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kennethreitz 9624609f3b Add GitHub Pages deployment for Sphinx docs
Builds on push to master and deploys to kennethreitz.github.io/pytheory/

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-03-22 05:50:52 -04:00
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- name: Set up Python
run: uv python install 3.13
- name: Install dependencies
run: uv sync --all-groups
- name: Build docs
run: uv run sphinx-build -b html docs docs/_build/html
run: uv run --group docs sphinx-build -b html docs docs/_build/html
- name: Upload artifact
uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
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# PyTheory: Music Theory for Humans
This library makes exploring music theory approachable and fun, treating Python as a musical instrument.
This (work in progress) library attempts to make exploring music theory approachable to humans.
## Installation
![logo](https://github.com/kennethreitz/pytheory/raw/master/ext/pytheory-small.png)
```
$ pip install pytheory
```
## Tones
```pycon
>>> from pytheory import Tone
>>> c4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
>>> c4.frequency
261.63
>>> c4 + 7 # perfect fifth
<Tone G4>
>>> c4.interval_to(c4 + 7)
'perfect 5th'
>>> c4.midi
60
>>> Tone.from_frequency(440)
<Tone A4>
>>> Tone.from_midi(69)
<Tone A4>
```
## Scales and Modes
## True Scale -> Pitch Evaluation
```pycon
>>> from pytheory import TonedScale
>>> c_major = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
>>> c_major.note_names
['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'B', 'C']
>>> c_minor = TonedScale(tonic='C4')['minor']
>>> TonedScale(tonic="C4")["dorian"].note_names
['C', 'D', 'D#', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'A#', 'C']
>>> c_minor
<Scale I=C4 II=D4 III=Eb4 IV=F4 V=G4 VI=Ab4 VII=Bb5 VIII=C5>
>>> c_minor[0].pitch()
523.251130601197
>>> c_minor["I"].pitch(symbolic=True)
440*2**(1/4)
>>> c_minor["tonic"].pitch(temperament='pythagorean', symbolic=True)
14080/27
```
## Diatonic Harmony
## Audibly play a note (or chord)
>>> from pytheory import play
play(c_minor[0], t=1_000)
## Chord Fingerings for Custom Tunings
```pycon
>>> c_major.triad(0).identify()
'C major'
>>> from pytheory import Tone, Fretboard, CHARTS
>>> c_major.seventh(4).identify()
'G dominant 7th'
>>> tones = (
... Tone.from_string("F2"),
... Tone.from_string("C3"),
... Tone.from_string("G3"),
... Tone.from_string("D4"),
... Tone.from_string("A5"),
... Tone.from_string("E5")
... )
>>> [c.identify() for c in c_major.harmonize()]
['C major', 'D minor', 'E minor', 'F major', 'G major', 'A minor', 'B diminished']
>>> fretboard = Fretboard(tones=tones)
>>>
>>> c_chord = CHARTS['western']["C"]
>>> [c.identify() for c in c_major.progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV")]
['C major', 'G major', 'A minor', 'F major']
>>> print(c_chord.fingering(fretboard=fretboard))
(0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3)
```
## Chord Analysis
It can also [generate charts for all known chords](https://gist.github.com/kennethreitz/b363660145064fc330c206294cff92fc) for any instrument (accuracy to be determined!).
```pycon
>>> from pytheory import Chord, Tone
>>> C4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
>>> G4 = Tone.from_string("G4", system="western")
>>> g7 = Chord([G4, G4+4, G4+7, G4+10])
>>> g7.identify()
'G dominant 7th'
>>> g7.analyze("C")
'V7'
>>> g7.tension
{'score': 0.6, 'tritones': 1, 'minor_seconds': 0, 'has_dominant_function': True}
>>> g7.transpose(-7).identify()
'C dominant 7th'
```
## Six Musical Systems
```pycon
>>> from pytheory import TonedScale
>>> TonedScale(tonic="Sa4", system="indian")["bhairav"].note_names
['Sa', 'komal Re', 'Ga', 'Ma', 'Pa', 'komal Dha', 'Ni', 'Sa']
>>> TonedScale(tonic="Do4", system="arabic")["hijaz"].note_names
['Do', 'Reb', 'Mi', 'Fa', 'Sol', 'Solb', 'Sib', 'Do']
>>> TonedScale(tonic="C4", system="japanese")["hirajoshi"].note_names
['C', 'D', 'D#', 'G', 'G#', 'C']
>>> TonedScale(tonic="C4", system="blues")["blues"].note_names
['C', 'D#', 'F', 'F#', 'G', 'A#', 'C']
```
## 25 Instrument Presets
```pycon
>>> from pytheory import Fretboard, CHARTS
>>> Fretboard.guitar() # standard tuning
>>> Fretboard.guitar("drop d") # 8 alternate tunings
>>> Fretboard.mandolin() # + mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello
>>> Fretboard.violin() # + viola, cello, double bass
>>> Fretboard.ukulele() # + banjo, harp, charango, erhu...
>>> Fretboard.keyboard() # 88-key piano
>>> Fretboard.keyboard(25, "C3") # 25-key MIDI controller
>>> CHARTS['western']['Am'].fingering(fretboard=Fretboard.guitar())
(0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0)
```
## Audio Playback
```pycon
>>> from pytheory import play, Synth, Tone
>>> tone = Tone.from_string("A4", system="western")
>>> play(tone, t=1_000) # sine wave, 1 second
>>> play(tone, synth=Synth.SAW, t=1_000) # sawtooth wave
```
## Features
- **6 musical systems**: Western, Indian (Hindustani), Arabic (Maqam), Japanese, Blues/Pentatonic, Javanese Gamelan
- **40+ scales**: major, minor, harmonic minor, 7 modes, 10 thaats, 10 maqamat, pentatonic, blues, hirajoshi, pelog, slendro, and more
- **Chord analysis**: identification (17 types), Roman numeral analysis, tension scoring, voice leading, Plomp-Levelt dissonance, beat frequencies
- **Diatonic harmony**: triads, seventh chords, harmonize entire scales, build progressions from Roman numerals
- **25 instrument presets**: guitar (8 tunings), 12-string, bass, mandolin family, violin family, banjo, harp, oud, sitar, shamisen, erhu, charango, pipa, balalaika, lute, pedal steel, keyboard
- **Pitch tools**: frequency ↔ tone conversion, MIDI ↔ tone, interval naming, circle of fifths, overtone series, transposition
- **3 temperaments**: equal, Pythagorean, quarter-comma meantone
- **Audio synthesis**: sine, sawtooth, and triangle wave playback
## Documentation
Full documentation with music theory guides: **[pytheory.kennethreitz.org](https://pytheory.kennethreitz.org)**
✨🍰✨
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pytheory.kennethreitz.org
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{% extends "!layout.html" %}
{% block footer %}
{{ super() }}
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gauges = _gauges || [];
(function() {
var t = document.createElement('script');
t.type = 'text/javascript';
t.async = true;
t.id = 'gauges-tracker';
t.setAttribute('data-site-id', '69bfc431e7e47c1200fc74bc');
t.setAttribute('data-track-path', 'https://track.gaug.es/track.gif');
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s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s);
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</script>
{% endblock %}
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import os
import sys
from unittest.mock import MagicMock
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(".."))
# Mock sounddevice so Sphinx can import pytheory.play without PortAudio
sys.modules["sounddevice"] = MagicMock()
project = "PyTheory"
copyright = "2026, Kenneth Reitz"
copyright = "2024, Kenneth Reitz"
author = "Kenneth Reitz"
release = "0.3.2"
release = "0.2.0"
extensions = [
"sphinx.ext.autodoc",
@@ -34,11 +30,5 @@ templates_path = ["_templates"]
exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
html_theme = "alabaster"
html_theme_options = {
"github_user": "kennethreitz",
"github_repo": "pytheory",
"github_banner": True,
"description": "Music Theory for Humans",
}
html_title = "PyTheory"
html_static_path = ["_static"]
html_extra_path = ["CNAME"]
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Working with Chords
===================
A `chord <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)>`_ is two or more tones sounding simultaneously. Chords are the
vertical dimension of music — while melody moves horizontally through
time, harmony stacks tones on top of each other.
Chords and Chord Charts
-----------------------
Chord Construction
------------------
PyTheory provides two chord-related classes:
Chords are built by stacking **intervals** above a **root** note. The
most common chord type is the `triad <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(music)>`_ — three notes built from
alternating scale degrees (root, 3rd, 5th).
The four triad types::
Major root + major 3rd (4) + perfect 5th (7) Bright, stable
Minor root + minor 3rd (3) + perfect 5th (7) Dark, sad
Diminished root + minor 3rd (3) + diminished 5th (6) Tense, unstable
Augmented root + major 3rd (4) + augmented 5th (8) Eerie, unresolved
Adding a 7th creates a `seventh chord <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_chord>`_ — the foundation of jazz
harmony::
Dominant 7th root + 4 + 7 + 10 Bluesy, wants to resolve (G7)
Major 7th root + 4 + 7 + 11 Dreamy, sophisticated (Cmaj7)
Minor 7th root + 3 + 7 + 10 Warm, mellow (Am7)
Diminished 7th root + 3 + 6 + 9 Dramatic, symmetrical
Inversions
----------
A chord is in **root position** when the root is the lowest note.
When a different chord tone is in the bass, the chord is `inverted <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(music)>`_:
- **Root position**: C E G (root in bass)
- **First inversion**: E G C (3rd in bass) — notated C/E
- **Second inversion**: G C E (5th in bass) — notated C/G
Inversions change the color and weight of a chord without changing its
identity. First inversion sounds lighter; second inversion sounds
suspended, often used as a passing chord.
For seventh chords, there's also **third inversion** (7th in bass):
- G7 in third inversion: F G B D (notated G7/F)
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Chord, Tone
# All three are "C major" — identify() finds the root
root = Chord([Tone.from_string(n, system="western") for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4"]])
first = Chord([Tone.from_string(n, system="western") for n in ["E3", "G3", "C4"]])
second = Chord([Tone.from_string(n, system="western") for n in ["G3", "C4", "E4"]])
root.identify() # 'C major'
first.identify() # 'C major'
second.identify() # 'C major'
Extended Chords
---------------
Beyond seventh chords, jazz harmony builds `extended chords <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_chord>`_ by
continuing to stack thirds:
- **9th chord**: adds the 9th (= 2nd, one octave up)
- **11th chord**: adds the 9th and 11th (= 4th)
- **13th chord**: adds the 9th, 11th, and 13th (= 6th)
A full 13th chord contains all 7 notes of the scale! In practice,
tones are usually omitted — the 5th is typically dropped first, then
the 11th (which clashes with the 3rd in dominant chords).
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
scale = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
# Build a Cmaj9 from the scale: C E G B D
cmaj9 = scale.chord(0, 2, 4, 6, 8)
# Build a full C13 (in theory): C E G B D F A
c13 = scale.chord(0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12)
- :class:`~pytheory.chords.Chord` — a collection of tones played together
- :class:`~pytheory.charts.NamedChord` — a chord from the chart database with
fingering support
Using the Chord Chart
---------------------
PyTheory includes 144 pre-built chords (12 roots x 12 qualities):
The built-in chart contains 144 chords (12 roots x 12 qualities):
.. code-block:: python
@@ -95,37 +21,29 @@ PyTheory includes 144 pre-built chords (12 roots x 12 qualities):
chart = CHARTS["western"]
c_major = chart["C"] # C major (root position)
a_minor = chart["Am"] # A minor
g_seven = chart["G7"] # G dominant 7th
d_dim = chart["Ddim"] # D diminished
# Access a chord
c_major = chart["C"]
a_minor = chart["Am"]
g_seven = chart["G7"]
Available qualities:
# Available qualities: "", "maj", "m", "5", "7", "9",
# "dim", "m6", "m7", "m9", "maj7", "maj9"
============ ================ ================================
Quality Intervals Example tones (from C)
============ ================ ================================
``""`` 4, 7 C E G (major triad)
``"maj"`` 4, 7 C E G (explicit major)
``"m"`` 3, 7 C Eb G (minor triad)
``"5"`` 7 C G (power chord)
``"7"`` 4, 7, 10 C E G Bb (dominant 7th)
``"9"`` 4, 7, 10, 14 C E G Bb D (dominant 9th)
``"dim"`` 3, 6 C Eb Gb (diminished)
``"m6"`` 3, 7, 9 C Eb G A (minor 6th)
``"m7"`` 3, 7, 10 C Eb G Bb (minor 7th)
``"m9"`` 3, 7, 10, 14 C Eb G Bb D (minor 9th)
``"maj7"`` 4, 7, 11 C E G B (major 7th)
``"maj9"`` 4, 7, 11, 14 C E G B D (major 9th)
============ ================ ================================
Chord Tones
-----------
Each named chord knows which tones it contains:
.. code-block:: python
>>> chart["C"].acceptable_tone_names
('C', 'E', 'G')
>>> chart["Cm7"].acceptable_tone_names
('C', 'D#', 'G', 'A#') # Eb and Bb shown as sharps
>>> chart["Am"].acceptable_tone_names
('A', 'C', 'E')
>>> chart["G7"].acceptable_tone_names
('G', 'B', 'D', 'F')
Building Chords Manually
-------------------------
@@ -140,219 +58,26 @@ Building Chords Manually
Tone.from_string("G4", system="western"),
])
# Iteration
for tone in c_major:
print(tone)
len(c_major) # 3
"C" in c_major # True
Intervals
---------
The ``intervals`` property returns semitone distances between adjacent
tones — these are musically meaningful and octave-invariant:
Chord Properties
----------------
.. code-block:: python
>>> c_major.intervals
[4, 3] # major 3rd (4) + minor 3rd (3) = major triad
# Frequency intervals between adjacent tones (Hz)
c_major.intervals
>>> Chord(tones=[C4, Eb4, G4]).intervals
[3, 4] # minor 3rd + major 3rd = minor triad
# Harmony score (higher = more consonant intervals)
c_major.harmony
Consonance and Dissonance
-------------------------
# Dissonance score (higher = wider intervals)
c_major.dissonance
**Consonance** is the perception of stability and "pleasantness" when
tones sound together. **Dissonance** is the perception of tension and
roughness. Neither is inherently good or bad — music needs both.
Harmony Score
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The ``harmony`` property measures consonance using **frequency ratio
simplicity**. The insight dates back to Pythagoras (6th century BC):
intervals whose frequencies form simple integer ratios sound consonant.
