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kennethreitz
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## Summary - **Auth tutorial**: fix deprecated `datetime.utcnow()` → `datetime.now(timezone.utc)`, add role-based access control section, add auth strategy comparison guide - **WebSocket tutorial**: use `WebSocketDisconnect` instead of bare `Exception` in chat example, add connection lifecycle section with close codes, add rejected connection test example - **SQLAlchemy tutorial**: modernize from `Column()` to `mapped_column()` / `Mapped[]` (SQLAlchemy 2.0 style with type checker support) - **Deployment**: use `uv` in Docker example instead of pip, fix stale `uv.lock` reference in production checklist - **Quickstart**: link to all tutorials in "next steps" (was only linking to 3 of 9) - **Sandbox**: rewrite with project layout tree, mypy command, and pattern-matching test examples ## Test plan - [x] `make html` builds cleanly - [x] All 199 tests pass 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
220 lines
6.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
220 lines
6.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
WebSocket Tutorial
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==================
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HTTP is request-response — the client asks, the server answers, and the
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connection closes. WebSockets upgrade that into a persistent, bidirectional
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channel where both sides can send messages at any time. This is what powers
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chat apps, live dashboards, multiplayer games, and collaborative editors.
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This tutorial builds a simple chat room to show how WebSockets work in
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Responder.
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How WebSockets Work
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-------------------
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1. The client sends a normal HTTP request with an ``Upgrade: websocket``
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header.
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2. The server accepts the upgrade and the connection switches protocols.
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3. Both sides can now send messages freely — no more request/response.
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4. Either side can close the connection at any time.
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In Responder, WebSocket routes receive a ``ws`` object instead of
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``req`` and ``resp``. The ``ws`` object has methods for accepting the
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connection, sending and receiving data, and closing.
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Echo Server
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-----------
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The simplest WebSocket — echoes everything back::
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@api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
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async def echo(ws):
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await ws.accept()
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while True:
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data = await ws.receive_text()
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await ws.send_text(f"Echo: {data}")
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The ``await ws.accept()`` call completes the WebSocket handshake. After
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that, you're in a loop — receive a message, send a response.
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Test it with a WebSocket client::
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$ pip install websocket-client
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$ python -c "
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import websocket
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ws = websocket.create_connection('ws://localhost:5042/ws')
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ws.send('hello')
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print(ws.recv()) # Echo: hello
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ws.close()
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"
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Chat Room
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---------
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A chat room needs to broadcast messages to all connected clients. We keep
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a set of active connections and iterate through them when someone sends
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a message::
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from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect
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connected = set()
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@api.route("/chat", websocket=True)
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async def chat(ws):
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await ws.accept()
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connected.add(ws)
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try:
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while True:
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message = await ws.receive_text()
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# Broadcast to all connected clients
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for client in connected:
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await client.send_text(message)
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except WebSocketDisconnect:
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pass
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finally:
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connected.discard(ws)
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The ``try/finally`` block ensures we remove disconnected clients from
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the set, even if the connection drops unexpectedly. Catching
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``WebSocketDisconnect`` specifically (rather than bare ``Exception``)
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makes the intent clear and avoids swallowing real bugs.
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Data Formats
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------------
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WebSockets support three data formats:
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**Text** — plain strings::
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await ws.send_text("hello")
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message = await ws.receive_text()
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**JSON** — auto-serialized Python objects::
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await ws.send_json({"type": "update", "data": [1, 2, 3]})
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message = await ws.receive_json()
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**Binary** — raw bytes, useful for images, audio, or custom protocols::
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await ws.send_bytes(b"\x00\x01\x02")
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data = await ws.receive_bytes()
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HTML Client
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-----------
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Here's a minimal HTML page that connects to the chat room. The browser's
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built-in ``WebSocket`` API handles everything — no libraries needed:
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.. code-block:: html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<body>
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<div id="messages"></div>
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<input id="input" placeholder="Type a message..." />
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<script>
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const ws = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:5042/chat");
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const messages = document.getElementById("messages");
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const input = document.getElementById("input");
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ws.onmessage = (event) => {
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const p = document.createElement("p");
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p.textContent = event.data;
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messages.appendChild(p);
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};
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input.addEventListener("keypress", (e) => {
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if (e.key === "Enter") {
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ws.send(input.value);
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input.value = "";
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}
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});
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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Save this as ``static/index.html`` and serve it with Responder's
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built-in static file support.
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Before-Request Hooks for WebSockets
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------------------------------------
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You can run code before a WebSocket connection is established, just like
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HTTP before-request hooks. This is useful for authentication::
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@api.before_request(websocket=True)
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async def ws_auth(ws):
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# Check for a token in the query string
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# (WebSocket headers are limited in browsers)
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await ws.accept()
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WebSocket before-request hooks receive the ``ws`` object and must call
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``await ws.accept()`` if they want the connection to proceed.
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Connection Lifecycle
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--------------------
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WebSocket connections go through several states:
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1. **Connecting** — the client sends an upgrade request
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2. **Open** — after ``await ws.accept()``, both sides can send messages
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3. **Closing** — either side initiates a close handshake
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4. **Closed** — the connection is fully terminated
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When a client disconnects (closes the tab, loses network), the next
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``await ws.receive_text()`` raises ``WebSocketDisconnect``. Always
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handle this — otherwise your server accumulates dead connections::
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from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect
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@api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
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async def handler(ws):
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await ws.accept()
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try:
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while True:
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data = await ws.receive_text()
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await ws.send_text(f"Got: {data}")
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except WebSocketDisconnect:
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print("Client disconnected")
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You can also close connections from the server side::
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await ws.close(code=1000) # 1000 = normal closure
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Common close codes: ``1000`` (normal), ``1001`` (going away),
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``1008`` (policy violation), ``1011`` (server error).
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Testing WebSockets
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------------------
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Use Starlette's ``TestClient`` for WebSocket tests::
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from starlette.testclient import TestClient
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def test_echo():
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client = TestClient(api)
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with client.websocket_connect("/ws") as ws:
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ws.send_text("hello")
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assert ws.receive_text() == "Echo: hello"
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The ``websocket_connect`` context manager handles the connection
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lifecycle — it connects on enter and disconnects on exit.
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You can also test that connections are properly rejected::
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from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect
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def test_websocket_404():
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client = TestClient(api)
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with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
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with client.websocket_connect("/nonexistent"):
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pass
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