v0.39.0: Articulations, ramp(), drop numeral, djembe expansion

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,82 @@
 
 All notable changes to PyTheory are documented here.
 
+## 0.39.0
+
+- **Dropped `numeral` dependency** — Roman numeral helpers inlined,
+  reducing supply chain surface (#47)
+- **`Part.ramp()`** — smooth parameter automation with 4 interpolation
+  curves (linear, ease_in, ease_out, ease_in_out)
+- **Articulations** — staccato, legato, marcato, tenuto, accent, fermata
+- **Dynamic curves** — crescendo(), decrescendo(), swell(), dynamics()
+- **`Part.hit()`** — individual drum sounds with articulation support
+- **Cross-choke drum damping** — djembe, hi-hats, cajón, doumbek
+- **5 new djembe patterns** + 3 djembe fills (30 fills total)
+- **6 new drum fills** — 3 cajón, 3 metal
+- **Duration arithmetic** — multiply, divide, add
+- **Improved djembe slap** synthesis
+- Song #31: Acid Tabla
+
+## 0.38.2
+
+- **`Part.ramp()`** — smooth parameter automation from current value to
+  target over a duration. Works for lowpass, reverb, distortion, chorus,
+  delay, volume, and any `.set()` parameter. Four interpolation curves:
+  linear, ease_in, ease_out, ease_in_out.
+
+## 0.38.1
+
+- **Dynamic curves** — `Part.crescendo()`, `Part.decrescendo()`,
+  `Part.swell()`, and `Part.dynamics()` for velocity ramps and custom
+  curves across a sequence of notes
+
+## 0.38.0
+
+- **Articulations** — `staccato`, `legato`, `marcato`, `tenuto`, `accent`,
+  `fermata` via `articulation=` on `Part.add()` and `Part.hold()`
+- **`Part.hit()`** — place individual drum sounds in a Part's note stream
+  with articulation, velocity, and effects support
+- **5 new djembe patterns** — dununba, tiriba, yankadi, djansa, mendiani
+- **3 new djembe fills** — djembe call, djembe roll, djembe break (30 fills total)
+- **Cross-choke drum damping** — striking one sound fades out related sounds
+  (djembe, hi-hats, cajón, doumbek)
+- **Improved djembe slap** — dry goatskin pop instead of snare-like noise
+
+## 0.37.0
+
+- **5 new djembe patterns** — dununba, tiriba, yankadi, djansa, mendiani
+- **3 new djembe fills** — djembe call, djembe roll, djembe break (30 fills total)
+- **Cross-choke drum damping** — striking one sound on a hand drum fades
+  out the ring of related sounds (djembe slap kills bass resonance, closed
+  hat chokes open hat, cajón slap dampens bass, doumbek tek dampens dum)
+- **Improved djembe slap** — dry, high-pitched goatskin pop instead of
+  snare-like noise rattle
+
+## 0.36.6
+
+- **6 new drum fills** — 3 cajón (flam, rumble, breakdown) and 3 metal
+  (triplet, blast, cascade). 27 fills total.
+- Updated drums documentation with fill lists and examples
+
+## 0.36.5
+
+- **Duration arithmetic** — `Duration.WHOLE * 2`, `Duration.HALF + Duration.QUARTER`,
+  division, and reverse multiply all work now (previously raised TypeError)
+
+## 0.36.3
+
+- **`Part.hold()`** — polyphonic overlap on a single part. Add notes
+  without advancing the beat position so they play simultaneously.
+  Enables: piano sustain, sitar drone under melody, guitar strum texture.
+- **Strum uses hold()** — leading string plays simultaneously with chord,
+  no more timing gaps or choppiness
+- **Improved songs** 1-16: humanize, velocity dynamics, reverb, saxophone
+  for blues
+- **Ctrl-C handling** — clean stop on all playback functions
+- **REPL updates** — strum, roll, bend, temperament, reference commands
+- Song #28 Descent (generative), #29 Pop Rock, #30 Sitar Drone
+- 862 tests
+
 ## 0.36.1
 
 - **7 new instrument synths:** pedal steel guitar, theremin, kalimba/thumb

docs/guide/chords.rst

@@ -322,6 +322,14 @@ against 17 known chord types (triads, 7ths, 9ths, sus, power chords).
    >>> Chord.from_tones("Bb", "D", "F").identify()
    'Bb major'
 
+Enharmonic spellings are fully supported — Cb, Fb, E#, B#, double
+sharps/flats, and unicode symbols (see :doc:`tones` for details):
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> Chord.from_tones("Cb", "Eb", "Gb").identify()
+   'B minor'
+
 You can also access the root and quality separately:
 
 .. code-block:: pycon

docs/guide/drums.rst

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ in Atlanta. Over a dancehall pattern, you're in Kingston. The drums ARE
 the genre -- they tell the listener's body how to move before a single
 melodic note is played.
 
-PyTheory includes a complete drum system -- 27 synthesized percussion
-sounds, 80+ pattern presets across dozens of genres, and 21 fill presets.
+PyTheory includes a complete drum system -- 51 synthesized percussion
+sounds, 85+ pattern presets across dozens of genres, and 30 fill presets.
 Every sound is generated from waveforms; no samples needed.
 
 Drum Sounds
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ The ``DrumSound`` enum maps to General MIDI percussion note numbers:
    >>> DrumSound.CLOSED_HAT.value
    42
 
-All 27 sounds, organized by type:
+All 51 sounds, organized by type:
 
 **Kicks:** KICK (36)
 
@@ -106,7 +106,24 @@ All 27 sounds, organized by type:
 **Percussion:** COWBELL (56), CLAVE (75), SHAKER (70), TAMBOURINE (54),
 CONGA_HIGH (63), CONGA_LOW (64), BONGO_HIGH (60), BONGO_LOW (61),
 TIMBALE_HIGH (65), TIMBALE_LOW (66), AGOGO_HIGH (67), AGOGO_LOW (68),
-GUIRO (73), MARACAS (70)
+GUIRO (73)
+
+**Tabla:** TABLA_NA (86), TABLA_TIN (87), TABLA_GE (88), TABLA_DHA (89),
+TABLA_TIT (90), TABLA_KE (91), TABLA_GE_BEND (108 -- bayan with upward
+pitch bend from palm pressing into the head)
+
+**Dhol:** DHOL_DAGGA (92), DHOL_TILLI (93), DHOL_BOTH (94)
+
+**Dholak:** DHOLAK_GE (95), DHOLAK_NA (96), DHOLAK_TIT (97)
+
+**Mridangam:** MRIDANGAM_THAM (98), MRIDANGAM_NAM (99), MRIDANGAM_DIN (100),
+MRIDANGAM_THA (101)
+
+**Djembe:** DJEMBE_BASS (102), DJEMBE_TONE (103), DJEMBE_SLAP (104)
+
+**Cajón:** CAJON_SLAP (109), CAJON_TAP (110)
+
+**Metal Kit:** METAL_KICK (105), METAL_SNARE (106), METAL_HAT (107)
 
 Drum Synthesis
 --------------
@@ -200,8 +217,8 @@ everything to its essentials. The metal kit adds 3 dedicated sounds
 (double kick, china cymbal, stack) and 4 patterns for extreme metal
 subgenres.
 
-**World Percussion:** tabla, dhol, dholak, mridangam, djembe -- Deep
-traditions from across the globe, each with authentic sound sets and
+**World Percussion:** tabla, dhol, dholak, mridangam, djembe, cajón --
+Deep traditions from across the globe, each with authentic sound sets and
 idiomatic patterns. See the World Percussion section below for details.
 
 **Other:** funk, hip hop, bo diddley, second line, new orleans, waltz,
@@ -235,14 +252,17 @@ ending and a new one is about to begin. Without fills, a drum pattern
 just loops. With them, it breathes and has structure.
 
 ``Pattern.fill()`` loads a 1-bar drum fill -- a short break that
-transitions between sections. 21 fill presets are available:
+transitions between sections. 30 fill presets are available:
 
 .. code-block:: pycon
 
    >>> Pattern.list_fills()
    ['afrobeat', 'blast', 'bossa nova', 'breakdown', 'buildup',
-    'cumbia', 'disco', 'funk', 'highlife', 'hip hop', 'house',
-    'jazz', 'jazz brush', 'metal', 'reggae', 'rock', 'rock crash',
+    'cajon breakdown', 'cajon flam', 'cajon rumble',
+    'cumbia', 'disco', 'djembe break', 'djembe call', 'djembe roll',
+    'funk', 'highlife', 'hip hop', 'house',
+    'jazz', 'jazz brush', 'metal', 'metal blast', 'metal cascade',
+    'metal triplet', 'reggae', 'rock', 'rock crash',
     'salsa', 'samba', 'second line', 'trap']
 
    >>> fill = Pattern.fill("rock")
@@ -330,14 +350,25 @@ most expressive percussion instruments ever created. A single tabla
 player can produce an astonishing range of tones by varying finger
 placement, pressure, and striking technique.
 
-**6 sounds** -- covering the primary tabla strokes (na, tin, tun, ge,
-ke, and ti-ra-ki-ta combinations).
+**7 sounds** -- covering the primary tabla strokes (na, tin, tun, ge,
+dha, ke, tit) plus a bayan pitch bend sound (TABLA_GE_BEND) that
+models the technique of pressing the palm into the bayan head to bend
+the pitch upward.
 
 **7 patterns:** teental (16 beats, the most common taal), jhaptaal
 (10 beats), rupak (7 beats), dadra (6 beats), keherwa (8 beats, folk
 and light classical), tabla solo, and tiri kita (fast ornamental
 pattern).
 
+**5 fills:** tihai (3x crescendo landing on sam), chakkardar (32nd
+triplet cascade into slam), tiri kita (rapid 16th-note dayan burst),
+bayan (deep bass bends showcase), tabla call (dayan/bayan call-and-response).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score.drums("teental", repeats=4, fill="tihai")
+   score.drums("keherwa", repeats=4, fill="chakkardar")
+
 .. code-block:: python
 
    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
@@ -405,14 +436,19 @@ central to the drum ensemble traditions of Mali, Guinea, and Senegal.
 **3 sounds** -- bass (open center strike), tone (edge strike), and
 slap (sharp edge strike).
 
-**3 patterns:** djembe (a basic accompanying rhythm), kuku (a
-traditional rhythm from Guinea associated with fishing), and soli (a
-solo/celebration rhythm).
+**8 patterns:** djembe (basic accompanying rhythm), kuku (Guinean harvest
+dance), soli (powerful Mandinka rhythm), dununba (heavy bass-driven),
+tiriba (joyful Susu rhythm), yankadi (gentle greeting/welcome), djansa
+(fast Malinke dance), mendiani (women's celebratory dance).
+
+**3 fills:** djembe call (bass-tone-slap conversation building to climax),
+djembe roll (rapid slaps accelerating into bass), djembe break (syncopated
+West African-style break).
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
-   score.drums("djembe", repeats=4)
+   score.drums("djembe", repeats=8, fill="djembe call", fill_every=4)
 