=========== ===== ====================
Interval Ratio Why it sounds "good"
=========== ===== ====================
Octave 2:1 Every 2nd wave aligns
Perfect 5th 3:2 Every 3rd wave aligns
Perfect 4th 4:3 Every 4th wave aligns
Major 3rd 5:4 Every 5th wave aligns
Minor 3rd 6:5 Every 6th wave aligns
Tritone 45:32 Waves rarely align
=========== ===== ====================
.. code-block:: python
fifth = Chord([C4, G4])
tritone = Chord([C4, F_sharp_4])
fifth.harmony > tritone.harmony # True
# The perfect fifth's 3:2 ratio scores higher
Dissonance Score
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The ``dissonance`` property uses the Plomp-Levelt `roughness <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughness_(psychoacoustics)>`_ model
(1965). When two frequencies are close together, their sound waves
interfere and produce rapid amplitude fluctuations called `beating <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)>`_.
This beating is perceived as roughness — the physiological basis of
dissonance.
The roughness depends on the frequency difference relative to the
**critical bandwidth** of the human ear (~25% of the frequency at
that register). Maximum roughness occurs when the difference equals
the critical bandwidth.
.. code-block:: python
# Octave: frequencies far apart → low roughness
octave = Chord([C4, C5])
# Major 3rd: closer frequencies → higher roughness
third = Chord([C4, E4])
octave.dissonance < third.dissonance # True
Beat Frequencies
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When two tones with slightly different frequencies are played together,
you hear a pulsing at the **beat frequency**: ``|f1 - f2|`` Hz.
- **< 1 Hz**: Slow pulsing, used for tuning instruments
- **115 Hz**: Audible rhythmic beating
- **1530 Hz**: Perceived as buzzing/roughness
- **> 30 Hz**: No longer beating — becomes part of the timbre
.. code-block:: python
chord = Chord(tones=[A4, E5, A5])
# All pairwise beat frequencies, sorted ascending
chord.beat_frequencies
# [(A4, E5, 189.6), (E5, A5, 220.0), (A4, A5, 440.0)]
# The slowest (most perceptible) beat
chord.beat_pulse # 189.6 Hz
Chord Identification
--------------------
Give PyTheory any set of tones and it will tell you what chord it is.
It tries every tone as a potential root and matches the interval pattern
against 17 known chord types (triads, 7ths, 9ths, sus, power chords).
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Chord, Tone
# Build a chord and identify it
chord = Chord([
Tone.from_string("A4", system="western"),
Tone.from_string("C5", system="western"),
Tone.from_string("E5", system="western"),
])
chord.identify() # 'A minor'
# Works with any voicing or inversion
chord2 = Chord([
Tone.from_string("E4", system="western"),
Tone.from_string("G4", system="western"),
Tone.from_string("C5", system="western"),
])
chord2.identify() # 'C major' (first inversion detected)
Harmonic Analysis
-----------------
`Roman numeral analysis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeral_analysis>`_ labels each chord by its function within a
key. This is how musicians describe chord progressions independent of
key — "I-IV-V" means the same thing in C major (C-F-G) as in G major
(G-C-D).
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Chord, Tone
C4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
D4 = Tone.from_string("D4", system="western")
E4 = Tone.from_string("E4", system="western")
F4 = Tone.from_string("F4", system="western")
G4 = Tone.from_string("G4", system="western")
A4 = Tone.from_string("A4", system="western")
B4 = Tone.from_string("B4", system="western")
Chord([C4, E4, G4]).analyze("C") # 'I' (tonic)
Chord([D4, F4, A4]).analyze("C") # 'ii' (supertonic minor)
Chord([G4, B4, G4+5]).analyze("C") # 'V' (dominant)
Chord([G4, B4, G4+5, G4+10]).analyze("C") # 'V7' (dominant 7th)
Tension and Resolution
----------------------
**Tension** is what makes music move forward. Without it, there's no
desire to resolve — no drama, no narrative. The ``tension`` property
quantifies this based on:
- **Tritones** (6 semitones): the most unstable interval. The tritone
between the 3rd and 7th of a dominant chord (e.g. B and F in G7)
creates the strongest pull toward resolution.
- **Minor 2nds**: semitone clashes that add bite and urgency.
- **Dominant function**: the specific combination of a major 3rd and
minor 7th above the root — the hallmark of the V7 chord.
.. code-block:: python
# A C major triad is fully resolved — no tension
c_major = Chord([C4, E4, G4])
c_major.tension['score'] # 0.0
c_major.tension['tritones'] # 0
# G7 is loaded with tension — it wants to resolve to C
g7 = Chord([G4, B4, G4+5, G4+10])
g7.tension['score'] # 0.6
g7.tension['tritones'] # 1
g7.tension['has_dominant_function'] # True
Voice Leading
-------------
`Voice leading <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_leading>`_ is the art of connecting chords smoothly. Instead of
jumping all voices to new positions, good voice leading moves each note
the minimum distance to reach the next chord. Bach's chorales are the
gold standard — every voice moves by step whenever possible.
.. code-block:: python
c_maj = Chord([C4, E4, G4])
f_maj = Chord([F4, A4, C4+12])
for src, dst, motion in c_maj.voice_leading(f_maj):
print(f"{src} -> {dst} ({motion:+d} semitones)")
# Each voice moves the minimum distance to reach the target chord
The Overtone Series
-------------------
Every musical tone is actually a stack of frequencies — the
**fundamental** plus its `overtones <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone>`_ (harmonics). The overtone series
is nature's chord: it contains the octave, perfect fifth, perfect
fourth, major third, and more, in that order.
This is *why* consonance exists. When you play C and G together, the
overtones of C already contain G. The two tones share acoustic energy,
reinforcing each other. A dissonant interval like C and C# shares
almost no overtones — the waves clash.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Tone
a4 = Tone.from_string("A4", system="western")
a4.overtones(8)
# [440.0, 880.0, 1320.0, 1760.0, 2200.0, 2640.0, 3080.0, 3520.0]
# A4 A5 E6 A6 C#7 E7 ~G7 A7
# fund. oct. 5th+oct 2oct 3rd 5th ~7th 3oct
# Beat frequency between closest tone pair
c_major.beat_pulse
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Instruments and Fingerings
==========================
Fretboard and Fingerings
========================
The :class:`~pytheory.chords.Fretboard` class models any stringed
instrument and generates chord fingerings. PyTheory includes **25
instrument presets** spanning Western, Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin
American, and Russian traditions.
The :class:`~pytheory.chords.Fretboard` class represents a fretted instrument's
tuning and generates chord fingerings.
How It Works
------------
Each `fret <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fret>`_ on a stringed
instrument raises the pitch by exactly **one semitone**. The open
string is fret 0; fret 1 is one semitone up, and so on. Even fretless
instruments (violin, oud, erhu) can be modeled this way — the "fret"
positions are just semitone steps along the fingerboard.
Guitars
-------
`Standard guitar tuning <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_tunings>`_
(high to low)::
String 1: E4 (highest)
String 2: B3
String 3: G3
String 4: D3
String 5: A2
String 6: E2 (lowest)
This tuning uses intervals of a perfect 4th (5 semitones) between most
strings, except between G and B which is a major 3rd (4 semitones).
Preset Tunings
--------------
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Fretboard
guitar = Fretboard.guitar() # Standard EADGBE
twelve = Fretboard.twelve_string() # 12-string (6 doubled courses)
bass = Fretboard.bass() # Standard 4-string EADG
bass5 = Fretboard.bass(five_string=True) # 5-string with low B
guitar = Fretboard.guitar() # E4 B3 G3 D3 A2 E2
bass = Fretboard.bass() # G2 D2 A1 E1
ukulele = Fretboard.ukulele() # A4 E4 C4 G4
**Alternate tunings** — 8 built-in presets:
Custom Tunings
--------------
.. code-block:: python
Fretboard.guitar("drop d") # DADGBE — heavy riffs, metal
Fretboard.guitar("open g") # DGDGBD — slide guitar, Keith Richards
Fretboard.guitar("open d") # DADF#AD — slide, folk
Fretboard.guitar("open e") # EBEG#BE — slide blues
Fretboard.guitar("open a") # EAC#EAE
Fretboard.guitar("dadgad") # DADGAD — Celtic, fingerstyle
Fretboard.guitar("half step down") # Eb standard — Hendrix, SRV
from pytheory import Tone, Fretboard
# Custom tuning with any notes
Fretboard.guitar(("C4", "G3", "C3", "G2", "C2", "G1"))
The Mandolin Family
-------------------
The `mandolin family <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin_family>`_
mirrors the `violin family <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_family>`_
— all tuned in perfect fifths, with each member a fifth or octave
lower than the last:
.. code-block:: python
Fretboard.mandolin() # E5 A4 D4 G3 — soprano (= violin)
Fretboard.mandola() # A4 D4 G3 C3 — alto (= viola)
Fretboard.octave_mandolin() # E4 A3 D3 G2 — tenor (octave below mandolin)
Fretboard.mandocello() # A3 D3 G2 C2 — bass (= cello)
The mandolin's doubled courses (pairs of strings) create a natural
chorus effect. The `octave mandolin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_mandolin>`_
is popular in Irish and Celtic folk music.
The Bowed String Family
-----------------------
The orchestral `string family <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section>`_
is tuned in perfect fifths (except the double bass, which uses fourths):
.. code-block:: python
Fretboard.violin() # E5 A4 D4 G3 — soprano
Fretboard.viola() # A4 D4 G3 C3 — alto (5th below violin)
Fretboard.cello() # A3 D3 G2 C2 — tenor/bass (octave below viola)
Fretboard.double_bass() # G2 D2 A1 E1 — bass (tuned in 4ths!)
Bowed strings have no frets — the player can produce any pitch along
the fingerboard, enabling continuous
`vibrato <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato>`_ and microtonal
inflections not possible on fretted instruments.
The `erhu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhu>`_ — a 2-stringed Chinese
bowed instrument with a hauntingly vocal quality:
.. code-block:: python
Fretboard.erhu() # A4 D4 — tuned a 5th apart, no fingerboard
Plucked Strings
---------------
.. code-block:: python
Fretboard.ukulele() # A4 E4 C4 G4 — re-entrant tuning
Fretboard.banjo() # Open G (bluegrass, 5th string is high drone)
Fretboard.banjo("open d") # Open D (clawhammer, old-time)
Fretboard.harp() # 47 strings, C1 to G7 (concert pedal harp)
The `banjo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo>`_'s short 5th string
is a high drone — a defining feature of the instrument's sound.
The `harp <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp>`_ has one string per
diatonic note across nearly 7 octaves. Pedals alter each note name
by up to two semitones across all octaves simultaneously.
World Instruments
-----------------
.. code-block:: python
# Middle Eastern
Fretboard.oud() # C4 G3 D3 A2 G2 C2 — fretless, ancestor of the lute
Fretboard.sitar() # 7 main strings — Indian classical
# East Asian
Fretboard.shamisen() # C4 G3 C3 — 3-string Japanese, honchoshi tuning
Fretboard.pipa() # D4 A3 E3 A2 — 4-string Chinese lute
Fretboard.erhu() # A4 D4 — 2-string Chinese bowed
# European
Fretboard.bouzouki() # D4 A3 D3 G2 — Irish (Celtic music)
Fretboard.bouzouki("greek") # D4 A3 F3 C3 — Greek
Fretboard.lute() # G4 D4 A3 F3 C3 G2 — Renaissance (6 courses)
Fretboard.balalaika() # A4 E4 E4 — Russian (2 unison strings)
# Latin American
Fretboard.charango() # E5 A4 E5 C5 G4 — Andean (re-entrant tuning)
# Steel guitar
Fretboard.pedal_steel() # 10 strings, E9 Nashville — country music
The `oud <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud>`_ is fretless, allowing
the quarter-tone inflections essential to
`maqam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam>`_ performance. The
`sitar <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar>`_ has moveable frets and
sympathetic strings that resonate in harmony with the played notes.
Keyboards
---------
.. code-block:: python
Fretboard.keyboard() # 88-key piano (A0 to C8)
Fretboard.keyboard(61, "C2") # 61-key synth controller
Fretboard.keyboard(49, "C2") # 49-key controller
Fretboard.keyboard(25, "C3") # 25-key mini MIDI controller
While keyboards don't have strings or frets, they map naturally to a
sequence of tones. A full 88-key piano spans over 7 octaves — the
widest range of any standard acoustic instrument.
# Open D tuning
open_d = Fretboard(tones=[
Tone.from_string("D4"),
Tone.from_string("A3"),
Tone.from_string("F#3"),
Tone.from_string("D3"),
Tone.from_string("A2"),
Tone.from_string("D2"),
])
Getting Fingerings
------------------
The fingering algorithm finds the most playable voicing for any chord
on any instrument. It scores each possibility by:
1. Preferring **open strings** (fret 0) — they ring freely
2. Preferring **ascending** fret patterns — easier hand position
3. Minimizing the number of **fingers needed**
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Fretboard, CHARTS
fb = Fretboard.guitar()
c = CHARTS["western"]["C"]
# Best single fingering
# Best fingering for a chord
c = CHARTS["western"]["C"]
print(c.fingering(fretboard=fb))
# (0, 1, 0, 2, 3, 0)
# All equally-scored fingerings
# All possible fingerings
all_c = c.fingering(fretboard=fb, multiple=True)
# Muted strings appear as None
f = CHARTS["western"]["F"]
print(f.fingering(fretboard=fb))
Reading Fingerings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The tuple ``(0, 1, 0, 2, 3, 0)`` reads from the highest string to the
lowest::
e|--0-- (open — E)
B|--1-- (fret 1 — C)
G|--0-- (open — G)
D|--2-- (fret 2 — E)
A|--3-- (fret 3 — C)
E|--0-- (open — E)
A value of ``None`` means the string is muted (not played).
Generating Full Charts
----------------------
@@ -220,30 +68,11 @@ Generate fingerings for every chord at once:
for name, fingering in chart.items():
print(f"{name:6s} {fingering}")
# Works with any instrument
uke_chart = charts_for_fretboard(fretboard=Fretboard.ukulele())
mando_chart = charts_for_fretboard(fretboard=Fretboard.mandolin())
Custom Instruments
------------------
Any instrument can be modeled with custom string tunings:
Ukulele Example
---------------
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Tone, Fretboard
# Baritone ukulele (DGBE — top 4 guitar strings)
bari_uke = Fretboard(tones=[
Tone.from_string("E4"),
Tone.from_string("B3"),
Tone.from_string("G3"),
Tone.from_string("D3"),
])
# Tres cubano (Cuban guitar, 3 doubled courses)
tres = Fretboard(tones=[
Tone.from_string("E4"),
Tone.from_string("B3"),
Tone.from_string("G3"),
])
fb = Fretboard.ukulele()
c = CHARTS["western"]["C"]
print(c.fingering(fretboard=fb)) # 4-string fingering
+8 -28
View File
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
Audio Playback
==============
PyTheory can synthesize and play tones and chords through your speakers
using basic `waveform <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform>`_ synthesis.
