],
+            "version": "==24.0"
+        },
+        "requests": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:11e007a8a2aa0323f5a921e9e6a2d7e4e67d9877e85773fba9ba6419025cbeb4",
+                "sha256:9cf5292fcd0f598c671cfc1e0d7d1a7f13bb8085e9a590f48c010551dc6c4b31"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.22.0"
+        },
+        "requests-toolbelt": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:380606e1d10dc85c3bd47bf5a6095f815ec007be7a8b69c878507068df059e6f",
+                "sha256:968089d4584ad4ad7c171454f0a5c6dac23971e9472521ea3b6d49d610aa6fc0"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.9.1"
+        },
+        "six": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:3350809f0555b11f552448330d0b52d5f24c91a322ea4a15ef22629740f3761c",
+                "sha256:d16a0141ec1a18405cd4ce8b4613101da75da0e9a7aec5bdd4fa804d0e0eba73"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.12.0"
+        },
+        "snowballstemmer": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:209f257d7533fdb3cb73bdbd24f436239ca3b2fa67d56f6ff88e86be08cc5ef0",
+                "sha256:df3bac3df4c2c01363f3dd2cfa78cce2840a79b9f1c2d2de9ce8d31683992f52"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.0.0"
+        },
+        "sphinx": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:0d586b0f8c2fc3cc6559c5e8fd6124628110514fda0e5d7c82e682d749d2e845",
+                "sha256:839a3ed6f6b092bb60f492024489cc9e6991360fb9f52ed6361acd510d261069"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==2.2.0"
+        },
+        "sphinxcontrib-applehelp": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:edaa0ab2b2bc74403149cb0209d6775c96de797dfd5b5e2a71981309efab3897",
+                "sha256:fb8dee85af95e5c30c91f10e7eb3c8967308518e0f7488a2828ef7bc191d0d5d"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.0.1"
+        },
+        "sphinxcontrib-devhelp": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:6c64b077937330a9128a4da74586e8c2130262f014689b4b89e2d08ee7294a34",
+                "sha256:9512ecb00a2b0821a146736b39f7aeb90759834b07e81e8cc23a9c70bacb9981"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.0.1"
+        },
+        "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:4670f99f8951bd78cd4ad2ab962f798f5618b17675c35c5ac3b2132a14ea8422",
+                "sha256:d4fd39a65a625c9df86d7fa8a2d9f3cd8299a3a4b15db63b50aac9e161d8eff7"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.0.2"
+        },
+        "sphinxcontrib-jsmath": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:2ec2eaebfb78f3f2078e73666b1415417a116cc848b72e5172e596c871103178",
+                "sha256:a9925e4a4587247ed2191a22df5f6970656cb8ca2bd6284309578f2153e0c4b8"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.0.1"
+        },
+        "sphinxcontrib-qthelp": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:513049b93031beb1f57d4daea74068a4feb77aa5630f856fcff2e50de14e9a20",
+                "sha256:79465ce11ae5694ff165becda529a600c754f4bc459778778c7017374d4d406f"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.0.2"
+        },
+        "sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:c0efb33f8052c04fd7a26c0a07f1678e8512e0faec19f4aa8f2473a8b81d5227",
+                "sha256:db6615af393650bf1151a6cd39120c29abaf93cc60db8c48eb2dddbfdc3a9768"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.1.3"
+        },
+        "toml": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:229f81c57791a41d65e399fc06bf0848bab550a9dfd5ed66df18ce5f05e73d5c",
+                "sha256:235682dd292d5899d361a811df37e04a8828a5b1da3115886b73cf81ebc9100e"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.10.0"
+        },
+        "tqdm": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:abc25d0ce2397d070ef07d8c7e706aede7920da163c64997585d42d3537ece3d",
+                "sha256:dd3fcca8488bb1d416aa7469d2f277902f26260c45aa86b667b074cd44b3b115"
+            ],
+            "version": "==4.36.1"
+        },
+        "twine": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:5319dd3e02ac73fcddcd94f035b9631589ab5d23e1f4699d57365199d85261e1",
+                "sha256:9fe7091715c7576df166df8ef6654e61bada39571783f2fd415bdcba867c6993"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==2.0.0"
+        },
+        "urllib3": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:3de946ffbed6e6746608990594d08faac602528ac7015ac28d33cee6a45b7398",
+                "sha256:9a107b99a5393caf59c7aa3c1249c16e6879447533d0887f4336dde834c7be86"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.25.6"
+        },
+        "wcwidth": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:3df37372226d6e63e1b1e1eda15c594bca98a22d33a23832a90998faa96bc65e",
+                "sha256:f4ebe71925af7b40a864553f761ed559b43544f8f71746c2d756c7fe788ade7c"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.1.7"
+        },
+        "webencodings": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:a0af1213f3c2226497a97e2b3aa01a7e4bee4f403f95be16fc9acd2947514a78",
+                "sha256:b36a1c245f2d304965eb4e0a82848379241dc04b865afcc4aab16748587e1923"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.5.1"
+        },
+        "werkzeug": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:7280924747b5733b246fe23972186c6b348f9ae29724135a6dfc1e53cea433e7",
+                "sha256:e5f4a1f98b52b18a93da705a7458e55afb26f32bff83ff5d19189f92462d65c4"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.16.0"
+        },
+        "zipp": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:3718b1cbcd963c7d4c5511a8240812904164b7f381b647143a89d3b98f9bcd8e",
+                "sha256:f06903e9f1f43b12d371004b4ac7b06ab39a44adc747266928ae6debfa7b3335"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.6.0"
+        }
+    }
+}

README.md

@@ -1,109 +1,70 @@
-# Responder
+# Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python
 
-A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python, powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/).
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/taoufik07/responder.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/taoufik07/responder)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/mybinder/badge/?version=latest)](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/taoufik07/responder.svg)](https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/graphs/contributors)
 
-```python
+[![](https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1959/43750081370_a4e20752de_o_d.png)](https://responder.readthedocs.io)
-import responder
 
-api = responder.API()
 
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
+Powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/). That `async` declaration is optional. [View documentation](https://responder.readthedocs.io).
-async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
+This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
-    api.run()
-```
 
-    $ pip install responder
 
-That's it. Supports Python 3.9+.
+## Testimonials
 
-## The Basics
+> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder. [@kennethreitz](https://twitter.com/kennethreitz) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh M.K.
 
-- `resp.text` sends back text. `resp.html` sends back HTML. `resp.content` sends back bytes.
+> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
-- `resp.media` sends back JSON (or YAML, with content negotiation).
-- `resp.file("path.pdf")` serves a file with automatic content-type detection.
-- `req.headers` is case-insensitive. `req.params` gives you query parameters.
-- Both sync and async views work — the `async` is optional.
 
-## Highlights
+> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of [Two Scoops of Django]()
 
-```python
-# Type-safe route parameters
-@api.route("/users/{user_id:int}")
-async def get_user(req, resp, *, user_id):
-    resp.media = {"id": user_id}
 
-# HTTP method filtering
+## More Examples
-@api.route("/items", methods=["POST"])
-async def create_item(req, resp):
-    data = await req.media()
-    resp.media = {"created": data}
 
-# Class-based views
+See [the documentation's feature tour](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tour.html) for more details on features available in Responder.
-@api.route("/things/{id}")
-class ThingResource:
-    def on_get(self, req, resp, *, id):
-        resp.media = {"id": id}
-    def on_post(self, req, resp, *, id):
-        resp.text = "created"
 
-# Before-request hooks (auth, rate limiting, etc.)
-@api.route(before_request=True)
-def check_auth(req, resp):
-    if not req.headers.get("Authorization"):
-        resp.status_code = 401
-        resp.media = {"error": "unauthorized"}
 
-# Custom error handling
+# Installing Responder
-@api.exception_handler(ValueError)
-async def handle_error(req, resp, exc):
-    resp.status_code = 400
-    resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
 
-# Lifespan events
+Install the stable release:
-from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 
-@asynccontextmanager
-async def lifespan(app):
-    print("starting up")
-    yield
-    print("shutting down")
 
-api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+    $ pipenv install responder
+    ✨🍰✨
 
-# GraphQL
-import graphene
-api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
 
-# WebSockets
+Or, install from the development branch:
-@api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
-async def websocket(ws):
-    await ws.accept()
-    while True:
-        name = await ws.receive_text()
-        await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
 
-# Mount WSGI/ASGI apps
+    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/taoufik07/responder.git#egg=responder
-from flask import Flask
-flask_app = Flask(__name__)
-api.mount("/flask", flask_app)
 
-# Background tasks
+Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
-@api.route("/work")
-def do_work(req, resp):
-    @api.background.task
-    def process():
-        import time; time.sleep(10)
-    process()
-    resp.media = {"status": "processing"}
-```
 
-Built-in OpenAPI docs, cookie-based sessions, gzip compression, static file serving, Jinja2 templates, and a production uvicorn server.
 
-Route convertors: `str`, `int`, `float`, `uuid`, `path`.
+# The Basic Idea
 
-## Documentation
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
 
-https://responder.kennethreitz.org
+- Setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
+- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.html` sends back HTML.
+- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.html`/`.content` override this).
+- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
+- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.
+
+
+## Ideas
+
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
+- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
+- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
+- Automatic gzipped-responses.
+- In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
+- A production static file server is built-in.
+- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
+- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
+- Provide an official way to run webpack.

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+alabaster==0.7.12
+appdirs==1.4.3
+atomicwrites==1.2.1
+attrs==18.2.0
+babel==2.6.0
+black==18.9b0
+bleach==3.0.2
+certifi==2018.8.24
+cffi==1.11.5
+chardet==3.0.4
+click==7.0
+cmarkgfm==0.4.2
+colorama==0.4.0 ; sys_platform == 'win32'
+docutils==0.14
+flake8==3.5.0
+flask==1.0.2
+future==0.16.0
+idna==2.7
+imagesize==1.1.0
+itsdangerous==0.24
+jinja2==2.10
+markupsafe==1.0
+mccabe==0.6.1
+more-itertools==4.3.0
+packaging==18.0
+pkginfo==1.4.2
+pluggy==0.7.1
+py==1.7.0
+pycodestyle==2.3.1
+pycparser==2.19
+pyflakes==1.6.0
+pygments==2.2.0
+pyparsing==2.2.2
+pytest==3.8.2
+pytz==2018.5
+readme-renderer==22.0
+requests-toolbelt==0.8.0
+requests==2.19.1
+six==1.11.0
+snowballstemmer==1.2.1
+sphinx==1.8.1
+sphinxcontrib-websupport==1.1.0
+toml==0.10.0
+tqdm==4.26.0
+twine==1.12.1
+urllib3==1.23
+webencodings==0.5.1
+werkzeug==0.15.5

docs/source/_static/custom.css

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/* Hide module name and default value for environment variable section */
+div[id$='environment-variables'] code.descclassname {
+    display: none;
+}
+div[id$='environment-variables'] em.property {
+    display: none;
+}

docs/source/_static/fonts/692185/07B3028D11D5A1878.css

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+/*
+	Copyright (C) 2011-2018 Hoefler & Co.
+	This software is the property of Hoefler & Co. (H&Co).
+	Your right to access and use this software is subject to the
+	applicable License Agreement, or Terms of Service, that exists
+	between you and H&Co. If no such agreement exists, you may not
+	access or use this software for any purpose.
+	This software may only be hosted at the locations specified in
+	the applicable License Agreement or Terms of Service, and only
+	for the purposes expressly set forth therein. You may not copy,
+	modify, convert, create derivative works from or distribute this
+	software in any way, or make it accessible to any third party,
+	without first obtaining the written permission of H&Co.
+	For more information, please visit us at http://typography.com.
+	148887-130097-20181011
+*/
+
+<!-- sorry your browser is not supported. -->