 Metal Kit
 ~~~~~~~~~
@@ -428,10 +464,37 @@ metal blast (blast beat with china cymbal accents), metal groove (a
 half-time groove with double kick fills), and metal gallop (the
 classic triplet-feel gallop rhythm).
 
+**4 fills:** metal (double kick 16ths with descending toms), metal triplet
+(double kick triplets with snare accents), metal blast (alternating
+snare/kick 32nds into half-time crash), metal cascade (descending snare
+roll → kick roll → alternating → crash ending).
+
 .. code-block:: python
 
    score = Score("4/4", bpm=200)
-   score.drums("metal blast", repeats=4)
+   score.drums("metal blast", repeats=8, fill="metal cascade", fill_every=4)
+
+Cajón
+~~~~~
+
+The cajón is a box-shaped percussion instrument from Peru, now
+ubiquitous in acoustic and unplugged settings worldwide. Players sit
+on the box and strike the front face with their hands.
+
+**3 sounds** -- bass (deep center thump), slap (sharp, snare-like edge
+hit with wire buzz), and tap (light finger tap).
+
+**3 patterns:** cajon (basic groove), cajon rumba (flamenco-style rumba),
+and cajon folk (folk/acoustic pattern).
+
+**3 fills:** cajon flam (slaps accelerating into bass hits), cajon rumble
+(fast taps building to slap accents), cajon breakdown (syncopated
+bass-slap groove).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+   score.drums("cajon", repeats=8, fill="cajon flam", fill_every=4)
 
 MIDI Export
 -----------

docs/guide/effects.rst

@@ -841,9 +841,11 @@ processes each section independently:
    lead.arpeggio("Gm", bars=4, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
 
 Any parameter can be automated: ``lowpass``, ``lowpass_q``, ``highpass``,
-``reverb``, ``reverb_decay``, ``delay``, ``delay_time``, ``delay_feedback``,
-``distortion``, ``distortion_drive``, ``chorus``, ``phaser``, ``phaser_rate``,
-``saturation``, ``tremolo_depth``, ``tremolo_rate``, ``volume``.
+``reverb``, ``reverb_decay``, ``reverb_type``, ``delay``, ``delay_time``,
+``delay_feedback``, ``distortion``, ``distortion_drive``, ``chorus``,
+``phaser``, ``phaser_rate``, ``saturation``, ``tremolo_depth``,
+``tremolo_rate``, ``cabinet``, ``cabinet_brightness``, ``analog_drift``,
+``volume``.
 
 LFO Automation
 --------------

docs/guide/playback.rst

@@ -66,6 +66,17 @@ the mix louder and punchier:
        chords.add(Chord.from_symbol(sym), Duration.WHOLE)
    play_score(score)
 
+The render pipeline respects the Score's ``temperament`` and
+``reference_pitch`` settings, so Baroque or microtonal scores play back
+at the correct tuning:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=80, temperament="meantone", reference_pitch=415.0)
+
+Press **Ctrl+C** at any time during playback to stop — PyTheory catches
+``KeyboardInterrupt`` and stops audio cleanly.
+
 See :doc:`sequencing` for how to build scores and parts.
 
 render_score() -- Headless Rendering
@@ -153,7 +164,7 @@ Play a drum pattern through the speakers:
    play_pattern(Pattern.preset("rock"), repeats=4, bpm=120)
    play_pattern(Pattern.preset("bossa nova"), repeats=4, bpm=140)
 
-See :doc:`drums` for the full list of 58 presets and 21 fills.
+See :doc:`drums` for the full list of 80+ presets and 21 fills.
 
 play_progression() -- Quick Chord Playback
 ------------------------------------------

docs/guide/sequencing.rst

@@ -47,6 +47,18 @@ A ``Duration`` represents a note length in beats (quarter note = 1 beat):
    >>> Duration.TRIPLET_QUARTER.value
    0.6666666666666666
 
+Duration supports arithmetic — multiply, divide, and add to create
+compound durations:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> Duration.WHOLE * 2
+   8.0
+   >>> Duration.HALF + Duration.QUARTER
+   3.0
+   >>> Duration.WHOLE / 2
+   2.0
+
 Time Signatures
 ---------------
 
@@ -399,6 +411,102 @@ The arpeggiator also accepts velocity:
 
    lead.arpeggio("Am", bars=2, pattern="up", velocity=80)
 
+Articulations
+-------------
+
+Articulations change *how* a note is played — its attack, duration, and
+weight. A staccato note is short and bouncy. A marcato note hits hard.
+A legato note melts into the next one. This is the difference between
+a melody that sounds like a MIDI file and one that sounds like a
+musician played it.
+
+Pass ``articulation=`` to ``Part.add()``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   piano.add("C4", Duration.QUARTER, articulation="staccato")   # short, bouncy
+   piano.add("D4", Duration.QUARTER, articulation="legato")     # smooth, overlaps
+   piano.add("E4", Duration.QUARTER, articulation="marcato")    # heavy accent
+   piano.add("F4", Duration.QUARTER, articulation="tenuto")     # held, soft attack
+   piano.add("G4", Duration.QUARTER, articulation="accent")     # louder
+   piano.add("C5", Duration.HALF, articulation="fermata")       # held longer
+
+What each articulation does:
+
+- **staccato** — plays ~40% of the note duration with a quick fade-out. Short and detached.
+- **legato** — extends ~15% into the next note. Smooth and connected.
+- **marcato** — 25% velocity boost + sharper attack. Heavy and accented.
+- **tenuto** — full duration with a softer attack ramp. Held and deliberate.
+- **accent** — 20% velocity boost, no duration change.
+- **fermata** — stretches the note 50% longer.
+
+Articulations work on ``Part.hold()`` and ``Part.hit()`` too.
+
+Dynamic Curves
+--------------
+
+Real music breathes — phrases get louder, get quieter, swell and
+recede. Dynamic curves let you shape the velocity across a sequence
+of notes instead of setting each one manually.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Crescendo: quiet to loud
+   piano.crescendo(["C4","D4","E4","F4","G4","A4","B4","C5"],
+                   Duration.QUARTER, start_vel=30, end_vel=110)
+
+   # Decrescendo: loud to quiet
+   piano.decrescendo(["C5","B4","A4","G4","F4","E4","D4","C4"],
+                     Duration.QUARTER, start_vel=110, end_vel=30)
+
+   # Swell: up then back down (orchestral < > shape)
+   strings.swell(["C4","D4","E4","F4","G4","F4","E4","D4"],
+                 Duration.QUARTER, low_vel=35, peak_vel=110)
+
+   # Custom curve: explicit velocity per note
+   piano.dynamics(["C4","E4","G4","C5"], Duration.QUARTER,
+                  velocities=[50, 80, 110, 90])
+
+Four methods:
+
+- **crescendo()** — linear velocity ramp from ``start_vel`` to ``end_vel``.
+- **decrescendo()** — same thing, but typically loud to quiet.
+- **swell()** — ramps up to the midpoint, then back down. The classic
+  orchestral crescendo-decrescendo.
+- **dynamics()** — the general form. Pass a ``(start, end)`` tuple for
+  a linear ramp, or a list of velocities for a custom curve.
+
+All four accept ``articulation=`` to combine dynamics with articulations:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Staccato crescendo — bouncy notes getting louder
+   piano.crescendo(["C4","E4","G4","C5","E5","G5","C6","E6"],
+                   Duration.EIGHTH, start_vel=40, end_vel=110,
+                   articulation="staccato")
+
+Part.hit() — Manual Drum Placement
+-----------------------------------
+
+The pattern system is great for grooves, but sometimes you want to
+place individual drum hits with full control — articulations, effects,
+and all. ``Part.hit()`` puts a drum sound into a Part's note stream:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from pytheory import DrumSound
+
+   kit = score.part("kit", synth="sine", volume=0.7)
+
+   kit.hit(DrumSound.KICK, Duration.QUARTER, articulation="accent")
+   kit.hit(DrumSound.CLOSED_HAT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=60)
+   kit.hit(DrumSound.SNARE, Duration.EIGHTH, articulation="marcato")
+
+Because hits go through the normal Part renderer, they get humanize,
+effects, and articulations for free. Use this for custom beats that
+don't fit a preset pattern, or for one-shot accent hits layered on
+top of a pattern.
+
 Swing and Groove
 ----------------
 
@@ -478,6 +586,50 @@ integrate naturally with the rest of the automation system:
    pad.rest(Duration.WHOLE)
    pad.rest(Duration.WHOLE)
 
+Parameter Ramps
+---------------
+
+Fades only control volume. ``Part.ramp()`` smoothly sweeps *any*
+parameter from its current value to a target — filters, reverb,
+distortion, chorus, delay, anything ``.set()`` accepts. This is how
+you build filter sweeps, gradual effect sends, and EDM buildups.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", lowpass=200, lowpass_q=3.0)
+
+   # Open the filter over 8 bars
+   lead.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 8, lowpass=8000)
+
+   # Ramp multiple params at once
+   pad.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 4, reverb=0.5, chorus=0.3)
+
+   # Close the filter with distortion fading in
+   lead.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 4, lowpass=400, distortion=0.5)
+
+Four interpolation curves:
+
+- **linear** — constant rate of change (default).
+- **ease_in** — starts slow, accelerates. Good for buildups.
+- **ease_out** — starts fast, decelerates. Good for releases.
+- **ease_in_out** — slow at both ends. Smooth and natural.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # EDM buildup: slow start, accelerating filter sweep
+   lead.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 8, curve="ease_in", lowpass=8000)
+
+   # Smooth reverb wash fading in and settling
+   pad.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 4, curve="ease_in_out", reverb=0.6)
+
+``ramp()`` generates automation points every quarter-beat by default.
+Set ``resolution=0.125`` for smoother curves (every 32nd note), or
+``resolution=1.0`` for lighter automation (every beat).
+
+Combine with ``lfo()`` for cyclic modulation and ``ramp()`` for
+one-shot sweeps — together they cover the full range of parameter
+automation.
+
 Humanize
 --------
 
@@ -667,8 +819,16 @@ A Score can use any tuning system and temperament:
    # Just intonation — pure intervals
    score = Score("4/4", bpm=90, temperament="just")
 
-Temperaments: ``"equal"`` (default), ``"pythagorean"``, ``"meantone"``,
-``"just"``.
+The Score constructor accepts these tuning parameters:
+
+- ``system``: Musical system name (default ``"western"``). Any system
+  from :doc:`systems` works — ``"indian"``, ``"shruti"``, ``"maqam"``,
+  ``"carnatic"``, etc. Note strings in ``Part.add()`` are parsed against
+  this system.
+- ``temperament``: Tuning temperament — ``"equal"`` (default),
+  ``"pythagorean"``, ``"meantone"``, ``"just"``.
+- ``reference_pitch``: Concert pitch in Hz (default 440.0). Use 415.0
+  for Baroque tuning, 432.0 for "Verdi tuning", etc.
 
 Custom equal temperaments via the ``TET()`` factory:
 

docs/guide/synths.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Synthesizers
 ============
 
-PyTheory includes 30 built-in waveforms and 10 ADSR envelope presets.
+PyTheory includes 41 built-in waveforms and 10 ADSR envelope presets.
 Every sound is generated from scratch -- no samples or external audio
 files needed.
 
@@ -390,11 +390,11 @@ Dedicated Instrument Synths
 --------------------------
 
 Beyond the classic and physical modeling waveforms, PyTheory includes
-17 dedicated instrument synths. Each one uses tailored synthesis
+31 dedicated instrument synths. Each one uses tailored synthesis
 techniques -- additive harmonics, formant shaping, body resonance
 modeling, and specialized envelopes -- to capture the character of a
 specific acoustic instrument. These are the waveforms that bring the
-total count to 30.
+total count to 41.
 
 Piano Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -558,6 +558,107 @@ mids, reed buzz, and brass body warmth. Four presets: ``saxophone``,
 
    sax = score.part("sax", instrument="tenor_sax")
 
+Pedal Steel Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Nashville crying sound — singing harmonics with slow vibrato
+and long sustain. Pairs naturally with spring reverb.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   steel = score.part("steel", instrument="pedal_steel")
+
+Theremin Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Pure sine with natural hand wobble — the eerie sci-fi sound.
+Best used with legato and glide for continuous pitch.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   theremin = score.part("theremin", instrument="theremin")
+
+Kalimba Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Metal tines on a wooden body. Bright, bell-like attack with
+inharmonic overtones (modes at 1x, 2.92x, 5.4x).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   kalimba = score.part("kalimba", instrument="kalimba")
+
+Steel Drum Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Hammered metal pan with bright, ringing, tropical character.
+Inharmonic partials at 2.0x, 3.01x, 4.1x, 5.3x.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   pan = score.part("pan", instrument="steel_drum")
+
+Accordion Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Musette-tuned doubled reeds — two slightly detuned reed sets
+create natural beating. Bellows pressure swell modulates amplitude.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   acc = score.part("acc", instrument="accordion")
+
+Didgeridoo Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Deep cylindrical drone with shifting formant overtones. The
+overtone singing effect sweeps a resonant peak between 500-1500Hz.
+Best with cave reverb.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   didg = score.part("didg", instrument="didgeridoo")
+
+Bagpipe Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Bright chanter reed with constant bag pressure. All harmonics
+peaked around 3-7 (the piercing brightness). No dynamics — always ff.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   pipes = score.part("pipes", instrument="bagpipe")
+
+Banjo Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Steel strings on a drum-head membrane body. The membrane gives
+nasal, ringy resonance with faster decay than guitar.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   banjo = score.part("banjo", instrument="banjo")
+
+Mandolin Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Paired steel strings in 4 courses — natural chorus from the
+doubled unison strings. Bright, ringing, fast attack.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   mando = score.part("mando", instrument="mandolin")
+
+Ukulele Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Nylon strings on a small body. Mid-heavy resonance (no deep bass),
+softer attack than guitar, shorter sustain.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   uke = score.part("uke", instrument="ukulele")
+
 Granular Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -614,7 +715,7 @@ Instrument Presets
 ------------------
 
 Instead of choosing synth + envelope + effects manually, use an
-instrument preset — 40+ predefined combinations that approximate real
+instrument preset — 60+ predefined combinations that approximate real
 instruments:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -627,20 +728,28 @@ instruments:
 
 Available instruments:
 
-**Keys**: piano, electric_piano, organ, harpsichord, celesta, music_box
+**Keys**: piano, electric_piano, organ, harpsichord, celesta, music_box,
+accordion
 
 **Strings**: violin, viola, cello, contrabass, string_ensemble
 
-**Woodwinds**: flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon
+**Woodwinds**: flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, saxophone, alto_sax,