PyTheory can synthesize and play tones and chords through your speakers.
.. note::
@@ -37,21 +36,7 @@ Playing a Chord
Waveform Types
--------------
The waveform shape determines the `timbre <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre>`_ (tonal color) of the sound.
Different waveforms contain different combinations of **harmonics**
integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
- `Sine wave <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave>`_ — the purest tone. Contains only the fundamental
frequency with no harmonics. Sounds smooth, clear, and "electronic."
This is the building block of all other waveforms (`Fourier's theorem <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_series>`_).
- `Sawtooth wave <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtooth_wave>`_ — contains all harmonics (both odd and even),
each at amplitude 1/n. Sounds bright, buzzy, and aggressive.
Named for its shape. Used extensively in `additive synthesis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_synthesis>`_ and analog synthesizers.
- `Triangle wave <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_wave>`_ — contains only odd harmonics, each at amplitude
1/n². Sounds softer and more mellow than sawtooth — somewhere between
sine and sawtooth. Often described as "woody" or "hollow."
Choose between sine, sawtooth, and triangle wave synthesis:
.. code-block:: python
@@ -59,22 +44,17 @@ integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
tone = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
play(tone, synth=Synth.SINE) # Pure, clean
play(tone, synth=Synth.SINE) # Smooth, pure tone
play(tone, synth=Synth.SAW) # Bright, buzzy
play(tone, synth=Synth.TRIANGLE) # Mellow, hollow
play(tone, synth=Synth.TRIANGLE) # Softer than sawtooth
Temperaments
------------
Hear the difference between tuning systems:
Play in different tuning systems:
.. code-block:: python
play(tone, temperament="equal") # Modern standard (since ~1917)
play(tone, temperament="pythagorean") # Pure fifths, wolf intervals
play(tone, temperament="meantone") # Pure thirds, Renaissance sound
Try playing a C major chord in each temperament — you'll hear subtle
differences in the "color" of the major third. Equal temperament is
a compromise; the other systems sacrifice some keys to make the good
keys sound better.
play(tone, temperament="equal") # Default, modern tuning
play(tone, temperament="pythagorean") # Ancient Greek tuning
play(tone, temperament="meantone") # Renaissance tuning
+26 -26
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@@ -4,9 +4,15 @@ Quickstart
Installation
------------
::
.. code-block:: bash
$ pip install pytheory
pip install pytheory
Or with `uv <https://github.com/astral-sh/uv>`_:
.. code-block:: bash
uv add pytheory
Basic Usage
-----------
@@ -17,28 +23,28 @@ Create tones, build scales, and explore music theory:
from pytheory import Tone, TonedScale, Fretboard, CHARTS
# Create a tone — A4 is the tuning standard (440 Hz)
a4 = Tone.from_string("A4", system="western")
print(a4.frequency) # 440.0
# Create a tone
c4 = Tone.from_string("C4")
print(c4) # C4
print(c4.frequency) # 261.63 Hz
# Tone arithmetic — add semitones to move up the chromatic scale
c4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
e4 = c4 + 4 # Major third up (4 semitones)
g4 = c4 + 7 # Perfect fifth up (7 semitones)
print(e4, g4) # E4 G4
# Tone arithmetic
e4 = c4 + 4 # Major third up
g4 = c4 + 7 # Perfect fifth up
print(e4, g4) # E4 G4
# Measure intervals between tones
print(g4 - c4) # 7 (semitones — a perfect fifth)
# Measure intervals
print(g4 - c4) # 7 (semitones)
# Build a C major scale
# Build a scale
c_major = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
print(c_major.note_names)
# ['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'B', 'C']
# Build diatonic triads from the scale
I = c_major.triad(0) # C E G (C major)
IV = c_major.triad(3) # F A C (F major)
V = c_major.triad(4) # G B D (G major)
# Build chords from the scale
I = c_major.triad(0) # C major
IV = c_major.triad(3) # F major
V = c_major.triad(4) # G major
# Guitar chord fingerings
fb = Fretboard.guitar()
@@ -48,15 +54,9 @@ Create tones, build scales, and explore music theory:
What's Included
---------------
- **6 musical systems**: Western, Indian (Hindustani), Arabic (Maqam),
Japanese, Blues/Pentatonic, Javanese Gamelan
- **40+ scales**: major, minor, harmonic minor, 7 modes, 10 thaats,
10 maqamat, 6 Japanese pentatonic scales, blues, pentatonic,
slendro, pelog, and more
- **12-tone Western system** with all chromatic notes
- **Scales**: major, minor, harmonic minor, and all 7 modes
- **Pitch calculation** in equal, Pythagorean, and meantone temperaments
- **Chord charts** with 144 pre-built chords (12 roots x 12 qualities)
- **Chord analysis**: consonance scoring, Plomp-Levelt dissonance,
beat frequency calculation
- **Fingering generation** for guitar (8 tunings), bass, ukulele, or
any custom fretted instrument
- **Fingering generation** for any fretted instrument
- **Audio playback** with sine, sawtooth, and triangle wave synthesis
+39 -200
View File
@@ -1,29 +1,7 @@
Working with Scales
===================
A **scale** is an ordered set of tones spanning an octave, defined by a
pattern of intervals. Scales are the foundation of melody and harmony —
they determine which notes "belong" in a piece of music and shape its
emotional character.
Scale Construction
------------------
Every scale is defined by its **interval pattern** — the sequence of
whole steps (W = 2 semitones) and half steps (H = 1 semitone) between
consecutive tones.
The `major scale <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale>`_::
W W H W W W H
C D E F G A B C
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 ← semitones between each note
The `natural minor scale <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_scale>`_::
W H W W H W W
C D Eb F G Ab Bb C
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
Scales are sequences of tones following a specific interval pattern.
Building Scales
---------------
@@ -36,6 +14,7 @@ Use :class:`~pytheory.scales.TonedScale` to generate scales in any key:
c = TonedScale(tonic="C4")
# Access scales by name
major = c["major"]
minor = c["minor"]
harmonic_minor = c["harmonic minor"]
@@ -43,117 +22,62 @@ Use :class:`~pytheory.scales.TonedScale` to generate scales in any key:
print(major.note_names)
# ['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'B', 'C']
Major and Minor
---------------
The **major scale** (`Ionian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_mode>`_ mode) is the foundation of Western tonal
music. Its pattern of whole and half steps creates a bright, resolved
sound. Every major key has a `relative minor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_key>`_ that shares the same
notes but starts from the 6th degree:
- C major → A minor (both use only white keys)
- G major → E minor (both have one sharp: F#)
- F major → D minor (both have one flat: Bb)
Available Scales
----------------
.. code-block:: python
c_major = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
a_minor = TonedScale(tonic="A4")["minor"]
# Same notes, different starting point
set(c_major.note_names) == set(a_minor.note_names) # True
The `harmonic minor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_minor_scale>`_ raises the 7th degree of the natural minor,
creating an augmented 2nd interval (3 semitones) between the 6th and
7th degrees. This gives it a distinctive "Middle Eastern" or "classical"
sound and provides the leading tone needed for dominant harmony::
Natural minor: C D Eb F G Ab Bb C
Harmonic minor: C D Eb F G Ab B C
↑ raised 7th
>>> c = TonedScale(tonic="C4")
>>> c.scales
('chromatic', 'major', 'minor', 'harmonic minor',
'ionian', 'dorian', 'phrygian', 'lydian',
'mixolydian', 'aeolian', 'locrian')
Modes
-----
The seven `modes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(music)>`_ of the major scale are rotations of the same interval
pattern, each starting from a different degree. Each mode has a distinct
emotional character:
All seven modes of the major scale are supported:
.. code-block:: python
c = TonedScale(tonic="C4")
**Ionian** (I) — the major scale itself. Bright, happy, resolved::
c["ionian"] # Same as major: C D E F G A B C
c["dorian"] # C D Eb F G A Bb C
c["phrygian"] # C Db Eb F G Ab Bb C
c["lydian"] # C D E F# G A B C
c["mixolydian"] # C D E F G A Bb C
c["aeolian"] # Same as minor: C D Eb F G Ab Bb C
c["locrian"] # C Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb C
c["ionian"] # C D E F G A B C
Accessing Degrees
-----------------
`Dorian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_mode>`_ (ii) — minor with a raised 6th. Jazzy, soulful (So What,
Scarborough Fair)::
c["dorian"] # C D Eb F G A Bb C
`Phrygian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_mode>`_ (iii) — minor with a flat 2nd. Spanish, flamenco, dark
(White Rabbit)::
c["phrygian"] # C Db Eb F G Ab Bb C
`Lydian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydian_mode>`_ (IV) — major with a raised 4th. Dreamy, floating, ethereal
(The Simpsons theme, Flying by ET)::
c["lydian"] # C D E F# G A B C
`Mixolydian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixolydian_mode>`_ (V) — major with a flat 7th. Bluesy, rock, dominant
(Norwegian Wood, Sweet Home Alabama)::
c["mixolydian"] # C D E F G A Bb C
`Aeolian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_mode>`_ (vi) — the natural minor scale. Sad, dark, introspective
(Stairway to Heaven, Losing My Religion)::
c["aeolian"] # C D Eb F G Ab Bb C
`Locrian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locrian_mode>`_ (vii) — minor with flat 2nd and flat 5th. Unstable,
rarely used as a home key (used in metal and jazz over diminished
chords)::
c["locrian"] # C Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb C
Scale Degrees
-------------
Each note in a scale has a **degree name** that describes its function:
============ ====== =======================================
Degree Number Function
============ ====== =======================================
Tonic I Home base — the key center
Supertonic II One step above tonic
Mediant III Halfway between tonic and dominant
Subdominant IV A fifth below tonic (or fourth above)
Dominant V The strongest pull back to tonic
Submediant VI Root of the relative minor (or major)
Leading Tone VII One semitone below tonic — pulls upward
============ ====== =======================================
Access degrees by index, Roman numeral, or name:
Scale tones can be accessed by index, Roman numeral, or degree name:
.. code-block:: python
major = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
major[0] # C4 (by index)
major["I"] # C4 (by Roman numeral)
major["tonic"] # C4 (by degree name)
# By index
major[0] # C4
major[4] # G4
major["V"] # G4 (dominant)
# By Roman numeral
major["I"] # C4
major["V"] # G4
# By degree name
major["tonic"] # C4
major["dominant"] # G4
major[0:3] # (C4, D4, E4) — slicing works too
# Slicing
major[0:3] # (C4, D4, E4)
Iteration
---------
Scales are iterable and support ``len()`` and ``in``:
Scales are iterable:
.. code-block:: python
@@ -167,101 +91,16 @@ Scales are iterable and support ``len()`` and ``in``:
Building Chords from Scales
----------------------------
`Diatonic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic>`_ harmony builds chords by stacking every other note of the
scale. A **triad** takes the 1st, 3rd, and 5th; a **seventh chord** adds
the 7th.
In the C major scale, the diatonic triads are::
I C E G = C major
ii D F A = D minor
iii E G B = E minor
IV F A C = F major
V G B D = G major
vi A C E = A minor
vii° B D F = B diminished
Notice the pattern: **major** triads on I, IV, V; **minor** triads on
ii, iii, vi; **diminished** on vii°. This pattern holds for every major
key.
Build chords directly from scale degrees:
.. code-block:: python
major = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
# Build diatonic triads
I = major.triad(0) # C E G (C major)
ii = major.triad(1) # D F A (D minor)
iii = major.triad(2) # E G B (E minor)
IV = major.triad(3) # F A C (F major)
V = major.triad(4) # G B D (G major)
vi = major.triad(5) # A C E (A minor)
# Build a triad (root, 3rd, 5th)
I = major.triad(0) # C E G (C major)
ii = major.triad(1) # D F A (D minor)
V = major.triad(4) # G B D (G major)
# Build seventh chords
Imaj7 = major.chord(0, 2, 4, 6) # C E G B = Cmaj7
V7 = major.chord(4, 6, 8, 10) # G B D F = G7 (dominant 7th)
Common Progressions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Some of the most-used chord progressions in Western music:
- **IIVVI** — the foundation of blues, rock, country, folk
- **IVviIV** — the "pop progression" (Let It Be, No Woman No Cry,
With or Without You, Someone Like You)
- **iiVI** — the backbone of jazz harmony
- **IviIVV** — the "50s progression" (Stand By Me, Every Breath You Take)
- **ibVIbIIIbVII** — the "epic" minor progression (Stairway to Heaven,
My Heart Will Go On)
- **IIVviV** — axis of awesome (many, many pop songs)
The 12-Bar Blues
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The `12-bar blues <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues>`_ is the most influential chord progression in
American music. It's 12 measures long and uses only three chords
(I, IV, V)::
| I | I | I | I |
| IV | IV | I | I |
| V | IV | I | V |
Every blues, early rock and roll, and much of jazz is built on this
structure. In the key of A::
| A | A | A | A |
| D | D | A | A |
| E | D | A | E |
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
a = TonedScale(tonic="A4")["major"]
I = a.triad(0) # A major
IV = a.triad(3) # D major
V = a.triad(4) # E major
# The 12-bar blues progression
blues_12 = [I, I, I, I, IV, IV, I, I, V, IV, I, V]
Parallel Major and Minor
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Two scales are **relative** if they share the same notes (C major and
A minor). Two scales are `parallel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_key>`_ if they share the same tonic but
have different notes (C major and C minor).
Mixing parallel major and minor is a powerful compositional tool —
borrowing chords from the parallel minor in a major key creates
dramatic color shifts. The bVI and bVII chords (Ab and Bb in C major)
are borrowed from C minor and appear constantly in rock and film music.
.. code-block:: python
c_major = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
c_minor = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["minor"]
# Compare: same tonic, different notes
c_major.note_names # ['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'B', 'C']
c_minor.note_names # ['C', 'D', 'D#', 'F', 'G', 'G#', 'A#', 'C']
# Custom chord voicings
cmaj7 = major.chord(0, 2, 4, 6) # C E G B
-214
View File
@@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
Musical Systems
===============
PyTheory supports four musical systems, each with its own tone names
and scale patterns.
