Tie long notes across barlines in to_abc() — v0.41.4

Notes longer than one measure are split into tied pieces so abcjs
can render them correctly (e.g. 16-beat choir drone becomes four
tied whole notes).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,96 @@
 
 All notable changes to PyTheory are documented here.
 
+## 0.41.4
+
+- **Fix** — `to_abc()` now ties long notes across barlines instead of emitting
+  oversized durations that abcjs can't render (e.g. 16-beat notes become four
+  tied whole notes).
+
+## 0.41.3
+
+- **Fix** — `to_abc()` now skips parts with only drum tones or rests (no pitched
+  notes), fixing "pitch is undefined" errors in abcjs. Chords are correctly
+  recognized as pitched content.
+
+## 0.41.2
+
+- **Auto bass clef** — `to_abc()` detects low-register parts (808, bass, timpani)
+  and assigns `clef=bass` automatically based on average note octave.
+
+## 0.41.1
+
+- **Fix** — `to_abc()` no longer crashes on parts containing drum tones.
+
+## 0.41.0
+
+- **ABC notation export** — `Score.to_abc()` converts scores to ABC notation
+  strings. Supports multi-voice scores (via `V:` directives), chords, rests,
+  accidentals, and all standard durations. Pass `html=True` to get a
+  self-contained HTML page that renders sheet music in the browser via abcjs.
+
+## 0.40.9
+
+- **Mellotron synth** — tape-replay keyboard with wow/flutter, tape saturation,
+  bandwidth limiting, hiss, and 8-second tape fadeout. Three tape banks via the
+  `tape` parameter: `"strings"` (default), `"flute"`, and `"choir"`.
+- **Analog oscillator synths** — four new waveform generators for fat, alive,
+  analog-style sounds:
+  - `Synth.HARD_SYNC` — slave oscillator hard-synced to a master (Prophet-5
+    leads). `slave_ratio` parameter controls harmonic content.
+  - `Synth.RING_MOD` — two oscillators multiplied for metallic, bell-like
+    inharmonic tones. `mod_ratio` parameter.
+  - `Synth.WAVEFOLD` — west coast wavefolding (Buchla-style). `folds` parameter
+    sweeps from warm to gnarly.
+  - `Synth.DRIFT` — analog VCO with pitch drift, jitter, and noise floor.
+    `shape` parameter (`"saw"`, `"square"`, `"triangle"`, `"pulse"`) and
+    `drift_amount` for instability level.
+- **Synth kwargs passthrough** — `play()`, `save()`, and `_render()` now accept
+  `**synth_kw` for forwarding parameters to synth wave functions (e.g.
+  `play(tone, synth=Synth.MELLOTRON, tape="choir")`).
+- **14 new instrument presets** — `mellotron`, `mellotron_strings`,
+  `mellotron_flute`, `mellotron_choir`, `sync_lead`, `sync_lead_bright`,
+  `ring_mod_bell`, `ring_mod_metallic`, `wavefold_warm`, `wavefold_gnarly`,
+  `drift_saw`, `drift_square`, `analog_pad`, `analog_bass`.
+- **808 bass envelope fix** — changed from `pluck` (zero sustain, wrong for 808)
+  to `piano` (sharp attack with long decay tail).
+
+## 0.40.8
+
+- **Fix hold() inflating duration** — `Note.beats` was returning the full
+  duration for held notes (`_hold=True`), causing `Part.total_beats` and
+  `Score.duration_ms` to overcount. A part with `hold(Sa, WHOLE * 4)` followed
+  by `add(Pa, QUARTER)` would report 17 beats instead of 1. Now held notes
+  return 0 beats, matching the renderer which already skipped advancing the
+  timeline for held notes.
+
+## 0.40.7
+
+- **Expose missing Synth enum entries** — rhodes, wurlitzer, vibraphone,
+  pipe organ, and choir wave functions were already implemented but not
+  accessible via the Synth enum. Now available as `Synth.RHODES`,
+  `Synth.WURLITZER`, `Synth.VIBRAPHONE`, `Synth.PIPE_ORGAN`, `Synth.CHOIR`.
+
+## 0.40.6
+
+- **Saxophone presets cleaned up** — removed lowpass filters and vel_to_filter
+  from all sax instrument presets (saxophone, alto_sax, tenor_sax, bari_sax).
+  The saxophone wave function already shapes its own spectrum; the extra
+  filters were dulling the tone.
+
+## 0.40.5
+
+- **Saxophone synth overhaul** — reed nonlinearity (asymmetric soft clipping),
+  conical bore formant resonances, breath noise with attack envelope, separate
+  reed buzz, key click transient, and sub-harmonic warmth. Vibrato dialed back
+  to subtle, delayed onset.
+
+## 0.40.4
+
+- **Distortion overhaul** — multi-stage clipping (preamp → power amp →
+  asymmetric rectifier) replaces single-stage tanh. Crunch, distorted,
+  orange crunch, and metal guitar presets now sound properly driven.
+
 ## 0.40.3
 