docs/source/_static/fonts/692185/FDCC918E4493D6D80.css

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+/*
+	Copyright (C) 2011-2018 Hoefler & Co.
+	This software is the property of Hoefler & Co. (H&Co).
+	Your right to access and use this software is subject to the
+	applicable License Agreement, or Terms of Service, that exists
+	between you and H&Co. If no such agreement exists, you may not
+	access or use this software for any purpose.
+	This software may only be hosted at the locations specified in
+	the applicable License Agreement or Terms of Service, and only
+	for the purposes expressly set forth therein. You may not copy,
+	modify, convert, create derivative works from or distribute this
+	software in any way, or make it accessible to any third party,
+	without first obtaining the written permission of H&Co.
+	For more information, please visit us at http://typography.com.
+	148887-130097-20181011
+*/
+
+<!-- sorry your browser is not supported. -->

docs/source/_static/konami.js

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*
+ * Konami-JS ~
+ * :: Now with support for touch events and multiple instances for
+ * :: those situations that call for multiple easter eggs!
+ * Code: https://github.com/snaptortoise/konami-js
+ * Copyright (c) 2009 George Mandis (georgemandis.com, snaptortoise.com)
+ * Version: 1.6.2 (7/17/2018)
+ * Licensed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+ * Tested in: Safari 4+, Google Chrome 4+, Firefox 3+, IE7+, Mobile Safari 2.2.1+ and Android
+ */
+
+var Konami = function (callback) {
+    var konami = {
+        addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
+            if (obj.addEventListener)
+                obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
+            else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+                // IE
+                obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
+                obj[type + fn] = function () {
+                    obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
+                }
+                obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
+            }
+        },
+        removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
+            if (obj.removeEventListener) {
+                obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
+            } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+                obj.detachEvent(eventName);
+            }
+        },
+        input: "",
+        pattern: "38384040373937396665",
+        keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
+            if (ref_obj) {
+                konami = ref_obj;
+            } // IE
+            konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
+            if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
+                konami.input = konami.input.substr((konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length));
+            }
+            if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
+                konami.code(konami._currentLink);
+                konami.input = '';
+                e.preventDefault();
+                return false;
+            }
+        },
+        load: function (link) {
+            this._currentLink = link;
+            this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
+            this.iphone.load(link);
+        },
+        unload: function () {
+            this.removeEvent(document, 'keydown', this.keydownHandler);
+            this.iphone.unload();
+        },
+        code: function (link) {
+            window.location = link
+        },
+        iphone: {
+            start_x: 0,
+            start_y: 0,
+            stop_x: 0,
+            stop_y: 0,
+            tap: false,
+            capture: false,
+            orig_keys: "",
+            keys: ["UP", "UP", "DOWN", "DOWN", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "TAP", "TAP"],
+            input: [],
+            code: function (link) {
+                konami.code(link);
+            },
+            touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
+                if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
+                    var touch = e.touches[0];
+                    konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
+                    konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
+                    konami.iphone.tap = false;
+                    konami.iphone.capture = false;
+                    konami.iphone.check_direction();
+                }
+            },
+            touchendHandler: function () {
+                konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());
+                
+                if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length) konami.iphone.input.shift();
+                
+                if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
+                    var match = true;
+                    for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
+                        if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
+                            match = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (match) {
+                        konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            touchstartHandler: function (e) {
+                konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
+                konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
+                konami.iphone.tap = true;
+                konami.iphone.capture = true;
+            },
+            load: function (link) {
+                this.orig_keys = this.keys;
+                konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
+                konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
+                konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
+            },
+            unload: function () {
+                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchmove', this.touchmoveHandler);
+                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchend', this.touchendHandler);
+                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchstart', this.touchstartHandler);
+            },
+            check_direction: function () {
+                x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
+                y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
+                x = ((this.start_x - this.stop_x) < 0) ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
+                y = ((this.start_y - this.stop_y) < 0) ? "DOWN" : "UP";
+                result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
+                result = (this.tap === true) ? "TAP" : result;
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
+    if (typeof callback === "function") {
+        konami.code = callback;
+        konami.load();
+    }
+
+    return konami;
+};
+
+
+if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && typeof module.exports !== 'undefined') {
+        module.exports = Konami;
+} else {
+        if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+                define([], function() {
+                        return Konami;
+                });
+        } else {
+                window.Konami = Konami;
+        }
+}

docs/source/_templates/hacks.html

@@ -1,21 +1,206 @@
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css" />
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').hide(0);</script>
+<!--Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
+
+<!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
 <style type="text/css">
-  /* Make the document a little wider. */
+  /* Rezzy requires precise alignment. */
+  img.logo {
+    margin-left: -20px !important;
+  }
+
+  h1 {
+    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
+    font-style: normal !important;
+    font-weight: 600 !important;
+  }
+
+  .section {
+    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
+    font-style: normal !important;
+    font-weight: 400 !important;
+  }
+
+  pre,
+  .pre,
+  .class em,
+  .descname,
+  .method em {
+    font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B", monospace !important;
+    font-weight: 400 !important;
+  }
+
+  .property {
+    color: lightgrey !important;
+  }
+
+  .method .descname {
+    color: #220a54;
+  }
+
+  .method {
+
+    margin-bottom: 2em;
+
+  }
+
+  .si,
+  .s2,
+  .s1,
+  .method em,
+  .class em {
+    font-style: italic !important;
+    color: grey;
+  }
+
+  .method em,
+  .class em {
+    margin-left: 0.3em;
+    margin-right: 0.3em;
+  }
+
+  .method p,
+  .class p {
+    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B";
+    font-style: italic !important;
+    font-weight: 400 !important;
+    font-size: 1.15em;
+  }
+
+  .method p:first,
+  .class p:first {
+    background: #fffcbf;
+  }
+
+  .class .property {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  #testimonials p.attribution {
+    margin-top: -1em;
+  }
+
+
+
+  /* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
+  div#searchbox h3 {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  /* Make the document a little wider, less code is cut-off. */
   div.document {
     width: 1008px;
   }
 
-  /* Better spacing around code blocks. */
+  /* Much-improved spacing around code blocks. */
   div.highlight pre {
     padding: 11px 14px;
   }
 
-  /* Responsive layout. */
+  /* Remain Responsive! */
   @media screen and (max-width: 1008px) {
     div.sphinxsidebar {
       display: none;
     }
+
     div.document {
       width: 100% !important;
     }
+
+    /* Have code blocks escape the document right-margin. */
+    div.highlight pre {
+      margin-right: -30px;
+    }
   }
 </style>
+
+<!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
+<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
+<script>
+  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
+  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
+  gtag('js', new Date());
+
+  gtag('config', 'UA-127383416-1');
+</script>
+
+<!-- There are no more hacks. -->
+<!--         இڿڰۣ-ڰۣ—         -->
+<!--   Love, Kenneth Reitz    -->
+
+<script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
+<script>
+  var easter_egg = new Konami('https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1));
+</script>
+
+<style>
+  .injected {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+</style>
+
+<!-- GitHub Logo -->
+<a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on GitHub">
+  <svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#151513; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;"
+    aria-hidden="true">
+    <path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path>
+    <path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
+      fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path>
+    <path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
+      fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path>
+  </svg>
+</a>
+<style>
+  .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
+    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+  }
+
+  @keyframes octocat-wave {
+
+    0%,
+    100% {
+      transform: rotate(0)
+    }
+
+    20%,
+    60% {
+      transform: rotate(-25deg)
+    }
+
+    40%,
+    80% {
+      transform: rotate(10deg)
+    }
+  }
+
+  @media (max-width:500px) {
+    .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
+      animation: none
+    }
+
+    .github-corner .octo-arm {
+      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+    }
+  }
+</style>
+
+
+<!-- That was not a hack. That was art.
+
+<!-- UserVoice JavaScript SDK (only needed once on a page) -->
+<script>(function () { var uv = document.createElement('script'); uv.type = 'text/javascript'; uv.async = true; uv.src = '//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s) })()</script>
+
+<!-- A tab to launch the Classic Widget -->
+<script>
+  UserVoice = window.UserVoice || [];
+  UserVoice.push(['showTab', 'classic_widget', {
+    mode: 'feedback',
+    primary_color: '#fa8c28',
+    link_color: '#0a8cc6',
+    forum_id: 913660,
+    tab_label: 'Got feedback?',
+    tab_color: '#00994f',
+    tab_position: 'bottom-left',
+    tab_inverted: true
+  }]);
+</script>

docs/source/_templates/sidebarintro.html

@@ -1,14 +1,55 @@
 <p class="logo">
   <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" />
+    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
   </a>
 </p>
+
 <p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> — a familiar HTTP service framework for Python.
+  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
 </p>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css" />
+<style>
+.algolia-autocomplete{
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 1.5em
+}
+.algolia-autocomplete a{
+  border-bottom: none !important;
+}
+#doc_search{
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+}
+</style>
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus/>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js" onload="docsearch({
+  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
+  indexName: 'python-responder',
+  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
+  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
+})" async></script>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
+</p>
+
+<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
+<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
+
+<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
+
+<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
+    @kennethreitz</a>
+  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+</p>
+
+
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
+
-  <li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
-  <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
 </ul>

docs/source/_templates/sidebarlogo.html

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<p class="logo">
+  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
+    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+</p>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css" />
+<style>
+.algolia-autocomplete{
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 1.5em
+}
+.algolia-autocomplete a{
+  border-bottom: none !important;
+}
+#doc_search{
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+}
+</style>
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus/>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js" onload="docsearch({
+  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
+  indexName: 'python-responder',
+  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
+  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
+})" async></script>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
+</p>
+
+<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
+<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
+
+<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
+
+<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
+    @kennethreitz</a>
+  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>Useful Links</h3>
+<ul>
+
+  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
+</ul>

docs/source/backlog.md

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Backlog
-
-## Future Ideas
-- Consider adding `after_request` hooks (complement to `before_request`)
-- Explore WebSocket before_request short-circuit support
-- Add rate limiting middleware
-- Consider async template rendering by default

docs/source/changes.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../CHANGELOG.md