Western
-------
The standard 12-tone equal temperament system with major/minor scales
and all seven modes.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
c = TonedScale(tonic="C4")
c["major"].note_names
# ['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'B', 'C']
c["dorian"].note_names
# ['C', 'D', 'D#', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'A#', 'C']
**Scales:** major, minor, harmonic minor, ionian, dorian, phrygian,
lydian, mixolydian, aeolian, locrian, chromatic
Indian Classical (Hindustani)
-----------------------------
The Hindustani system uses **swaras** (Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni) and
organizes scales into `thaats <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaat>`_ — the 10 parent scales from which `ragas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga>`_
are derived.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
sa = TonedScale(tonic="Sa4", system="indian")
sa["bilawal"].note_names # = major scale
# ['Sa', 'Re', 'Ga', 'Ma', 'Pa', 'Dha', 'Ni', 'Sa']
sa["bhairav"].note_names # unique to Indian music
# ['Sa', 'komal Re', 'Ga', 'Ma', 'Pa', 'komal Dha', 'Ni', 'Sa']
sa["todi"].note_names
# ['Sa', 'komal Re', 'komal Ga', 'tivra Ma', 'Pa', 'komal Dha', 'Ni', 'Sa']
**Thaats:** bilawal, khamaj, kafi, asavari, bhairavi, kalyan, bhairav,
poorvi, marwa, todi
**Swara notation:**
- Uppercase = shuddha (natural): Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni
- ``komal`` prefix = flat: komal Re, komal Ga, komal Dha, komal Ni
- ``tivra`` prefix = sharp: tivra Ma
Arabic Maqam
------------
The Arabic system uses **solfège-based names** (Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si)
and organizes scales into **maqamat** (plural of `maqam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam>`_).
.. note::
True maqam music uses quarter-tones that cannot be represented in
12-tone equal temperament. These scales are the closest 12-TET
approximations.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
do = TonedScale(tonic="Do4", system="arabic")
do["ajam"].note_names # = major scale
# ['Do', 'Re', 'Mi', 'Fa', 'Sol', 'La', 'Si', 'Do']
do["hijaz"].note_names # characteristic augmented 2nd
# ['Do', 'Reb', 'Mi', 'Fa', 'Sol', 'Solb', 'Sib', 'Do']
do["nikriz"].note_names
# ['Do', 'Re', 'Mib', 'Fa#', 'Sol', 'La', 'Sib', 'Do']
**Maqamat:** ajam, nahawand, kurd, hijaz, nikriz, bayati, rast, saba,
sikah, jiharkah
Japanese
--------
The Japanese system uses Western note names with traditional pentatonic
and heptatonic scales from Japanese music.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
c = TonedScale(tonic="C4", system="japanese")
c["hirajoshi"].note_names # most iconic Japanese scale
# ['C', 'D', 'D#', 'G', 'G#', 'C']
c["in"].note_names # Miyako-bushi, used in koto music
# ['C', 'C#', 'F', 'G', 'G#', 'C']
c["yo"].note_names # folk music scale
# ['C', 'D', 'F', 'G', 'A#', 'C']
c["ritsu"].note_names # gagaku court music (= Dorian)
# ['C', 'D', 'D#', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'A#', 'C']
**Pentatonic scales:** hirajoshi, in, yo, iwato, kumoi, insen
**Heptatonic scales:** ritsu, ryo
Blues and Pentatonic
--------------------
The blues system provides the scales foundational to blues, rock, jazz,
and folk music worldwide. `Pentatonic scales <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic_scale>`_ (5 notes) are the oldest
known musical scales, found independently in cultures across every
continent.
The `blues scale <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_scale>`_ adds the "`blue note <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_note>`_" (flat 5th / sharp 4th) to the
minor pentatonic — this chromatic passing tone is the defining sound
of the blues.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
c = TonedScale(tonic="C4", system="blues")
c["major pentatonic"].note_names # the "happy" pentatonic
# ['C', 'D', 'E', 'G', 'A', 'C']
c["minor pentatonic"].note_names # the "sad" pentatonic
# ['C', 'D#', 'F', 'G', 'A#', 'C']
c["blues"].note_names # minor pentatonic + blue note
# ['C', 'D#', 'F', 'F#', 'G', 'A#', 'C']
c["major blues"].note_names # major pentatonic + blue note
# ['C', 'D', 'D#', 'E', 'G', 'A', 'C']
**Pentatonic:** major pentatonic, minor pentatonic
**Hexatonic:** blues, major blues
**Heptatonic:** dominant (Mixolydian — the dominant 7th sound),
minor (Dorian — the jazz minor sound)
Javanese Gamelan
----------------
The `gamelan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan>`_ system approximates the scales of the Javanese and Balinese
gamelan orchestra in 12-tone equal temperament. True gamelan tuning is
unique to each ensemble and does not conform to Western intonation —
these are the closest 12-TET approximations.
`Slendro <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slendro>`_ is a roughly equal 5-tone division of the octave, producing
an ethereal, floating quality. `Pelog <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelog>`_ is a 7-tone scale with unequal
intervals, typically performed using 5-note subsets called *pathet*.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
ji = TonedScale(tonic="ji4", system="gamelan")
ji["slendro"].note_names # the 5-tone equidistant scale
# ['ji', 'ro', 'pat', 'mo', 'pi', 'ji']
ji["pelog"].note_names # full 7-tone pelog
# ['ji', 'ro-', 'lu', 'pat', 'mo', 'nem-', 'barang', 'ji']
ji["pelog nem"].note_names # pathet nem subset
# ['ji', 'ro-', 'lu', 'pat', 'mo', 'ji']
**Pentatonic:** slendro, pelog nem, pelog barang, pelog lima
**Heptatonic:** pelog (full 7-tone)
.. note::
Gamelan tone names follow Javanese numbering: ji (1), ro (2),
lu (3), pat (4), mo (5), nem (6), pi/barang (7). Suffixes
indicate microtonal variants approximated to the nearest semitone.
Cross-System Comparison
-----------------------
Since all systems use 12-tone equal temperament, equivalent scales
produce the same pitches:
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale, Tone
# These are all the same scale with different names
western = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
indian = TonedScale(tonic="Sa4", system="indian")["bilawal"]
arabic = TonedScale(tonic="Do4", system="arabic")["ajam"]
# Same pitches
c4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
sa4 = Tone.from_string("Sa4", system="indian")
do4 = Tone.from_string("Do4", system="arabic")
c4.frequency # 261.63
sa4.frequency # 261.63
do4.frequency # 261.63
-330
View File
@@ -1,330 +0,0 @@
Music Theory Fundamentals
=========================
This page covers the essential concepts of music theory — the framework
behind everything PyTheory does.
Sound and Pitch
---------------
All sound is vibration. When an object vibrates, it pushes air molecules
back and forth, creating pressure waves that travel to your ears. The
speed of this vibration — measured in cycles per second
(`Hertz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz>`_, Hz) — determines the
`pitch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)>`_ you hear.
- **20 Hz**: the lowest pitch most humans can hear
- **60250 Hz**: the range of the human voice (speaking)
- **261.63 Hz**: `middle C <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(musical_note)#Middle_C>`_ (C4)
- **440 Hz**: the `concert pitch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_pitch>`_ tuning standard A (A4)
- **4186 Hz**: the highest C on a piano (C8)
- **20,000 Hz**: the upper limit of `human hearing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_range>`_
The relationship between pitch and frequency is **logarithmic** — each
`octave <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave>`_ doubles the frequency.
This means the distance from A3 (220 Hz) to A4 (440 Hz) is 220 Hz, but
the distance from A4 to A5 (880 Hz) is 440 Hz. Both sound like "one
octave" to our ears.
Why Twelve Notes?
-----------------
The Western `chromatic scale <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale>`_
has 12 notes per octave. This isn't arbitrary — it emerges from the
physics of vibrating strings and air columns.
The `harmonic series <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)>`_
is the sequence of frequencies produced when a string vibrates: f, 2f,
3f, 4f, 5f... The relationships between these harmonics create the
intervals we perceive as `consonant <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance>`_:
- 2:1 = `octave <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave>`_ (the most fundamental)
- 3:2 = `perfect fifth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth>`_
- 4:3 = `perfect fourth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth>`_
- 5:4 = `major third <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third>`_
- 6:5 = `minor third <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_third>`_
If you stack perfect fifths (multiply by 3/2 repeatedly) and reduce to
within one octave, you get 12 roughly evenly-spaced notes before the
cycle almost closes. The tiny gap where it doesn't close perfectly is
the `Pythagorean comma <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_comma>`_
— the reason we need `temperament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_temperament>`_.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Tone
# Walk the circle of fifths — all 12 notes
c = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
[t.name for t in c.circle_of_fifths()]
# ['C', 'G', 'D', 'A', 'E', 'B', 'F#', 'C#', 'G#', 'D#', 'A#', 'F']
Other cultures divide the octave differently: Indonesian
`gamelan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan>`_ uses 5 or 7 unequal
divisions; Indian classical music theoretically has 22
`shrutis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shruti_(music)>`_ (microtones);
Arabic `maqam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam>`_ uses
`quarter-tones <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_tone>`_.
Intervals: The Atoms of Music
------------------------------
An `interval <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)>`_ is the
distance between two pitches. Intervals are the building blocks of
everything — melodies are sequences of intervals, chords are stacks
of intervals, and scales are patterns of intervals.
Every interval has two properties:
**Size** (how many scale steps)::
Unison → 2nd → 3rd → 4th → 5th → 6th → 7th → Octave
**Quality** (exact number of semitones)::
Perfect: unison (0), 4th (5), 5th (7), octave (12)
Major: 2nd (2), 3rd (4), 6th (9), 7th (11)
Minor: 2nd (1), 3rd (3), 6th (8), 7th (10)
Augmented: one semitone larger than perfect or major
Diminished: one semitone smaller than perfect or minor
The "`perfect <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth>`_" intervals
(unison, 4th, 5th, octave) are called perfect because they appear in
both major AND minor scales unchanged. They've been considered consonant
across virtually all musical cultures throughout history.
The `tritone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritone>`_ (augmented 4th /
diminished 5th = 6 semitones) divides the octave exactly in half.
Medieval theorists called it *diabolus in musica* ("the devil in music")
because of its extreme instability. Today it's the foundation of
`dominant harmony <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_(music)>`_
and the `blues <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_note>`_.
Keys and Key Signatures
-----------------------
A `key <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)>`_ is a group of
notes that form the tonal center of a piece. The key of C major uses
only the white keys on the piano: C D E F G A B. The key of G major
uses the same notes except F becomes F#.
`Key signatures <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature>`_ tell
you which notes are sharped or flatted throughout a piece. They follow
the `circle of fifths <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths>`_:
**Sharp keys** (add one sharp per step clockwise)::
C major: no sharps or flats
G major: F#
D major: F# C#
A major: F# C# G#
E major: F# C# G# D#
B major: F# C# G# D# A#
**Flat keys** (add one flat per step counter-clockwise)::
C major: no sharps or flats
F major: Bb
Bb major: Bb Eb
Eb major: Bb Eb Ab
Ab major: Bb Eb Ab Db
Db major: Bb Eb Ab Db Gb
The order of sharps is always F C G D A E B (Father Charles Goes Down
And Ends Battle). The order of flats is the reverse: B E A D G C F.
Harmony: How Chords Work
-------------------------
`Harmony <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony>`_ is the art of
combining tones simultaneously. While
`melody <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody>`_ is horizontal (tones
in sequence), harmony is vertical (tones stacked).
The simplest harmony is the `triad <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(music)>`_
— three notes built by stacking `thirds <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_(music)>`_.
The quality of each third determines the chord type:
- **Major triad** = major 3rd + minor 3rd (e.g. C-E-G)
- **Minor triad** = minor 3rd + major 3rd (e.g. C-Eb-G)
- `Diminished triad <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_triad>`_ = minor 3rd + minor 3rd (e.g. B-D-F)
- `Augmented triad <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_triad>`_ = major 3rd + major 3rd (e.g. C-E-G#)
In any major key, the triads built on each
`scale degree <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(music)>`_ always
follow the same pattern::
Degree Quality Function
I Major Tonic (home)
ii Minor Pre-dominant
iii Minor Tonic substitute
IV Major Subdominant (departure)
V Major Dominant (tension, wants to go home)
vi Minor Tonic substitute, relative minor
vii° Diminished Dominant substitute (leading tone chord)
This pattern is the DNA of Western harmony. Pop songs, classical
sonatas, jazz standards, and church hymns all derive from it.
Functional Harmony
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Chords don't just have names — they have
`functions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(music)>`_:
- **Tonic function** (I, iii, vi): stability, rest, home
- **Subdominant function** (ii, IV): motion away from home
- **Dominant function** (V, vii°): tension, desire to return home
The most fundamental progression in Western music is **T → S → D → T**
(tonic → subdominant → dominant → tonic). The classic
`I-IV-V-I <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E2%80%93IV%E2%80%93V%E2%80%93I>`_
is exactly this pattern. Every "Louie Louie" and every
`Bach chorale <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_chorale>`_ follows
this basic tonal gravity.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import TonedScale
scale = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
# The I-IV-V-I progression
I = scale.triad(0) # C major — home
IV = scale.triad(3) # F major — departure
V = scale.triad(4) # G major — tension
# I again # C major — resolution
The Dominant Seventh
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The most important chord in `tonal music <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality>`_
is the `dominant seventh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord>`_
— the V7 chord. In C major, this is G-B-D-F. It contains:
- A `leading tone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-tone>`_ (B) that pulls up to the tonic (C) by half step
- A `tritone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritone>`_ (B-F) that wants to resolve inward (B→C, F→E)
- The `dominant note <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_(music)>`_ (G) that falls to the tonic by a fifth
This combination creates the strongest possible pull toward
`resolution <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(music)>`_.
When you hear V7→I, you feel arrival.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Chord, Tone
C4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
G4 = Tone.from_string("G4", system="western")
g7 = Chord([G4, G4+4, G4+7, G4+10]) # G B D F
g7.identify() # 'G dominant 7th'
g7.tension['has_dominant_function'] # True
g7.tension['tritones'] # 1
c_major = Chord([C4, C4+4, C4+7]) # C E G
c_major.tension['score'] # 0.0 — fully resolved
Rhythm and Meter
----------------
While PyTheory focuses on pitch,
`rhythm <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm>`_ is the other half
of music.
**Rhythm** is the pattern of durations.
`Meter <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_(music)>`_ is the recurring
pattern of strong and weak beats that organizes rhythm.
- `4/4 time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature#Simple_time_signatures>`_: the most common meter. Strong-weak-medium-weak.
Used in rock, pop, hip-hop, most Western music.