 - **Crotales synth** — tuned bronze discs with long ring and bright harmonics

demo_new_synths.py

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+"""Demo the 5 new synths: Mellotron, Hard Sync, Ring Mod, Wavefold, Drift.
+
+Each synth gets a short musical phrase — not just a scale run — with
+reverb and rhythmic variety to show off its character.
+"""
+from pytheory import Score, Duration, play_score
+
+EIGHTH = Duration.EIGHTH
+QUARTER = Duration.QUARTER
+HALF = Duration.HALF
+DOTTED_Q = Duration.DOTTED_QUARTER
+WHOLE = Duration.WHOLE
+
+
+# ── Mellotron Strings ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Strawberry Fields vibes — slow, haunted, with rests that breathe.
+
+print("=== MELLOTRON STRINGS ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=72)
+p = s.part("tape", instrument="mellotron_strings",
+           reverb=0.45, reverb_type="cathedral", reverb_decay=2.0)
+p.add("G4", HALF).add("B4", QUARTER).add("D5", QUARTER)
+p.add("C5", DOTTED_Q).add("B4", EIGHTH).add("A4", HALF)
+p.rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("G4", DOTTED_Q).add("F#4", EIGHTH).add("G4", WHOLE)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Mellotron Flute ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Lonely, breathy, with space between phrases.
+
+print("\n=== MELLOTRON FLUTE ===")
+s = Score("3/4", bpm=84)
+p = s.part("flute", instrument="mellotron_flute",
+           reverb=0.5, reverb_type="taj_mahal", reverb_decay=2.5)
+p.add("E5", HALF).add("D5", QUARTER)
+p.add("C5", DOTTED_Q).add("B4", EIGHTH).rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("A4", HALF).add("G4", QUARTER)
+p.add("A4", HALF).rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("E5", QUARTER).add("D5", QUARTER).add("C5", QUARTER)
+p.add("B4", HALF + QUARTER)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Mellotron Choir ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Ghostly pad — slow chords, big reverb.
+
+print("\n=== MELLOTRON CHOIR ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=60)
+p = s.part("choir", instrument="mellotron_choir",
+           reverb=0.6, reverb_type="cathedral", reverb_decay=3.0)
+p.add("C4", WHOLE)
+p.add("E4", HALF).add("G4", HALF)
+p.add("A4", DOTTED_Q).add("G4", EIGHTH).add("F4", HALF)
+p.add("E4", WHOLE)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Hard Sync Lead ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Aggressive, punchy — fast 16ths and syncopation.
+
+print("\n=== HARD SYNC LEAD ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=128)
+p = s.part("sync", instrument="sync_lead",
+           reverb=0.25, reverb_type="plate")
+p.add("E4", EIGHTH).add("E4", EIGHTH).rest(EIGHTH).add("G4", EIGHTH)
+p.add("A4", QUARTER).add("G4", EIGHTH).add("E4", EIGHTH)
+p.add("D4", EIGHTH).rest(EIGHTH).add("E4", EIGHTH).add("G4", EIGHTH)
+p.add("A4", HALF)
+p.rest(QUARTER).add("B4", EIGHTH).add("A4", EIGHTH)
+p.add("G4", QUARTER).add("E4", QUARTER).add("D4", HALF)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Hard Sync Bright ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Higher slave ratio — more harmonics, screaming lead.
+
+print("\n=== HARD SYNC BRIGHT ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=138)
+p = s.part("sync2", instrument="sync_lead_bright",
+           reverb=0.2, reverb_type="plate")
+p.add("A4", EIGHTH).add("C5", EIGHTH).add("D5", QUARTER)
+p.rest(EIGHTH).add("E5", EIGHTH).add("D5", EIGHTH).add("C5", EIGHTH)
+p.add("A4", QUARTER).rest(QUARTER).add("G4", EIGHTH).add("A4", EIGHTH)
+p.add("C5", HALF)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Ring Mod Bell ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Shimmery, metallic — sparse hits with long reverb tail.
+
+print("\n=== RING MOD BELL ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=66)
+p = s.part("bell", instrument="ring_mod_bell",
+           reverb=0.6, reverb_type="cave", reverb_decay=3.0)
+p.add("C5", HALF).rest(QUARTER).add("G4", QUARTER)
+p.rest(HALF).add("E5", HALF)
+p.add("D5", QUARTER).rest(QUARTER).add("C5", HALF)
+p.rest(WHOLE)
+p.add("G4", QUARTER).add("A4", QUARTER).add("C5", HALF)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Ring Mod Metallic ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Alien, inharmonic — atonal stabs.