docs/source/cli.rst

@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-Responder CLI
-=============
-
-Responder installs a command line program ``responder``. Use it to launch
-a Responder application from a file or module, either located on a local
-or remote filesystem, or object store.
-
-Launch Module Entrypoint
-------------------------
-
-For loading a Responder application from a Python module, you will refer to
-its ``API()`` instance using a `Python entry point object reference`_ that
-points to a Python object. It is either in the form ``importable.module``,
-or ``importable.module:object.attr``.
-
-A basic invocation command to launch a Responder application:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    responder run acme.app
-
-The command above assumes a Python package ``acme`` including an ``app``
-module ``acme/app.py`` that includes an attribute ``api`` that refers
-to a ``responder.API`` instance, reflecting the typical layout of
-a standard Responder application.
-
-Loading a Responder application using an entrypoint specification will
-inherit the capacities of `Python's import system`_, as implemented by
-`importlib`_.
-
-Launch Local File
------------------
-
-Acquire a minimal example single-file application, ``helloworld.py`` [1]_,
-to your local filesystem, giving you the chance to edit it, and launch the
-Responder HTTP service.
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    wget https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
-    responder run helloworld.py
-
-.. note::
-
-    To validate the example application, invoke a HTTP request, for example using
-    `curl`_, `HTTPie`_, or your favourite browser at hand.
-
-    .. code-block:: shell
-
-        http http://127.0.0.1:5042/Hello
-
-    The response is no surprise.
-
-    ::
-
-        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-        content-length: 13
-        content-type: text/plain
-        date: Sat, 26 Oct 2024 13:16:55 GMT
-        encoding: utf-8
-        server: uvicorn
-
-        Hello, world!
-
-.. [1] The Responder application `helloworld.py`_ implements a basic echo handler.
-
-Launch Remote File
-------------------
-
-You can also launch a single-file application where its Python file is stored
-on a remote location.
-
-Responder supports all filesystem adapters compatible with `fsspec`_, and
-installs the adapters for Azure Blob Storage (az), Google Cloud Storage (gs),
-GitHub, HTTP, and AWS S3 by default.
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    # Works 1:1.
-    responder run https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
-    responder run github://kennethreitz:responder@/examples/helloworld.py
-
-If you need access other kinds of remote targets, see the `list of
-fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols`_. The next section enumerates
-a few synthetic examples. The corresponding storage buckets do not even
-exist, so don't expect those commands to work.
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    # Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, and AWS S3.
-    responder run az://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
-    responder run gs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
-    responder run s3://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
-
-    # Hadoop Distributed File System (hdfs), SSH File Transfer Protocol (sftp),
-    # Common Internet File System (smb), Web-based Distributed Authoring and
-    # Versioning (webdav).
-    responder run hdfs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
-    responder run sftp://user@host/kennethreitz/responder/examples/helloworld.py
-    responder run smb://workgroup;user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
-    responder run webdav+https://user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
-
-.. tip::
-
-    In order to install support for all filesystem types supported by fsspec, run:
-
-    .. code-block:: shell
-
-        uv pip install 'fsspec[full]'
-
-    When using ``uv``, this concludes within an acceptable time of approx.
-    25 seconds. If you need to be more selectively instead of using ``full``,
-    choose from one or multiple of the available `fsspec extras`_, which are:
-
-    abfs, arrow, dask, dropbox, fuse, gcs, git, github, hdfs, http, oci, s3,
-    sftp, smb, ssh.
-
-Launch with Non-Standard Instance Name
---------------------------------------
-
-By default, Responder will acquire an ``responder.API`` instance using the
-symbol name ``api`` from the specified Python module.
-
-If your main application file uses a different name than ``api``, please
-append the designated symbol name to the launch target address.
-
-It works like this for module entrypoints and local files:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    responder run acme.app:service
-    responder run /path/to/acme/app.py:service
-
-It works like this for URLs:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    responder run http://app.server.local/path/to/acme/app.py#service
-
-Within your ``app.py``, the instance would have been defined to use
-the ``service`` symbol name instead of ``api``, like this:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    service = responder.API()
-
-Build JavaScript Application
-----------------------------
-
-The ``build`` subcommand invokes ``npm run build``, optionally accepting
-a target directory. By default, it uses the current working directory,
-where it expects a regular NPM ``package.json`` file.
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    responder build
-
-When specifying a target directory, Responder will change to that
-directory beforehand.
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    responder build /path/to/project
-
-
-.. _curl: https://curl.se/
-.. _fsspec: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-.. _fsspec extras: https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/blob/2024.12.0/pyproject.toml#L27-L69
-.. _helloworld.py: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/blob/main/examples/helloworld.py
-.. _HTTPie: https://httpie.io/docs/cli
-.. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html
-.. _list of fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols: https://github.com/fsspec/universal_pathlib#currently-supported-filesystems-and-protocols
-.. _Python entry point object reference: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/entry-points/
-.. _Python's import system: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -1,35 +1,103 @@
-# Sphinx configuration for Responder documentation.
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
+#
+# This file does only contain a selection of the most common options. For a
+# full list see the documentation:
+# http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/config
 
-import os
+# -- Path setup --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#
+# import os
+# import sys
+# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+
+
+# -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
 
 project = "responder"
-copyright = "2018-2026, Kenneth Reitz"
+copyright = "2018, A Kenneth Reitz project"
 author = "Kenneth Reitz"
 
+# The short X.Y version
+import os
+
+# Path hackery to get current version number.
 here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
 about = {}
 with open(os.path.join(here, "..", "..", "responder", "__version__.py")) as f:
     exec(f.read(), about)
 
 version = about["__version__"]
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
 release = about["__version__"]
 
+
+# -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
+
+# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
+#
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
+# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
+# ones.
 extensions = [
     "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.doctest",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
+    "sphinx.ext.todo",
+    "sphinx.ext.coverage",
+    "sphinx.ext.mathjax",
+    "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
     "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
-    "myst_parser",
+    "sphinx.ext.githubpages",
-    "sphinx_copybutton",
-    "sphinx_design_elements",
 ]
 
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
 templates_path = ["_templates"]
-source_suffix = {".rst": "restructuredtext"}
+
+# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
+# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
+#
+# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
+source_suffix = ".rst"
+
+# The master toctree document.
 master_doc = "index"
-language = "en"
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+#
+# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
+# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
+language = None
+
+# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
+# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
+# This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
 exclude_patterns = []
 
-# Theme
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = None
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
+# a list of builtin themes.
+#
 html_theme = "alabaster"
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#
 html_theme_options = {
     "show_powered_by": False,
     "github_user": "kennethreitz",
@@ -37,16 +105,118 @@ html_theme_options = {
     "github_banner": False,
     "show_related": False,
 }
-html_static_path = ["_static"]
+
+
 html_sidebars = {
-    "index": ["sidebarintro.html", "searchbox.html"],
+    "index": ["sidebarintro.html", "sourcelink.html", "searchbox.html", "hacks.html"],
-    "**": ["sidebarintro.html", "localtoc.html", "searchbox.html"],
+    "**": [
+        "sidebarlogo.html",
+        "localtoc.html",
+        "relations.html",
+        "sourcelink.html",
+        "searchbox.html",
+        "hacks.html",
+    ],
 }
 
-# MyST
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
-myst_heading_anchors = 3
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ["_static"]
 
-# Copybutton
+# Custom sidebar templates, must be a dictionary that maps document names
-copybutton_remove_prompts = True
+# to template names.
-copybutton_prompt_text = r">>> |\.\.\. |\$ "
+#
-copybutton_prompt_is_regexp = True
+# The default sidebars (for documents that don't match any pattern) are
+# defined by theme itself.  Builtin themes are using these templates by
+# default: ``['localtoc.html', 'relations.html', 'sourcelink.html',
+# 'searchbox.html']``.
+#
+# html_sidebars = {}
+
+
+# -- Options for HTMLHelp output ---------------------------------------------
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = "responderdoc"
+
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output ------------------------------------------------
+
+latex_elements = {
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #
+    # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #
+    # 'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #
+    # 'preamble': '',
+    # Latex figure (float) alignment
+    #
+    # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
+}
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title,
+#  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
+latex_documents = [
+    (master_doc, "responder.tex", "responder Documentation", "Kenneth Reitz", "manual")
+]
+
+
+# -- Options for manual page output ------------------------------------------
+
+# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
+# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
+man_pages = [(master_doc, "responder", "responder Documentation", [author], 1)]
+
+
+# -- Options for Texinfo output ----------------------------------------------
+
+# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author,
+#  dir menu entry, description, category)
+texinfo_documents = [
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        "responder",
+        "responder Documentation",
+        author,
+        "responder",
+        "One line description of project.",
+        "Miscellaneous",
+    )
+]
+
+
+# -- Options for Epub output -------------------------------------------------
+
+# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
+epub_title = project
+
+# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
+# or the project homepage.
+#
+# epub_identifier = ''
+
+# A unique identification for the text.
+#
+# epub_uid = ''
+
+# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
+epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]
+
+
+# -- Extension configuration -------------------------------------------------
+
+# -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------
+
+# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
+intersphinx_mapping = {"https://docs.python.org/": None}
+
+# -- Options for todo extension ----------------------------------------------
+
+# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
+todo_include_todos = True

docs/source/deployment.rst

@@ -1,86 +1,58 @@
-Deployment
+Deploying Responder
-==========
+===================
 
-Responder applications are standard ASGI apps. You can deploy them anywhere
+You can deploy Responder anywhere you can deploy a basic Python application.
-you'd deploy a Python web service.
 
+Docker Deployment
+-----------------
 
-Running Locally
+Assuming existing ``api.py`` and ``Pipfile.lock`` containing ``responder``.
----------------
 
-The simplest way to run your application::
+``Dockerfile``::
+
+    FROM kennethreitz/pipenv
+    ENV PORT '80'
+    COPY . /app
+    CMD python3 api.py
+    EXPOSE 80
+
+That's it!
+
+Heroku Deployment
+-----------------
+
+The basics::
+
+    $ mkdir my-api
+    $ cd my-api
+    $ git init
+    $ heroku create
+    ...
+
+Install Responder::
+
+    $ pipenv install responder
+    ...
+
+Write out an ``api.py``::
 
-    # api.py
     import responder
 
     api = responder.API()
 
     @api.route("/")
-    def hello(req, resp):
+    async def hello(req, resp):
         resp.text = "hello, world!"
 
     if __name__ == "__main__":
         api.run()
 
-This starts a production uvicorn server on ``127.0.0.1:5042``.
+Write out a ``Procfile``::
 
+    web: python api.py
 
-Docker
+That's it! Next, we commit and push to Heroku::
-------
 
-A minimal Dockerfile for deploying a Responder application::
+    $ git add -A
-
+    $ git commit -m 'initial commit'
-    FROM python:3.13-slim
+    $ git push heroku master
-    WORKDIR /app
-    COPY . .
-    RUN pip install responder
-    ENV PORT=80
-    EXPOSE 80
-    CMD ["python", "api.py"]
-
-Build and run::
-
-    $ docker build -t myapi .
-    $ docker run -p 8000:80 myapi
-
-
-Cloud Platforms
----------------
-
-Responder automatically honors the ``PORT`` environment variable, which is
-set by most cloud platforms. When ``PORT`` is set, Responder binds to
-``0.0.0.0`` on that port automatically.
-
-This works out of the box with:
-
-- **Fly.io**
-- **Railway**
-- **Render**
-- **Google Cloud Run**
-- **Azure Container Apps**
-- **AWS App Runner**
-
-Just deploy your code and set the start command to ``python api.py``.
-
-
-Uvicorn Directly
-----------------
-
-For more control over the production server, you can bypass ``api.run()``
-and use uvicorn directly::
-
-    $ uvicorn api:api --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 --workers 4
-
-This gives you access to all of uvicorn's options: worker count, SSL
-certificates, access logging, and more. See the
-`uvicorn documentation <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_ for details.
-
-
-Reverse Proxy
--------------
-
-In production, you may want to place Responder behind a reverse proxy like
-nginx or Caddy for SSL termination, load balancing, or serving static assets.
-
-Responder's ``TrustedHostMiddleware`` and ``HTTPSRedirectMiddleware`` work
-correctly behind proxies that set standard forwarding headers.

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,25 @@
-Responder
+.. responder documentation master file, created by
-=========
+   sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 11 12:58:34 2018.
+   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
+   contain the root `toctree` directive.
 
-A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python.
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework
+=================================
+
+|Build Status| |image1| |image2| |image3| |image4| |image5|
+
+.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder
+.. |image1| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image2| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image3| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image4| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
+.. |image5| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
+   :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
 
 .. code:: python
 
@@ -16,96 +34,109 @@ A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python.
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        api.run()
 
-Powered by `Starlette`_ and `uvicorn`_. The ``async`` is optional.
+Powered by `Starlette <https://www.starlette.io/>`_. That ``async`` declaration is optional.
 
+This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server
+(`WhiteNoise <http://whitenoise.evans.io/en/stable/>`_)
+pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
+production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with
+automatic gzip compression.
 
-The Idea
+Features
 --------
 
-Responder takes the best ideas from `Flask`_ and `Falcon`_ and brings them
+- A pleasant API, with a single import statement.
-together into one clean framework.
+- Class-based views without inheritance.
+- `ASGI <https://asgi.readthedocs.io>`_ framework, the future of Python web services.
+- WebSocket support!
+- The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.
+- `f-string syntax <https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals>`_ route declaration.
+- Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.
+- Background tasks, spawned off in a ``ThreadPoolExecutor``.
+- GraphQL (with *GraphiQL*) support!
+- OpenAPI schema generation, with interactive documentation!
+- Single-page webapp support!
 