- `3/4 time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_metre>`_: waltz time. Strong-weak-weak. A lilting, circular feel.
- `6/8 time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_meter_(music)>`_: compound duple. Two groups of three. Irish jigs, many
ballads.
- `12/8 time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_meter_(music)>`_: compound quadruple. Four groups of three. Slow blues,
doo-wop, gospel. Has a triplet feel over a 4/4 pulse — the shuffle
groove of "Stormy Monday" and "Oh! Darling."
- 5/4 time: asymmetric. "`Take Five <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Five>`_"
by Dave Brubeck. Creates constant forward momentum because it never
fully settles.
- `7/8 time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_rhythm_and_divisive_rhythm>`_: common in Balkan folk music. Often felt as 2+2+3 or
3+2+2.
The Physics of Consonance
-------------------------
Why do some intervals sound "good" and others "bad"? The answer lies
in the physics of sound waves and the
`Plomp-Levelt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance#Physiological_basis>`_
model of sensory dissonance.
When two frequencies are related by a simple ratio (like 3:2 for a
perfect fifth), their waveforms align regularly. The combined wave
is smooth and periodic — the brain perceives this as consonant.
When two frequencies are related by a complex ratio (like 45:32 for
a tritone), their waveforms rarely align. The combined wave is
irregular and the brain perceives
`roughness <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughness_(psychoacoustics)>`_
— dissonance.
But `consonance and dissonance <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance>`_
are also cultural. The
`major third <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third>`_ (5:4) was
considered dissonant in medieval European music but consonant since the
Renaissance. The tritone was forbidden in church music but is the
foundation of blues and jazz. Indonesian gamelan embraces
`beating <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)>`_ between
paired instruments as a core aesthetic.
.. code-block:: python
from pytheory import Chord, Tone
C4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
E4 = Tone.from_string("E4", system="western")
G4 = Tone.from_string("G4", system="western")
# The overtone series — the fifth is "built into" every tone
C4.overtones(6)
# [261.63, 523.25, 784.88, 1046.50, 1308.13, 1569.75]
# 3rd harmonic (784.88) ≈ G5 (783.99) — a perfect fifth
# Consonance: simple frequency ratios score high
fifth = Chord([C4, G4]) # 3:2 ratio
tritone = Chord([C4, C4 + 6]) # 45:32 ratio
fifth.harmony > tritone.harmony # True
# Dissonance: Plomp-Levelt roughness model
# An octave has low roughness (frequencies far apart)
# A major 3rd has more roughness (closer frequencies)
octave = Chord([C4, C4 + 12])
third = Chord([C4, E4])
octave.dissonance < third.dissonance # True
# Tension: tritones and dominant function
c_major = Chord([C4, E4, G4])
c_major.tension['score'] # 0.0 — fully resolved
g7 = Chord([G4, G4+4, G4+7, G4+10]) # G dominant 7th
g7.tension['score'] # 0.6 — wants to resolve
g7.tension['tritones'] # 1 (B-F)
g7.tension['has_dominant_function'] # True
# Beat frequencies — the pulsing between close pitches
g7.beat_frequencies
# [(tone_a, tone_b, hz), ...] sorted by frequency
Further Reading
---------------
- `Music theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory>`_ — Wikipedia overview
- `Equal temperament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament>`_ — the modern tuning system
- `Circle of fifths <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths>`_ — key relationships
- `Chord progression <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_progression>`_ — common patterns
- `Voice leading <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_leading>`_ — smooth chord connections
- `Raga <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga>`_ — Indian melodic framework
- `Maqam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam>`_ — Arabic melodic system
- `Gamelan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan>`_ — Indonesian ensemble music
- `Blues <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues>`_ — the foundation of American popular music
- `Twelve-bar blues <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues>`_ — the most common blues form
+12 -187
View File
@@ -2,40 +2,7 @@ Working with Tones
==================
A :class:`~pytheory.tones.Tone` represents a single musical note, optionally
with an octave number in `scientific pitch notation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation>`_ (e.g. C4 = middle C).
What is a Tone?
---------------
A musical tone is a sound with a definite pitch — a periodic vibration at
a specific frequency. In the Western 12-tone system, the octave (a 2:1
frequency ratio) is divided into 12 equal steps called **semitones** or
**half steps**. Two semitones make a **whole step** (whole tone).
The 12 chromatic tones are::
C C#/Db D D#/Eb E F F#/Gb G G#/Ab A A#/Bb B
Notes with two names (like C# and Db) are `enharmonic equivalents <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic>`_
different names for the same pitch. Whether you call it C# or Db depends
on the musical context (key signature, harmonic function).
Scientific Pitch Notation
-------------------------
Each tone can be assigned an octave number. The standard is **scientific
pitch notation**, where the octave number increments at C::
... B3 C4 C#4 D4 ... A4 B4 C5 C#5 ...
^ ^
middle C one octave up
Key reference points:
- `A4 = 440 Hz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)>`_ — the international tuning standard (ISO 16)
- **C4 = 261.63 Hz** — middle C on the piano
- **A0 = 27.5 Hz** — the lowest A on a standard piano
- **C8 = 4186 Hz** — the highest C on a standard piano
with an octave number (scientific pitch notation).
Creating Tones
--------------
@@ -44,7 +11,7 @@ Creating Tones
from pytheory import Tone
# From a string (most common)
# From a string
c4 = Tone.from_string("C4")
cs4 = Tone.from_string("C#4")
@@ -72,87 +39,24 @@ Properties
Pitch and Frequency
-------------------
Every tone vibrates at a specific frequency measured in Hertz (Hz —
cycles per second). The relationship between pitch and frequency is
**logarithmic**: each octave doubles the frequency, and each semitone
multiplies by the 12th root of 2 (~1.05946).
.. code-block:: python
>>> a4 = Tone.from_string("A4", system="western")
>>> a4.frequency
440.0
>>> Tone.from_string("A3", system="western").frequency
220.0 # One octave down = half the frequency
>>> Tone.from_string("C4", system="western").frequency
261.63 # Middle C
Temperament
~~~~~~~~~~~
**Temperament** is the system used to tune the intervals between notes.
Different temperaments produce slightly different frequencies for the
same note name:
- `Equal temperament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament>`_ (default): Every semitone has an identical
frequency ratio of 2^(1/12). This is the modern standard — it allows
free modulation between all keys but no interval is acoustically
"pure" except the octave.
- `Pythagorean temperament <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning>`_: Built entirely from pure perfect fifths
(3:2 ratio). Produces beatless fifths but introduces the "Pythagorean
comma" — a small discrepancy when 12 fifths don't quite equal 7
octaves. Used in medieval European music.
- `Quarter-comma meantone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-comma_meantone>`_: Tunes major thirds to the pure ratio of
5:4, distributing the resulting error across the fifths. Dominant in
Renaissance and Baroque music (15th18th century). Sounds beautiful
in closely related keys but "wolf intervals" make distant keys
unusable.
.. code-block:: python
>>> a4.pitch(temperament="equal")
>>> a4.pitch()
440.0
# Different temperaments
>>> a4.pitch(temperament="pythagorean")
440.0 # A4 is always 440 (it's the reference)
440.0
>>> c5 = Tone.from_string("C5", system="western")
>>> c5.pitch(temperament="equal")
523.25
>>> c5.pitch(temperament="pythagorean")
521.48 # Slightly different!
# Symbolic output (SymPy expression)
# Symbolic (SymPy expression)
>>> a4.pitch(symbolic=True)
440
Intervals and Arithmetic
-------------------------
An **interval** is the distance between two pitches, measured in
semitones. Intervals have both a **quantity** (number of scale steps)
and a **quality** (perfect, major, minor, augmented, diminished).
Common intervals::
Semitones Name Sound
───────── ──── ─────
0 Unison Same note
1 Minor 2nd Tense, dissonant (Jaws theme)
2 Major 2nd A whole step (Do-Re)
3 Minor 3rd Sad, dark (Greensleeves)
4 Major 3rd Happy, bright (Kumbaya)
5 Perfect 4th Open, hollow (Here Comes the Bride)
6 Tritone Unstable, tense (The Simpsons)
7 Perfect 5th Strong, stable (Star Wars)
8 Minor 6th Bittersweet
9 Major 6th Warm (My Bonnie)
10 Minor 7th Bluesy (Star Trek TOS)
11 Major 7th Dreamy, yearning
12 Octave Same note, higher
Arithmetic
----------
Tones support ``+`` and ``-`` operators for semitone math:
@@ -171,17 +75,13 @@ Subtracting two tones gives the semitone distance:
.. code-block:: python
>>> g4 = Tone.from_string("G4", system="western")
>>> g4 - c4 # Perfect fifth = 7 semitones
>>> g4 - c4 # Semitone distance
7
>>> c5 = Tone.from_string("C5", system="western")
>>> c5 - c4 # Octave = 12 semitones
12
Comparison and Sorting
----------------------
Tones can be compared and sorted by pitch frequency:
Tones can be compared and sorted by pitch:
.. code-block:: python
@@ -194,82 +94,7 @@ Equality checks note name and octave:
.. code-block:: python
>>> c4 == "C" # Compare with string (name only)
>>> c4 == "C" # Compare with string
True
>>> c4 == Tone(name="C", octave=4)
True
The Overtone Series
-------------------
Every tone you hear is actually a composite of many frequencies. When
a string vibrates, it doesn't just vibrate as a whole — it also vibrates
in halves, thirds, quarters, and so on, producing the `harmonic series <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)>`_:
.. code-block:: python
>>> a4 = Tone.from_string("A4", system="western")
>>> a4.overtones(8)
[440.0, 880.0, 1320.0, 1760.0, 2200.0, 2640.0, 3080.0, 3520.0]
These harmonics correspond to musical intervals::
Harmonic Frequency Interval from fundamental
1st 440 Hz Unison (A4)
2nd 880 Hz Octave (A5)
3rd 1320 Hz Octave + perfect 5th (E6)
4th 1760 Hz Two octaves (A6)
5th 2200 Hz Two octaves + major 3rd (C#7)
6th 2640 Hz Two octaves + perfect 5th (E7)
7th 3080 Hz Two octaves + minor 7th (≈G7, slightly flat)
8th 3520 Hz Three octaves (A7)
The overtone series is why a perfect fifth sounds consonant — the 3rd
harmonic of the lower note matches the 2nd harmonic of the upper note.
It's also why the major triad (root, major 3rd, perfect 5th) feels
"natural" — these intervals appear in the first 6 harmonics.
Different instruments emphasize different harmonics, which is why a
violin and a flute playing the same note sound different. This quality
is called `timbre <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre>`_.
Enharmonic Equivalents
----------------------
In equal temperament, C# and Db are the same pitch (they have the
same frequency). They're called **enharmonic equivalents**. Which name
you use depends on context:
- In the key of **D major** (2 sharps), you write **C#**
- In the key of **Gb major** (6 flats), you write **Db**
The rule: each letter name should appear exactly once in a scale. The
D major scale is D E F# G A B C# — not D E Gb G A B Db, even though
F#=Gb and C#=Db.
PyTheory uses sharps by default (following the tone list ordering), but
tones carry their enharmonic equivalents:
.. code-block:: python
>>> Tone.from_tuple(("C#", "Db")).names()
['C#', 'Db']
The Circle of Fifths
--------------------
The `circle of fifths <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths>`_ is the most important diagram in Western music
theory. Starting from any note and ascending by perfect fifths (7
semitones), you pass through all 12 chromatic tones before returning
to the starting note:
.. code-block:: python
>>> t = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
>>> for i in range(12):
... print(t.name, end=" ")
... t = t + 7
C G D A E B F# C# G# D# A# F
Each step clockwise adds one sharp to the key signature; each step
counter-clockwise (ascending by fourths = 5 semitones) adds one flat.
-2
View File
@@ -27,12 +27,10 @@ Work with tones, scales, chords, and fretboards using a clean, Pythonic API.
:caption: User Guide
guide/quickstart
guide/theory
guide/tones
guide/scales
guide/chords
guide/fretboard
guide/systems
guide/playback
.. toctree::
-74
View File
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
"""Explore music theory with PyTheory."""
from pytheory import Key, Chord, Tone, Interval, PROGRESSIONS, Fretboard
# ── Keys and Scales ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
key = Key("C", "major")
print(f"Key: {key}")
print(f"Notes: {key.note_names}")
print()
# ── Diatonic Harmony ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
print("Diatonic triads:")
for i, chord in enumerate(key.scale.harmonize()):
analysis = chord.analyze("C")
print(f" {analysis:4s} {chord}")
print()
print("Diatonic seventh chords:")
for name in key.seventh_chords:
print(f" {name}")
# ── Progressions ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
print()
print("Common progressions in C major:")
for name, numerals in PROGRESSIONS.items():
chords = key.progression(*numerals)
chord_names = [str(c) for c in chords]
print(f" {name:20s} {''.join(chord_names)}")
# ── Intervals ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
print()
c4 = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
print("Intervals from C4:")
for semitones in range(13):
tone = c4 + semitones
name = c4.interval_to(tone)
print(f" {semitones:2d} semitones = {tone.name:3s} ({name})")
# ── Circle of Fifths ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
print()
print("Circle of fifths:", "".join(t.name for t in c4.circle_of_fifths()))
# ── Chord Analysis ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
print()
g7 = Chord.from_name("G7")
print(f"Chord: {g7}")
print(f" Intervals: {g7.intervals}")
print(f" Tension: {g7.tension}")
print(f" Analysis in C: {g7.analyze('C')}")
# ── Guitar Fingerings ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
print()
fb = Fretboard.guitar()
print("Guitar fingerings:")
for name in ["C", "G", "Am", "F", "Dm", "E7"]:
from pytheory import CHARTS
fingering = CHARTS["western"][name].fingering(fretboard=fb)
print(f" {name:4s} {fingering}")
# ── Overtone Series ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
print()
a4 = Tone.from_string("A4", system="western")
print(f"Overtone series of {a4}:")
for i, hz in enumerate(a4.overtones(8), 1):
nearest = Tone.from_frequency(hz)
print(f" Harmonic {i}: {hz:8.1f} Hz ≈ {nearest.full_name}")
+2 -27
View File
@@ -1,25 +1,10 @@
[project]
name = "pytheory"
version = "0.3.2"
version = "0.2.0"
description = "Music Theory for Humans"
readme = "README.md"
license = "MIT"
requires-python = ">=3.10"
authors = [
{ name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
]
classifiers = [
"Development Status :: 3 - Alpha",
"Intended Audience :: Developers",
"Intended Audience :: Education",
"Topic :: Multimedia :: Sound/Audio",
"Topic :: Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Analysis",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
]
dependencies = [
"pytuning",
"numeral",
@@ -27,19 +12,9 @@ dependencies = [
"scipy",
]
[project.urls]
Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/pytheory"
Documentation = "https://pytheory.kennethreitz.org"
Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/pytheory"
Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/pytheory/issues"
[dependency-groups]
dev = ["pytest"]
docs = ["sphinx"]
[build-system]
requires = ["setuptools"]
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
[tool.setuptools]
packages = ["pytheory"]
+4 -16
View File
@@ -1,25 +1,13 @@
"""PyTheory: Music Theory for Humans."""