+
+print("\n=== RING MOD METALLIC ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+p = s.part("metal", instrument="ring_mod_metallic",
+           reverb=0.4, reverb_type="parking_garage", reverb_decay=2.0)
+p.add("F4", EIGHTH).rest(EIGHTH).add("Ab4", EIGHTH).add("F4", EIGHTH)
+p.rest(QUARTER).add("Db5", QUARTER).rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("C5", EIGHTH).add("Ab4", EIGHTH).rest(QUARTER).add("F4", HALF)
+p.rest(HALF).add("Db5", QUARTER).add("C5", QUARTER)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Wavefold Warm ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Gentle folds — round and musical, like a filtered saw with overtones.
+
+print("\n=== WAVEFOLD WARM ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=108)
+p = s.part("fold", instrument="wavefold_warm",
+           reverb=0.3, reverb_type="plate")
+p.add("A3", QUARTER).add("C4", QUARTER).add("E4", QUARTER).add("A4", QUARTER)
+p.add("G4", DOTTED_Q).add("E4", EIGHTH).add("C4", HALF)
+p.add("D4", QUARTER).add("F4", QUARTER).add("A4", HALF)
+p.add("G4", WHOLE)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Wavefold Gnarly ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Cranked folds — buzzy, aggressive, with syncopation.
+
+print("\n=== WAVEFOLD GNARLY ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=130)
+p = s.part("gnarly", instrument="wavefold_gnarly",
+           reverb=0.2, reverb_type="spring")
+p.add("E3", EIGHTH).add("E3", EIGHTH).rest(EIGHTH).add("G3", EIGHTH)
+p.add("A3", EIGHTH).rest(EIGHTH).add("B3", EIGHTH).add("A3", EIGHTH)
+p.add("E3", QUARTER).add("G3", EIGHTH).add("A3", EIGHTH).add("B3", QUARTER)
+p.rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("E4", EIGHTH).add("D4", EIGHTH).add("B3", QUARTER).add("A3", HALF)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Drift Saw ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Warm, alive analog saw — the Minimoog pad.
+
+print("\n=== DRIFT SAW (vintage VCO) ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=88)
+p = s.part("drift", instrument="drift_saw",
+           reverb=0.35, reverb_type="taj_mahal", reverb_decay=2.0)
+p.add("D4", HALF).add("F4", HALF)
+p.add("A4", DOTTED_Q).add("G4", EIGHTH).add("F4", QUARTER).rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("D4", QUARTER).add("E4", QUARTER).add("F4", HALF)
+p.add("D4", WHOLE)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Drift Square ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Hollow, wobbly — 8-bit with analog soul.
+
+print("\n=== DRIFT SQUARE ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=110)
+p = s.part("dsq", instrument="drift_square",
+           reverb=0.25, reverb_type="plate")
+p.add("C4", EIGHTH).add("E4", EIGHTH).add("G4", QUARTER).add("E4", QUARTER)
+p.rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("A4", EIGHTH).add("G4", EIGHTH).add("E4", QUARTER).add("C4", HALF)
+p.add("D4", QUARTER).add("F4", EIGHTH).add("G4", EIGHTH).add("A4", HALF)
+p.add("G4", WHOLE)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Analog Pad ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Slow, drifting chords — Juno-style lushness.
+
+print("\n=== ANALOG PAD ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=70)
+p = s.part("pad", instrument="analog_pad",
+           reverb=0.5, reverb_type="taj_mahal", reverb_decay=3.0)
+p.add("A3", WHOLE)
+p.add("C4", HALF).add("E4", HALF)
+p.add("F4", WHOLE)
+p.add("E4", HALF).add("D4", HALF)
+p.add("C4", WHOLE)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+# ── Analog Bass ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Tight, punchy — Moog bass with filter sweep.
+
+print("\n=== ANALOG BASS ===")
+s = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+p = s.part("bass", instrument="analog_bass",
+           reverb=0.1, reverb_type="plate")
+p.add("E2", EIGHTH).add("E2", EIGHTH).rest(EIGHTH).add("G2", EIGHTH)
+p.add("A2", QUARTER).rest(QUARTER)
+p.add("E2", EIGHTH).rest(EIGHTH).add("B2", EIGHTH).add("A2", EIGHTH)
+p.add("G2", QUARTER).add("E2", QUARTER).rest(HALF)
+p.add("E2", EIGHTH).add("E2", EIGHTH).add("G2", EIGHTH).add("A2", EIGHTH)
+p.add("B2", QUARTER).add("A2", QUARTER).add("E2", HALF)
+play_score(s)
+
+
+print("\nDone!")