+tenor_sax, bari_sax
 
 **Brass**: trumpet, trombone, french_horn, tuba, brass_ensemble
 
-**Plucked**: acoustic_guitar, electric_guitar, distorted_guitar,
-bass_guitar, upright_bass, harp, sitar, koto
+**Plucked**: acoustic_guitar, electric_guitar, clean_guitar, crunch_guitar,
+distorted_guitar, orange_crunch, metal_guitar, bass_guitar, upright_bass,
+harp, sitar, koto, banjo, mandolin, mandola, ukulele
 
-**Synth**: synth_lead, synth_pad, synth_bass, acid_bass, 808_bass
+**World/Exotic**: pedal_steel, theremin, kalimba, steel_drum, didgeridoo,
+bagpipe
 
-**Percussion**: vibraphone, marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular_bells
+**Synth**: synth_lead, synth_pad, synth_bass, acid_bass, 808_bass,
+granular_pad, granular_texture, vocal, choir
+
+**Percussion**: vibraphone, marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular_bells,
+timpani
 
 Explicit kwargs override preset defaults:
 

docs/guide/systems.rst

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 Musical Systems
 ===============
 
-PyTheory supports **six musical systems**, each with its own tone names,
-scale patterns, and centuries of tradition behind them. Every system
-maps onto the same 12-tone equal temperament backbone, so you can
-compare scales across cultures and even combine them in your own music.
+PyTheory supports **16 musical systems** — 6 core systems mapped onto
+12-tone equal temperament, plus 10 microtonal systems with their own
+native tunings. The core systems let you compare scales across cultures;
+the microtonal systems go beyond 12-TET into genuinely different pitch
+universes.
 
 Western
 -------
@@ -271,4 +272,117 @@ produce the same pitches:
    >>> do4.frequency
    261.6255653005986
 
+Microtonal Systems
+------------------
+
+Beyond the six 12-TET core systems, PyTheory includes 10 microtonal
+systems that use their own native tunings — more notes per octave,
+just intonation ratios, or entirely alien pitch structures.
+
+Shruti (22 tones per octave)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Indian 22-shruti system divides the octave into 22 unequal steps
+using just intonation ratios. These microtonal inflections are what
+give classical Indian music its characteristic expressiveness — pitches
+that fall "between the cracks" of the piano.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=75, system="shruti")
+
+Maqam (24 tones per octave)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Arabic 24-tone system adds Zalzalian quarter-tone intervals
+(derived from just intonation ratios of 11 and 13) to the standard
+12 tones. These "neutral" intervals — halfway between major and minor —
+are the soul of maqam music.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=90, system="maqam")
+
+Slendro (5-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Javanese slendro scale — 5 equal divisions of the octave. Each
+step is 240 cents, wider than any Western interval. Ethereal and
+floating.
+
+Pelog (9-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Approximation of the Javanese pelog tuning as 9 equal divisions of
+the octave.
+
+Thai (7-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Thai classical music divides the octave into 7 equal steps of ~171
+cents each — every interval is the same size.
+
+Makam (53-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Turkish makam music uses 53 equal divisions of the octave — fine
+enough to approximate virtually any just interval. The system that
+underlies Ottoman classical music.
+
+Carnatic (72-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+South Indian Carnatic music theory describes 72 melakarta ragas.
+The 72-TET system provides enough resolution to represent all the
+microtonal inflections of Carnatic practice.
+
+19-TET and 31-TET
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Extended equal temperaments that offer better approximations of
+just intonation intervals than 12-TET. 19-TET has excellent major
+thirds; 31-TET closely matches quarter-comma meantone.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100, system="19-tet")
+
+Bohlen-Pierce (13 equal divisions of the tritave)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A genuinely alien tuning system — 13 equal divisions of the
+**tritave** (3:1 ratio) instead of the octave (2:1). No octaves, no
+fifths, built on 3:5:7 harmonics. Used by experimental composers.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100, system="bohlen-pierce")
+
+The TET() Factory
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Create any equal temperament on the fly with the ``TET()`` factory:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from pytheory import TET
+
+   edo19 = TET(19)   # 19-tone equal temperament
+   edo31 = TET(31)   # 31-tone equal temperament
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100, system=edo19)
+
+Tone names in custom TET systems are integers (0, 1, 2, ..., n-1).
+
+System.tone() Method
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Any system can create a Tone directly:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from pytheory import SYSTEMS
+
+   western = SYSTEMS["western"]
+   c4 = western.tone("C", octave=4)
+
 Music is universal, but every culture hears it differently. These systems are different maps of the same territory -- explore one you've never played in before and see what you find.

docs/guide/tones.rst

@@ -357,6 +357,45 @@ every tone knows its enharmonic spelling:
    >>> Tone.from_string("C4", system="western").enharmonic is None
    True
 
+Extended Enharmonics
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+PyTheory supports the full range of enharmonic spellings used in real
+music theory:
+
+- **Cb** and **Fb** — musically valid flats (Cb = B, Fb = E)
+- **E#** and **B#** — musically valid sharps (E# = F, B# = C)
+- **Double sharps** (``##`` or ``x``) — e.g. F## = G
+- **Double flats** (``bb``) — e.g. Dbb = C
+- **Unicode symbols** — ``♯`` (sharp), ``♭`` (flat), ``𝄪`` (double sharp),
+  ``𝄫`` (double flat) are all recognized and normalized to ASCII
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> Tone.from_string("Cb4")   # resolves to B3 (octave boundary fix)
+   <Tone B3>
+   >>> Tone.from_string("B#4")   # resolves to C5 (octave boundary fix)
+   <Tone C5>
+   >>> Tone.from_string("E#4")   # resolves to F4
+   <Tone F4>
+   >>> Tone.from_string("Fb4")   # resolves to E4
+   <Tone E4>
+
+The octave boundary is correctly handled: B# crosses up to the next
+octave (B#4 = C5), and Cb crosses down (Cb4 = B3), matching standard
+scientific pitch notation where the octave number increments at C.
+
+Tone Validation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Tones are validated on construction — if a tone name is not recognized
+in its system, a ``ValueError`` is raised:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> Tone.from_string("X4")   # not a valid tone name
+   ValueError: ...
+
 The Circle of Fifths
 --------------------
 

docs/index.rst

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ Theory
 ------
 
 The theory layer works everywhere Python runs — no audio setup needed.
-Tones, scales, chords, keys, intervals, harmony, 6 musical systems,
-25 instruments:
+Tones, scales, chords, keys, intervals, harmony, 16 musical systems,
+60+ instruments:
 
 .. code-block:: pycon
 
@@ -72,25 +72,29 @@ every time::
 What's Inside
 -------------
 
-- **Theory** — tones, scales (40+ across 6 systems), chords (17 types),
+- **Theory** — tones, scales (40+ across 16 systems), chords (17 types),
   keys, Roman numeral analysis, figured bass, pitch class sets (Forte
-  numbers), scale recommendation, modulation, voice leading
+  numbers), scale recommendation, modulation, voice leading, enharmonic
+  support (Cb, Fb, E#, B#, double sharps/flats, unicode symbols)
 - **Sequencing** — Score, Parts, arpeggiator, legato/glide, velocity,
-  swing, humanize, tempo changes, song sections with repeat
+  swing, humanize, tempo changes, song sections with repeat, strumming,
+  pitch bends (3 types), rolls, tuning systems (TET factory, 4
+  temperaments, reference_pitch)
 - **Synthesis** — 41 waveforms (including Karplus-Strong pluck, Hammond organ,
-  bowed string, and 14 dedicated instrument synths), 10 envelopes, 40+
-  instrument presets, configurable FM, sub-oscillator, noise layer, filter
-  envelope, velocity-to-brightness, analog oscillator drift, detune, stereo
-  pan/spread, strumming, 80+ drum patterns (stereo panned, including world
-  percussion), 21 fills
+  bowed string, granular, vocal/formant, and 31 dedicated instrument synths),
+  10 envelopes, 60+ instrument presets, configurable FM, sub-oscillator,
+  noise layer, filter envelope, velocity-to-brightness, analog oscillator
+  drift, detune, stereo pan/spread, 80+ drum patterns (stereo panned,
+  including world percussion and cajón), 21 fills, 11 microtonal systems
 - **Effects** — reverb (algorithmic + 7 convolution IRs, stereo), delay,
-  lowpass/highpass (with resonance), distortion, cabinet simulation,
+  lowpass/highpass (with resonance), distortion, guitar cabinet simulation,
   saturation, chorus, phaser, tremolo, analog drift, sidechain compression,
   automation, LFOs. Master bus compressor/limiter
-- **Instruments** — 49 presets with fingering generation, guitar strumming,
-  pitch bends
+- **Instruments** — 60+ presets with fingering generation, guitar strumming,
+  pitch bends, note choking
 - **Output** — stereo playback, WAV export, MIDI import/export
-- **Interface** — REPL with tab completion, CLI (15 commands), ``pytheory demo``
+- **Interface** — REPL with tab completion, CLI (15 commands), ``pytheory demo``,
+  KeyboardInterrupt handling for clean stop
 - **AI-friendly** — Claude Code can compose
   and play music through PyTheory from natural language
 

examples/songs.py

@@ -1843,6 +1843,603 @@ def acoustic_ensemble():
     play_song(score, "Acoustic Ensemble — Guitar, Uke, Mandolin, Cajón")
 
 
+def ascent():
+    """Ascent — from the deep to the sky, theremin solo, tabla solo."""
+    import random
+    from pytheory import Fretboard
+    random.seed(13)
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    REV = "cathedral"
+    T3 = 1.0 / 12.0
+    T9 = 1.0 / 9.0
+
+    NA = DrumSound.TABLA_NA; DH_ = DrumSound.TABLA_DHA
+    TT_ = DrumSound.TABLA_TIT; KE_ = DrumSound.TABLA_KE
+    GB_ = DrumSound.TABLA_GE_BEND; GE_ = DrumSound.TABLA_GE
+    DJB_ = DrumSound.DJEMBE_BASS; DJT_ = DrumSound.DJEMBE_TONE
+    DJS_ = DrumSound.DJEMBE_SLAP
+    CB_ = DrumSound.CAJON_BASS; CSL_ = DrumSound.CAJON_SLAP
+    CT_ = DrumSound.CAJON_TAP
+
+    # Didgeridoo drone
+    didg = score.part("didg", instrument="didgeridoo", volume=0.15)
+    for _ in range(32):
+        didg.add("E1", 4.0, velocity=52)
+
+    # 1: THE DEEP (1-4)
+    grain = score.part("grain", synth="granular_synth", envelope="pad",
+                        lowpass=800, reverb=0.55, reverb_type="cave", volume=0.12)
+    for note in ["E2", "B2", "E2", "G2"]:
+        grain.add(note, 4.0, velocity=40)
+
+    # 2: LIGHT (3-6)
+    kal = score.part("kalimba", instrument="kalimba", volume=0.2,
+                      delay=0.2, delay_time=0.375, delay_feedback=0.4,
+                      reverb=0.45, reverb_type=REV)
+    kal.rest(8.0)
+    for note, vel in [("B4",58),("E5",62),("G5",65),("B5",68),
+                       ("G5",62),("E5",58),("B4",55),("E4",52)]:
+        kal.add(note, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=vel)
+    kal.rest(4.0)
+    for note, vel in [("E5",60),("G5",65),("B5",70),("E6",72),
+                       ("B5",65),("G5",60),("E5",58),("B4",55)]:
+        kal.add(note, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=vel)
+
+    # 3: SURFACING (5-8)
+    cello = score.part("cello", instrument="cello", volume=0.22,
+                        reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV)
+    cello.rest(16.0)
+    for note, dur, vel in [("E2",4.0,52),("G2",4.0,55),("B2",4.0,58),("E3",4.0,62)]:
+        cello.add(note, dur, velocity=vel)
+
+    # 4: AIR (7-10) — piano + quiet uke
+    piano = score.part("piano", instrument="piano", volume=0.28,
+                        reverb=0.35, reverb_type=REV)
+    piano.rest(24.0)
+    for notes in [
+        ["E3","B3","E4","G4","B4","G4","E4","B3"],
+        ["C3","G3","C4","E4","G4","E4","C4","G3"],
+        ["A2","E3","A3","C4","E4","C4","A3","E3"],
+        ["B2","F#3","B3","D4","F#4","D4","B3","F#3"],
+    ]:
+        for n in notes:
+            piano.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=random.randint(58, 70))
+
+    fb = Fretboard.ukulele()
+    uke = score.part("uke", instrument="ukulele", fretboard=fb,
+                      reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV, humanize=0.2,
+                      pan=-0.2, volume=0.15)
+    uke.rest(28.0)
+    for sym in ["Em", "C", "Am", "B"]:
+        vd = random.randint(60, 75)
+        vu = random.randint(45, 62)
+        uke.strum(sym, Duration.QUARTER, direction="down", velocity=vd)
+        uke.strum(sym, Duration.EIGHTH, direction="up", velocity=vu)
+        uke.strum(sym, Duration.EIGHTH, direction="down", velocity=vd - 8)
+        uke.strum(sym, Duration.QUARTER, direction="up", velocity=vu)
+        uke.strum(sym, Duration.QUARTER, direction="down", velocity=vd)
+
+    # 5: THEREMIN SOLO (11-16)
+    steel = score.part("steel", instrument="pedal_steel", volume=0.16,
+                        reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV, pan=0.2)
+    steel.rest(36.0)
+    for note, dur, vel in [("B4",3.0,58),("A4",1.0,50),("G4",2.0,55),("E4",2.0,52)]:
+        steel.add(note, dur, velocity=vel)
+
+    theremin = score.part("theremin", instrument="theremin", volume=0.3,
+                           reverb=0.45, reverb_type=REV,
+                           delay=0.15, delay_time=0.375, delay_feedback=0.3)
+    theremin.rest(40.0)
+    for note, dur, vel in [
+        ("E4",2.0,62),("G4",1.0,58),("B4",1.0,62),
+        ("A4",2.0,65),("G4",1.0,58),("E4",1.0,55),("D4",3.0,60),("E4",1.0,58),
+        ("G4",1.0,62),("B4",1.5,68),("D5",0.5,65),
+        ("E5",2.0,72),("D5",1.0,65),("B4",1.0,62),
+        ("G4",1.0,60),("A4",1.0,62),("B4",2.0,68),
+        ("E5",1.5,75),("G5",1.5,80),("B5",2.0,85),
+        ("A5",1.0,78),("G5",1.0,72),("E5",2.0,75),
+        ("D5",1.0,68),("B4",1.0,62),("E4",4.0,70),
+    ]:
+        theremin.add(note, dur, velocity=vel)
+
+    strings = score.part("strings", instrument="string_ensemble", volume=0.15,
+                          reverb=0.45, reverb_type=REV)
+    strings.rest(40.0)
+    for sym, vel in [("Em",52),("C",55),("Am",58),("B",55),("Em",60),("C",62)]:
+        strings.add(Chord.from_symbol(sym), 4.0, velocity=vel)
+
+    # 6: THE PEAK (17-18)
+    flute = score.part("flute", instrument="flute", volume=0.2, reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV)
+    flute.rest(64.0)
+    for note, dur, vel in [
+        ("B5",2.0,55),("A5",1.0,50),("G5",1.0,52),
+        ("E5",2.0,55),("D5",1.0,50),("E5",1.0,52),
+    ]:
+        flute.add(note, dur, velocity=vel)
+
+    harp = score.part("harp", instrument="harp", volume=0.16, reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV)
+    harp.rest(68.0)
+    for n in ["B5","G5","E5","B4","G4","E4","B3","E3"]:
+        harp.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=random.randint(48, 58))