from math import ceil, floor
__version__ = "0.3.2"
from .tones import Tone, Interval
from .tones import Tone
from .systems import System, SYSTEMS
from .scales import Scale, TonedScale, Key, PROGRESSIONS
from .scales import Scale, TonedScale
from .chords import Chord, Fretboard
from .charts import CHARTS, charts_for_fretboard
try:
from .play import play, Synth
except OSError:
# sounddevice requires PortAudio; gracefully degrade if unavailable
play = None
Synth = None
# Aliases for discoverability.
Note = Tone
__all__ = [
"Tone", "Note", "Interval", "Scale", "TonedScale", "Key",
"PROGRESSIONS", "Chord", "Fretboard",
"System", "SYSTEMS", "CHARTS", "charts_for_fretboard",
"play", "Synth",
]
+2 -301
View File
@@ -21,84 +21,7 @@ TONES = {
("F#", "Gb"),
("G",),
("G#", "Ab"),
],
# Indian classical (Hindustani) system.
# Ordered A-based to match Western index positions (Sa = index 3 = C).
"indian": [
("Dha",), # A — shuddha dhaivat
("komal Ni",), # Bb — komal nishad
("Ni",), # B — shuddha nishad
("Sa",), # C — shadja
("komal Re",), # Db — komal rishabh
("Re",), # D — shuddha rishabh
("komal Ga",), # Eb — komal gandhar
("Ga",), # E — shuddha gandhar
("Ma",), # F — shuddha madhyam
("tivra Ma",), # F# — tivra madhyam
("Pa",), # G — pancham
("komal Dha",), # Ab — komal dhaivat
],
# Arabic maqam system — Arabic solfège names.
"arabic": [
("La",), # A
("Sib",), # Bb — Si bemol
("Si",), # B
("Do",), # C
("Reb",), # Db — Re bemol
("Re",), # D
("Mib",), # Eb — Mi bemol
("Mi",), # E
("Fa",), # F
("Fa#",), # F#
("Sol",), # G
("Solb",), # Ab — Sol bemol
],
# Japanese system — uses Western names; scales are the unique part.
"japanese": [
("A",),
("A#", "Bb"),
("B",),
("C",),
("C#", "Db"),
("D",),
("D#", "Eb"),
("E",),
("F",),
("F#", "Gb"),
("G",),
("G#", "Ab"),
],
# Blues/Pentatonic — Western names with blues and pentatonic scales.
"blues": [
("A",),
("A#", "Bb"),
("B",),
("C",),
("C#", "Db"),
("D",),
("D#", "Eb"),
("E",),
("F",),
("F#", "Gb"),
("G",),
("G#", "Ab"),
],
# Javanese gamelan — pelog approximation in 12-TET.
# True gamelan uses non-Western intonation; these are closest 12-TET fits.
"gamelan": [
("nem",), # A — 6
("pi",), # Bb — 7 (barang in some)
("barang",), # B — 7
("ji",), # C — 1
("ro-",), # Db — 2b
("ro",), # D — 2
("lu-",), # Eb — 3b
("lu",), # E — 3
("pat",), # F — 4
("pat+",), # F# — 4#
("mo",), # G — 5
("nem-",), # Ab — 6b
],
]
}
DEGREES = {
@@ -111,53 +34,7 @@ DEGREES = {
("submediant", ("aeolian", "lydian")),
("leading tone", ("locrian", "mixolydian")),
("octave", ("ionian", "aeolian")),
],
"indian": [
("shadja", ()), # Sa — the tonic
("rishabh", ()), # Re — 2nd
("gandhar", ()), # Ga — 3rd
("madhyam", ()), # Ma — 4th
("pancham", ()), # Pa — 5th
("dhaivat", ()), # Dha — 6th
("nishad", ()), # Ni — 7th
("saptak", ()), # Sa — octave
],
"arabic": [
("qarar", ()), # 1st — root
("nawa", ()), # 2nd
("thalth", ()), # 3rd
("arba", ()), # 4th
("khamis", ()), # 5th
("sadis", ()), # 6th
("sabi", ()), # 7th
("jawab", ()), # octave
],
"japanese": [
("ichi", ()), # 1st
("ni", ()), # 2nd
("san", ()), # 3rd
("shi", ()), # 4th
("go", ()), # 5th
("roku", ()), # 6th
],
"blues": [
("tonic", ()),
("supertonic", ()),
("mediant", ()),
("subdominant", ()),
("dominant", ()),
("submediant", ()),
("subtonic", ()),
],
"gamelan": [
("ji", ()), # 1
("ro", ()), # 2
("lu", ()), # 3
("pat", ()), # 4
("mo", ()), # 5
("nem", ()), # 6
("pi", ()), # 7
],
]
}
SCALES = {
@@ -192,182 +69,6 @@ SCALES = {
}
}
# Indian scales — the 10 thaats of Hindustani classical music.
# Each thaat defines a parent scale from which ragas are derived.
INDIAN_SCALES = {
12: {
"chromatic": (12, {}),
"thaat": [
7,
{
# Bilawal = Western major / Ionian
"bilawal": {"intervals": (2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1)},
# Khamaj = Western Mixolydian
"khamaj": {"intervals": (2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2)},
# Kafi = Western Dorian
"kafi": {"intervals": (2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)},
# Asavari = Western natural minor / Aeolian
"asavari": {"intervals": (2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2)},
# Bhairavi = Western Phrygian
"bhairavi": {"intervals": (1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2)},
# Kalyan = Western Lydian
"kalyan": {"intervals": (2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1)},
# Bhairav — unique to Indian music (no Western equivalent)
# Sa re Ga Ma Pa dha Ni
"bhairav": {"intervals": (1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1)},
# Poorvi — unique to Indian music
# Sa re Ga tivra-Ma Pa dha Ni
"poorvi": {"intervals": (1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1)},
# Marwa — unique to Indian music
# Sa re Ga tivra-Ma Pa Dha Ni
"marwa": {"intervals": (1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1)},
# Todi — unique to Indian music
# Sa re komal-Ga tivra-Ma Pa dha Ni
"todi": {"intervals": (1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 3, 1)},
},
],
}
}
# Arabic maqam scales (12-TET approximations).
# True maqam uses quarter-tones; these are the closest 12-tone equivalents.
ARABIC_SCALES = {
12: {
"chromatic": (12, {}),
"maqam": [
7,
{
# Ajam = Western major
"ajam": {"intervals": (2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1)},
# Nahawand = Western harmonic minor
"nahawand": {"intervals": (2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1)},
# Kurd = Western Phrygian
"kurd": {"intervals": (1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2)},
# Hijaz — augmented 2nd between 2nd and 3rd degrees
"hijaz": {"intervals": (1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2)},
# Nikriz — augmented 2nd between 3rd and 4th
"nikriz": {"intervals": (2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2)},
# Bayati (12-TET approx) — true bayati has quarter-flat 2nd
"bayati": {"intervals": (1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2)},
# Rast (12-TET approx) — true rast has quarter-flat 3rd and 7th
"rast": {"intervals": (2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)},
# Saba (12-TET approx) — true saba has quarter-flat 2nd
"saba": {"intervals": (1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2)},
# Sikah (12-TET approx) — true sikah starts on quarter-flat
"sikah": {"intervals": (1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2)},
# Jiharkah
"jiharkah": {"intervals": (2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2)},
},
],
}
}
# Japanese pentatonic scales.
JAPANESE_SCALES = {
12: {
"chromatic": (12, {}),
"pentatonic": [
5,
{
# Hirajoshi — the most well-known Japanese scale
# C D Eb G Ab
"hirajoshi": {"intervals": (2, 1, 4, 1, 4)},
# In (Miyako-bushi) — used in koto music
# C Db F G Ab
"in": {"intervals": (1, 4, 2, 1, 4)},
# Yo — folk music scale
# C D F G Bb
"yo": {"intervals": (2, 3, 2, 3, 2)},
# Iwato — dark, dissonant pentatonic
# C Db F Gb Bb
"iwato": {"intervals": (1, 4, 1, 4, 2)},
# Kumoi — similar to minor pentatonic
# C D Eb G A
"kumoi": {"intervals": (2, 1, 4, 2, 3)},
# Insen — modern Japanese scale
# C Db F G Bb
"insen": {"intervals": (1, 4, 2, 3, 2)},
},
],
"heptatonic": [
7,
{
# Ritsu — gagaku court music scale
# C D Eb F G A Bb (= Dorian)
"ritsu": {"intervals": (2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)},
# Ryo — gagaku court music scale
# C D E F# G A B (= Lydian)
"ryo": {"intervals": (2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1)},
},
],
}
}
# Blues and pentatonic scales — foundational to American music.
BLUES_SCALES = {
12: {
"chromatic": (12, {}),
"pentatonic": [
5,
{
# Major pentatonic — C D E G A
"major pentatonic": {"intervals": (2, 2, 3, 2, 3)},
# Minor pentatonic — C Eb F G Bb
"minor pentatonic": {"intervals": (3, 2, 2, 3, 2)},
},
],
"hexatonic": [
6,
{
# Blues scale — C Eb F F# G Bb
"blues": {"intervals": (3, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2)},
# Major blues — C D D# E G A
"major blues": {"intervals": (2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 3)},
},
],
"heptatonic": [
7,
{
# Mixolydian (dominant blues sound) — C D E F G A Bb
"dominant": {"intervals": (2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2)},
# Dorian (minor blues/jazz) — C D Eb F G A Bb
"minor": {"intervals": (2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)},
},
],
}
}
# Javanese gamelan scales — 12-TET approximations.
# True gamelan tuning varies between ensembles and does not conform
# to equal temperament. These approximations capture the melodic
# character of the scales.
GAMELAN_SCALES = {
12: {
"chromatic": (12, {}),
"pentatonic": [
5,
{
# Slendro — roughly equal 5-tone division of the octave
# Approximated as: C D F G Bb
"slendro": {"intervals": (2, 3, 2, 3, 2)},
# Pelog pathet nem — C Db E F G (approx)
"pelog nem": {"intervals": (1, 3, 1, 2, 5)},
# Pelog pathet barang — C Db E F# B (approx)
"pelog barang": {"intervals": (1, 3, 3, 4, 1)},
# Pelog pathet lima — C Db E F Ab (approx)
"pelog lima": {"intervals": (1, 3, 1, 3, 4)},
},
],
"heptatonic": [
7,
{
# Full pelog — all 7 tones: C Db E F G Ab B (approx)
"pelog": {"intervals": (1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1)},
},
],
}
}
SYSTEMS = NotImplemented
# Modes are rotations of the major scale pattern.
-23
View File
@@ -154,29 +154,6 @@ class NamedChord:
else:
return tuple([self.fix_fingering(f) for f in best_fingerings])
def tab(self, *, fretboard):
"""Render this chord as ASCII guitar tablature.
Example::
>>> print(CHARTS["western"]["C"].tab(fretboard=Fretboard.guitar()))
C
e|--0--
B|--1--
G|--0--
D|--2--
A|--3--
E|--0--
"""
fingering = self.fingering(fretboard=fretboard)
string_names = [t.name for t in fretboard.tones]
lines = [self.name]
max_name = max(len(n) for n in string_names)
for i, (name, fret) in enumerate(zip(string_names, fingering)):
fret_str = "x" if fret is None else str(fret)
lines.append(f"{name:>{max_name}}|--{fret_str}--")
return "\n".join(lines)
western_chart = {}
for tone_titles in SYSTEMS["western"].tone_names:
+64 -1097
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+17 -429
View File
@@ -1,25 +1,11 @@
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Optional, Union
import numeral
from .systems import SYSTEMS, System
from .systems import SYSTEMS
from .tones import Tone
class Scale:
def __init__(self, *, tones: tuple[Tone, ...], degrees: Optional[tuple[str, ...]] = None, system: Union[str, System] = 'western') -> None:
"""Initialize a Scale from a sequence of Tones.
Args:
tones: The tones that make up the scale.
degrees: Optional names for each scale degree (must match length of *tones*).
system: A tone system name or :class:`System` instance.
Raises:
ValueError: If *degrees* is provided but its length differs from *tones*.
"""
def __init__(self, *, tones, degrees=None, system='western'):
self.tones = tones
self.degrees = degrees
@@ -35,18 +21,14 @@ class Scale:
raise ValueError("The number of tones and degrees must be equal!")
@property
def system(self) -> Optional[System]:
"""Return the tone system for this scale.
Resolves a system name to a :class:`System` object on first access.
"""
def system(self):
if self._system:
return self._system
if self.system_name:
return SYSTEMS[self.system_name]
def __repr__(self) -> str:
def __repr__(self):
r = []
for (i, tone) in enumerate(self.tones):
degree = numeral.int2roman(i + 1, only_ascii=True)
@@ -56,25 +38,22 @@ class Scale:
return f"<Scale {r}>"
def __iter__(self):
"""Iterate over the tones in this scale."""
return iter(self.tones)
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""Return the number of tones in this scale (including the octave)."""
def __len__(self):
return len(self.tones)
def __contains__(self, item: Union[str, Tone]) -> bool:
"""Check whether a tone or note name belongs to this scale."""
def __contains__(self, item):
if isinstance(item, str):
return any(item == t.name for t in self.tones)
return item in self.tones
@property
def note_names(self) -> list[str]:
def note_names(self):
"""List of note names in this scale."""
return [t.name for t in self.tones]
def chord(self, *degrees: int) -> Chord:
def chord(self, *degrees):
"""Build a Chord from scale degrees (0-indexed).
Wraps around if degrees exceed the scale length, transposing
@@ -96,146 +75,14 @@ class Scale:
result.append(tone)
return Chord(tones=result)
def transpose(self, semitones: int) -> Scale:
"""Return a new Scale transposed by the given number of semitones.
Every tone is shifted by the same interval, preserving the
scale's interval pattern.