docs/generate_audio.py

@@ -850,6 +850,56 @@ def gen_synth_ukulele():
         p.strum(ch, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=72)
     render("synth_ukulele", score)
 
+def gen_synth_hard_sync():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="sync_lead_bright", volume=0.5)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=90)
+    render("synth_hard_sync", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_ring_mod():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=90)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="ring_mod_bell", volume=0.5)
+    for n in ["C5", "E5", "G5", "C6", "G5", "E5", "C5", "E5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_ring_mod", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_wavefold():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=110)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="wavefold_warm", volume=0.5)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_wavefold", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_drift():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=90)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="drift_saw", volume=0.5, reverb=0.35,
+                   reverb_type="taj_mahal")
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.HALF, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_drift", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_karplus():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="pluck_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.2)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_karplus", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_mellotron():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="mellotron_flute", volume=0.5)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_mellotron", score)
+
+
 def gen_synth_granular():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
     p = score.part("demo", instrument="granular_pad", volume=0.5, reverb=0.4)
@@ -1139,6 +1189,12 @@ GENERATORS = [
     gen_synth_banjo,
     gen_synth_mandolin,
     gen_synth_ukulele,
+    gen_synth_hard_sync,
+    gen_synth_ring_mod,
+    gen_synth_wavefold,
+    gen_synth_drift,
+    gen_synth_karplus,
+    gen_synth_mellotron,
     gen_synth_granular,
     gen_synth_crotales,
     gen_synth_tingsha,

docs/guide/playback.rst

@@ -44,6 +44,22 @@ Optional parameters for synth, envelope, and temperament:
    play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.SAW, envelope=Envelope.PLUCK, t=1_000)
    play(Tone.from_string("C4"), temperament="pythagorean", t=1_000)
 
+Synth-specific parameters are passed through as keyword arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Mellotron with flute tape
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.MELLOTRON, tape="choir", t=2_000)
+
+   # Hard sync with custom slave ratio
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.HARD_SYNC, slave_ratio=2.5)
+
+   # Wavefolding with 4 folds
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.WAVEFOLD, folds=4.0)
+
+   # Drift oscillator with square shape
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.DRIFT, shape="square")
+
 play_score() -- Full Arrangements
 ---------------------------------
 

docs/guide/synths.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Synthesizers
 ============
 
-PyTheory includes 41 built-in waveforms and 10 ADSR envelope presets.
+PyTheory includes 56 built-in waveforms and 10 ADSR envelope presets.
 Every sound is generated from scratch -- no samples or external audio
 files needed.
 
@@ -249,6 +249,130 @@ produces a natural chorus/vibrato effect built into the waveform itself.
 