-The request and response objects are passed into every view and mutated
+Testimonials
-directly — no return values, no boilerplate. If you've used Requests,
-you'll feel right at home. If you've used Flask, the routing will look
-familiar. If you've used Falcon, the ``req`` / ``resp`` pattern will
-click immediately.
-
-- ``resp.text`` sends back text. ``resp.html`` sends back HTML.
-- ``resp.media`` sends back JSON — or YAML, if the client asks for it.
-- ``resp.file("path")`` serves a file. ``resp.content`` sends raw bytes.
-- ``req.headers`` is case-insensitive. ``req.params`` holds query parameters.
-- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url`` — the usual suspects.
-
-Content negotiation happens automatically. Set ``resp.media`` to a dict
-and Responder figures out the rest.
-
-Responder and `FastAPI`_ share DNA — both are built on Starlette, both
-appeared around the same time, and both pushed Python's ASGI ecosystem
-forward. FastAPI went deep on type annotations and automatic validation.
-Responder went for a mutable request/response pattern and a simpler,
-more familiar API. Both projects are better for the other existing, and
-you should use whichever feels right for what you're building.
-
-
-What You Get
 ------------
 
-One ``pip install``, batteries included:
+   “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
+   `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ at his absolute
+   best.”
 
-- Mount Flask, Django, or any WSGI/ASGI app at a subroute.
+    —Rudraksh M.K.
-- Gzip compression, HSTS, CORS, and trusted host validation.
-- Before-request hooks that can short-circuit for auth guards.
-- A test client for fast, in-process testing with pytest.
-- Route parameters with f-string syntax and type convertors.
-- Lifespan context managers for startup and shutdown logic.
-- Custom exception handlers for clean error responses.
-- `GraphQL`_ with Graphene and a built-in GraphiQL IDE.
-- File serving with automatic content-type detection.
-- Sync and async views — ``async`` is always optional.
-- Class-based views with ``on_get``, ``on_post``, ``on_request``.
-- A pleasant API with a single import statement.
-- OpenAPI schema generation with Swagger UI.
-- A production `uvicorn`_ server, ready to deploy.
-- HTTP method filtering for REST APIs.
-- Signed cookie-based sessions.
-- Background tasks in a thread pool.
-- WebSocket support.
 
 
-Installation
-------------
 
-.. code-block:: shell
+..
 
-    $ uv pip install responder
+   "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that."
 
-Python 3.9 and above. That's it.
+    —Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
 
+..
+
+
+   “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”
+
+    — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
+
+
+.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
+.. _Two Scoops of Django: https://www.twoscoopspress.com/products/two-scoops-of-django-1-11
+
+User Guides
+-----------
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
-   :caption: User Guide
 
    quickstart
    tour
    deployment
    testing
    api
-   cli
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
-   :caption: Project
-
-   changes
-   Sandbox <sandbox>
-   backlog
 
 
-.. _Starlette: https://www.starlette.io/
+Installing Responder
-.. _uvicorn: https://www.uvicorn.org/
+--------------------
-.. _Flask: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
+
-.. _Falcon: https://falconframework.org/
+.. code-block:: shell
-.. _FastAPI: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/
+
-.. _GraphQL: https://graphql.org/
+    $ pipenv install responder
+    ✨🍰✨
+
+Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
+
+
+The Basic Idea
+--------------
+
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+
+- Setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
+- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.html`` sends back HTML.
+- Setting ``resp.media`` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.html``/``.content`` override this).
+- Case-insensitive ``req.headers`` dict (from Requests directly).
+- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url``, and other familiar friends.
+
+Ideas
+-----
+
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
+- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
+- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
+- Automatic gzipped-responses.
+- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
+- A production static files server is built-in.
+- `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_ is built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against `slowloris <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris_(computer_security)>`_ attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
+- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
+
+
+Indices and tables
+==================
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`

docs/source/quickstart.rst

@@ -1,234 +1,177 @@
-Quick Start
+Quick Start!
-===========
+============
 
-This guide will walk you through the basics of building a web service with
+This section of the documentation exists to provide an introduction to the Responder interface,
-Responder. By the end, you'll know how to declare routes, handle requests,
+as well as educate the user on basic functionality.
-send responses, render templates, and process background tasks.
 
 
-Create a Web Service
+Declare a Web Service
---------------------
+---------------------
 
-The first thing you need to do is declare a web service. This is the central
+The first thing you need to do is declare a web service::
-object that holds all your routes, middleware, and configuration::
 
     import responder
 
     api = responder.API()
 
+Hello World!
+------------
 
-Hello World
+Then, you can add a view / route to it.
------------
 
-Next, add a route. Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello, world!"::
+Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello world!"::
 
     @api.route("/")
     def hello_world(req, resp):
         resp.text = "hello, world!"
 
-Every view receives a ``req`` (request) and ``resp`` (response) object. You
-don't need to return anything — just mutate the response directly.
-
-
 Run the Server
 --------------
 
-Start your web service with ``api.run()``::
+Next, we can run our web service easily, with ``api.run()``::
 
     api.run()
 
-This spins up a production-grade uvicorn server on port ``5042``, ready for
+This will spin up a production web server on port ``5042``, ready for incoming HTTP requests.
-incoming HTTP requests.
 
-You can customize the port with ``api.run(port=8000)``. The ``PORT``
+Note: you can pass ``port=5000`` if you want to customize the port. The ``PORT`` environment variable for established web service providers (e.g. Heroku) will automatically be honored and will set the listening address to ``0.0.0.0`` automatically (also configurable through the ``address`` keyword argument).
-environment variable is also honored automatically — when set, Responder
-binds to ``0.0.0.0`` on that port, which is what cloud platforms like
-Fly.io, Railway, and Google Cloud Run expect.
-
-.. note::
-
-   Both sync and async views are supported. The ``async`` keyword is always
-   optional — use it when you need to ``await`` something.
 
 
-Route Parameters
+Accept Route Arguments
-----------------
+----------------------
 
-If you want dynamic URLs, use Python's familiar f-string syntax to declare
+If you want dynamic URLs, you can use Python's familiar *f-string syntax* to declare variables in your routes::
-variables in your routes::
 
     @api.route("/hello/{who}")
     def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
         resp.text = f"hello, {who}!"
 
-A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/world`` will respond with ``hello, world!``.
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/brettcannon`` will result in a response of ``hello, brettcannon!``.
 
-Route parameters are passed as keyword-only arguments (after the ``*``).
+Type convertors are also available::
-
-
-Type Convertors
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-You can constrain route parameters to specific types. The parameter will be
-automatically converted before it reaches your view::
 
     @api.route("/add/{a:int}/{b:int}")
     async def add(req, resp, *, a, b):
         resp.text = f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}"
 
-Supported types:
+Supported types: ``str``, ``int`` and ``float``.
 
-- ``str`` — matches any string without slashes (default)
+Returning JSON / YAML
-- ``int`` — matches digits, converts to ``int``
+---------------------
-- ``float`` — matches decimal numbers, converts to ``float``
-- ``uuid`` — matches UUID strings like ``550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000``
-- ``path`` — matches any string *including* slashes, useful for file paths
 
+If you want your API to send back JSON, simply set the ``resp.media`` property to a JSON-serializable Python object::
 
-Sending Responses
------------------
-
-Responder gives you several ways to send data back to the client. Just set
-the appropriate property on the response object.
-
-**Text and HTML**::
-
-    resp.text = "plain text response"
-    resp.html = "<h1>HTML response</h1>"
-
-**JSON** — the most common pattern for APIs. Set ``resp.media`` to any
-JSON-serializable Python object::
 
     @api.route("/hello/{who}/json")
-    def hello_json(req, resp, *, who):
+    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
         resp.media = {"hello": who}
 
-If the client sends an ``Accept: application/x-yaml`` header, the same data
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/guido/json`` will result in a response of ``{'hello': 'guido'}``.
-will be returned as YAML instead. Content negotiation is automatic.
 
-**Files** — serve a file from disk with automatic content-type detection::
+If the client requests YAML instead (with a header of ``Accept: application/x-yaml``), YAML will be sent.
 
-    resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")
+Rendering a Template
+--------------------
 
-**Raw bytes**::
+Responder provides a built-in light `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ wrapper ``templates.Templates``
 
-    resp.content = b"\x89PNG\r\n..."
+Usage::
 
-**Status codes and headers**::
+  from responder.templates import Templates
 
-    resp.status_code = 201
+  templates = Templates()
-    resp.headers["X-Custom"] = "value"
 
-**Redirects**::
+  @api.route("/hello/{name}/html")
-
+  def hello(req, resp, name):
-    api.redirect(resp, location="/new-url")
+      resp.html = templates.render("hello.html", name=name)
 
 
-Reading Requests
+Also a ``render_async`` is available::
-----------------
 
-The request object gives you access to everything the client sent.
+    templates = Templates(enable_async=True)
+    resp.html = await templates.render_async("hello.html", who=who)
 
-**Method and URL**::
+You can also use the existing ``api.template(filename, *args, **kwargs)`` to render templates::
 
-    req.method      # "get", "post", etc. (lowercase)
+    @api.route("/hello/{who}/html")
-    req.full_url    # "http://example.com/path?q=1"
+    def hello_html(req, resp, *, who):
-    req.url         # parsed URL object
+        resp.html = api.template('hello.html', who=who)
-
-**Headers** — case-insensitive, just like you'd expect::
-
-    req.headers["Content-Type"]
-    req.headers["content-type"]  # same thing
-
-**Query parameters**::
-
-    # GET /search?q=python&page=2
-    req.params["q"]     # "python"
-    req.params["page"]  # "2"
-
-**Path parameters** — also available on the request object::
-
-    req.path_params["user_id"]  # same as the keyword argument
-
-**Request body** — for POST/PUT/PATCH requests, you need to ``await`` the
-body content::
-
-    # JSON body
-    data = await req.media()
-
-    # Form data
-    data = await req.media("form")
-
-    # File uploads
-    files = await req.media("files")
-
-    # Raw bytes
-    body = await req.content
-
-    # Raw text
-    text = await req.text
-
-**Other useful properties**::
-
-    req.is_json     # True if content type is JSON
-    req.cookies     # dict of cookies
-    req.session     # session data (dict)
-    req.client      # (host, port) tuple
-    req.is_secure   # True if HTTPS
 
 
-Rendering Templates
+Setting Response Status Code
--------------------
+----------------------------
 
-Responder includes built-in `Jinja2 <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_
+If you want to set the response status code, simply set ``resp.status_code``::
-support. Templates are loaded from the ``templates/`` directory by default.
 