Example::
>>> c_major = TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"]
>>> d_major = c_major.transpose(2)
>>> d_major.note_names
['D', 'E', 'F#', 'G', 'A', 'B', 'C#', 'D']
"""
from .chords import Chord
new_tones = tuple(t.add(semitones) for t in self.tones)
return Scale(tones=new_tones)
def triad(self, root: int = 0) -> Chord:
def triad(self, root=0):
"""Build a triad starting from the given scale degree (0-indexed).
Returns a chord with the root, 3rd, and 5th above it.
"""
return self.chord(root, root + 2, root + 4)
def seventh(self, root: int = 0) -> Chord:
"""Build a seventh chord from the given scale degree (0-indexed).
Returns a chord with the root, 3rd, 5th, and 7th.
"""
return self.chord(root, root + 2, root + 4, root + 6)
def progression(self, *numerals: str) -> list[Chord]:
"""Build a chord progression from Roman numeral strings.
Accepts Roman numerals like ``"I"``, ``"IV"``, ``"V"``,
``"ii"``, ``"vi"``. Lowercase = minor triad, uppercase = major
triad. Add ``"7"`` suffix for seventh chords.
Example::
>>> scale.progression("I", "IV", "V", "I")
[<Chord (C,E,G)>, <Chord (F,A,C)>, <Chord (G,B,D)>, <Chord (C,E,G)>]
"""
import numeral as numeral_mod
chords = []
for num in numerals:
is_seventh = num.endswith("7")
clean = num.rstrip("7")
degree = numeral_mod.roman2int(clean.upper()) - 1
if is_seventh:
chords.append(self.seventh(degree))
else:
chords.append(self.triad(degree))
return chords
def nashville(self, *numbers: Union[int, str]) -> list[Chord]:
"""Build a chord progression using Nashville number system.
The `Nashville number system <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Number_System>`_
uses Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals.
It's the standard chart system in Nashville recording studios.
Numbers 1-7 build diatonic triads. Suffix ``"7"`` for seventh
chords, ``"m"`` to force minor.
Example::
>>> scale.nashville(1, 4, 5, 1)
[<Chord C major>, <Chord F major>, <Chord G major>, <Chord C major>]
"""
from .chords import Chord
chords = []
for num in numbers:
s = str(num)
is_seventh = s.endswith("7")
clean = s.rstrip("7m")
degree = int(clean) - 1
if is_seventh:
chords.append(self.seventh(degree))
else:
chords.append(self.triad(degree))
return chords
@staticmethod
def detect(*note_names: str) -> Optional[tuple[str, str, int]]:
"""Detect the most likely scale from a set of note names.
Tries all scales in the Western system and returns the best
match as a ``(tonic, scale_name, match_count)`` tuple.
Example::
>>> Scale.detect("C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "A", "B")
('C', 'major', 7)
>>> Scale.detect("C", "D", "Eb", "F", "G", "Ab", "Bb")
('C', 'minor', 7)
"""
if not note_names:
return None
notes = set(note_names)
best = None
chromatic = ["C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F", "F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B"]
scale_names = ["major", "minor", "harmonic minor",
"dorian", "phrygian", "lydian", "mixolydian",
"aeolian", "locrian"]
for tonic in chromatic:
ts = TonedScale(tonic=f"{tonic}4")
for scale_name in ts.scales:
try:
scale = ts[scale_name]
scale_notes = set(scale.note_names)
match = len(notes & scale_notes)
score = (match, 1 if scale_name == "major" else 0)
if best is None or score > best[0]:
best = (score, tonic, scale_name, match)
except (KeyError, ValueError):
continue
if best:
return (best[1], best[2], best[3])
return None
def harmonize(self) -> list[Chord]:
"""Build diatonic triads on every scale degree.
Returns a list of Chords — one triad for each degree of the
scale. In a major scale this produces: I, ii, iii, IV, V, vi, vii°.
Example::
>>> [c.identify() for c in TonedScale(tonic="C4")["major"].harmonize()]
['C major', 'D minor', 'E minor', 'F major', 'G major', 'A minor', 'B diminished']
"""
unique = len(self.tones) - 1
return [self.triad(i) for i in range(unique)]
def degree(self, item: Union[str, int, slice], major: Optional[bool] = None, minor: bool = False) -> Optional[Union[Tone, tuple[Tone, ...]]]:
def degree(self, item, major=None, minor=False):
# TODO: cleanup degrees.
# Ensure that both major and minor aren't passed.
@@ -268,301 +115,43 @@ class Scale:
if isinstance(item, int) or isinstance(item, slice):
return self.tones[item]
def __getitem__(self, item: Union[str, int, slice]) -> Union[Tone, tuple[Tone, ...]]:
"""Retrieve a tone by scale degree (integer, Roman numeral, or degree name).
Raises:
KeyError: If the given degree is not found in this scale.
"""
def __getitem__(self, item):
result = self.degree(item)
if result is None:
raise KeyError(item)
return result
PROGRESSIONS = {
# Rock / Pop / Folk
"I-IV-V-I": ("I", "IV", "V", "I"),
"I-V-vi-IV": ("I", "V", "vi", "IV"),
"I-vi-IV-V": ("I", "vi", "IV", "V"),
"I-IV-vi-V": ("I", "IV", "vi", "V"),
"vi-IV-I-V": ("vi", "IV", "I", "V"),
# Blues
"12-bar blues": ("I", "I", "I", "I", "IV", "IV", "I", "I", "V", "IV", "I", "V"),
# Jazz
"ii-V-I": ("ii", "V7", "I"),
"I-vi-ii-V": ("I", "vi", "ii", "V"), # rhythm changes A section
"iii-vi-ii-V": ("iii", "vi", "ii", "V"), # jazz turnaround
# Classical / Film
"i-bVI-bIII-bVII": ("i", "VI", "III", "VII"),
"Pachelbel": ("I", "V", "vi", "iii", "IV", "I", "IV", "V"),
# Flamenco / Spanish
"Andalusian": ("i", "VII", "VI", "V"),
# Modal
"Dorian vamp": ("i", "IV"),
"Mixolydian vamp": ("I", "VII"),
}
"""Common chord progressions as Roman numeral tuples.
Use with :meth:`Scale.progression` or :meth:`Key.progression`::
Key("C", "major").progression(*PROGRESSIONS["I-V-vi-IV"])
"""
class Key:
"""A musical key — a convenient entry point for scales and harmony.
A Key represents a tonic note and a mode. It provides quick access
to the scale, diatonic chords, and common progressions.
Example::
>>> key = Key("C", "major")
>>> key.scale.note_names
['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'B', 'C']
>>> key.chords
['C major', 'D minor', 'E minor', 'F major', ...]
>>> key.progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV")
[<Chord (C,E,G)>, <Chord (G,B,D)>, ...]
"""
def __init__(self, tonic: str, mode: str = "major", system: Optional[Union[str, System]] = None) -> None:
if system is None:
system = SYSTEMS["western"]
elif isinstance(system, str):
system = SYSTEMS[system]
self.tonic_name = tonic
self.mode = mode
self._system = system
self._toned_scale = TonedScale(tonic=f"{tonic}4", system=system)
self._scale = self._toned_scale[mode]
@classmethod
def detect(cls, *note_names: str) -> Optional[Key]:
"""Detect the most likely key from a set of note names.
Tries every possible major and minor key and returns the one
whose scale contains the most of the given notes.
Example::
>>> Key.detect("C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "A", "B")
<Key C major>
>>> Key.detect("A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G")
<Key C major>
>>> Key.detect("A", "C", "E")
<Key C major>
Returns:
The best-matching Key, or None if no notes given.
"""
if not note_names:
return None
notes = set(note_names)
best_key = None
best_score = (-1, 0)
chromatic = ["C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F", "F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B"]
for tonic in chromatic:
for mode in ("major", "minor"):
try:
k = cls(tonic, mode)
scale_notes = set(k.note_names)
match = len(notes & scale_notes)
# Tiebreak: prefer major over minor
score = (match, 1 if mode == "major" else 0)
if score > best_score:
best_score = score
best_key = k
except (KeyError, ValueError):
continue
return best_key
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"<Key {self.tonic_name} {self.mode}>"
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.tonic_name} {self.mode}"
@property
def scale(self) -> Scale:
"""The scale for this key."""
return self._scale
@property
def note_names(self) -> list[str]:
"""Note names in this key's scale."""
return self._scale.note_names
@property
def chords(self) -> list[str]:
"""Names of all diatonic triads in this key."""
return [c.identify() for c in self._scale.harmonize()]
@property
def seventh_chords(self) -> list[str]:
"""Names of all diatonic seventh chords in this key."""
unique = len(self._scale.tones) - 1
return [self._scale.seventh(i).identify() for i in range(unique)]
def triad(self, degree: int) -> Chord:
"""Build a diatonic triad on the given degree (0-indexed)."""
return self._scale.triad(degree)
def seventh(self, degree: int) -> Chord:
"""Build a diatonic seventh chord on the given degree (0-indexed)."""
return self._scale.seventh(degree)
def progression(self, *numerals: str) -> list[Chord]:
"""Build a chord progression from Roman numerals.
Example::
>>> Key("G", "major").progression("I", "IV", "V7", "I")
"""
return self._scale.progression(*numerals)
def nashville(self, *numbers: Union[int, str]) -> list[Chord]:
"""Build a chord progression using Nashville numbers.
Example::
>>> Key("G", "major").nashville(1, 4, 5, 1)
"""
return self._scale.nashville(*numbers)
def secondary_dominant(self, degree: int) -> Chord:
"""Build a secondary dominant (V/x) for the given scale degree.
A secondary dominant is the dominant chord of a non-tonic
degree. For example, in C major, V/V is D major (the V chord
of G). Secondary dominants create momentary tonicizations
that add color and forward motion.
Common secondary dominants:
- V/V (e.g. D7 in C major) — approaches the dominant
- V/ii (e.g. A7 in C major) — approaches the supertonic
- V/vi (e.g. E7 in C major) — approaches the relative minor
Args:
degree: Scale degree to target (1-indexed). ``5`` means
"build the V of the 5th degree."
Returns:
A dominant 7th Chord that resolves to the given degree.
Example::
>>> Key("C", "major").secondary_dominant(5) # V/V = D7
<Chord D dominant 7th>
"""
target = self._scale.tones[degree - 1]
# Build a dominant 7th a perfect 5th above the target
from .chords import Chord
root = target.add(7)
return Chord(tones=[root, root.add(4), root.add(7), root.add(10)])
@classmethod
def all_keys(cls) -> list[Key]:
"""Return all 24 major and minor keys.
Returns:
A list of Key objects for all 12 major and 12 minor keys.
Example::
>>> for k in Key.all_keys():
... print(k)
"""
chromatic = ["C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F",
"F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B"]
keys = []
for tonic in chromatic:
keys.append(cls(tonic, "major"))
keys.append(cls(tonic, "minor"))
return keys
@property
def relative(self) -> Optional[Key]:
"""The relative major or minor key.
If this is a major key, returns the relative minor (vi).
If this is a minor key, returns the relative major (bIII).
"""
if self.mode == "major":
# Relative minor starts on the 6th degree
minor_tonic = self._scale.tones[5].name
return Key(minor_tonic, "minor")
elif self.mode in ("minor", "aeolian"):
# Relative major starts on the 3rd degree
major_tonic = self._scale.tones[2].name
return Key(major_tonic, "major")
return None
@property
def parallel(self) -> Optional[Key]:
"""The parallel major or minor key (same tonic, different mode)."""
if self.mode == "major":
return Key(self.tonic_name, "minor")
elif self.mode in ("minor", "aeolian"):
return Key(self.tonic_name, "major")
return None
class TonedScale:
def __init__(self, *, system: Union[str, System] = SYSTEMS["western"], tonic: Union[str, Tone]) -> None:
"""Initialize a TonedScale with a tonic note and tone system.
Args:
system: A tone system name or :class:`System` instance.
tonic: The tonic note as a string (e.g. ``"C4"``) or :class:`Tone`.
"""
if isinstance(system, str):
system = SYSTEMS[system]
def __init__(self, *, system=SYSTEMS["western"], tonic):
self.system = system
if not isinstance(tonic, Tone):
tonic = Tone.from_string(tonic, system=self.system)
self.tonic = tonic
self._cached_scales: Optional[dict[str, Scale]] = None
def __repr__(self) -> str:
def __repr__(self):
return f"<TonedScale system={self.system!r} tonic={self.tonic}>"
def __getitem__(self, scale: str) -> Scale:
"""Retrieve a scale by name.
Raises:
KeyError: If the named scale is not found in this system.
"""
def __getitem__(self, scale):
result = self.get(scale)
if result is None:
raise KeyError(scale)
return result
def get(self, scale: str) -> Optional[Scale]:
"""Look up a scale by name, returning ``None`` if not found."""
def get(self, scale):
try:
return self._scales[scale]
except KeyError:
pass
@property
def scales(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
"""Tuple of all available scale names in this system."""
def scales(self):
return tuple(self._scales.keys())
@property
def _scales(self) -> dict[str, Scale]:
"""Lazily computed (and cached) mapping of scale names to Scale objects."""
if self._cached_scales is not None:
return self._cached_scales
def _scales(self):
scales = {}
for scale_type in self.system.scales:
@@ -580,5 +169,4 @@ class TonedScale:
scales[scale] = Scale(tones=tuple(working_scale))
self._cached_scales = scales
return scales
+3 -21
View File
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
from ._statics import (
TEMPERAMENTS, TONES, DEGREES, SCALES,
INDIAN_SCALES, ARABIC_SCALES, JAPANESE_SCALES,
BLUES_SCALES, GAMELAN_SCALES, SYSTEMS,
)
from ._statics import TEMPERAMENTS, TONES, DEGREES, SCALES, SYSTEMS
class System:
@@ -59,7 +55,6 @@ class System:
*,
tones=7,
semitones=12,
intervals=None,
major=False,
minor=False,
hemitonic=False, # Contains semitones.
@@ -68,13 +63,7 @@ class System:
offset=None,
):
"""Generates the primary scale for a given number of semitones/tones."""