    <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_pwm_fast.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
 
+Analog Synthesis
+----------------
+
+These waveforms model the behavior of real analog hardware — the
+imperfections, interactions, and nonlinearities that make a room full
+of vintage synths sound so much more alive than a room full of VSTs.
+Each one is a different approach to the same question: how do you make
+a digital oscillator sound like it has a soul?
+
+Hard Sync
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+A "slave" oscillator is forced to restart its cycle every time a
+"master" oscillator completes one. The abrupt restart creates bright
+formant peaks that sweep as the slave ratio changes. This is THE sound
+of the Prophet-5, Moog Prodigy, and every screaming analog lead since
+1978.
+
+**Use for:** aggressive leads, formant sweeps, cutting solos.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   lead = score.part("lead", synth="hard_sync", envelope="pluck")
+
+   # Higher slave ratio = more harmonics, brighter
+   from pytheory import play, Synth, Tone
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.HARD_SYNC, slave_ratio=2.5)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_hard_sync.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Ring Modulation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Two oscillators multiplied together, producing sum and difference
+frequencies. Unlike FM, ring mod outputs only sidebands — no carrier
+or modulator fundamental. The result is metallic, bell-like, and often
+inharmonic. Classic Dalek voice, Stockhausen, and every sci-fi
+soundtrack.
+
+**Use for:** metallic bells, alien textures, inharmonic percussion.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   bells = score.part("bells", instrument="ring_mod_bell",
+                      reverb=0.5, reverb_type="cave")
+
+   # Non-integer ratios = more inharmonic
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.RING_MOD, mod_ratio=2.1)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_ring_mod.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Wavefolding
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The heart of west coast synthesis (Buchla, Make Noise, Verbos). A sine
+wave is amplified past ±1.0, then "folded" — the overflow bounces back
+instead of clipping. Each fold adds new harmonic pairs. At low fold
+counts it's warm and round; crank it up and it gets buzzy, gnarly, and
+alive.
+
+This sounds completely different from subtractive synthesis — instead of
+*removing* harmonics with a filter, you're *generating* them by shaping
+the wave. Pairs beautifully with a lowpass filter after the fold.
+
+**Use for:** complex leads, evolving textures, west coast basslines.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Warm, musical folding
+   warm = score.part("fold", instrument="wavefold_warm")
+
+   # Cranked and aggressive
+   gnarly = score.part("gnarly", instrument="wavefold_gnarly")
+
+   # Direct control over fold amount
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.WAVEFOLD, folds=3.0)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_wavefold.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Drift Oscillator
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Real analog oscillators are never perfectly stable. Capacitor charging,
+thermal variations, and component tolerances make the pitch wander
+slightly. This is what makes a Minimoog sound "fat" and a VST sound
+"thin" — the constant micro-motion of imperfect hardware.
+
+The drift oscillator models slow pitch drift (< 1 Hz wander), fast
+jitter (per-cycle randomness), a soft analog noise floor, and slightly
+rounded waveform edges. It turns any basic shape into something that
+breathes.
+
+**Use for:** analog-style pads, warm basses, vintage leads, any voice
+that needs to feel "alive."
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Vintage Minimoog-style saw
+   pad = score.part("pad", instrument="drift_saw",
+                    reverb=0.35, reverb_type="taj_mahal")
+
+   # Hollow square with analog wobble
+   sq = score.part("sq", instrument="drift_square")
+
+   # Control the shape and instability directly
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.DRIFT,
+        shape="triangle", drift_amount=0.25)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_drift.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Drift amount controls how unstable the oscillator is:
+
+- **0.05** = studio-grade (Sequential, Oberheim)
+- **0.15** = classic vintage (Minimoog, ARP) — the default
+- **0.30** = barely-holding-it-together (old SH-101)
+
 ADSR Envelopes
 --------------
 
@@ -406,6 +530,10 @@ It sounds genuinely like a real guitar, harp, or koto.
    guitar = score.part("guitar", synth="pluck_synth")
    harp = score.part("harp", instrument="harp")  # uses pluck_synth
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_karplus.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Hammond Organ
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -440,11 +568,11 @@ Dedicated Instrument Synths
 --------------------------
 
 Beyond the classic and physical modeling waveforms, PyTheory includes
-31 dedicated instrument synths. Each one uses tailored synthesis
+36 dedicated instrument synths. Each one uses tailored synthesis
 techniques -- additive harmonics, formant shaping, body resonance
 modeling, and specialized envelopes -- to capture the character of a
 specific acoustic instrument. These are the waveforms that bring the
-total count to 41.
+total count to 56.
 