-The simplest way is to use ``api.template()``::
+    @api.route("/416")
-
+    def teapot(req, resp):
-    @api.route("/hello/{name}/html")
+        resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416   # ...or 416
-    def hello_html(req, resp, *, name):
-        resp.html = api.template("hello.html", name=name)
-
-You can also use the ``Templates`` class directly for more control::
-
-    from responder.templates import Templates
-
-    templates = Templates(directory="templates")
-
-    @api.route("/page")
-    def page(req, resp):
-        resp.html = templates.render("page.html", title="Hello")
-
-Async rendering is supported too::
-
-    templates = Templates(directory="templates", enable_async=True)
-    resp.html = await templates.render_async("page.html", title="Hello")
-
-You can render template strings without a file::
-
-    resp.html = api.template_string("Hello, {{ name }}!", name="world")
 
 
-Background Tasks
+Setting Response Headers
-----------------
+------------------------
 
-Sometimes you want to accept a request, respond immediately, and do the
+If you want to set a response header, like ``X-Pizza: 42``, simply modify the ``resp.headers`` dictionary::
-actual processing later. Responder makes this easy with background tasks::
+
+    @api.route("/pizza")
+    def pizza_pizza(req, resp):
+        resp.headers['X-Pizza'] = '42'
+
+That's it!
+
+
+Receiving Data & Background Tasks
+---------------------------------
+
+If you're expecting to read any request data, on the server, you need to declare your view as async and await the content.
+
+Here, we'll process our data in the background, while responding immediately to the client::
+
+    import time
 
     @api.route("/incoming")
     async def receive_incoming(req, resp):
-        data = await req.media()
 
         @api.background.task
         def process_data(data):
-            """This runs in a background thread."""
+            """Just sleeps for three seconds, as a demo."""
-            import time
+            time.sleep(3)
-            time.sleep(10)  # simulate heavy work
 
+
+        # Parse the incoming data as form-encoded.
+        # Note: 'json' and 'yaml' formats are also automatically supported.
+        data = await req.media()
+
+        # Process the data (in the background).
         process_data(data)
 
-        # Respond immediately — processing continues in the background
+        # Immediately respond that upload was successful.
-        resp.media = {"status": "accepted"}
+        resp.media = {'success': True}
 
-The ``@api.background.task`` decorator wraps any function to run in a thread
+A ``POST`` request to ``/incoming`` will result in an immediate response of ``{'success': true}``.
-pool. The client gets an immediate response while the work continues.
+
+
+Here's a sample code to post a file with background::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def upload_file(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def process_data(data):
+            f = open('./{}'.format(data['file']['filename']), 'w')
+            f.write(data['file']['content'].decode('utf-8'))
+            f.close()
+
+        data = await req.media(format='files')
+        process_data(data)
+
+        resp.media = {'success': 'ok'}
+
+You can send a file easily with requests::
+
+	  import requests
+
+	  data = {'file': ('hello.txt', 'hello, world!', "text/plain")}
+	  r = requests.post('http://127.0.0.1:8210/file', files=data)
+
+	  print(r.text)

docs/source/sandbox.md

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-(sandbox)=
-# Development Sandbox
-
-## Setup
-Set up a development sandbox.
-
-Acquire sources and create virtualenv.
-```shell
-git clone https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git
-cd responder
-uv venv
-```
-
-Install project in editable mode, including
-all development tools.
-```shell
-uv pip install --upgrade --editable '.[develop,docs,release,test]'
-```
-
-## Operations
-Run tests.
-```shell
-source .venv/bin/activate
-pytest
-```
-
-Format code.
-```shell
-ruff format .
-ruff check --fix .
-```
-
-Documentation authoring.
-```shell
-sphinx-autobuild --open-browser --watch docs/source docs/source docs/build
-```

docs/source/testing.rst

@@ -1,46 +1,54 @@
-Testing
+Building and Testing with Responder
-=======
+===================================
 
-Responder includes a built-in test client powered by Starlette's
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
-``TestClient``. You don't need to start a server — tests run in-process,
-making them fast and reliable.
 
+Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up a proper Python package and adding testing to it.
 
-Getting Started
+The Basics
----------------
+----------
 
-Given a simple application in ``api.py``::
+Your repository should look like this::
+
+    Pipfile   Pipfile.lock   api.py  test_api.py
+
+``$ cat api.py``::
 
     import responder
 
     api = responder.API()
 
     @api.route("/")
-    def hello(req, resp):
+    def hello_world(req, resp):
         resp.text = "hello, world!"
 
     if __name__ == "__main__":
         api.run()
 
-You can test it with pytest::
 
-    # test_api.py
+``$ cat Pipfile``::
-    import api as service
 
-    def test_hello():
+    [[source]]
-        r = service.api.requests.get("/")
+    url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-        assert r.text == "hello, world!"
+    verify_ssl = true
+    name = "pypi"
 
-Run your tests::
+    [packages]
+    responder = "*"
 
-    $ pytest
+    [dev-packages]
+    pytest = "*"
 
+    [requires]
+    python_version = "3.7"
 
-Using Fixtures
+    [pipenv]
---------------
+    allow_prereleases = true
 
-For larger test suites, use pytest fixtures to share the API instance
+Writing Tests
-across tests::
+-------------
+
+``$ cat test_api.py``::
 
     import pytest
     import api as service
@@ -49,109 +57,25 @@ across tests::
     def api():
         return service.api
 
-    def test_hello(api):
+
+    def test_hello_world(api):
         r = api.requests.get("/")
         assert r.text == "hello, world!"
 
-    def test_json(api):
+``$ pytest``::
-        @api.route("/data")
-        def data(req, resp):
-            resp.media = {"key": "value"}
 
-        r = api.requests.get(api.url_for(data))
+    ...
-        assert r.json() == {"key": "value"}
+    ========================== 1 passed in 0.10 seconds ==========================
-
-The ``api.url_for()`` method generates a URL for a given route endpoint,
-so you don't have to hard-code paths in your tests.
 
 
-Testing JSON APIs
+(Optional) Proper Python Package
------------------
+--------------------------------
 
-Send JSON data and check the response::
+Optionally, you can not rely on relative imports, and instead install your api as a proper package. This requires:
 
-    def test_create_item(api):
+1. A `proper setup.py <https://github.com/kennethreitz/setup.py>`_ file.
-        @api.route("/items")
+2. ``$ pipenv install -e . --dev``
-        async def create(req, resp):
-            data = await req.media()
-            resp.media = {"created": data}
-            resp.status_code = 201
 
-        r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(create), json={"name": "widget"})
+This will allow you to only specify your dependencies once: in ``setup.py``. ``$ pipenv lock`` will automatically lock your transitive dependencies (e.g. Responder), even if it's not specified in the ``Pipfile``.
-        assert r.status_code == 201
-        assert r.json() == {"created": {"name": "widget"}}
 
-
+This will ensure that your application gets installed in every developer's environment, using Pipenv.
-Testing File Uploads
---------------------
-
-Send files using the ``files`` parameter::
-
-    def test_upload(api):
-        @api.route("/upload")
-        async def upload(req, resp):
-            files = await req.media("files")
-            resp.media = {"received": list(files.keys())}
-
-        files = {"doc": ("report.pdf", b"content", "application/pdf")}
-        r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(upload), files=files)
-        assert r.json() == {"received": ["doc"]}
-
-
-Testing WebSockets
-------------------
-
-Use Starlette's ``TestClient`` directly for WebSocket connections::
-
-    from starlette.testclient import TestClient
-
-    def test_websocket(api):
-        @api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
-        async def ws(ws):
-            await ws.accept()
-            await ws.send_text("hello")
-            await ws.close()
-
-        client = TestClient(api)
-        with client.websocket_connect("/ws") as ws:
-            assert ws.receive_text() == "hello"
-
-
-Testing Error Handling
-----------------------
-
-To test error responses without pytest raising the exception, disable
-server exception propagation::
-
-    from starlette.testclient import TestClient
-
-    def test_500(api):
-        @api.route("/fail")
-        def fail(req, resp):
-            raise ValueError("something broke")
-
-        client = TestClient(api, raise_server_exceptions=False)
-        r = client.get(api.url_for(fail))
-        assert r.status_code == 500
-
-
-Testing Lifespan Events
------------------------
-
-The test client supports lifespan events. Use ``with`` to ensure startup
-and shutdown hooks run::
-
-    def test_with_lifespan(api):
-        started = {"value": False}
-
-        @api.on_event("startup")
-        async def on_startup():
-            started["value"] = True
-
-        @api.route("/")
-        def check(req, resp):
-            resp.media = {"started": started["value"]}
-
-        with api.requests as session:
-            r = session.get("http://;/")
-            assert r.json() == {"started": True}

docs/source/tour.rst

@@ -1,177 +1,41 @@
 Feature Tour
 ============
 
-This section walks through Responder's features in detail. Each section
-includes working code examples you can copy into your application.
-
-
-Method Filtering
-----------------
-
-By default, a route matches all HTTP methods. If you want to restrict a
-route to specific methods, pass the ``methods`` parameter::
-
-    @api.route("/items", methods=["GET"])
-    def list_items(req, resp):
-        resp.media = {"items": []}
-
-    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], check_existing=False)
-    async def create_item(req, resp):
-        data = await req.media()
-        resp.media = {"created": data}
-
-Note the ``check_existing=False`` — this allows you to register multiple
-handlers for the same path with different methods.
-
 
 Class-Based Views
 -----------------
 
-For more complex resources, you can use class-based views. Responder will
+Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
-dispatch to the appropriate method handler based on the HTTP method::
 
     @api.route("/{greeting}")
     class GreetingResource:
-        def on_get(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
+        def on_request(self, req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
             resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-
+            resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
-        def on_post(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
+            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
-            resp.media = {"received": greeting}
-
-        def on_request(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
-            """Called on EVERY request, before the method-specific handler."""
-            resp.headers["X-Greeting"] = greeting
-
-The ``on_request`` method is called for all HTTP methods, much like
-middleware scoped to a single route. Method-specific handlers (``on_get``,
-``on_post``, ``on_put``, ``on_delete``, etc.) are called after.
-
-No inheritance required — just define a class with the right method names.
 
 
-Lifespan Events
+Background Tasks
----------------
+----------------
 
-Modern applications often need to set up resources on startup (database
+Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request::
-connections, caches, ML models) and tear them down on shutdown. Responder
-supports the lifespan context manager pattern::
 
-    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello(req, resp):
 
-    @asynccontextmanager
+        @api.background.task
-    async def lifespan(app):
+        def sleep(s=10):
-        # Startup — runs before the first request
+            time.sleep(s)
-        print("connecting to database...")
+            print("slept!")
-        yield
-        # Shutdown — runs after the server stops
-        print("closing connections...")
 
-    api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+        sleep()
-
+        resp.content = "processing"
-You can also use the traditional event decorator style::
-
-    @api.on_event("startup")
-    async def startup():
-        print("starting up")
-
-    @api.on_event("shutdown")
-    async def shutdown():
-        print("shutting down")
-
-The context manager approach is preferred for new code — it makes the
-startup/shutdown relationship explicit and keeps related code together.
-
-
-Serving Files
--------------
-
-Serve files from disk with automatic content-type detection. Responder
-uses Python's ``mimetypes`` module to figure out the right ``Content-Type``
-header for you::
-
-    @api.route("/download")
-    def download(req, resp):
-        resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")
-
-You can override the content type if needed::
-
-    @api.route("/image")
-    def image(req, resp):
-        resp.file("photos/cat.jpg", content_type="image/jpeg")
-
-
-Custom Error Handling
----------------------
-
-By default, unhandled exceptions result in a 500 Internal Server Error.
-You can register custom handlers for specific exception types to return
-structured error responses::
-
-    @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
-    async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
-        resp.status_code = 400
-        resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
-
-Now, any route that raises a ``ValueError`` will return a clean 400 response
-with a JSON error message instead of a generic 500 page.
-
-
-Before-Request Hooks
---------------------
-
-Run code before every request. This is useful for logging, adding common
-headers, or setting up per-request state::
-
-    @api.route(before_request=True)
-    def add_headers(req, resp):
-        resp.headers["X-API-Version"] = "3.1"
-
-**Short-circuiting:** If your hook sets ``resp.status_code``, the route
-handler will be skipped entirely and the response will be sent immediately.
-This is the pattern for authentication guards::
-
-    @api.route(before_request=True)
-    def auth_check(req, resp):
-        if "Authorization" not in req.headers:
-            resp.status_code = 401
-            resp.media = {"error": "unauthorized"}
-
-If the ``Authorization`` header is missing, the client gets a 401 response
-and the actual route handler never runs.
-
-WebSocket hooks work the same way::
-
-    @api.before_request(websocket=True)
-    async def ws_auth(ws):
-        await ws.accept()
-
-
-WebSocket Support
------------------
-
-Responder supports WebSockets for real-time, bidirectional communication::
-
-    @api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
-    async def websocket(ws):
-        await ws.accept()
-        while True:
-            name = await ws.receive_text()
-            await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
-        await ws.close()
-
-You can send and receive in multiple formats:
-
-- ``send_text`` / ``receive_text`` — plain text
-- ``send_json`` / ``receive_json`` — JSON objects
-- ``send_bytes`` / ``receive_bytes`` — raw binary data
 
 
 GraphQL
 -------
 
-Responder includes built-in GraphQL support via
+Serve a GraphQL API::
-`Graphene <https://graphene-python.org/>`_. Set up a full GraphQL endpoint
-with a single method call::
 
     import graphene
 
@@ -181,328 +45,383 @@ with a single method call::
         def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
             return f"Hello {name}"
 
-    api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+    schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
+    view = responder.ext.GraphQLView(api=api, schema=schema)
 
-Visiting ``/graphql`` in a browser renders the GraphiQL interactive IDE,
+    api.add_route("/graph", view)
-where you can explore your schema and test queries. Programmatic clients
-can POST JSON queries to the same endpoint.
 