+
+    timp = score.part("timp", instrument="timpani")
+    timp.rest(64.0)
+    timp.roll("E2", 4.0, velocity_start=20, velocity_end=95, speed=0.125)
+    timp.add("E2", 4.0, velocity=105)
+
+    # Drums: silence → cajón → djembe → tabla solo
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="s", time_signature="4/4", beats=16.0, hits=[]),
+                      repeats=1)
+    p_caj = Pattern(name="caj", time_signature="4/4", beats=4.0, hits=[
+        _Hit(CB_, 0.0, 58), _Hit(CT_, 0.5, 22), _Hit(CSL_, 1.0, 50),
+        _Hit(CT_, 1.5, 20), _Hit(CB_, 2.0, 55), _Hit(CT_, 2.5, 22),
+        _Hit(CSL_, 3.0, 52),
+    ])
+    score.add_pattern(p_caj, repeats=4)
+    p_dj = Pattern(name="dj", time_signature="4/4", beats=4.0, hits=[
+        _Hit(DJB_, 0.0, 42), _Hit(DJT_, 1.0, 35), _Hit(DJT_, 1.5, 30),
+        _Hit(DJS_, 2.0, 38), _Hit(DJT_, 3.0, 35),
+    ])
+    score.add_pattern(p_dj, repeats=10)
+
+    # 7: TABLA SOLO (bars 19-26)
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="ts1", time_signature="4/4", beats=8.0, hits=[
+        _Hit(DH_, 0.0, 72), _Hit(NA, 2.5, 48),
+        _Hit(DH_, 4.0, 75), _Hit(TT_, 5.5, 25), _Hit(NA, 6.0, 45),
+        _Hit(DH_, 7.5, 72),
+    ]), repeats=1)
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="ts2", time_signature="4/4", beats=8.0, hits=[
+        _Hit(DH_, 0.0, 85), _Hit(TT_, 0.25, 30), _Hit(TT_, 0.5, 32),
+        _Hit(NA, 1.0, 62), _Hit(TT_, 1.25, 25), _Hit(NA, 2.0, 58),
+        _Hit(TT_, 2.5, 28), _Hit(DH_, 3.0, 82),
+        _Hit(DH_, 4.0, 90), _Hit(TT_, 4.25, 32), _Hit(TT_, 4.5, 35),
+        _Hit(NA, 5.0, 68), _Hit(KE_, 5.5, 35), _Hit(NA, 6.0, 62),
+        _Hit(KE_, 6.5, 38), _Hit(DH_, 7.0, 92), _Hit(GB_, 7.5, 85),
+    ]), repeats=1)
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="ts3", time_signature="4/4", beats=8.0, hits=[
+        _Hit(NA, 0.0, 108), _Hit(NA, 0.25, 52), _Hit(TT_, 0.5, 35),
+        _Hit(NA, 0.75, 100),
+        _Hit(GE_, 1.0, 98), _Hit(GE_, 1.25, 48), _Hit(GB_, 1.5, 90),
+        _Hit(GE_, 1.75, 42),
+        _Hit(NA, 2.0, 110), _Hit(TT_, 2.125, 28), _Hit(TT_, 2.25, 32),
+        _Hit(NA, 2.5, 102), _Hit(TT_, 2.625, 30), _Hit(TT_, 2.75, 35),
+        _Hit(GB_, 3.0, 110), _Hit(KE_, 3.25, 45), _Hit(GE_, 3.5, 65),
+        _Hit(DH_, 4.0, 112),
+        *[_Hit(TT_ if i % 2 == 0 else KE_, 5.0 + i * T9, 35 + i * 5)
+          for i in range(9)],
+        _Hit(DH_, 7.0, 115),
+    ]), repeats=1)
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="ts4", time_signature="4/4", beats=8.0, hits=[
+        *[_Hit(TT_, i * T3, 32 + i * 2) for i in range(12)],
+        _Hit(DH_, 1.0, 115), _Hit(GB_, 1.5, 105),
+        _Hit(NA, 2.0, 108), _Hit(KE_, 2.125, 42), _Hit(NA, 2.25, 102),
+        _Hit(KE_, 2.375, 45), _Hit(NA, 2.5, 105), _Hit(KE_, 2.625, 48),
+        _Hit(NA, 2.75, 110), _Hit(DH_, 3.0, 118),
+        *[_Hit(TT_, 3.5 + i * T3, 30 + i * 4) for i in range(12)],
+        _Hit(DH_, 4.5, 120), _Hit(DH_, 4.75, 115), _Hit(GB_, 5.0, 112),
+        _Hit(GE_, 5.5, 85), _Hit(GE_, 6.5, 82),
+        *[_Hit(NA if i % 3 == 0 else TT_, 5.5 + i * (2.0 / 9.0),
+               40 + (i % 3) * 12) for i in range(9)],
+        _Hit(DH_, 7.5, 127), _Hit(GB_, 7.875, 127),
+    ]), repeats=1)
+    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.3, reverb_type=REV)
+
+    play_song(score, "Ascent — Deep → Sky → Theremin Solo → Tabla Solo")
+
+
+def descent():
+    """Descent — generative, different every time. From sky to deep."""
+    import random
+    import time
+    from pytheory import Fretboard, TonedScale
+
+    # No seed — truly random every play
+    random.seed(int(time.time() * 1000) % 2**31)
+
+    # Random key — always minor, always dark
+    roots = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G"]
+    root = random.choice(roots)
+    mode = random.choice(["minor", "harmonic minor"])
+    key = Key(root, mode)
+    scale_tones = [t.name for t in key.scale.tones[:-1]]
+
+    bpm = random.randint(65, 85)
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=bpm)
+    REV = random.choice(["cathedral", "taj_mahal", "cave"])
+
+    T3 = 1.0 / 12.0
+    NA = DrumSound.TABLA_NA; DH_ = DrumSound.TABLA_DHA
+    TT_ = DrumSound.TABLA_TIT; KE_ = DrumSound.TABLA_KE
+    GB_ = DrumSound.TABLA_GE_BEND; GE_ = DrumSound.TABLA_GE
+
+    print(f"     {root} {mode} | {bpm} bpm | {REV}")
+
+    # ── Pad drone — random synth, the whole piece ──
+    pad_synth = random.choice(["strings_synth", "granular_synth", "vocal_synth"])
+    pad = score.part("pad", synth=pad_synth, envelope="pad",
+                      detune=random.randint(6, 14), spread=0.4,
+                      reverb=0.5, reverb_type=REV, volume=0.15,
+                      analog=random.uniform(0.1, 0.4))
+    prog = key.progression("i", "iv", "V", "i")
+    for _ in range(6):
+        for chord in prog:
+            pad.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=random.randint(48, 62))
+
+    # ── 1: HIGH — theremin or flute, random melody from scale ──
+    lead_synth = random.choice(["theremin", "flute", "pedal_steel"])
+    lead = score.part("lead", instrument=lead_synth, volume=0.25,
+                       reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV,
+                       delay=0.2, delay_time=random.uniform(0.2, 0.5),
+                       delay_feedback=random.uniform(0.2, 0.4))
+    lead.rest(4.0)
+    # Generate melody by WALKING the scale — stepwise with occasional leaps
+    # Real melodies move to neighboring notes, not random jumps
+    scale_idx = len(scale_tones) - 1  # start high
+    octave = 5
+    for _ in range(random.randint(10, 16)):
+        note = scale_tones[scale_idx]
+        dur = random.choice([1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0])
+        vel = random.randint(58, 70)
+        lead.add(f"{note}{octave}", dur, velocity=vel)
+        # Mostly step down (descent!), sometimes hold, rare leap
+        r = random.random()
+        if r < 0.5:  # step down
+            scale_idx -= 1
+        elif r < 0.65:  # step up (tension)
+            scale_idx += 1
+        elif r < 0.8:  # leap down
+            scale_idx -= random.randint(2, 3)
+        # else hold same note
+        # Wrap octaves
+        if scale_idx < 0:
+            scale_idx += len(scale_tones)
+            octave -= 1
+        elif scale_idx >= len(scale_tones):
+            scale_idx -= len(scale_tones)
+            octave += 1
+        octave = max(3, min(5, octave))
+
+    # ── 2: Kalimba or steel drum — random arpeggios ──
+    sparkle_inst = random.choice(["kalimba", "steel_drum", "vibraphone", "harp"])
+    sparkle = score.part("sparkle", instrument=sparkle_inst, volume=0.18,
+                          delay=0.2, delay_time=random.uniform(0.15, 0.4),
+                          delay_feedback=random.uniform(0.3, 0.5),
+                          reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV)
+    sparkle.rest(8.0)
+    # Arpeggios — walk chord tones in patterns, not random
+    for chord in prog * 3:
+        chord_tones = [t.name for t in chord.tones]
+        pattern_type = random.choice(["up", "down", "updown"])
+        oct = random.choice([4, 5])
+        if pattern_type == "up":
+            seq = chord_tones + [chord_tones[0]]
+        elif pattern_type == "down":
+            seq = list(reversed(chord_tones)) + [chord_tones[-1]]
+        else:
+            seq = chord_tones + list(reversed(chord_tones[1:-1]))
+        # Pad to 8 notes
+        while len(seq) < 8:
+            seq = seq + seq
+        seq = seq[:8]
+        for i, n in enumerate(seq):
+            o = oct + (1 if i >= 4 and pattern_type == "up" else 0)
+            sparkle.add(f"{n}{o}", Duration.EIGHTH,
+                        velocity=random.randint(48, 58))
+
+    # ── 3: Piano — random broken chords ──
+    piano = score.part("piano", instrument="piano", volume=0.22,
+                        reverb=0.35, reverb_type=REV)
+    piano.rest(random.uniform(8.0, 16.0))
+    for chord in prog * 2:
+        chord_tones = [t.name for t in chord.tones]
+        oct = random.choice([3, 4])
+        # Walk up the chord then back down
+        up = [f"{n}{oct}" for n in chord_tones]
+        up.append(f"{chord_tones[0]}{oct+1}")
+        down = [f"{n}{oct}" for n in reversed(chord_tones[:-1])]
+        arp = (up + down)[:8]
+        for n in arp:
+            piano.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH,
+                      velocity=random.randint(58, 65))
+
+    # ── 4: Cello — descending long notes ──
+    cello = score.part("cello", instrument="cello", volume=0.2,
+                        reverb=0.4, reverb_type=REV)
+    cello.rest(16.0)
+    oct = 3
+    for _ in range(8):
+        note = random.choice(scale_tones)
+        cello.add(f"{note}{oct}", 4.0, velocity=random.randint(48, 62))
+        if random.random() < 0.4 and oct > 2:
+            oct -= 1
+
+    # ── 5: Bass — deep, sparse ──
+    bass_inst = random.choice(["upright_bass", "didgeridoo"])
+    bass = score.part("bass", instrument=bass_inst, volume=0.18)
+    bass.rest(random.uniform(4.0, 12.0))
+    for chord in prog * 4:
+        r = chord.root
+        if r:
+            oct = 2 if bass_inst == "upright_bass" else 1
+            bass.add(f"{r.name}{oct}", 4.0,
+                     velocity=random.randint(50, 65))
+
+    # ── Drums: random combination ──
+    drum_start = random.randint(2, 5) * 4  # 8-20 beats silence
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="s", time_signature="4/4",
+                              beats=float(drum_start), hits=[]),
+                      repeats=1)
+
+    # Pick random world drum combo
+    drum_choice = random.choice(["cajon folk", "djembe", "keherwa", "dadra"])
+    score.drums(drum_choice, repeats=random.randint(6, 12))
+
+    # Tabla solo at the end — always
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="ts1", time_signature="4/4", beats=8.0, hits=[
+        _Hit(DH_, 0.0, 72), _Hit(NA, 2.5, 48),
+        _Hit(DH_, 4.0, 75), _Hit(TT_, 5.5, 25), _Hit(NA, 6.0, 45),
+        _Hit(DH_, 7.5, 72),
+    ]), repeats=1)
+
+    # Generate random tabla solo — different every time
+    solo_hits = []
+    beat = 0.0
+    while beat < 16.0:
+        stroke = random.choice([DH_, NA, TT_, KE_, GB_, GE_])
+        vel = random.randint(35, 120)
+        # Ghost notes are quiet, accents are loud
+        if stroke == TT_:
+            vel = random.randint(25, 50)
+        elif stroke in (DH_, GB_):
+            vel = random.randint(70, 120)
+        solo_hits.append(_Hit(stroke, beat, vel))
+        # Random spacing — mix of tight and open
+        beat += random.choice([0.125, 0.25, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0])
+
+    score.add_pattern(Pattern(name="ts_rand", time_signature="4/4",
+                              beats=16.0, hits=solo_hits), repeats=1)
+    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.3, reverb_type=REV)
+
+    play_song(score, f"Descent — {root} {mode} (generative, {REV})")
+
+
+def pop_rock():
+    """Pop Rock — the I-V-vi-IV progression that launched a thousand hits."""
+    import random
+    from pytheory import Fretboard
+    random.seed(42)
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    fb = Fretboard.guitar()
+
+    guitar = score.part("guitar", instrument="acoustic_guitar", fretboard=fb,
+                         reverb=0.2, reverb_type="plate", humanize=0.15, pan=-0.2)
+    bass = score.part("bass", instrument="bass_guitar", volume=0.35, humanize=0.1)
+    lead = score.part("lead", instrument="electric_guitar",
+                       cabinet=1.0, cabinet_brightness=0.6,
+                       reverb=0.2, reverb_type="plate", pan=0.2)
+    strings = score.part("strings", instrument="string_ensemble", volume=0.12,
+                          reverb=0.35, reverb_type="hall")
+
+    prog = ["G", "D", "Em", "C"]
+
+    # Intro — picked
+    for sym in prog:
+        chord_obj = Chord.from_symbol(sym)
+        tones = [t.name for t in chord_obj.tones]
+        for t in tones:
+            guitar.add(f"{t}3", Duration.QUARTER,
+                       velocity=random.randint(62, 72))
+
+    # Verse — strum
+    for _ in range(2):
+        for sym in prog:
+            vd = random.randint(72, 88)
+            vu = random.randint(55, 70)
+            guitar.strum(sym, Duration.QUARTER, direction="down", velocity=vd)
+            guitar.strum(sym, Duration.EIGHTH, direction="up", velocity=vu)
+            guitar.strum(sym, Duration.EIGHTH, direction="down", velocity=vd - 8)
+            guitar.strum(sym, Duration.QUARTER, direction="up", velocity=vu)
+            guitar.strum(sym, Duration.QUARTER, direction="down", velocity=vd)
+
+    bass_notes = ["G2", "G2", "D2", "D2", "E2", "E2", "C2", "C2"]
+    for _ in range(3):
+        for n in bass_notes:
+            bass.add(n, Duration.HALF, velocity=random.randint(68, 78))
+
+    # Melody
+    for _ in range(4):
+        lead.rest(Duration.WHOLE)
+    for note, dur, vel in [
+        ("B4",0.5,78),("B4",0.5,75),("B4",0.5,78),("B4",0.5,72),
+        ("A4",0.5,75),("A4",0.5,72),("B4",1.0,80),
+        ("B4",0.5,78),("B4",0.5,75),("B4",0.5,78),("D5",0.5,82),
+        ("G4",0.75,72),("G4",0.25,68),("A4",1.0,78),
+        ("B4",0.5,78),("B4",0.5,75),("B4",0.5,78),("B4",0.5,72),
+        ("A4",0.5,75),("A4",0.5,72),("B4",0.5,78),("A4",0.5,72),
+        ("G4",2.0,80),
+    ]:
+        lead.add(note, dur, velocity=vel)
+
+    for _ in range(4):
+        strings.rest(Duration.WHOLE)
+    for sym in prog * 2:
+        strings.add(Chord.from_symbol(sym), Duration.WHOLE,
+                    velocity=random.randint(55, 68))
+
+    score.drums("rock", repeats=6)
+
+    play_song(score, "Pop Rock — G D Em C (I-V-vi-IV)")
+
+
+def sitar_drone():
+    """Sitar Drone — Raga Bhairav with hold() polyphony, 22-shruti JI."""
+    shruti = SYSTEMS["shruti"]
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=72, system=shruti)
+
+    ts = TonedScale(system=shruti, tonic=Tone("Sa", octave=4, system=shruti))
+    bh = list(ts["bhairav"].tones)
+    S, kR, G, M, P, kD, N, S2 = bh
+
+    sitar = score.part("sitar", instrument="sitar", volume=0.3,
+                        reverb=0.4, reverb_type="taj_mahal")
+    # Sa drone held — rings under the whole melody
+    sitar.hold(Tone("Sa", octave=3, system=shruti), 32.0, velocity=60)
+    sitar.rest(Duration.WHOLE)
+    for tone, dur, vel in [
+        (S, 2.0, 72), (kR, 0.5, 62), (S, 0.5, 68),
+        (G, 2.0, 78), (kR, 0.5, 60), (G, 0.5, 70),
+        (M, 1.5, 75), (P, 2.5, 82),
+        (kD, 0.5, 65), (P, 1.0, 75), (M, 0.5, 65),
+        (G, 0.5, 68), (kR, 0.5, 60), (S, 2.0, 78),
+        (kR, 0.25, 62), (G, 0.25, 65), (M, 0.25, 70), (P, 0.25, 75),
+        (kD, 0.25, 70), (N, 0.25, 78), (S2, 0.5, 85),
+        (N, 0.25, 68), (kD, 0.25, 62), (P, 0.5, 68),
+        (M, 0.5, 62), (G, 0.5, 65), (kR, 0.5, 58),
+        (S, 4.0, 80),
+    ]:
+        sitar.add(tone, dur, velocity=vel)
+
+    tanpura = score.part("tanpura", synth="strings_synth", envelope="pad",
+                          detune=3, lowpass=900, volume=0.12,
+                          reverb=0.5, reverb_type="taj_mahal")
+    tanpura_pa = score.part("tanpura_pa", synth="strings_synth", envelope="pad",
+                             detune=3, lowpass=1200, volume=0.1,
+                             reverb=0.5, reverb_type="taj_mahal")