 Piano Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -495,6 +623,42 @@ picked up by an electrostatic pickup. More nasal, reedy, and biting
 
    <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_wurlitzer.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
 
+Mellotron
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The original "sampler" — a 1960s keyboard where each key triggers a
+strip of magnetic tape with a pre-recorded instrument. The mechanical
+tape transport gives it a haunted, lo-fi quality that no digital
+emulation fully captures: pitch wobbles from uneven capstan speed,
+bandwidth limited to 300 Hz–6 kHz (like a worn cassette), soft tape
+saturation, and tapes that physically run out after 8 seconds.
+
+The Mellotron defined the sound of *Strawberry Fields Forever*,
+*Stairway to Heaven*, and every prog rock record from 1969–1977.
+
+Three tape banks are available via the ``tape`` parameter:
+
+- ``"strings"`` (default) — the iconic MkII string section
+- ``"flute"`` — breathy, haunting solo flute
+- ``"choir"`` — ghostly vocal pad
+
+**Use for:** prog rock, haunted textures, vintage orchestral color.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Use instrument presets (includes reverb)
+   strings = score.part("strings", instrument="mellotron_strings")
+   flute = score.part("flute", instrument="mellotron_flute")
+   choir = score.part("choir", instrument="mellotron_choir")
+
+   # Or select the tape directly
+   from pytheory import play, Synth, Tone
+   play(Tone.from_string("C4"), synth=Synth.MELLOTRON, tape="flute", t=3000)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_mellotron.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Vibraphone Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -1127,6 +1291,12 @@ bagpipe, singing_bowl, singing_bowl_ring, tingsha
 **Synth**: synth_lead, synth_pad, synth_bass, acid_bass, 808_bass,
 granular_pad, granular_texture, vocal, choir
 
+**Mellotron**: mellotron, mellotron_strings, mellotron_flute, mellotron_choir
+
+**Analog**: sync_lead, sync_lead_bright, ring_mod_bell, ring_mod_metallic,
+wavefold_warm, wavefold_gnarly, drift_saw, drift_square, analog_pad,
+analog_bass
+
 **Percussion**: vibraphone, marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular_bells,
 timpani, crotales
 
@@ -1169,3 +1339,11 @@ Some practical combos worth memorizing:
   long reverb and you're scoring a nature documentary.
 - ``saw`` + ``pluck`` = **funk stab.** Short, sharp, bright. The
   sound of Nile Rodgers' right hand.
+- ``hard_sync`` + ``pluck`` = **prophet lead.** Bright formant peak
+  that cuts through any mix. The opening riff of every 80s synth solo.
+- ``wavefold`` + ``organ`` = **west coast bass.** Warm, harmonically
+  rich sine-derivative that pairs beautifully with a lowpass after.
+- ``drift`` + ``pad`` = **analog pad.** A sawtooth that breathes and
+  wobbles like a real VCO. Add chorus and reverb for Juno vibes.
+- ``mellotron_synth`` + ``organ`` = **prog strings.** Haunted tape
+  machine. Add cathedral reverb and you're in 1972.

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "pytheory"
-version = "0.40.3"
+version = "0.41.4"
 description = "Music Theory for Humans"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"

pytheory/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """PyTheory: Music Theory for Humans."""
 
-__version__ = "0.40.3"
+__version__ = "0.41.4"
 
 from .tones import Tone, Interval
 from .systems import System, SYSTEMS, TET

pytheory/play.py

@@ -203,6 +203,168 @@ def pwm_fast_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
     return pwm_wave(hz, peak, n_samples, lfo_rate=3.0)
 