-You can access the Responder request and response objects in your resolvers
+Visiting the endpoint will render a *GraphiQL* instance, in the browser.
-through ``info.context["request"]`` and ``info.context["response"]``.
+
+You can make use of Responder's Request and Response objects in your GraphQL resolvers through ``info.context['request']`` and ``info.context['response']``.
 
 
-OpenAPI Documentation
+OpenAPI Schema Support
----------------------
+----------------------
 
-Responder can generate an OpenAPI schema and serve interactive API
+Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow
-documentation automatically::
 
-    api = responder.API(
+New in Responder `1.4.0`::
-        title="Pet Store",
+
+    import responder
+    from responder.ext.schema import Schema as OpenAPISchema
+    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+    contact = {
+        "name": "API Support",
+        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
+        "email": "support@example.com",
+    }
+    license = {
+        "name": "Apache 2.0",
+        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
+    }
+    
+    api = responder.API()
+
+    schema = OpenAPISchema(
+        app=api,
+        title="Web Service",
         version="1.0",
         openapi="3.0.2",
-        docs_route="/docs",
+        description="A simple pet store",
+        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
     )
 
-This gives you:
+    @schema.schema("Pet")
+    class PetSchema(Schema):
+        name = fields.Str()
 
-- An OpenAPI schema at ``/schema.yml``
-- Interactive Swagger UI documentation at ``/docs``
 
-There are three ways to document your endpoints.
+    @api.route("/")
-
+    def route(req, resp):
-**Pydantic models** — the recommended approach for new APIs. Use
+        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
-``request_model`` and ``response_model`` to annotate your routes, and
-Responder will generate the schema automatically::
-
-    from pydantic import BaseModel
-
-    class PetIn(BaseModel):
-        name: str
-        age: int = 0
-
-    class PetOut(BaseModel):
-        id: int
-        name: str
-        age: int
-
-    @api.route("/pets", methods=["POST"],
-               request_model=PetIn, response_model=PetOut)
-    async def create_pet(req, resp):
-        data = await req.media()
-        resp.media = {"id": 1, **data}
-
-This generates a full OpenAPI path with ``requestBody`` and ``responses``
-schemas, all linked by ``$ref`` to your Pydantic models in
-``components/schemas``.
-
-You can also register standalone schemas with the ``@api.schema`` decorator::
-
-    @api.schema("Pet")
-    class Pet(BaseModel):
-        name: str
-        age: int = 0
-
-**YAML docstrings** — inline your OpenAPI spec directly in the docstring.
-This gives you full control over every detail::
-
-    @api.route("/pets")
-    def list_pets(req, resp):
-        """A list of pets.
         ---
         get:
-            description: Get all pets
+            description: Get a random pet
             responses:
                 200:
-                    description: A list of pets
+                    description: A pet to be returned
+                    content:  
+                        application/json: 
+                            schema: 
+                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
         """
-        resp.media = [{"name": "Fido"}]
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
 
-**Marshmallow schemas** — if you're already using marshmallow for
-validation, Responder integrates with it via the apispec plugin::
 
+Old way *It's recommended to use the code above* ::
+
+    import responder
     from marshmallow import Schema, fields
 
+    contact = {
+        "name": "API Support",
+        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
+        "email": "support@example.com",
+    }
+    license = {
+        "name": "Apache 2.0",
+        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
+    }
+
+    api = responder.API(
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        description="A simple pet store",
+        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+
     @api.schema("Pet")
     class PetSchema(Schema):
         name = fields.Str()
 
-All three approaches can be mixed in the same API. Pydantic models,
+    @api.route("/")
-marshmallow schemas, and YAML docstrings all contribute to the same
+    def route(req, resp):
-generated OpenAPI specification.
+        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get a random pet
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A pet to be returned
+                    content:  
+                        application/json: 
+                            schema: 
+                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
+        """
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
 
-You can choose from multiple documentation themes:
+::
-``swagger_ui`` (default), ``redoc``, ``rapidoc``, or ``elements``.
+
+    >>> r = api.session().get("http://;/schema.yml")
+
+    >>> print(r.text)
+    components:
+      parameters: {}
+      responses: {}
+      schemas:
+        Pet:
+          properties:
+            name: {type: string}
+          type: object
+      securitySchemes: {}
+    info:
+      contact: {email: support@example.com, name: API Support, url: 'http://www.example.com/support'}
+      description: This is a sample server for a pet store.
+      license: {name: Apache 2.0, url: 'https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html'}
+      termsOfService: http://example.com/terms/
+      title: Web Service
+      version: 1.0
+    openapi: 3.0.2
+    paths:
+      /:
+        get:
+          description: Get a random pet
+          responses:
+            200: {description: A pet to be returned, schema: $ref: "#/components/schemas/Pet"}
+    tags: []
 
 
-Mounting Other Apps
+Interactive Documentation
--------------------
+-------------------------
 
-Responder can mount any WSGI or ASGI application at a subroute. This means
+Responder can automatically supply API Documentation for you. Using the example above
-you can gradually migrate from Flask, or run multiple frameworks side by side::
 
-    from flask import Flask
+The new and recommended way::
 
-    flask_app = Flask(__name__)
+    ...
+    from responder.ext.schema import Schema
+    ...
+    api = responder.API()
 
-    @flask_app.route("/")
+    schema = Schema(
-    def hello():
+        app=api,
-        return "Hello from Flask!"
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        ...
+        docs_route='/docs',
+        ...
+        description=description,
+        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+    
 
-    api.mount("/flask", flask_app)
+The old way ::
 
-Requests to ``/flask/`` will be handled by Flask. Everything else goes
+    api = responder.API(
-through Responder. Both WSGI and ASGI apps are supported — Responder
+        title="Web Service",
-wraps WSGI apps automatically.
+        version="1.0",
-
+        openapi="3.0.2",
-
+        docs_route='/docs',
-Cookies
+        description=description,
--------
+        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
-
+        contact=contact,
-Reading and writing cookies is straightforward::
+        license=license,
-
-    # Read cookies from the request
-    session_id = req.cookies.get("session_id")
-
-    # Set a cookie on the response
-    resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
-
-For more control over cookie directives, use ``set_cookie``::
-
-    resp.set_cookie(
-        "token",
-        value="abc123",
-        max_age=3600,
-        secure=True,
-        httponly=True,
-        path="/",
     )
 
-Supported directives: ``key``, ``value``, ``expires``, ``max_age``,
+This will make ``/docs`` render interactive documentation for your API.
-``domain``, ``path``, ``secure``, ``httponly``.
 
+Mount a WSGI / ASGI Apps (e.g. Flask, Starlette,...)
+----------------------------------------------------
 
-Cookie-Based Sessions
+Responder gives you the ability to mount another ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute::
----------------------
 
-Responder has built-in support for signed, cookie-based sessions. Just
+    import responder
-read from and write to the ``session`` dictionary::
+    from flask import Flask
 
-    @api.route("/login")
+    api = responder.API()
-    def login(req, resp):
+    flask = Flask(__name__)
-        resp.session["username"] = "alice"
 
-    @api.route("/profile")
+    @flask.route('/')
-    def profile(req, resp):
+    def hello():
-        resp.media = {"user": req.session.get("username")}
+        return 'hello'
 
-The session data is stored in a cookie called ``Responder-Session``. It's
+    api.mount('/flask', flask)
-signed for tamper protection, so you can trust that the data originated
-from your server.
 
-.. warning::
+That's it!
 
-   For production use, always set a secret key::
+Single-Page Web Apps
+--------------------
 
-       api = responder.API(secret_key="your-secret-key-here")
+If you have a single-page webapp, you can tell Responder to serve up your ``static/index.html`` at a route, like so::
-
-
-Static Files
-------------
-
-Static files are served from the ``static/`` directory by default::
-
-    api = responder.API(static_dir="static", static_route="/static")
-
-Place your CSS, JavaScript, images, and other assets in the ``static/``
-directory and they'll be served automatically.
-
-For single-page applications, you can serve ``index.html`` as the default
-response for all unmatched routes::
 
     api.add_route("/", static=True)
 
-You can add additional static directories at runtime::
+This will make ``index.html`` the default response to all undefined routes.
 
-    api.static_app.add_directory("extra_assets")
+Reading / Writing Cookies
+-------------------------
 
+Responder makes it very easy to interact with cookies from a Request, or add some to a Response::
+
+    >>> resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
+
+    >>> req.cookies
+    {"hello": "world"}
+
+
+To set cookies directives, you should use `resp.set_cookie`::
+
+    >>> resp.set_cookie("hello", value="world", max_age=60)
+
+Supported directives:
+
+* ``key`` - **Required**
+* ``value`` - [OPTIONAL] - Defaults to ``""``. 
+* ``expires`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``max_age`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``domain`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``path`` - Defaults to ``"/"``.
+* ``secure`` - Defaults to ``False``.
+* ``httponly`` - Defaults to ``True``.
+
+For more information see `directives <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie#Directives>`_
+
+
+Using Cookie-Based Sessions
+---------------------------
+
+Responder has built-in support for cookie-based sessions. To enable cookie-based sessions, simply add something to the ``resp.session`` dictionary::
+
+    >>> resp.session['username'] = 'kennethreitz'
+
+A cookie called ``Responder-Session`` will be set, which contains all the data in ``resp.session``. It is signed, for verification purposes.
+
+You can easily read a Request's session data, that can be trusted to have originated from the API::
+
+    >>> req.session
+    {'username': 'kennethreitz'}
+
+**Note**: if you are using this in production, you should pass the ``secret_key`` argument to ``API(...)``::
+
+    api = responder.API(secret_key=os.environ['SECRET_KEY'])
+
+Using ``before_request``
+------------------------
+
+If you'd like a view to be executed before every request, simply do the following::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True)
+    def prepare_response(req, resp):
+        resp.headers["X-Pizza"] = "42"
+
+Now all requests to your HTTP Service will include an ``X-Pizza`` header.
+
+For ``websockets``::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True, websocket=True)
+    def prepare_response(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+
+
+WebSocket Support
+-----------------
+
+Responder supports WebSockets::
+
+    @api.route('/ws', websocket=True)
+    async def websocket(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+        while True:
+            name = await ws.receive_text()
+            await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
+        await ws.close()
+
+Accepting the connection::
+
+    await websocket.accept()
+
+Sending and receiving data::
+
+    await websocket.send_{format}(data) 
+    await websocket.receive_{format}(data)
+
+Supported formats: ``text``, ``json``, ``bytes``.
+
+Closing the connection::
+
+    await websocket.close()
+
+Using Requests Test Client
+--------------------------
+
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
+
+Here's an example of a test (written with pytest)::
+
+    import myapi
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def api():
+        return myapi.api
+
+    def test_response(api):
+        hello = "hello, world!"
+
+        @api.route('/some-url')
+        def some_view(req, resp):
+            resp.text = hello
+
+        r = api.requests.get(url=api.url_for(some_view))
+        assert r.text == hello
+
+HSTS (Redirect to HTTPS)
+------------------------
+
+Want HSTS (to redirect all traffic to HTTPS)?
+
+::
+
+    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
+
+
+Boom.
 
 CORS
 ----
 
-Enable Cross-Origin Resource Sharing for your API::
+Want `CORS <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS/>`_ ?
 