+    for _ in range(8):
+        tanpura.add(Tone("Sa", octave=3, system=shruti), Duration.WHOLE)
+        tanpura_pa.add(Tone("Pa", octave=3, system=shruti), Duration.WHOLE)
+
+    NA = DrumSound.TABLA_NA
+    DH_ = DrumSound.TABLA_DHA
+    TT_ = DrumSound.TABLA_TIT
+    silence = Pattern(name="s", time_signature="4/4", beats=8.0, hits=[])
+    score.add_pattern(silence, repeats=1)
+    p = Pattern(name="t", time_signature="4/4", beats=4.0, hits=[
+        _Hit(DH_, 0.0, 68), _Hit(TT_, 0.5, 25), _Hit(NA, 1.0, 55),
+        _Hit(NA, 2.0, 52), _Hit(DH_, 3.0, 68),
+    ])
+    score.add_pattern(p, repeats=6)
+    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.25, reverb_type="taj_mahal")
+
+    play_song(score, "Sitar Drone — Raga Bhairav (22-Shruti JI, hold() polyphony)")
+
+
+def acid_tabla():
+    """Acid Tabla — 303 filter automation meets Indian percussion."""
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=132)
+
+    # ── House drums ──
+    score.drums("house", repeats=20, fill="house", fill_every=8)
+    score.set_drum_effects(volume=0.45)
+
+    # ── 303 acid bass ──
+    acid = score.part("acid", synth="saw", volume=0.75,
+                      legato=True, glide=0.035,
+                      distortion=0.35, distortion_drive=4.5,
+                      saturation=0.15, humanize=0.05)
+
+    # Intro (4 bars): filter closed, high resonance
+    acid.set(lowpass=600, lowpass_q=12.0)
+    for _ in range(4):
+        for n in ["C3","C3","C2","C3","Eb3","C2","G2","C3"]:
+            acid.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH)
+
+    # Build (4 bars): filter opens
+    acid.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 4, curve="ease_in", lowpass=4500)
+    for _ in range(4):
+        for n in ["C2","G2","C3","Eb3","C2","Bb2","G2","C3"]:
+            acid.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH)
+
+    # Peak (4 bars): wide open, wilder pattern
+    acid.set(lowpass=7000, lowpass_q=7.0)
+    for _ in range(2):
+        for n in ["C2","C3","Eb3","G3","C2","Bb2","G2","Eb3"]:
+            acid.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH)
+    for _ in range(2):
+        for n in ["C2","Eb3","C3","G3","Bb2","C3","G2","C2"]:
+            acid.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH)
+
+    # Tabla section (4 bars): filter pulls back
+    acid.set(lowpass=3000, lowpass_q=5.0)
+    for _ in range(4):
+        for n in ["C2","G2","C3","C2","Eb2","G2","Bb2","C2"]:
+            acid.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH)
+
+    # Outro (4 bars): filter closes
+    acid.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 4, curve="ease_out", lowpass=400, lowpass_q=15.0)
+    for _ in range(4):
+        for n in ["C3","G2","C2","C3","C2","G2","Eb2","C2"]:
+            acid.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH)
+
+    # ── Tabla: enters bar 9, rides through to the end ──
+    tabla = score.part("tabla", synth="sine", volume=0.55, reverb=0.15)
+
+    # 8 bars rest
+    for _ in range(64):
+        tabla.rest(Duration.EIGHTH)
+
+    # Bars 9-12: keherwa groove
+    for _ in range(4):
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=100, articulation="accent")
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=55)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=50)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_NA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=88)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIN, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=82)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=52)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=95, articulation="accent")
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_GE, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=78)
+
+    # Bars 13-14: busier with 16ths
+    for _ in range(2):
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=105, articulation="marcato")
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=48)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=52)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_NA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=90)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIN, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=85)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=48)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_NA, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=58)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=100, articulation="accent")
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_GE_BEND, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=88)
+
+    # Bars 15-16: tihai crescendo ending
+    for vel in [85, 90, 95]:
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=vel, articulation="accent")
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=int(vel * 0.6))
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_NA, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=int(vel * 0.75))
+    for vel in [100, 105, 110]:
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=vel, articulation="marcato")
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=int(vel * 0.55))
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_NA, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=int(vel * 0.7))
+    tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=127, articulation="fermata")
+    tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_GE_BEND, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=110)
+    tabla.rest(Duration.HALF)
+
+    # Bars 17-20: tabla continues through outro, lighter
+    for _ in range(4):
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=85, articulation="accent")
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=45)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=42)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_NA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=75)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIN, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=70)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=42)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=80)
+        tabla.hit(DrumSound.TABLA_GE, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=65)
+
+    # ── Pad: enters at peak, fades during outro ──
+    pad = score.part("pad", synth="supersaw", envelope="pad", volume=0.0,
+                     reverb=0.4, chorus=0.2, detune=10, lowpass=2500)
+    for _ in range(32):
+        pad.rest(Duration.QUARTER)
+    pad.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 2, volume=0.18)
+    for sym in ["Cm", "Ab", "Eb", "Bb"] * 3:
+        pad.add(Chord.from_symbol(sym), Duration.WHOLE)
+    pad.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 2, curve="ease_out", volume=0.0)
+    for sym in ["Cm", "Cm"]:
+        pad.add(Chord.from_symbol(sym), Duration.WHOLE)
+
+    play_song(score, "Acid Tabla — 303 filter automation + tabla (ramp, articulations, Part.hit)")
+
+
 SONGS = {
     "1": ("Bossa Nova in A minor", bossa_nova_girl),
     "2": ("Bebop in Bb major", bebop_in_bb),
@@ -1870,6 +2467,11 @@ SONGS = {
     "24": ("Journey (Western → World → Indian)", journey),
     "25": ("Epic Bhairav (Orchestral + Tabla)", epic_bhairav),
     "26": ("Acoustic Ensemble (Guitar+Uke+Mando+Cajón)", acoustic_ensemble),
+    "27": ("Ascent (Deep → Sky → Tabla Solo)", ascent),
+    "28": ("Descent (Generative — different every time)", descent),
+    "29": ("Pop Rock (I-V-vi-IV)", pop_rock),
+    "30": ("Sitar Drone (Bhairav, hold() polyphony)", sitar_drone),
+    "31": ("Acid Tabla (303 + tabla, ramp, articulations)", acid_tabla),
 }
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
@@ -1883,7 +2485,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             print(f"    {key:>2}. {name}")
 
         print()
-        choice = input("  Pick a song (1-26, or 'all'): ").strip()
+        choice = input("  Pick a song (1-31, or 'all'): ").strip()
         print()
 
         if choice == "all":

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "pytheory"
-version = "0.36.2"
+version = "0.39.0"
 description = "Music Theory for Humans"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
 ]
 dependencies = [
-    "numeral",
     "sounddevice",
     "scipy",
 ]

pytheory/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """PyTheory: Music Theory for Humans."""
 
-__version__ = "0.36.2"
+__version__ = "0.39.0"
 
 from .tones import Tone, Interval
 from .systems import System, SYSTEMS, TET

pytheory/_statics.py

@@ -2,6 +2,43 @@ import math
 
 REFERENCE_A = 440
 
+# ── Roman numeral helpers (replaces `numeral` package) ───────────────────
+
+_ROMAN_MAP = [
+    (1000, "M"), (900, "CM"), (500, "D"), (400, "CD"),
+    (100, "C"), (90, "XC"), (50, "L"), (40, "XL"),
+    (10, "X"), (9, "IX"), (5, "V"), (4, "IV"), (1, "I"),
+]
+
+_ROMAN_VALUES = {
+    "I": 1, "V": 5, "X": 10, "L": 50, "C": 100, "D": 500, "M": 1000,
+}
+
+
+def int2roman(n: int) -> str:
+    """Convert an integer to an uppercase Roman numeral string."""
+    result = []
+    for value, numeral in _ROMAN_MAP:
+        while n >= value:
+            result.append(numeral)
+            n -= value
+    return "".join(result)
+
+
+def roman2int(s: str) -> int:
+    """Convert a Roman numeral string (case-insensitive) to an integer."""
+    s = s.upper()
+    total = 0
+    prev = 0
+    for ch in reversed(s):
+        val = _ROMAN_VALUES.get(ch, 0)
+        if val < prev:
+            total -= val
+        else:
+            total += val
+        prev = val
+    return total
+
 # Index of C in the Western tone list (A=0, A#=1, B=2, C=3, ...).
 # Scientific pitch notation changes octave at C, not A, so this offset
 # is needed for all octave arithmetic.

pytheory/chords.py

@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ class Chord:
             >>> Chord([D4, F4, A4]).analyze("C")
             'ii'
         """
-        import numeral as numeral_mod
+        from ._statics import int2roman
         from .scales import TonedScale
         from .systems import SYSTEMS
         from .tones import Tone
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ class Chord:
         scale_names = [t.name for t in scale.tones[:-1]]
 
         def _build_numeral(root, quality, degree_idx, prefix=""):
-            numeral_str = numeral_mod.int2roman(degree_idx + 1, only_ascii=True)
+            numeral_str = int2roman(degree_idx + 1)
             suffix = ""
             if "minor" in quality:
                 numeral_str = numeral_str.lower()

pytheory/play.py

@@ -1237,6 +1237,47 @@ def steel_drum_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
     return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
 
 
+def harmonium_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
+    """Harmonium — Indian pump organ, single free reed per note.
+
+    Unlike accordion (doubled musette reeds), the harmonium has one
+    reed per note — no beating, just a pure, nasal, reedy tone.
+    Constant bellows pressure, warm but slightly buzzy. The sound
+    of kirtan, qawwali, and devotional music.
+    """
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    rng = numpy.random.default_rng(int(hz * 100) % 2**31)
+
+    # Single reed — odd harmonics stronger (like clarinet but warmer)
+    wave = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64)
+    for n in range(1, 12):
+        f_n = hz * n
+        if f_n >= SAMPLE_RATE / 2:
+            break
+        amp = (1.0 / n) * (1.0 if n % 2 == 1 else 0.5)
+        phase = rng.uniform(0, 2 * numpy.pi)
+        wave += amp * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * f_n * t + phase)
+
+    # Bellows pressure — gentle swell, slower than accordion
+    bellows = 0.9 + 0.1 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 0.5 * t)
+    wave *= bellows
+
+    # Nasal character — slight midrange boost
+    import scipy.signal as _sig
+    center = min(1200, hz * 3)
+    lo = max(20, int(center - 300))
+    hi = min(SAMPLE_RATE // 2 - 1, int(center + 300))
+    if lo < hi:
+        bp, ap = _sig.butter(2, [lo, hi], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+        nasal = _sig.lfilter(bp, ap, wave) * 0.2
+        wave += nasal
+
+    mx = numpy.abs(wave).max()
+    if mx > 0:
+        wave /= mx
+    return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
+
+
 def accordion_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
     """Accordion — bellows-driven free reeds.
 
@@ -1794,6 +1835,7 @@ class Synth(Enum):
     THEREMIN = "theremin_synth"
     KALIMBA = "kalimba_synth"
     STEEL_DRUM = "steel_drum_synth"
+    HARMONIUM = "harmonium_synth"
     ACCORDION = "accordion_synth"
     DIDGERIDOO = "didgeridoo_synth"
     BAGPIPE = "bagpipe_synth"
@@ -1825,7 +1867,7 @@ _SYNTH_FUNCTIONS = {
     "granular_synth": granular_wave, "vocal_synth": vocal_wave,
     "pedal_steel_synth": pedal_steel_wave, "theremin_synth": theremin_wave,
     "kalimba_synth": kalimba_wave, "steel_drum_synth": steel_drum_wave,
-    "accordion_synth": accordion_wave, "didgeridoo_synth": didgeridoo_wave,
+    "harmonium_synth": harmonium_wave, "accordion_synth": accordion_wave, "didgeridoo_synth": didgeridoo_wave,
     "bagpipe_synth": bagpipe_wave,
     "banjo_synth": banjo_wave, "mandolin_synth": mandolin_wave,
     "ukulele_synth": ukulele_wave,
@@ -2584,6 +2626,52 @@ def _synth_mridangam_tha(n_samples):
     return out
 
 
+def _synth_doumbek_dum(n_samples):
+    """Doumbek Dum — open center strike, deep and round."""
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    freq = 80 + 40 * numpy.exp(-25 * t)
+    phase = 2 * numpy.pi * numpy.cumsum(freq) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    body = numpy.sin(phase) * _exp_decay(n_samples, 8) * 0.8
+    thump_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.04), n_samples)
+    import scipy.signal as _sig
+    thump = _noise(thump_len)
+    if thump_len > 20:
+        bl, al = _sig.butter(2, [50, 250], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+        thump = _sig.lfilter(bl, al, numpy.pad(thump, (0, max(0, n_samples - thump_len))))[:thump_len].astype(numpy.float32)
+    thump *= _exp_decay(thump_len, 22) * 0.7
+    body[:thump_len] += thump
+    return numpy.tanh(body * 1.3).astype(numpy.float32)
+
+
+def _synth_doumbek_tek(n_samples):
+    """Doumbek Tek — sharp edge strike, bright and cutting."""
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    ring = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 400 * t) * _exp_decay(n_samples, 22) * 0.5
+    ring2 = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 900 * t) * 0.3 * _exp_decay(n_samples, 30)
+    click_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.005), n_samples)
+    click = _noise(click_len) * _exp_decay(click_len, 300) * 0.9
+    import scipy.signal as _sig
+    if click_len > 10:
+        bl, al = _sig.butter(2, [2000, min(8000, SAMPLE_RATE // 2 - 1)], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+        click = _sig.lfilter(bl, al, numpy.pad(click, (0, max(0, n_samples - click_len))))[:click_len].astype(numpy.float32)
+    result = ring + ring2
+    result[:click_len] += click
+    return numpy.tanh(result * 1.8).astype(numpy.float32)
+
+
+def _synth_doumbek_ka(n_samples):
+    """Doumbek Ka — muted edge slap, short and dry."""