 
+def hard_sync_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE,
+                   slave_ratio=1.5):
+    """Hard-sync oscillator — slave saw reset by master clock.
+
+    The quintessential analog lead sound. A "slave" oscillator runs at
+    a different frequency but is forced to restart its cycle every time
+    the "master" oscillator completes one. The abrupt restart creates
+    bright, harmonically complex formant peaks that sweep as the slave
+    ratio changes.
+
+    This is THE sound of the Prophet-5, Moog Prodigy, and every
+    screaming analog lead since 1978.
+
+    Args:
+        slave_ratio: Slave frequency as a multiple of master.
+            1.0 = unison (plain saw). 1.5–3.0 = sweet spot for leads.
+            Higher = more metallic, ring-mod-like.
+    """
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    # Master phase ramps 0→1 at hz
+    master_phase = (t * hz) % 1.0
+    # Detect master zero-crossings (phase resets)
+    resets = numpy.diff(master_phase, prepend=master_phase[0]) < -0.5
+    # Slave phase: runs at slave_ratio * hz, but resets with master
+    slave_phase = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64)
+    phase = 0.0
+    slave_freq = hz * slave_ratio
+    dt = 1.0 / SAMPLE_RATE
+    for i in range(n_samples):
+        if resets[i]:
+            phase = 0.0
+        slave_phase[i] = phase
+        phase += slave_freq * dt
+        phase %= 1.0
+    # Slave is a sawtooth: 2*phase - 1
+    wave = 2.0 * slave_phase - 1.0
+    return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
+
+
+def ring_mod_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE,
+                  mod_ratio=1.5):
+    """Ring modulation — two oscillators multiplied together.
+
+    Multiplying two signals produces sum and difference frequencies,
+    creating inharmonic, metallic, bell-like tones. Unlike FM, ring mod
+    produces only sidebands — no carrier or modulator in the output.
+
+    Classic Dalek voice, Stockhausen elektronische Musik, and the
+    metallic clang of every sci-fi soundtrack.
+
+    Args:
+        mod_ratio: Modulator frequency as a multiple of carrier.
+            Integer ratios (2, 3) = harmonic (bell-like).
+            Non-integer (1.5, 2.1) = inharmonic (metallic, alien).
+    """
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    carrier = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * hz * t)
+    modulator = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * hz * mod_ratio * t)
+    wave = carrier * modulator
+    return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
+
+
+def wavefold_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE,
+                  folds=3.0):
+    """Wavefolding — signal folded back on itself for complex harmonics.
+
+    The heart of west coast synthesis (Buchla, Make Noise, Verbos).
+    A sine wave is amplified past ±1.0, then "folded" — the overflow
+    bounces back instead of clipping. Each fold adds a new pair of
+    harmonics. At low fold counts it's warm and round; crank it up
+    and it gets buzzy, gnarly, and alive.
+
+    Sounds completely different from subtractive synthesis — instead
+    of removing harmonics with a filter, you're *generating* them
+    by shaping the wave. Pairs beautifully with a lowpass filter.
+
+    Args:
+        folds: Drive amount. 1.0 = clean sine. 2–4 = sweet spot.
+            6+ = harsh, buzzy territory.
+    """
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    wave = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * hz * t) * folds
+    # Triangle-fold: repeatedly reflect at ±1
+    # Uses the mathematical identity for folding
+    wave = 4.0 * numpy.abs((wave / 4.0 + 0.25) % 1.0 - 0.5) - 1.0
+    return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
+
+
+def drift_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE,
+               shape="saw", drift_amount=0.15):
+    """Analog VCO with pitch drift, instability, and soft noise floor.
+
+    Real analog oscillators are never perfectly stable. Capacitor
+    charging, thermal variations, and component tolerances make the
+    pitch wander slightly. This is what makes a Minimoog sound "fat"
+    and a VST sound "thin" — the constant micro-motion of imperfect
+    hardware.
+
+    Models:
+    - Slow pitch drift (< 1 Hz wander, like warming up)
+    - Fast jitter (subtle per-cycle randomness)
+    - Soft analog noise floor (faint hiss blended in)
+    - Slightly rounded edges (no mathematically perfect transitions)
+
+    Args:
+        shape: Base oscillator — "saw", "square", "triangle", or "pulse".
+        drift_amount: How unstable the oscillator is.
+            0.05 = studio-grade (Sequential, Oberheim).
+            0.15 = classic vintage (Minimoog, ARP).
+            0.3 = barely-holding-it-together (old SH-101).
+    """
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    rng = numpy.random.default_rng(int(hz * 100) % 2**31)
+
+    # Slow pitch drift — 2 LFOs at sub-Hz rates with random phase
+    drift1 = drift_amount * 0.6 * numpy.sin(
+        2 * numpy.pi * 0.07 * t + rng.uniform(0, 2 * numpy.pi))
+    drift2 = drift_amount * 0.4 * numpy.sin(
+        2 * numpy.pi * 0.23 * t + rng.uniform(0, 2 * numpy.pi))
+    # Fast jitter — per-sample noise filtered to ~50 Hz bandwidth
+    jitter_raw = rng.normal(0, drift_amount * 0.08, n_samples)
+    # Simple one-pole lowpass for jitter smoothing
+    alpha = 2 * numpy.pi * 50.0 / SAMPLE_RATE
+    jitter = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64)
+    jitter[0] = jitter_raw[0]
+    for i in range(1, n_samples):
+        jitter[i] = jitter[i-1] + alpha * (jitter_raw[i] - jitter[i-1])
+
+    # Instantaneous frequency with drift (in cents, converted to ratio)
+    cents_offset = drift1 + drift2 + jitter
+    freq_ratio = 2.0 ** (cents_offset / 1200.0)
+
+    # Accumulate phase with varying frequency
+    phase = numpy.cumsum(hz * freq_ratio / SAMPLE_RATE)
+    phase %= 1.0
+
+    # Generate waveform from phase
+    if shape == "square":
+        wave = numpy.where(phase < 0.5, 1.0, -1.0)
+    elif shape == "triangle":
+        wave = 4.0 * numpy.abs(phase - 0.5) - 1.0
+    elif shape == "pulse":
+        wave = numpy.where(phase < 0.25, 1.0, -1.0)
+    else:  # saw
+        wave = 2.0 * phase - 1.0
+
+    # Soft edges — gentle lowpass to round off transitions
+    cutoff = min(16000, hz * 12)
+    bl, al = scipy.signal.butter(1, cutoff, btype='low', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+    wave = scipy.signal.lfilter(bl, al, wave)
+
+    # Subtle analog noise floor
+    noise = rng.normal(0, 0.005, n_samples)
+    wave = wave + noise
+
+    mx = numpy.abs(wave).max()
+    if mx > 0:
+        wave /= mx
+
+    return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
+
+
 def pluck_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
     """Karplus-Strong plucked string synthesis.
 