-    api = responder.API(cors=True, cors_params={
+::
-        "allow_origins": ["https://example.com"],
-        "allow_methods": ["GET", "POST"],
-        "allow_headers": ["*"],
-        "allow_credentials": True,
-        "max_age": 600,
-    })
 
-The default CORS policy is restrictive — you must explicitly enable the
+    api = responder.API(cors=True)
-origins, methods, and headers your frontend needs.
 
 
-HSTS
+The default parameters used by **Responder** are restrictive by default, so you'll need to explicitly enable particular origins, methods, or headers, in order for browsers to be permitted to use them in a Cross-Domain context.
-----
 
-Force all traffic to HTTPS with a single flag::
+In order to set custom parameters, you need to set the ``cors_params`` argument of ``api``, a dictionary containing the following entries:
-
-    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
-
-This adds the ``Strict-Transport-Security`` header and redirects HTTP
-requests to HTTPS.
 
+* ``allow_origins`` - A list of origins that should be permitted to make cross-origin requests. eg. ``['https://example.org', 'https://www.example.org']``. You can use ``['*']`` to allow any origin.
+* ``allow_origin_regex`` - A regex string to match against origins that should be permitted to make cross-origin requests. eg. ``'https://.*\.example\.org'``.
+* ``allow_methods`` - A list of HTTP methods that should be allowed for cross-origin requests. Defaults to `['GET']`. You can use ``['*']`` to allow all standard methods.
+* ``allow_headers`` - A list of HTTP request headers that should be supported for cross-origin requests. Defaults to ``[]``. You can use ``['*']`` to allow all headers. The ``Accept``, ``Accept-Language``, ``Content-Language`` and ``Content-Type`` headers are always allowed for CORS requests.
+* ``allow_credentials`` - Indicate that cookies should be supported for cross-origin requests. Defaults to ``False``.
+* ``expose_headers`` - Indicate any response headers that should be made accessible to the browser. Defaults to ``[]``.
+* ``max_age`` - Sets a maximum time in seconds for browsers to cache CORS responses. Defaults to ``60``.
 
 Trusted Hosts
 -------------
 
-Protect against HTTP Host header attacks by restricting which hostnames
+Make sure that all the incoming requests headers have a valid ``host``, that matches one of the provided patterns in the ``allowed_hosts`` attribute, in order to prevent HTTP Host Header attacks.
-your application will respond to::
 
-    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=["example.com", "*.example.com"])
+A 400 response will be raised, if a request does not match any of the provided patterns in the ``allowed_hosts`` attribute.
 
-Requests with a ``Host`` header that doesn't match any of the patterns
+::
-will receive a 400 Bad Request response. Wildcard domains are supported.
 
-By default, all hostnames are allowed.
+    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=['example.com', 'tenant.example.com'])
 
+* ``allowed_hosts`` - A list of allowed hostnames. 
 
-Server-Sent Events (SSE)
+Note:
-------------------------
 
-Stream real-time updates to the client using Server-Sent Events. This is
+* By default, all hostnames are allowed.
-great for live feeds, progress updates, and AI streaming responses::
+* Wildcard domains such as ``*.example.com`` are supported.
-
+* To allow any hostname use ``allowed_hosts=["*"]``.
-    @api.route("/events")
-    async def events(req, resp):
-        @resp.sse
-        async def stream():
-            for i in range(10):
-                yield {"data": f"message {i}"}
-
-Each yielded value can be a string (treated as data) or a dict with
-``data``, ``event``, ``id``, and ``retry`` fields::
-
-    yield {"event": "update", "data": "hello", "id": "1"}
-    yield "simple string message"
-
-
-Streaming Files
----------------
-
-For large files, use ``resp.stream_file()`` to stream the content without
-loading the entire file into memory::
-
-    @api.route("/download")
-    def download(req, resp):
-        resp.stream_file("large-dataset.csv")
-
-For small files where memory isn't a concern, ``resp.file()`` loads the
-entire file at once — simpler but less efficient for large files.
-
-
-After-Request Hooks
--------------------
-
-Run code after every request, useful for logging, adding headers, or
-cleanup::
-
-    @api.after_request()
-    def log_response(req, resp):
-        print(f"{req.method} {req.full_url} -> {resp.status_code}")
-
-
-Route Groups
-------------
-
-Organize related routes with a shared URL prefix. Useful for API versioning
-and logical grouping::
-
-    v1 = api.group("/v1")
-
-    @v1.route("/users")
-    def list_users(req, resp):
-        resp.media = []
-
-    @v1.route("/users/{user_id:int}")
-    def get_user(req, resp, *, user_id):
-        resp.media = {"id": user_id}
-
-
-Request ID
-----------
-
-Auto-generate unique request IDs for tracing and debugging. If the client
-sends an ``X-Request-ID`` header, it's forwarded; otherwise a new UUID is
-generated::
-
-    api = responder.API(request_id=True)
-
-
-Rate Limiting
--------------
-
-Built-in token bucket rate limiter::
-
-    from responder.ext.ratelimit import RateLimiter
-
-    limiter = RateLimiter(requests=100, period=60)  # 100 req/min
-    limiter.install(api)
-
-When the limit is exceeded, clients receive a ``429 Too Many Requests``
-response with ``Retry-After`` and ``X-RateLimit-Remaining`` headers.
-
-
-MessagePack
------------
-
-In addition to JSON and YAML, Responder supports MessagePack for efficient
-binary serialization::
-
-    # Decode MessagePack request body
-    data = await req.media("msgpack")
-
-    # Content negotiation also works — clients can send
-    # Accept: application/x-msgpack to receive MessagePack responses.

examples/helloworld.py

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
-# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-import responder
-
-api = responder.API()
-
-
-@api.route("/")
-async def index(req, resp):
-    resp.text = "hello, world!"
-
-
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
-async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    api.run()

examples/lifespan.py

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# Example showing the lifespan context manager pattern.
-# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
-
-import responder
-
-
-@asynccontextmanager
-async def lifespan(app):
-    # Startup: initialize resources
-    print("Starting up...")
-    yield
-    # Shutdown: clean up resources
-    print("Shutting down...")
-
-
-api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
-
-
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
-async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    api.run()

examples/user.py

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
-# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-import responder
-
-api = responder.API()
-
-
-@api.route("/")
-async def index(req, resp):
-    resp.text = "Welcome"
-
-
-@api.route("/user")
-async def user_create(req, resp):
-    data = await req.media()
-    resp.text = f"Hello, {data['username']}"
-
-
-@api.route("/user/{identifier}")
-async def user_get(req, resp, *, identifier):
-    resp.text = f"Hello, user {identifier}"
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    api.run()

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
-[build-system]
-build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
-requires = [
-  "setuptools>=42",
-]
-
-[project]
-name = "responder"
-description = "A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python."
-readme = "README.md"
-license = {text = "Apache 2.0"}
-authors = [
-  { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
-]
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
-classifiers = [
-  "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
-  "Environment :: Web Environment",
-  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
-  "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
-  "Operating System :: OS Independent",
-  "Programming Language :: Python",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
-  "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
-]
-dynamic = ["version"]
-dependencies = [
-  "a2wsgi",
-  "apispec>=1.0.0",
-  "chardet",
-  "docopt-ng",
-  "graphene>=3",
-  "graphql-core>=3.1",
-  "marshmallow",
-  "msgpack",
-  "pueblo[sfa-full]>=0.0.11",
-  "pydantic>=2",
-  "python-multipart",
-  "starlette[full]>=0.40",
-  "uvicorn[standard]",
-]
-
-[project.optional-dependencies]
-develop = [
-  "pyproject-fmt",
-  "ruff",
-  "validate-pyproject",
-]
-docs = [
-  "alabaster<1.1",
-  "myst-parser",
-  "sphinx>=5,<9",
-  "sphinx-autobuild",
-  "sphinx-copybutton",
-  "sphinx-design-elements",
-]
-release = ["build", "twine"]
-test = [
-  "flask",
-  "mypy",
-  "pytest",
-  "pytest-cov",
-  "pytest-mock",
-  "pytest-rerunfailures",
-]
-
-[project.scripts]
-responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
-
-[project.urls]
-Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
-Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
-Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
-Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
-
-[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
-version = {attr = "responder.__version__.__version__"}
-
-[tool.setuptools.package-data]
-responder = ["py.typed"]
-
-[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
-exclude = ["tests"]
-
-[tool.ruff]
-line-length = 90
-
-extend-exclude = [
-  "docs/source/conf.py",
-]
-
-lint.select = [
-  # Builtins
-  "A",
-  # Bugbear
-  "B",
-  # comprehensions
-  "C4",
-  # Pycodestyle
-  "E",
-  # eradicate
-  "ERA",
-  # Pyflakes
-  "F",
-  # isort
-  "I",
-  # pandas-vet
-  "PD",
-  # return
-  "RET",
-  # Bandit
-  "S",
-  # print
-  "T20",
-  "W",
-  # flake8-2020
-  "YTT",
-]
-
-lint.extend-ignore = [
-  "S101", #  Allow use of `assert`.
-]
-
-lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ] # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
-
-lint.per-file-ignores."tests/*" = [
-  "ERA001", # Found commented-out code.
-  "S101",   # Allow use of `assert`, and `print`.
-]
-
-[tool.pytest.ini_options]
-addopts = """
-  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
-  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
-  """
-filterwarnings = [
-  "error::UserWarning",
-]
-log_level = "DEBUG"
-log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
-log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
-minversion = "2.0"
-testpaths = [
-  "responder",
-  "tests",
-]
-markers = [
-]
-xfail_strict = true
-
-[tool.coverage.run]
-branch = false
-omit = [
-  "*.html",
-  "tests/*",
-]
-
-[tool.coverage.report]
-fail_under = 0
-show_missing = true
-exclude_lines = [
-  "# pragma: no cover",
-  "raise NotImplemented",
-]
-
-[tool.mypy]
-packages = [
-  "responder",
-]
-exclude = [
-]
-check_untyped_defs = true
-explicit_package_bases = true
-ignore_missing_imports = true
-implicit_optional = true
-install_types = true
-namespace_packages = true
-non_interactive = true

pytest.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[pytest]
+;addopts= -rsxX -s -v --strict
+filterwarnings =
+    error::UserWarning

readthedocs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+build:
+    image: latest
+
+python:
+    version: 3.6

responder/__init__.py

@@ -1,18 +1,2 @@
-"""
+from .core import *
-Responder - a familiar HTTP Service Framework.
-
-This module exports the core functionality of the Responder framework,
-including the API, Request, and Response classes.
-"""
-
 from . import ext
-from .__version__ import __version__
-from .core import API, Request, Response
-
-__all__ = [
-    "API",
-    "Request",
-    "Response",
-    "__version__",
-    "ext",
-]

responder/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .cli import main
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

responder/__version__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "3.2.0"
+__version__ = "2.0.4"

responder/api.py

@@ -1,37 +1,41 @@
-import asyncio
+import json
 import os
+
 from pathlib import Path
 
-__all__ = ["API"]
+import jinja2
-
 import uvicorn
-from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.sessions import SessionMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.sessions import SessionMiddleware
+from starlette.routing import Lifespan
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
 
-from . import status_codes
+from . import models, status_codes
 from .background import BackgroundQueue
 from .formats import get_formats
-from .models import Request, Response
 from .routes import Router
+from .statics import DEFAULT_API_THEME, DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
+from .ext.schema import Schema as OpenAPISchema
 from .staticfiles import StaticFiles
-from .statics import DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
 from .templates import Templates
 
 
 class API:
     """The primary web-service class.
 