+    n = min(n_samples, int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.04))
+    t = numpy.arange(n, dtype=numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    body = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 350 * t) * _exp_decay(n, 30) * 0.4
+    slap = _noise(min(80, n)) * _exp_decay(min(80, n), 200) * 0.7
+    result = body
+    result[:min(80, n)] += slap
+    out = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float32)
+    out[:n] = numpy.tanh(result * 1.5)
+    return out
+
+
 def _synth_cajon_bass(n_samples):
     """Cajón bass — palm strike on center of the face.
 
@@ -2802,29 +2890,27 @@ def _synth_djembe_tone(n_samples):
 def _synth_djembe_slap(n_samples):
     """Djembe slap — edge strike with fingers spread, sharp crack.
 
-    The highest, sharpest djembe sound. Fingers fan out on contact
-    creating a loud crack with minimal sustain.
+    The highest, sharpest djembe sound. A dry, high-pitched pop from
+    goatskin membrane — NOT a snare. Tight attack, very short decay,
+    skin character rather than wire rattle.
     """
     t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_RATE
-    # Sharp crack — mostly noise
-    crack_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.02), n_samples)
-    crack = _noise(crack_len) * _exp_decay(crack_len, 100) * 1.0
-    # Brief high-pitched ring
-    ring = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 600 * t) * _exp_decay(n_samples, 25) * 0.4
-    ring2 = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 1200 * t) * 0.2 * _exp_decay(n_samples, 35)
-    # Brief membrane pop
-    thump_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.02), n_samples)
-    thump_raw = _noise(thump_len)
-    if thump_len > 20:
-        bl, al = scipy.signal.butter(2, [300, 2000], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
-        thump = scipy.signal.lfilter(bl, al, numpy.pad(thump_raw, (0, max(0, n_samples - thump_len))))[:thump_len]
+    # High membrane pop — goatskin resonance, much higher than snare
+    pop = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 900 * t) * _exp_decay(n_samples, 50) * 0.5
+    pop2 = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 1600 * t) * _exp_decay(n_samples, 60) * 0.25
+    pop3 = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 2400 * t) * _exp_decay(n_samples, 80) * 0.12
+    # Very short filtered click — hand-on-skin transient, not noise rattle
+    click_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.008), n_samples)
+    click_raw = _noise(click_len)
+    if click_len > 20:
+        bl, al = scipy.signal.butter(2, 1800 / (SAMPLE_RATE / 2), btype='high')
+        click = scipy.signal.lfilter(bl, al, numpy.pad(click_raw, (0, max(0, n_samples - click_len))))[:click_len]
     else:
-        thump = thump_raw
-    thump *= _exp_decay(thump_len, 80) * 0.8
-    result = ring + ring2
-    result[:crack_len] += crack
-    result[:thump_len] += thump
-    return numpy.tanh(result * 1.7)
+        click = click_raw
+    click *= _exp_decay(click_len, 150) * 0.6
+    result = pop + pop2 + pop3
+    result[:click_len] += click
+    return numpy.tanh(result * 1.5)
 
 
 def _synth_guiro(n_samples):
@@ -2914,6 +3000,10 @@ def _render_drum_hit(sound_value, n_samples):
         DrumSound.DJEMBE_BASS.value: lambda n: _synth_djembe_bass(n),
         DrumSound.DJEMBE_TONE.value: lambda n: _synth_djembe_tone(n),
         DrumSound.DJEMBE_SLAP.value: lambda n: _synth_djembe_slap(n),
+        # Doumbek
+        DrumSound.DOUMBEK_DUM.value: lambda n: _synth_doumbek_dum(n),
+        DrumSound.DOUMBEK_TEK.value: lambda n: _synth_doumbek_tek(n),
+        DrumSound.DOUMBEK_KA.value: lambda n: _synth_doumbek_ka(n),
         # Cajon
         DrumSound.CAJON_BASS.value: lambda n: _synth_cajon_bass(n),
         DrumSound.CAJON_SLAP.value: lambda n: _synth_cajon_slap(n),
@@ -4055,10 +4145,48 @@ def _render_notes_to_buf(notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
                 start += _rnd.randint(-max_offset, max_offset)
                 start = max(0, start)
             dur_ms = note.beats * 60_000 / bpm
+            # Articulation: adjust duration and velocity
+            art = getattr(note, 'articulation', '')
+            art_vel_mult = 1.0
+            art_attack_mult = 1.0  # multiplier for envelope attack
+            if art == 'staccato':
+                dur_ms *= 0.4  # short and bouncy
+            elif art == 'legato':
+                dur_ms *= 1.15  # slight overlap into next note
+            elif art == 'marcato':
+                art_vel_mult = 1.25  # heavier
+                art_attack_mult = 0.3  # sharper attack
+            elif art == 'tenuto':
+                art_attack_mult = 1.8  # softer attack, full duration
+            elif art == 'accent':
+                art_vel_mult = 1.2
+            elif art == 'fermata':
+                dur_ms *= 1.5  # held longer
             n_samples = int(SAMPLE_RATE * dur_ms / 1000)
             if start + n_samples > total_samples:
                 n_samples = total_samples - start
             if n_samples > 0 and start >= 0:
+                # Drum hit via Part.hit() — use drum synth directly
+                from .rhythm import _DrumTone
+                if isinstance(note.tone, _DrumTone):
+                    drum_wave = _render_drum_hit(note.tone.sound.value, n_samples)
+                    mixed = drum_wave.astype(numpy.float32)
+                    # Staccato fade-out for drums
+                    if art == 'staccato':
+                        fade_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.01), len(mixed))
+                        if fade_len > 0:
+                            mixed[-fade_len:] *= numpy.linspace(1.0, 0.0, fade_len).astype(numpy.float32)
+                    vel = getattr(note, 'velocity', 100)
+                    vel = min(127, int(vel * art_vel_mult))
+                    if humanize > 0.0:
+                        vel_jitter = int(humanize * 15)
+                        vel = max(1, min(127, vel + _rnd.randint(-vel_jitter, vel_jitter)))
+                    vel_scale = vel / 127.0
+                    end = min(start + len(mixed), total_samples)
+                    buf[start:end] += mixed[:end - start] * volume * vel_scale
+                    if not getattr(note, '_hold', False):
+                        beat_pos += note.beats
+                    continue
                 # Get pitches
                 if hasattr(note.tone, 'tones'):
                     pitches = [t.pitch(temperament=temperament, reference_pitch=reference_pitch) for t in note.tone.tones]
@@ -4159,11 +4287,18 @@ def _render_notes_to_buf(notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
                 if noise_mix > 0:
                     noise = numpy.random.uniform(-1, 1, n_samples).astype(numpy.float32)
                     mixed = mixed * (1.0 - noise_mix * 0.5) + noise * noise_mix * 0.5
-                # Amplitude envelope
-                if a > 0 or d > 0 or s < 1.0 or r > 0:
-                    mixed = _apply_envelope(mixed, a, d, s, r)
-                # Per-note velocity
+                # Amplitude envelope (articulation may adjust attack)
+                art_a = a * art_attack_mult
+                if art_a > 0 or d > 0 or s < 1.0 or r > 0:
+                    mixed = _apply_envelope(mixed, art_a, d, s, r)
+                # Staccato: apply a quick fade-out at the end
+                if art == 'staccato':
+                    fade_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.01), len(mixed))
+                    if fade_len > 0:
+                        mixed[-fade_len:] *= numpy.linspace(1.0, 0.0, fade_len).astype(numpy.float32)
+                # Per-note velocity (articulation may boost)
                 vel = getattr(note, 'velocity', 100)
+                vel = min(127, int(vel * art_vel_mult))
                 if humanize > 0.0:
                     vel_jitter = int(humanize * 15)
                     vel = max(1, min(127, vel + _rnd.randint(-vel_jitter, vel_jitter)))
@@ -4200,7 +4335,9 @@ def _render_notes_to_buf(notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
                     # Right channel gets up-detuned, left gets down-detuned
                     stereo_buf[start:end, 1] += up_env * gain * spread_amt
                     stereo_buf[start:end, 0] += down_env * gain * spread_amt
-        beat_pos += note.beats
+        # hold() notes don't advance the beat position
+        if not getattr(note, '_hold', False):
+            beat_pos += note.beats
 
 
 def _render_legato_to_buf(notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
@@ -4242,7 +4379,8 @@ def _render_legato_to_buf(notes, buf, samples_per_beat, total_samples,
             events.append((start, end, hz, vel))
         else:
             events.append((start, end, 0, vel))  # rest
-        beat_pos += note.beats
+        if not getattr(note, '_hold', False):
+            beat_pos += note.beats
 
     if not events:
         return
@@ -4507,6 +4645,10 @@ def render_score(score):
         DrumSound.DJEMBE_BASS.value: 0.0,
         DrumSound.DJEMBE_TONE.value: 0.1,
         DrumSound.DJEMBE_SLAP.value: -0.1,
+        # Doumbek
+        DrumSound.DOUMBEK_DUM.value: 0.0,
+        DrumSound.DOUMBEK_TEK.value: 0.1,
+        DrumSound.DOUMBEK_KA.value: -0.1,
         # Cajon — centered (single instrument)
         DrumSound.CAJON_BASS.value: 0.0,
         DrumSound.CAJON_SLAP.value: 0.0,
@@ -4562,6 +4704,35 @@ def render_score(score):
                         part_stereo[fade_start:start, ch] *= fade
             _last_hit_start[sound_id] = start
 
+            # Cross-choke: a new hit on one sound dampens the ring of
+            # related sounds on the same instrument (e.g. djembe slap
+            # kills the bass resonance, closed hat kills open hat).
+            _CHOKE_GROUPS = {
+                # Djembe — any strike dampens the others
+                DrumSound.DJEMBE_BASS.value: (DrumSound.DJEMBE_TONE.value, DrumSound.DJEMBE_SLAP.value),
+                DrumSound.DJEMBE_TONE.value: (DrumSound.DJEMBE_BASS.value, DrumSound.DJEMBE_SLAP.value),
+                DrumSound.DJEMBE_SLAP.value: (DrumSound.DJEMBE_BASS.value, DrumSound.DJEMBE_TONE.value),
+                # Hi-hats — closed chokes open
+                DrumSound.CLOSED_HAT.value: (DrumSound.OPEN_HAT.value,),
+                DrumSound.PEDAL_HAT.value: (DrumSound.OPEN_HAT.value,),
+                # Cajón — slap dampens bass ring
+                DrumSound.CAJON_SLAP.value: (DrumSound.CAJON_BASS.value,),
+                DrumSound.CAJON_TAP.value: (DrumSound.CAJON_BASS.value,),
+                # Doumbek — tek/ka dampen dum
+                DrumSound.DOUMBEK_TEK.value: (DrumSound.DOUMBEK_DUM.value,),
+                DrumSound.DOUMBEK_KA.value: (DrumSound.DOUMBEK_DUM.value,),
+            }
+            choke_targets = _CHOKE_GROUPS.get(sound_id, ())
+            for target_id in choke_targets:
+                if target_id in _last_hit_start:
+                    prev_start = _last_hit_start[target_id]
+                    fade_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.004), max(0, start - prev_start))
+                    if fade_len > 0 and start > 0:
+                        fade = numpy.linspace(1.0, 0.0, fade_len).astype(numpy.float32)
+                        fade_start = max(0, start - fade_len)
+                        for ch in range(2):
+                            part_stereo[fade_start:start, ch] *= fade
+
             remaining = total_samples - start
             hit_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.5), remaining)
             wave = _render_drum_hit(hit.sound.value, hit_len)

pytheory/rhythm.py

@@ -213,6 +213,11 @@ INSTRUMENTS = {
         "synth": "steel_drum_synth", "envelope": "none",
         "reverb": 0.3, "reverb_type": "plate",
     },
+    "harmonium": {
+        "synth": "harmonium_synth", "envelope": "organ",
+        "reverb": 0.2, "reverb_type": "taj_mahal",
+        "humanize": 0.15,
+    },
     "accordion": {
         "synth": "accordion_synth", "envelope": "organ",
         "humanize": 0.15,
@@ -383,6 +388,24 @@ class Duration(Enum):
     DOTTED_QUARTER = 1.5
     TRIPLET_QUARTER = 2 / 3
 
+    # Arithmetic — lets you write ``Duration.WHOLE * 2`` → 8.0 beats.
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        return self.value * other
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.value * other
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        return self.value / other
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, Duration):
+            return self.value + other.value
+        return self.value + other
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return other + self.value
+
 
 class TimeSignature:
     """A musical time signature like 4/4 or 6/8."""
@@ -426,6 +449,8 @@ class Note:
     bend: float = 0.0
     bend_type: str = "smooth"  # "smooth" (log), "linear", "late"
     lyric: str = ""  # syllable for vocal synth
+    articulation: str = ""  # "", "staccato", "legato", "marcato", "tenuto", "accent", "fermata"
+    _hold: bool = False  # if True, don't advance beat position
 
     @property
     def beats(self) -> float:
@@ -527,6 +552,10 @@ class DrumSound(Enum):
     DJEMBE_BASS = 102    # open bass (center of head)
     DJEMBE_TONE = 103    # open tone (edge, fingers together)
     DJEMBE_SLAP = 104    # slap (edge, fingers spread, sharp crack)
+    # Doumbek (darbuka) sounds
+    DOUMBEK_DUM = 112    # center of head, deep bass
+    DOUMBEK_TEK = 113    # edge of head, sharp high
+    DOUMBEK_KA = 114     # muted edge slap
     # Cajon sounds
     CAJON_BASS = 108     # center of face, deep thump
     CAJON_SLAP = 109     # top edge, snare wires buzz
@@ -537,6 +566,17 @@ class DrumSound(Enum):
     METAL_HAT = 107      # tight, short, precise
 
 
+class _DrumTone:
+    """Wrapper so a DrumSound can be placed in a Part's note list."""
+    __slots__ = ('sound',)
+
+    def __init__(self, sound: DrumSound):
+        self.sound = sound
+
+    def pitch(self, **kwargs):
+        return -self.sound.value
+
+
 class _Hit:
     """A single drum hit at a specific position in a pattern."""
     __slots__ = ("sound", "position", "velocity")
@@ -1562,6 +1602,61 @@ Pattern._PRESETS["tabla solo"] = dict(
     ],
 )
 
+# ── Doumbek patterns ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+DKD = DrumSound.DOUMBEK_DUM
+DKT = DrumSound.DOUMBEK_TEK
+DKK = DrumSound.DOUMBEK_KA
+
+# Maqsoum — the most common Arabic rhythm (4/4)
+Pattern._PRESETS["maqsoum"] = dict(
+    name="maqsoum",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(DKD, 0.0, 85), _h(DKT, 0.5, 65),
+        _h(DKT, 1.0, 68), _h(DKD, 1.5, 80),
+        _h(DKT, 2.0, 65), _h(DKT, 2.5, 62),
+        _h(DKT, 3.0, 68), _h(DKT, 3.5, 62),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Baladi — heavy, earthy, belly dance
+Pattern._PRESETS["baladi"] = dict(
+    name="baladi",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(DKD, 0.0, 88), _h(DKD, 0.5, 78),
+        _h(DKT, 1.0, 70), _h(DKD, 1.5, 82),
+        _h(DKT, 2.0, 68), _h(DKT, 2.5, 62),
+        _h(DKT, 3.0, 68), _h(DKK, 3.25, 45), _h(DKT, 3.5, 65),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Saidi — Upper Egyptian, strong and driving
+Pattern._PRESETS["saidi"] = dict(
+    name="saidi",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(DKD, 0.0, 88), _h(DKT, 0.5, 65),