# Direct interval pattern — bypass generation logic.
if intervals is not None:
scale = list(intervals)
if offset:
scale = scale[offset:] + scale[:offset]
return {"intervals": scale, "hemitonic": 1 in scale, "meta": {}}
# TODO: Support minor, support harmonic, support melodic.
# Sanity check.
if major and minor:
@@ -130,11 +119,4 @@ class System:
def __repr__(self):
return f"<System semitones={self.semitones!r}>"
SYSTEMS = {
"western": System(tone_names=TONES["western"], degrees=DEGREES["western"]),
"indian": System(tone_names=TONES["indian"], degrees=DEGREES["indian"], scales=INDIAN_SCALES[12]),
"arabic": System(tone_names=TONES["arabic"], degrees=DEGREES["arabic"], scales=ARABIC_SCALES[12]),
"japanese": System(tone_names=TONES["japanese"], degrees=DEGREES["japanese"], scales=JAPANESE_SCALES[12]),
"blues": System(tone_names=TONES["blues"], degrees=DEGREES["blues"], scales=BLUES_SCALES[12]),
"gamelan": System(tone_names=TONES["gamelan"], degrees=DEGREES["gamelan"], scales=GAMELAN_SCALES[12]),
}
SYSTEMS = {"western": System(tone_names=TONES["western"], degrees=DEGREES["western"])}
+32 -357
View File
@@ -1,47 +1,9 @@
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Optional, Union
from ._statics import REFERENCE_A, TEMPERAMENTS
class Interval:
"""Named constants for common musical intervals (in semitones)."""
UNISON = 0
MINOR_SECOND = 1
MAJOR_SECOND = 2
MINOR_THIRD = 3
MAJOR_THIRD = 4
PERFECT_FOURTH = 5
TRITONE = 6
PERFECT_FIFTH = 7
MINOR_SIXTH = 8
MAJOR_SIXTH = 9
MINOR_SEVENTH = 10
MAJOR_SEVENTH = 11
OCTAVE = 12
class Tone:
def __init__(
self,
name: str,
*,
alt_names: Optional[list[str]] = None,
octave: Optional[int] = None,
system: Union[str, object] = "western",
) -> None:
"""Initialize a Tone with a name, optional octave, and musical system.
Args:
name: The note name (e.g. ``"C"``, ``"C#4"``). If the name
contains a digit, it is parsed as the octave.
alt_names: Alternate spellings for this tone (e.g. enharmonics).
octave: The octave number. Overrides any octave parsed from *name*.
system: The tuning system, either as a string key (``"western"``)
or a ``ToneSystem`` instance.
"""
def __init__(self, name, *, alt_names=None, octave=None, system="western"):
if alt_names is None:
alt_names = []
@@ -59,7 +21,6 @@ class Tone:
self.name = name
self.octave = octave
self.alt_names = alt_names
self._frequency: Optional[float] = None
if isinstance(system, str):
self.system_name = system
@@ -69,16 +30,11 @@ class Tone:
self._system = system
@property
def exists(self) -> bool:
"""True if this tone's name is found in the associated system."""
def exists(self):
return self.name in self.system.tones
@property
def system(self) -> object:
"""The ``ToneSystem`` associated with this tone.
Lazily resolved from ``system_name`` on first access and cached.
"""
def system(self):
from .systems import SYSTEMS
if self._system:
@@ -89,65 +45,25 @@ class Tone:
return self.system
@property
def full_name(self) -> str:
"""The tone name with octave appended, e.g. ``'C4'`` or ``'C'``."""
if self.octave is not None:
def full_name(self):
if self.octave:
return f"{self.name}{self.octave}"
else:
return self.name
def names(self) -> list[str]:
"""Return a list containing the primary name and all alternate names."""
def names(self):
return [self.name] + self.alt_names
@property
def is_natural(self) -> bool:
"""True if this is a natural note (no sharp or flat)."""
return not self.is_sharp and not self.is_flat
@property
def is_sharp(self) -> bool:
"""True if this tone has a sharp (#)."""
return "#" in self.name
@property
def is_flat(self) -> bool:
"""True if this tone has a flat (b after the first character)."""
return "b" in self.name[1:]
@property
def enharmonic(self) -> Optional[str]:
"""The enharmonic equivalent of this tone, or None if there isn't one.
Returns the alternate spelling: C# → Db, Db → C#, etc.
Natural notes (C, D, E, F, G, A, B) have no enharmonic.
Example::
>>> Tone.from_string("C#4").enharmonic
'Db'
"""
if self.alt_names:
return self.alt_names[0] if isinstance(self.alt_names, (list, tuple)) else self.alt_names
# Check the system for alt names
try:
for tone in self.system.tones:
if tone.name == self.name and tone.alt_names:
return tone.alt_names[0]
except (AttributeError, TypeError):
pass
return None
def __repr__(self) -> str:
def __repr__(self):
return f"<Tone {self.full_name}>"
def __str__(self) -> str:
def __str__(self):
return self.full_name
def __add__(self, interval: int) -> Tone:
def __add__(self, interval):
return self.add(interval)
def __sub__(self, other: Union[int, Tone]) -> Union[Tone, int]:
def __sub__(self, other):
# Tone - int: subtract semitones
if isinstance(other, int):
return self.subtract(other)
@@ -163,27 +79,27 @@ class Tone:
return self_from_c0 - other_from_c0
return NotImplemented
def __lt__(self, other: Tone) -> bool:
def __lt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Tone):
return NotImplemented
return self.pitch() < other.pitch()
def __le__(self, other: Tone) -> bool:
def __le__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Tone):
return NotImplemented
return self.pitch() <= other.pitch()
def __gt__(self, other: Tone) -> bool:
def __gt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Tone):
return NotImplemented
return self.pitch() > other.pitch()
def __ge__(self, other: Tone) -> bool:
def __ge__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Tone):
return NotImplemented
return self.pitch() >= other.pitch()
def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
def __eq__(self, other):
# Comparing string literals.
if isinstance(other, str):
@@ -198,20 +114,11 @@ class Tone:
return False
def __hash__(self) -> int:
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.name, self.octave))
@classmethod
def from_string(klass, s: str, system: Optional[Union[str, object]] = None) -> Tone:
"""Create a Tone by parsing a string like ``'C#4'`` or ``'Bb'``.
Args:
s: A note string, optionally including an octave number.
system: The tuning system to associate with the tone.
Returns:
A new ``Tone`` instance.
"""
def from_string(klass, s, system=None):
try:
octave = int("".join([c for c in filter(str.isdigit, s)]))
except ValueError:
@@ -225,16 +132,7 @@ class Tone:
return klass(name=tone, octave=octave)
@classmethod
def from_tuple(klass, t: tuple[str, ...]) -> Tone:
"""Create a Tone from a tuple of ``(name, *alt_names)``.
Args:
t: A tuple where the first element is the primary name and
any remaining elements are alternate names (enharmonics).
Returns:
A new ``Tone`` instance.
"""
def from_tuple(klass, t):
if len(t) == 1:
return klass.from_string(s=t[0])
else:
@@ -243,88 +141,18 @@ class Tone:
return tone
@classmethod
def from_frequency(klass, hz: float, system: Union[str, object] = "western") -> Tone:
"""Create a Tone from a frequency in Hz.
Finds the nearest note in 12-TET tuning (A4=440Hz).
Example::
>>> Tone.from_frequency(440)
<Tone A4>
>>> Tone.from_frequency(261.63)
<Tone C4>
"""
import math
if hz <= 0:
raise ValueError("Frequency must be positive")
# Semitones from A4
semitones_from_a4 = 12 * math.log2(hz / REFERENCE_A)
semitones = round(semitones_from_a4)
# A4 is index 0 in the Western system, octave 4
# Convert to absolute position from C0
c_index = 3
a4_from_c0 = ((0 - c_index) % 12) + (4 * 12) # = 57
abs_pos = a4_from_c0 + semitones
octave = abs_pos // 12
relative = abs_pos % 12
index = (relative + c_index) % 12
if isinstance(system, str):
from .systems import SYSTEMS
system = SYSTEMS[system]
return klass.from_index(index, octave=octave, system=system)
@classmethod
def from_midi(klass, note_number: int, system: Union[str, object] = "western") -> Tone:
"""Create a Tone from a MIDI note number.
MIDI note 60 = C4 (middle C), 69 = A4 (440 Hz).
Example::
>>> Tone.from_midi(60)
<Tone C4>
>>> Tone.from_midi(69)
<Tone A4>
"""
c_index = 3
adjusted = note_number - 12 # MIDI C0=12
octave = adjusted // 12
relative = adjusted % 12
index = (relative + c_index) % 12
if isinstance(system, str):
from .systems import SYSTEMS
system = SYSTEMS[system]
return klass.from_index(index, octave=octave, system=system)
@classmethod
def from_index(klass, i: int, *, octave: int, system: object) -> Tone:
"""Create a Tone from its index within a tuning system.
Args:
i: The index of the tone in the system's tone list.
octave: The octave number.
system: The ``ToneSystem`` instance.
Returns:
A new ``Tone`` instance.
"""
def from_index(klass, i, *, octave, system):
tone = system.tones[i].name
return klass(name=tone, octave=octave, system=system)
@property
def _index(self) -> int:
"""The index of this tone within its associated system's tone list.
Raises:
ValueError: If no system is associated with this tone.
"""
def _index(self):
try:
return self.system.tones.index(self.name)
except AttributeError:
raise ValueError("Tone index cannot be referenced without a system!")
def _math(self, interval: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
def _math(self, interval):
"""Returns (new index, new octave).
Octave boundaries follow scientific pitch notation, where the
@@ -354,186 +182,33 @@ class Tone:
return (new_index, new_octave)
def add(self, interval: int) -> Tone:
"""Return a new Tone that is *interval* semitones above this one.
Args:
interval: Number of semitones to add (positive = up).
Returns:
A new ``Tone`` instance.
"""
def add(self, interval):
index, octave = self._math(interval)
return self.from_index(index, octave=octave, system=self.system)
def subtract(self, interval: int) -> Tone:
"""Return a new Tone that is *interval* semitones below this one.
Args:
interval: Number of semitones to subtract (positive = down).
Returns:
A new ``Tone`` instance.
"""
def subtract(self, interval):
return self.add((-1 * interval))
_INTERVAL_NAMES = {
0: "unison", 1: "minor 2nd", 2: "major 2nd", 3: "minor 3rd",
4: "major 3rd", 5: "perfect 4th", 6: "tritone", 7: "perfect 5th",
8: "minor 6th", 9: "major 6th", 10: "minor 7th", 11: "major 7th",
12: "octave",
}
def interval_to(self, other: Tone) -> str:
"""Name the interval between this tone and another.
Returns a string like ``"perfect 5th"``, ``"major 3rd"``, or
``"octave"``. For intervals larger than an octave, returns
the compound form (e.g. ``"minor 2nd + 1 octave"``).
Example::
>>> C4.interval_to(G4)
'perfect 5th'
>>> C4.interval_to(C5)
'octave'
"""
semitones = abs(self - other)
octaves = semitones // 12
remainder = semitones % 12
name = self._INTERVAL_NAMES.get(remainder, f"{remainder} semitones")
if octaves == 0:
return name
if remainder == 0:
if octaves == 1:
return "octave"
return f"{octaves} octaves"
if octaves == 1:
return f"{name} + 1 octave"
return f"{name} + {octaves} octaves"
@property
def midi(self) -> Optional[int]:
"""MIDI note number (C4 = 60, A4 = 69).
The MIDI standard assigns integer note numbers from 0127.
Middle C (C4) is 60, and each semitone increments by 1.
Returns:
int: the MIDI note number, or None if no octave is set.
"""
if self.octave is None:
return None
c_index = 3
semitones_from_c0 = ((self._index - c_index) % 12) + (self.octave * 12)
return semitones_from_c0 + 12 # MIDI C0 = 12 (C-1 = 0)
def transpose(self, semitones: int) -> Tone:
"""Return a new Tone transposed by the given number of semitones.
Alias for ``tone + semitones`` / ``tone - semitones``. Positive
values transpose up, negative values transpose down.
"""
return self.add(semitones)
def circle_of_fifths(self) -> list[Tone]:
"""The 12 tones of the circle of fifths starting from this tone.
Each step ascends by a perfect fifth (7 semitones). After 12
steps you return to the starting tone. The circle of fifths
is the backbone of Western harmony — it determines key
signatures, chord relationships, and modulation paths.
Clockwise = add sharps: C → G → D → A → E → B → F# → ...
Counter-clockwise = add flats (see ``circle_of_fourths``).
Returns:
A list of 12 Tones.
"""
tones: list[Tone] = []
t = self
for _ in range(12):
tones.append(t)
t = t.add(7)
return tones
def circle_of_fourths(self) -> list[Tone]:
"""The 12 tones of the circle of fourths starting from this tone.
Each step ascends by a perfect fourth (5 semitones) — the
reverse direction of the circle of fifths.
Clockwise = add flats: C → F → Bb → Eb → Ab → ...
Returns:
A list of 12 Tones.
"""
tones: list[Tone] = []
t = self
for _ in range(12):
tones.append(t)
t = t.add(5)
return tones
@property
def frequency(self) -> float:
"""The frequency of this tone in Hz (equal temperament, A4=440).
The result is cached after the first computation.
"""
if self._frequency is None:
self._frequency = self.pitch()
return self._frequency
def overtones(self, n: int = 8) -> list[float]:
"""The first *n* overtones (harmonic series) of this tone.
The harmonic series is the foundation of timbre and consonance.
When a string or air column vibrates, it produces not just the
fundamental frequency but also integer multiples: 2f, 3f, 4f...
The intervals between consecutive harmonics form the basis of
Western harmony::
Harmonic Ratio Interval from fundamental
1 1:1 Unison (the fundamental)
2 2:1 Octave
3 3:1 Octave + perfect 5th
4 4:1 Two octaves
5 5:1 Two octaves + major 3rd
6 6:1 Two octaves + perfect 5th
7 7:1 Two octaves + minor 7th (slightly flat)
8 8:1 Three octaves
The reason a perfect fifth sounds consonant is that the 3rd
harmonic of the lower note aligns with the 2nd harmonic of the
upper note (when the upper note is a fifth above). More shared
harmonics = more consonance.
Args:
n: Number of harmonics to return (default 8).
Returns:
List of frequencies in Hz.
"""
f = self.pitch()
return [f * i for i in range(1, n + 1)]
def frequency(self):
"""The frequency of this tone in Hz (equal temperament, A4=440)."""
return self.pitch()
def pitch(
self,
*,
reference_pitch: float = REFERENCE_A,
temperament: str = "equal",
symbolic: bool = False,
precision: Optional[int] = None,
) -> float:
reference_pitch=REFERENCE_A,
temperament="equal",
symbolic=False,
precision=None,
):
try:
tones = len(self.system.tones)
except AttributeError:
raise ValueError("Pitches can only be computed with an associated system!")
pitch_scale = TEMPERAMENTS[temperament](tones)
octave = self.octave if self.octave is not None else 4
octave = self.octave or 4
# C is at index 3; convert to semitones from C0 for both
# this note and the reference A4.
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