-    :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+        :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-    :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+        :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-    :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
+        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
-    :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
+        :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
-    :param openapi_theme: OpenAPI documentation theme, must be one of ``elements``, ``rapidoc``, ``redoc``, ``swagger_ui``
+    """
-    """  # noqa: E501
 
     status_codes = status_codes
 
@@ -40,12 +44,13 @@ class API:
         *,
         debug=False,
         title=None,
-        version=None,
+        version="1.0",
         description=None,
         terms_of_service=None,
         contact=None,
-        license=None,  # noqa: A002
+        license=None,
         openapi=None,
+        openapi_version="3.0.2",
         openapi_route="/schema.yml",
         static_dir="static",
         static_route="/static",
@@ -57,20 +62,17 @@ class API:
         cors=False,
         cors_params=DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS,
         allowed_hosts=None,
-        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
-        lifespan=None,
-        request_id=False,
     ):
         self.background = BackgroundQueue()
 
         self.secret_key = secret_key
 
-        self.router = Router(lifespan=lifespan)
+        self.router = Router()
 
         if static_dir is not None:
             if static_route is None:
-                static_route = ""
+                static_route = static_dir
-            static_dir = Path(static_dir).resolve()
+            static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
 
         self.static_dir = static_dir
         self.static_route = static_route
@@ -81,15 +83,22 @@ class API:
         self.debug = debug
 
         if not allowed_hosts:
+            # if not debug:
+            #     raise RuntimeError(
+            #         "You need to specify `allowed_hosts` when debug is set to False"
+            #     )
             allowed_hosts = ["*"]
         self.allowed_hosts = allowed_hosts
 
         if self.static_dir is not None:
-            self.static_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            os.makedirs(self.static_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+        if self.static_dir is not None:
             self.mount(self.static_route, self.static_app)
 
         self.formats = get_formats()
 
+        # Cached requests session.
         self._session = None
 
         self.default_endpoint = None
@@ -107,19 +116,11 @@ class API:
         self.add_middleware(SessionMiddleware, secret_key=self.secret_key)
 
         if openapi or docs_route:
-            try:
-                from .ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
-            except ImportError as ex:
-                raise ImportError(
-                    "The dependencies for the OpenAPI extension are not installed. "
-                    "Install them using: pip install responder"
-                ) from ex
-
             self.openapi = OpenAPISchema(
                 app=self,
                 title=title,
                 version=version,
-                openapi=openapi,
+                openapi=openapi_version,
                 docs_route=docs_route,
                 description=description,
                 terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
@@ -127,26 +128,13 @@ class API:
                 license=license,
                 openapi_route=openapi_route,
                 static_route=static_route,
-                openapi_theme=openapi_theme,
             )
 
+        # TODO: Update docs for templates
         self.templates = Templates(directory=templates_dir)
-
+        self.requests = (
-        if request_id:
+            self.session()
-            import uuid as _uuid
+        )  #: A Requests session that is connected to the ASGI app.
-
-            def _add_request_id(req, resp):
-                rid = req.headers.get(
-                    "X-Request-ID", str(_uuid.uuid4())
-                )
-                resp.headers["X-Request-ID"] = rid
-
-            self.router.after_request(_add_request_id)
-
-    @property
-    def requests(self):
-        """A test client connected to the ASGI app. Lazily initialized."""
-        return self.session()
 
     @property
     def static_app(self):
@@ -162,79 +150,12 @@ class API:
 
         return decorator
 
-    def after_request(self):
-        """Register a function to run after every request.
-
-        Usage::
-
-            @api.after_request()
-            def add_request_id(req, resp):
-                resp.headers["X-Request-ID"] = str(uuid.uuid4())
-
-        """
-
-        def decorator(f):
-            self.router.after_request(f)
-            return f
-
-        return decorator
-
     def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
         self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)
 
-    def exception_handler(self, exception_cls):
-        """Register a handler for a specific exception type.
-
-        Usage::
-
-            @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
-            async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
-                resp.status_code = 400
-                resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
-
-        """
-
-        def decorator(func):
-            async def _handler(request, exc):
-                from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResp
-
-                req = Request(request.scope, request.receive, formats=get_formats())
-                resp = Response(req=req, formats=get_formats())
-                if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
-                    await func(req, resp, exc)
-                else:
-                    func(req, resp, exc)
-                if resp.status_code is None:
-                    resp.status_code = 500
-                body, headers = await resp.body
-                return StarletteResp(
-                    content=body, status_code=resp.status_code, headers=headers
-                )
-
-            # Register with the ExceptionMiddleware
-            self.router._exception_handlers = getattr(
-                self.router, "_exception_handlers", {}
-            )
-            self.router._exception_handlers[exception_cls] = _handler
-            # Also register on the ASGI app chain
-            from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware as EM
-
-            app = self.app
-            while app is not None:
-                if isinstance(app, EM):
-                    app.add_exception_handler(exception_cls, _handler)
-                    break
-                app = getattr(app, "app", None)
-            return func
-
-        return decorator
-
     def schema(self, name, **options):
-        """
+        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
-        Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
-
         Usage::
-
             from marshmallow import Schema, fields
             @api.schema("Pet")
             class PetSchema(Schema):
@@ -251,12 +172,11 @@ class API:
         """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.
 
         :param path: The path portion of a URL, to test all known routes against.
-        """  # noqa: E501 (Line too long)
+        """
         for route in self.router.routes:
             match, _ = route.matches(path)
             if match:
                 return route
-        return None
 
     def add_route(
         self,
@@ -268,18 +188,16 @@ class API:
         check_existing=True,
         websocket=False,
         before_request=False,
-        methods=None,
     ):
         """Adds a route to the API.
 
         :param route: A string representation of the route.
         :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, or a class.
         :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
-        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html".
+        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html", and it will become a default route.
-                       Also, it will become a default route.
+        """
-        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ``["GET", "POST"]``).
-        """  # noqa: E501
 
+        # Path
         if static:
             assert self.static_dir is not None
             if not endpoint:
@@ -293,35 +211,27 @@ class API:
             websocket=websocket,
             before_request=before_request,
             check_existing=check_existing,
-            methods=methods,
         )
 
     async def _static_response(self, req, resp):
         assert self.static_dir is not None
 
         index = (self.static_dir / "index.html").resolve()
-        if index.exists():
+        if os.path.exists(index):
-            resp.html = index.read_text()
+            with open(index, "r") as f:
+                resp.html = f.read()
         else:
-            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404
             resp.text = "Not found."
 
     def redirect(
-        self,
+        self, resp, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301
-        resp,
-        location,
-        *,
-        set_text=True,
-        status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
     ):
-        """
+        """Redirects a given response to a given location.
-        Redirects a given response to a given location.
-
         :param resp: The Response to mutate.
         :param location: The location of the redirect.
         :param set_text: If ``True``, sets the Redirect body content automatically.
-        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer,
+        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer, representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
-                            representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
         """
         resp.redirect(location, set_text=set_text, status_code=status_code)
 
@@ -354,9 +264,9 @@ class API:
         :param handler: The function to run. Can be either a function or a coroutine.
         """
 
-        self.router.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
+        self.router.lifespan_handler.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
 
-    def route(self, route=None, *, request_model=None, response_model=None, **options):
+    def route(self, route=None, **options):
         """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
 
         Usage::
@@ -365,89 +275,34 @@ class API:
             def hello(req, resp):
                 resp.text = "hello, world!"
 
-        With Pydantic models for OpenAPI documentation::
-
-            from pydantic import BaseModel
-
-            class ItemIn(BaseModel):
-                name: str
-                price: float
-
-            class ItemOut(BaseModel):
-                id: int
-                name: str
-                price: float
-
-            @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"],
-                        request_model=ItemIn, response_model=ItemOut)
-            async def create_item(req, resp):
-                data = await req.media()
-                resp.media = {"id": 1, **data}
-
         """
 
         def decorator(f):
-            if request_model is not None:
-                f._request_model = request_model
-                if hasattr(self, "openapi"):
-                    self.openapi.add_schema(
-                        request_model.__name__, request_model, check_existing=False
-                    )
-            if response_model is not None:
-                f._response_model = response_model
-                if hasattr(self, "openapi"):
-                    self.openapi.add_schema(
-                        response_model.__name__, response_model, check_existing=False
-                    )
             self.add_route(route, f, **options)
             return f
 
         return decorator
 
-    def graphql(self, route="/graphql", *, schema):
-        """Mount a GraphQL API at the given route.
-
-        Usage::
-
-            import graphene
-
-            class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-                hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
-                def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-                    return f"Hello {name}"
-
-            api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
-
-        :param route: The URL path for the GraphQL endpoint.
-        :param schema: A Graphene schema instance.
-        """
-        from .ext.graphql import GraphQLView
-
-        self.add_route(route, GraphQLView(api=self, schema=schema))
-
     def mount(self, route, app):
         """Mounts an WSGI / ASGI application at a given route.
 
-        :param route: String representation of the route to be used
+        :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
-                      (shouldn't be parameterized).
         :param app: The other WSGI / ASGI app.
         """
         self.router.apps.update({route: app})
 
     def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
-        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Starlette TestClient instance,
+        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
-        able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
 
-        :param base_url: The base URL for the test client.
+        :param base_url: The URL to mount the connection adaptor to.
         """
 
         if self._session is None:
-            from starlette.testclient import TestClient
-
             self._session = TestClient(self, base_url=base_url)
         return self._session
 
     def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
+        # TODO: Absolute_url
         """Given an endpoint, returns a rendered URL for its route.
 
         :param endpoint: The route endpoint you're searching for.
@@ -456,87 +311,53 @@ class API:
         return self.router.url_for(endpoint, **params)
 
     def template(self, filename, *args, **kwargs):
-        r"""Render a Jinja2 template file with the provided values.
+        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
-
+        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
         :param filename: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
-        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param *args: Data to pass into the template.
-        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param *kwargs: Date to pass into the template.
         """
         return self.templates.render(filename, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def template_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
-        r"""Render a Jinja2 template string with the provided values.
+        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
-
+        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
-        :param source: The template to use, a Jinja2 template string.
+        :param source: The template to use.
-        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param *args: Data to pass into the template.
-        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
         """
         return self.templates.render_string(source, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def serve(self, *, address=None, port=None, debug=False, **options):
-        """
+        """Runs the application with uvicorn. If the ``PORT`` environment
-        Run the application with uvicorn.
+        variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
-
+        known hosts.
-        If the ``PORT`` environment variable is set, requests will be served on that port
-        automatically to all known hosts.
 
         :param address: The address to bind to.
         :param port: The port to bind to. If none is provided, one will be selected at random.
-        :param debug: Whether to run application in debug mode.
+        :param debug: Run uvicorn server in debug mode.
         :param options: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``uvicorn.run()``.
-        """  # noqa: E501
+        """
 
         if "PORT" in os.environ:
             if address is None:
-                address = "0.0.0.0"  # noqa: S104
+                address = "0.0.0.0"
             port = int(os.environ["PORT"])
 
         if address is None:
             address = "127.0.0.1"
         if port is None:
             port = 5042
-        if debug:
-            options["log_level"] = "debug"
 
-        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)
+        def spawn():
+            uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, debug=debug, **options)
+
+        spawn()
 
     def run(self, **kwargs):
         if "debug" not in kwargs:
             kwargs.update({"debug": self.debug})
         self.serve(**kwargs)
 
-    def group(self, prefix):
-        """Create a route group with a shared URL prefix.
-
-        Usage::
-
-            v1 = api.group("/v1")
-
-            @v1.route("/users")
-            def list_users(req, resp):
-                resp.media = []
-
-            @v1.route("/users/{id:int}")
-            def get_user(req, resp, *, id):
-                resp.media = {"id": id}
-
-        """
-        return RouteGroup(api=self, prefix=prefix)
-
     async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
         await self.app(scope, receive, send)
-
-
-class RouteGroup:
-    """A group of routes with a shared URL prefix."""
-
-    def __init__(self, api, prefix):
-        self.api = api
-        self.prefix = prefix.rstrip("/")
-
-    def route(self, route=None, **options):
-        full_route = f"{self.prefix}{route}"
-        return self.api.route(full_route, **options)
-
-    def before_request(self, **kwargs):
-        return self.api.before_request(**kwargs)