+        _h(DKD, 1.0, 82), _h(DKD, 1.5, 78),
+        _h(DKT, 2.0, 70), _h(DKT, 2.5, 62),
+        _h(DKT, 3.0, 68), _h(DKT, 3.5, 62),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Ayoub — simple 2/4, trance-like repetition
+Pattern._PRESETS["ayoub"] = dict(
+    name="ayoub",
+    time_signature="2/4",
+    beats=2.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(DKD, 0.0, 85), _h(DKK, 0.5, 45),
+        _h(DKT, 1.0, 70), _h(DKT, 1.5, 62),
+    ],
+)
+
 # ── Cajón patterns ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 CB = DrumSound.CAJON_BASS
 CSL = DrumSound.CAJON_SLAP
@@ -1824,6 +1919,74 @@ Pattern._PRESETS["soli"] = dict(
     ],
 )
 
+# Dununba — heavy bass-driven rhythm (accompaniment djembe part)
+Pattern._PRESETS["dununba"] = dict(
+    name="dununba",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(JB, 0.0, 110), _h(JB, 0.5, 95),
+        _h(JT, 1.0, 75), _h(JB, 1.5, 100),
+        _h(JB, 2.0, 108), _h(JT, 2.5, 70),
+        _h(JB, 3.0, 105), _h(JB, 3.5, 90), _h(JT, 3.75, 65),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Tiriba — joyful Susu rhythm from Guinea
+Pattern._PRESETS["tiriba"] = dict(
+    name="tiriba",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(JT, 0.0, 85), _h(JS, 0.25, 95), _h(JT, 0.5, 80),
+        _h(JB, 1.0, 100), _h(JT, 1.5, 75),
+        _h(JS, 2.0, 92), _h(JT, 2.25, 78), _h(JT, 2.5, 80),
+        _h(JB, 3.0, 105), _h(JS, 3.5, 88), _h(JT, 3.75, 72),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Yankadi — gentle greeting/welcome rhythm from Guinea
+Pattern._PRESETS["yankadi"] = dict(
+    name="yankadi",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(JB, 0.0, 90), _h(JT, 0.5, 70),
+        _h(JT, 1.0, 72), _h(JS, 1.5, 85),
+        _h(JB, 2.0, 88), _h(JT, 2.5, 68),
+        _h(JS, 3.0, 82), _h(JT, 3.5, 65),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Djansa — fast Malinke dance rhythm
+Pattern._PRESETS["djansa"] = dict(
+    name="djansa",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(JS, 0.0, 100), _h(JT, 0.25, 72), _h(JT, 0.5, 70),
+        _h(JB, 0.75, 95),
+        _h(JS, 1.0, 98), _h(JT, 1.25, 68), _h(JB, 1.5, 92),
+        _h(JS, 2.0, 102), _h(JT, 2.25, 75), _h(JT, 2.5, 72),
+        _h(JB, 2.75, 90),
+        _h(JS, 3.0, 105), _h(JT, 3.25, 70), _h(JB, 3.5, 95),
+        _h(JS, 3.75, 88),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Mendiani — women's dance rhythm, celebratory
+Pattern._PRESETS["mendiani"] = dict(
+    name="mendiani",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(JB, 0.0, 100), _h(JT, 0.25, 65), _h(JS, 0.5, 90),
+        _h(JT, 1.0, 70), _h(JB, 1.5, 95), _h(JT, 1.75, 68),
+        _h(JS, 2.0, 92), _h(JT, 2.5, 72), _h(JS, 2.75, 85),
+        _h(JB, 3.0, 105), _h(JT, 3.25, 65), _h(JS, 3.5, 95),
+    ],
+)
+
 # ── Fill presets ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 Pattern._FILLS["rock"] = dict(
@@ -2092,6 +2255,277 @@ Pattern._FILLS["second line"] = dict(
     ],
 )
 
+# ── Doumbek fills ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+_DKD = DrumSound.DOUMBEK_DUM
+_DKT = DrumSound.DOUMBEK_TEK
+_DKK = DrumSound.DOUMBEK_KA
+
+# Doumbek roll — rapid teks building to dum
+Pattern._FILLS["doumbek roll"] = dict(
+    name="doumbek roll fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        *[_h(_DKT, i * 0.125, 40 + i * 4) for i in range(16)],
+        _h(_DKD, 2.0, 100), _h(_DKT, 2.25, 65), _h(_DKT, 2.5, 68),
+        _h(_DKD, 3.0, 110), _h(_DKD, 3.25, 105),
+        _h(_DKD, 3.5, 115), _h(_DKT, 3.75, 80),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Doumbek accent — syncopated dum-tek-ka pattern
+Pattern._FILLS["doumbek accent"] = dict(
+    name="doumbek accent fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(_DKD, 0.0, 95), _h(_DKT, 0.25, 65), _h(_DKK, 0.5, 50),
+        _h(_DKT, 0.75, 68), _h(_DKD, 1.0, 90),
+        _h(_DKT, 1.5, 72), _h(_DKK, 1.75, 52), _h(_DKD, 2.0, 100),
+        _h(_DKT, 2.25, 68), _h(_DKT, 2.5, 70), _h(_DKT, 2.75, 72),
+        _h(_DKD, 3.0, 110), _h(_DKD, 3.5, 115),
+    ],
+)
+
+# ── Tabla fills ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+_TNA = DrumSound.TABLA_NA
+_TDH = DrumSound.TABLA_DHA
+_TTT = DrumSound.TABLA_TIT
+_TKE = DrumSound.TABLA_KE
+_TGB = DrumSound.TABLA_GE_BEND
+_TGE = DrumSound.TABLA_GE
+_TTI = DrumSound.TABLA_TIN
+_T3 = 1.0 / 12.0
+
+# Tihai — the classic 3x pattern landing on sam
+Pattern._FILLS["tihai"] = dict(
+    name="tihai fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(_TDH, 0.0, 105), _h(_TNA, 0.25, 72), _h(_TTT, 0.5, 48),
+        _h(_TKE, 0.75, 52), _h(_TDH, 1.0, 100),
+        _h(_TDH, 1.25, 110), _h(_TNA, 1.5, 78), _h(_TTT, 1.75, 52),
+        _h(_TKE, 2.0, 55), _h(_TDH, 2.25, 105),
+        _h(_TDH, 2.5, 118), _h(_TNA, 2.75, 82), _h(_TTT, 3.0, 58),
+        _h(_TKE, 3.25, 60), _h(_TDH, 3.5, 127),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Chakkardar — 32nd triplet cascade into slam
+Pattern._FILLS["chakkardar"] = dict(
+    name="chakkardar fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        *[_h(_TTT, i * _T3, 32 + i * 3) for i in range(12)],
+        _h(_TDH, 1.0, 115), _h(_TGB, 1.5, 108),
+        *[_h(_TTT, 2.0 + i * _T3, 35 + i * 3) for i in range(12)],
+        _h(_TDH, 3.0, 120), _h(_TDH, 3.25, 115),
+        _h(_TGB, 3.5, 120), _h(_TDH, 3.75, 127),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Tiri kita fill — rapid 16th note dayan burst
+Pattern._FILLS["tiri kita"] = dict(
+    name="tiri kita fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(_TTT, 0.0, 50), _h(_TTT, 0.125, 38), _h(_TKE, 0.25, 48),
+        _h(_TNA, 0.5, 72), _h(_TTT, 0.75, 42),
+        _h(_TDH, 1.0, 95), _h(_TTT, 1.25, 38), _h(_TTT, 1.5, 42),
+        _h(_TKE, 1.75, 48), _h(_TNA, 2.0, 75),
+        _h(_TTT, 2.25, 40), _h(_TTT, 2.5, 45), _h(_TKE, 2.75, 50),
+        _h(_TDH, 3.0, 100), _h(_TNA, 3.25, 70),
+        _h(_TDH, 3.5, 110), _h(_TGB, 3.75, 105),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Bayan showcase — deep bass bends
+Pattern._FILLS["bayan"] = dict(
+    name="bayan fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(_TGB, 0.0, 100), _h(_TNA, 0.5, 65),
+        _h(_TGE, 1.0, 85), _h(_TGB, 1.5, 105),
+        _h(_TNA, 2.0, 70), _h(_TKE, 2.25, 48),
+        _h(_TGB, 2.5, 110), _h(_TDH, 3.0, 115),
+        _h(_TGB, 3.5, 120),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Call and response — dayan speaks, bayan answers
+Pattern._FILLS["tabla call"] = dict(
+    name="tabla call fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(_TNA, 0.0, 105), _h(_TNA, 0.25, 55), _h(_TTT, 0.5, 38),
+        _h(_TNA, 0.75, 100),
+        _h(_TGE, 1.0, 95), _h(_TGE, 1.25, 48), _h(_TGB, 1.5, 90),
+        _h(_TNA, 2.0, 108), _h(_TTT, 2.125, 30), _h(_TTT, 2.25, 35),
+        _h(_TNA, 2.5, 100),
+        _h(_TGB, 3.0, 112), _h(_TKE, 3.25, 48),
+        _h(_TDH, 3.5, 120),
+    ],
+)
+
+# ── Djembe fills ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# Djembe call — bass-tone-slap conversation building to climax
+Pattern._FILLS["djembe call"] = dict(
+    name="djembe call fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(JB, 0.0, 100), _h(JT, 0.25, 70), _h(JT, 0.5, 72),
+        _h(JS, 0.75, 90),
+        _h(JB, 1.0, 95), _h(JT, 1.25, 68), _h(JS, 1.5, 88),
+        _h(JT, 1.75, 75),
+        _h(JS, 2.0, 100), _h(JS, 2.25, 95), _h(JT, 2.5, 78),
+        _h(JB, 2.75, 105),
+        _h(JS, 3.0, 110), _h(JT, 3.25, 80), _h(JS, 3.5, 112),
+        _h(JB, 3.75, 120),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Djembe roll — rapid slaps accelerating into bass
+Pattern._FILLS["djembe roll"] = dict(
+    name="djembe roll fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        # Accelerating slap roll
+        *[_h(JS, i * 0.125, 50 + i * 4) for i in range(16)],
+        # Bass accents punching through
+        _h(JB, 2.0, 105), _h(JB, 2.5, 108),
+        _h(JB, 3.0, 112), _h(JT, 3.25, 85),
+        _h(JB, 3.5, 115), _h(JS, 3.75, 100),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Djembe break — syncopated West African-style break
+Pattern._FILLS["djembe break"] = dict(
+    name="djembe break fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(JB, 0.0, 105), _h(JT, 0.25, 65), _h(JS, 0.5, 90),
+        _h(JT, 0.75, 70), _h(JB, 1.0, 100),
+        _h(JS, 1.25, 85), _h(JS, 1.5, 88),
+        _h(JB, 1.75, 95), _h(JT, 2.0, 72),
+        _h(JS, 2.25, 92), _h(JB, 2.5, 108),
+        _h(JT, 2.75, 68), _h(JS, 2.875, 55),
+        _h(JB, 3.0, 115), _h(JS, 3.25, 100),
+        _h(JB, 3.5, 118), _h(JB, 3.75, 120),
+    ],
+)
+
+# ── Cajón fills ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# Cajón flam run — slaps accelerating into bass hit
+Pattern._FILLS["cajon flam"] = dict(
+    name="cajon flam fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(CSL, 0.0, 95), _h(CT, 0.125, 45), _h(CSL, 0.25, 90),
+        _h(CB, 0.5, 100), _h(CT, 0.75, 50),
+        _h(CSL, 1.0, 88), _h(CT, 1.125, 42), _h(CSL, 1.25, 92),
+        _h(CT, 1.5, 55), _h(CSL, 1.75, 85),
+        _h(CB, 2.0, 105), _h(CSL, 2.25, 75), _h(CT, 2.5, 48),
+        _h(CSL, 2.75, 80), _h(CT, 2.875, 40),
+        _h(CB, 3.0, 110), _h(CSL, 3.25, 90), _h(CSL, 3.5, 95),
+        _h(CB, 3.75, 120),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Cajón rumble — fast taps building to slap accents
+Pattern._FILLS["cajon rumble"] = dict(
+    name="cajon rumble fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        *[_h(CT, i * 0.125, 35 + i * 3) for i in range(16)],
+        _h(CSL, 2.0, 95), _h(CSL, 2.5, 100),
+        _h(CB, 3.0, 108), _h(CSL, 3.25, 88),
+        _h(CB, 3.5, 112), _h(CSL, 3.75, 95),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Cajón breakdown — syncopated bass-slap groove
+Pattern._FILLS["cajon breakdown"] = dict(
+    name="cajon breakdown fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        _h(CB, 0.0, 100), _h(CT, 0.25, 45), _h(CSL, 0.5, 85),
+        _h(CB, 1.0, 95), _h(CSL, 1.25, 78), _h(CT, 1.5, 50),
+        _h(CSL, 1.75, 82),
+        _h(CB, 2.0, 105), _h(CT, 2.125, 40), _h(CT, 2.25, 42),
+        _h(CSL, 2.5, 90), _h(CT, 2.75, 48),
+        _h(CB, 3.0, 115), _h(CSL, 3.25, 95),
+        _h(CB, 3.5, 110), _h(CSL, 3.75, 100),
+    ],
+)
+
+# ── Metal fills (using metal kit) ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# Metal triplet — double kick triplets with snare accents
+Pattern._FILLS["metal triplet"] = dict(
+    name="metal triplet fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        # Triplet kick pattern (12 kicks across 4 beats = triplet 8ths)
+        *[_h(MK, i * (1/3), 95 + (i % 3 == 0) * 15) for i in range(12)],
+        # Snare accents on downbeats
+        _h(MS, 0.0, 110), _h(MS, 1.0, 105),
+        _h(MS, 2.0, 110), _h(MS, 3.0, 115),
+        # Hat on upbeats
+        _h(MH, 0.5, 60), _h(MH, 1.5, 60),
+        _h(MH, 2.5, 65), _h(MH, 3.5, 70),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Metal blastbeat variant — alternating snare/kick 32nds
+Pattern._FILLS["metal blast"] = dict(
+    name="metal blast fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        # Alternating kick-snare at 32nd note speed for 2 beats
+        *[_h(MK if i % 2 == 0 else MS, i * 0.125, 100 + i) for i in range(16)],
+        # Then crash into half-time for 2 beats
+        _h(MK, 2.0, 120), _h(MS, 2.5, 115),
+        _h(MK, 3.0, 120), _h(MH, 3.25, 80),
+        _h(MS, 3.5, 120),
+    ],
+)
+
+# Metal cascade — descending snare/kick rolls
+Pattern._FILLS["metal cascade"] = dict(
+    name="metal cascade fill",
+    time_signature="4/4",
+    beats=4.0,
+    hits=[
+        # Fast snare roll beat 1
+        *[_h(MS, i * 0.125, 80 + i * 5) for i in range(8)],
+        # Double kick beat 2
+        *[_h(MK, 1.0 + i * 0.125, 90 + i * 3) for i in range(8)],
+        # Alternating beat 3
+        _h(MS, 2.0, 105), _h(MK, 2.125, 95),
+        _h(MS, 2.25, 108), _h(MK, 2.375, 98),
+        _h(MS, 2.5, 110), _h(MK, 2.625, 100),
+        _h(MS, 2.75, 112), _h(MK, 2.875, 102),
+        # Crash ending
+        _h(MK, 3.0, 120), _h(MS, 3.0, 120),
+        _h(MK, 3.5, 120), _h(MS, 3.5, 120),
+    ],
+)
+
 
 class Part:
     """A named voice within a Score, with its own synth, envelope, and effects.
@@ -2202,7 +2636,8 @@ class Part:
         self._automation: list[tuple[float, dict]] = []  # (beat, {param: value})
 
     def add(self, tone_or_string, duration=Duration.QUARTER, *, velocity: int = 100,
-            bend: float = 0.0, bend_type: str = "smooth", lyric: str = "") -> "Part":
+            bend: float = 0.0, bend_type: str = "smooth", lyric: str = "",
+            articulation: str = "") -> "Part":
         """Add a note. Accepts Tone/Chord objects or note strings like ``"E5"``.
 
         Duration can be a ``Duration`` enum or a raw float (beats).
@@ -2210,6 +2645,10 @@ class Part:
         Bend specifies a pitch bend in semitones over the note duration
         (e.g. ``bend=2`` bends up a whole step, ``bend=-1`` bends down
         a half step). Used for guitar bends, sitar meends, slides.
+        Articulation changes how the note is played: ``"staccato"`` (short,
+        ~40% duration), ``"legato"`` (overlaps next note), ``"marcato"``
+        (heavy accent), ``"tenuto"`` (full duration, soft attack),
+        ``"accent"`` (velocity bump), ``"fermata"`` (held ~50% longer).
 
         Returns self for chaining.
         """
@@ -2220,9 +2659,199 @@ class Part:
             duration = _RawDuration(duration)
         self.notes.append(Note(tone=tone_or_string, duration=duration,
                                velocity=velocity, bend=bend,
-                               bend_type=bend_type, lyric=lyric))
+                               bend_type=bend_type, lyric=lyric,
+                               articulation=articulation))
         return self
 
+    def hold(self, tone_or_string, duration=Duration.QUARTER, *, velocity: int = 100,
+             bend: float = 0.0, bend_type: str = "smooth", lyric: str = "",
+             articulation: str = "") -> "Part":
+        """Add a note without advancing the beat position.
+
+        The note plays at the current position but the next note
+        starts at the *same* time — enabling polyphonic overlap
+        on a single part.
+
+        Use this for: piano sustain pedal (bass note rings while
+        melody plays above), guitar strumming with individual
+        string timing, held drone notes under a melody.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> piano = score.part("piano", instrument="piano")
+            >>> piano.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE)   # bass rings for 4 beats
+            >>> piano.add("E4", Duration.HALF)     # starts at same time as C3
+            >>> piano.add("G4", Duration.HALF)     # starts at beat 2
+        """
+        if isinstance(tone_or_string, str):
+            from .tones import Tone
+            tone_or_string = Tone.from_string(tone_or_string, system=self._system)
+        if isinstance(duration, (int, float)):
+            duration = _RawDuration(duration)
+        self.notes.append(Note(tone=tone_or_string, duration=duration,
+                               velocity=velocity, bend=bend,
+                               bend_type=bend_type, lyric=lyric,
+                               articulation=articulation, _hold=True))
+        return self
+
+    def hit(self, sound, duration=Duration.EIGHTH, *, velocity: int = 100,
+            articulation: str = "") -> "Part":
+        """Add a drum hit to this part.
+
+        Places a drum sound into the note stream so it goes through the
+        normal renderer — meaning articulations, humanize, and effects
+        all work on individual hits.
+
+        Args:
+            sound: A :class:`DrumSound` enum member (e.g. ``DrumSound.KICK``).
+            duration: How long the hit occupies in the timeline (default 8th note).
+            velocity: Hit loudness 1-127.
+            articulation: ``"accent"``, ``"staccato"``, ``"marcato"``, etc.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> drums = score.part("kit", synth="sine")
+            >>> drums.hit(DrumSound.KICK, Duration.QUARTER, articulation="accent")
+            >>> drums.hit(DrumSound.CLOSED_HAT, Duration.EIGHTH)
+        """
+        if isinstance(duration, (int, float)):
+            duration = _RawDuration(duration)
+        self.notes.append(Note(tone=_DrumTone(sound), duration=duration,
+                               velocity=velocity, articulation=articulation))
+        return self
+
+    def crescendo(self, notes, duration=Duration.QUARTER, *,
+                  start_vel: int = 40, end_vel: int = 110,
+                  articulation: str = "") -> "Part":
+        """Add notes with velocity ramping up (getting louder).
+
+        Args:
+            notes: List of note strings (e.g. ``["C4", "D4", "E4"]``).
+            duration: Duration for each note.
+            start_vel: Starting velocity (quiet).
+            end_vel: Ending velocity (loud).
+            articulation: Optional articulation for all notes.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> piano.crescendo(["C4","D4","E4","F4","G4"], Duration.QUARTER,
+            ...                 start_vel=40, end_vel=110)
+        """
+        return self.dynamics(notes, duration, velocities=(start_vel, end_vel),
+                             articulation=articulation)
+
+    def decrescendo(self, notes, duration=Duration.QUARTER, *,
+                    start_vel: int = 110, end_vel: int = 40,
+                    articulation: str = "") -> "Part":
+        """Add notes with velocity ramping down (getting quieter).
+
+        Args:
+            notes: List of note strings.
+            duration: Duration for each note.
+            start_vel: Starting velocity (loud).
+            end_vel: Ending velocity (quiet).
+            articulation: Optional articulation for all notes.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> piano.decrescendo(["G4","F4","E4","D4","C4"], Duration.QUARTER,
+            ...                   start_vel=110, end_vel=40)
+        """
+        return self.dynamics(notes, duration, velocities=(start_vel, end_vel),
+                             articulation=articulation)
+
+    def dynamics(self, notes, duration=Duration.QUARTER, *,
+                 velocities=None, articulation: str = "") -> "Part":
+        """Add notes with a velocity curve.
+
+        Args:
+            notes: List of note strings or Tone/Chord objects.
+            duration: Duration for each note (or list of durations).
+            velocities: Velocity curve — either a ``(start, end)`` tuple
+                for a linear ramp, or a list of ints (one per note).
+            articulation: Optional articulation for all notes (or list).
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> # Linear ramp
+            >>> piano.dynamics(["C4","E4","G4","C5"], Duration.QUARTER,
+            ...                velocities=(50, 120))
+            >>> # Custom curve (swell and fade)
+            >>> piano.dynamics(["C4","D4","E4","F4","G4","F4","E4","D4"],
+            ...                Duration.EIGHTH,
+            ...                velocities=[50, 70, 90, 110, 110, 90, 70, 50])
+        """
+        n = len(notes)
+        if n == 0:
+            return self
+
+        # Resolve velocities
+        if velocities is None:
+            vels = [100] * n
+        elif isinstance(velocities, (tuple, list)) and len(velocities) == 2 and isinstance(velocities[0], (int, float)):
+            # (start, end) tuple — linear ramp
+            start_v, end_v = velocities
+            if n == 1:
+                vels = [int(start_v)]
+            else:
+                vels = [int(start_v + (end_v - start_v) * i / (n - 1))
+                        for i in range(n)]
+        else:
+            vels = list(velocities)
+
+        # Resolve durations
+        if isinstance(duration, (list, tuple)):
+            durs = list(duration)
+        else:
+            durs = [duration] * n
+
+        # Resolve articulations
+        if isinstance(articulation, (list, tuple)):
+            arts = list(articulation)
+        else:
+            arts = [articulation] * n
+
+        for note, vel, dur, art in zip(notes, vels, durs, arts):
+            vel = max(1, min(127, vel))
+            self.add(note, dur, velocity=vel, articulation=art)
+
+        return self
+
+    def swell(self, notes, duration=Duration.QUARTER, *,
+              low_vel: int = 40, peak_vel: int = 110,
+              articulation: str = "") -> "Part":
+        """Add notes that swell up then fade back down (< > shape).
+
+        The velocity ramps up to the midpoint then back down,
+        creating the classic orchestral swell.
+
+        Args:
+            notes: List of note strings.
+            duration: Duration for each note.
+            low_vel: Velocity at start and end.
+            peak_vel: Velocity at the peak (midpoint).
+            articulation: Optional articulation.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> strings.swell(["C4","D4","E4","F4","G4","F4","E4","D4"],
+            ...               Duration.QUARTER, low_vel=40, peak_vel=110)
+        """
+        n = len(notes)
+        if n <= 2:
+            return self.dynamics(notes, duration, velocities=[peak_vel] * n,
+                                 articulation=articulation)
+        mid = n // 2
+        vels = []
+        for i in range(n):
+            if i <= mid:
+                v = low_vel + (peak_vel - low_vel) * i / mid
+            else:
+                v = peak_vel - (peak_vel - low_vel) * (i - mid) / (n - 1 - mid)
+            vels.append(int(v))
+        return self.dynamics(notes, duration, velocities=vels,
+                             articulation=articulation)
+
     def set(self, **params) -> "Part":
         """Change effect parameters at the current beat position.
 
@@ -2306,6 +2935,79 @@ class Part:
         points = sorted(set(beat for beat, _ in self._automation))
         return points
 
+    def ramp(self, over: float = 4.0, resolution: float = 0.25,
+             curve: str = "linear", **params) -> "Part":
+        """Smoothly ramp parameters from their current values to new targets.
+
+        Generates interpolated automation points — like turning a knob
+        gradually instead of jumping to a new position. Works for any
+        parameter that ``.set()`` accepts.
+
+        Args:
+            over: Duration of the ramp in beats (default 4.0 = 1 bar).
+                Use ``Duration.WHOLE * 4`` for a 4-bar ramp, etc.
+            resolution: How often to insert points, in beats (default 0.25).
+                Lower = smoother but more points.
+            curve: Interpolation shape — ``"linear"`` (default),
+                ``"ease_in"`` (slow start, fast end),
+                ``"ease_out"`` (fast start, slow end),
+                ``"ease_in_out"`` (slow start and end).
+            **params: Target values for any parameter. The ramp starts
+                from the parameter's current value at this beat position.
+
+        Returns:
+            Self for chaining.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", lowpass=200)
+            >>> # Open the filter over 4 bars
+            >>> lead.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 4, lowpass=8000)
+            >>> # Fade reverb in over 2 bars
+            >>> pad.ramp(over=Duration.WHOLE * 2, reverb=0.5)
+            >>> # Multiple params at once with easing
+            >>> lead.ramp(over=8.0, curve="ease_in", lowpass=6000, distortion=0.4)
+        """
+        current_beat = sum(n.beats for n in self.notes)
+
+        # Map param names to internal names
+        param_map = {
+            "reverb": "reverb_mix", "delay": "delay_mix",
+            "distortion": "distortion_mix", "chorus": "chorus_mix",
+            "phaser": "phaser_mix",
+        }
+
+        # Get current values for each param
+        current_params = self._get_params_at(current_beat)
+        ramps = {}
+        for param, target in params.items():
+            internal = param_map.get(param, param)
+            start = current_params.get(internal, getattr(self, internal, 0.0))
+            ramps[internal] = (float(start), float(target))
+
+        # Generate interpolated points
+        beat = 0.0
+        while beat <= over:
+            t = beat / over if over > 0 else 1.0
+            t = max(0.0, min(1.0, t))
+
+            # Apply curve
+            if curve == "ease_in":
+                t = t * t
+            elif curve == "ease_out":
+                t = 1.0 - (1.0 - t) ** 2
+            elif curve == "ease_in_out":
+                t = 3 * t * t - 2 * t * t * t
+
+            point = {}
+            for internal, (start, end) in ramps.items():
+                point[internal] = start + (end - start) * t
+
+            self._automation.append((current_beat + beat, point))
+            beat += resolution
+
+        return self
+
     def lfo(self, param: str, *, rate: float = 0.5, min: float = 0.0,
             max: float = 1.0, bars: float = 4, shape: str = "sine",
             resolution: float = 0.25) -> "Part":
@@ -2573,21 +3275,14 @@ class Part:
         from .chords import Chord as ChordClass
         chord_obj = ChordClass(tones=strum_tones)
 
-        # Strum sweep: quick individual string hits before the chord.
-        # Only the first 2-3 strings get a tiny grace note, the rest
-        # ring together as the full chord. Gives the strum feel without
-        # sounding like separate plucks.
+        # Strum: hold a quiet leading string simultaneously with the
+        # full chord using hold(). No timing gap — both start at the
+        # same beat position. The leading string adds strum texture.
         n_strings = len(strum_tones)
-        if strum_time > 0.02 and n_strings >= 3:
-            n_grace = min(2, n_strings - 1)
-            per_grace = strum_time / n_grace
-            grace_vel = max(1, int(velocity * 0.25))
-            for i in range(n_grace):
-                self.add(strum_tones[i], per_grace, velocity=grace_vel)
-            ring = max(0.1, total_beats - strum_time)
-            self.add(chord_obj, ring, velocity=velocity)
-        else:
-            self.add(chord_obj, total_beats, velocity=velocity)
+        if strum_time > 0 and n_strings >= 3:
+            grace_vel = max(1, int(velocity * 0.15))
+            self.hold(strum_tones[0], total_beats, velocity=grace_vel)
+        self.add(chord_obj, total_beats, velocity=velocity)
 
         return self
 

pytheory/scales.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Optional, Union
 
-import numeral
-
 from .systems import SYSTEMS, System
 from .tones import Tone
 
@@ -49,7 +47,8 @@ class Scale:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         r = []
         for (i, tone) in enumerate(self.tones):
-            degree = numeral.int2roman(i + 1, only_ascii=True)
+            from ._statics import int2roman
+            degree = int2roman(i + 1)
             r += [f"{degree}={tone.full_name}"]
 
         r = " ".join(r)
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ class Scale:
             >>> scale.progression("I", "IV", "V", "I")
             [<Chord (C,E,G)>, <Chord (F,A,C)>, <Chord (G,B,D)>, <Chord (C,E,G)>]
         """
-        import numeral as numeral_mod
+        from ._statics import roman2int
         chords = []
         for num in numerals:
             is_seventh = num.endswith("7")
@@ -213,7 +212,7 @@ class Scale:
             elif clean.startswith("#") and len(clean) > 1:
                 clean = clean[1:]
                 flat_offset = 1  # one semitone up
-            degree = numeral_mod.roman2int(clean.upper()) - 1
+            degree = roman2int(clean.upper()) - 1
             if is_seventh:
                 chord = self.seventh(degree)
             else:
@@ -406,7 +405,8 @@ class Scale:
         if isinstance(item, str):
             degrees = []
             for (i, tone) in enumerate(self.tones):
-                degrees.append(numeral.int2roman(i + 1, only_ascii=True))
+                from ._statics import int2roman
+                degrees.append(int2roman(i + 1))
 
             if item in degrees:
                 item = degrees.index(item)

test_pytheory.py

@@ -4869,6 +4869,19 @@ def test_duration_values():
     assert abs(Duration.TRIPLET_QUARTER.value - 2 / 3) < 1e-9
 
 
+def test_duration_arithmetic():
+    # Multiplication
+    assert Duration.WHOLE * 2 == 8.0
+    assert 2 * Duration.HALF == 4.0
+    assert Duration.QUARTER * 3 == 3.0
+    # Division
+    assert Duration.WHOLE / 2 == 2.0
+    # Addition
+    assert Duration.HALF + Duration.QUARTER == 3.0
+    assert Duration.HALF + 1.0 == 3.0
+    assert 1.0 + Duration.HALF == 3.0
+
+
 def test_time_signature_from_string_4_4():
     ts = TimeSignature.from_string("4/4")
     assert ts.beats == 4
@@ -5320,7 +5333,7 @@ def test_supersaw_wave():
 @needs_portaudio
 def test_all_synths_in_enum():
     from pytheory.play import Synth
-    assert len(Synth) == 41
+    assert len(Synth) == 42
     for s in Synth:
         wave = s(440, n_samples=1000)
         assert len(wave) == 1000
@@ -7142,7 +7155,7 @@ def test_score_system_propagates():
 
 def test_synth_enum_count():
     from pytheory.play import Synth
-    assert len(Synth) == 41
+    assert len(Synth) == 42
 
 
 def test_all_synths_render_and_enum_match():

uv.lock

@@ -486,14 +486,6 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d3/ac/686789b9145413f1a61878c407210e41bfdb097976864e0913078b24098c/myst_parser-5.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ab31e516024918296e169139072b81592336f2fef55b8986aa31c9f04b5f7211", size = 84533, upload-time = "2026-01-15T09:08:16.788Z" },
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "numeral"
-version = "0.1.0.17"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/17/0d/ac6a186e169fcbdfea316f78fb5e34981bcf8d5c1d7cc8b6581f597e1e4c/numeral-0.1.0.17-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7dff0c1efb9b3655c9c1dc93b4666993741b15abcac0dc01dcb96b21cc20f6ae", size = 22066, upload-time = "2020-04-12T08:24:59.129Z" },
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "numpy"
 version = "2.2.6"
@@ -698,10 +690,9 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pytheory"
-version = "0.36.2"
+version = "0.39.0"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "numeral" },
     { name = "scipy", version = "1.15.3", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
     { name = "scipy", version = "1.17.1", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version >= '3.11'" },
     { name = "sounddevice" },
@@ -721,7 +712,6 @@ docs = [
 
 [package.metadata]
 requires-dist = [
-    { name = "numeral" },
     { name = "scipy" },
     { name = "sounddevice" },
 ]