@@ -534,6 +696,145 @@ def wurlitzer_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
     return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
 
 
+def mellotron_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE,
+                   tape="strings"):
+    """Mellotron — tape-replay keyboard from the 1960s.
+
+    Each key triggers a strip of magnetic tape with a pre-recorded
+    instrument — the original "sampler." The mechanical transport gives
+    it a lo-fi, haunted quality that no digital emulation fully captures:
+
+    - Tape flutter: pitch wobbles from uneven capstan speed
+    - Limited bandwidth: 300 Hz–6 kHz, like a worn cassette
+    - Tape saturation: soft compression, rounded transients
+    - 8-second limit: tapes physically run out (we model the fadeout)
+    - Head noise: faint hiss baked into the character
+
+    The Mellotron defined the sound of Strawberry Fields Forever,
+    Stairway to Heaven, and every prog rock record from 1969–1977.
+
+    Args:
+        tape: Which tape bank to simulate.
+            "strings" — the iconic MkII string section
+            "flute" — breathy, haunting solo flute
+            "choir" — ghostly vocal pad
+    """
+    t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64) / SAMPLE_RATE
+    rng = numpy.random.default_rng(int(hz * 100) % 2**31)
+
+    # --- Tape flutter: slow wow + faster flutter ---
+    wow = 0.12 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 0.4 * t + rng.uniform(0, 6.28))
+    flutter = 0.06 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 6.3 * t + rng.uniform(0, 6.28))
+    flutter += 0.03 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 9.7 * t + rng.uniform(0, 6.28))
+    # Cents of pitch deviation
+    pitch_cents = wow + flutter
+    freq_ratio = 2.0 ** (pitch_cents / 1200.0)
+
+    # Accumulate phase with flutter
+    inst_freq = hz * freq_ratio
+    phase = numpy.cumsum(inst_freq / SAMPLE_RATE)
+
+    # --- Generate the "tape" source ---
+    nyquist = SAMPLE_RATE / 2.0
+    wave = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64)
+
+    if tape == "flute":
+        # Breathy flute: fundamental + weak odd harmonics + breath noise
+        wave += 0.7 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * phase)
+        if hz * 3 < nyquist:
+            wave += 0.12 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 3 * phase + rng.uniform(0, 6.28))
+        if hz * 5 < nyquist:
+            wave += 0.04 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 5 * phase + rng.uniform(0, 6.28))
+        # Breath noise — bandpass filtered around fundamental
+        breath = rng.normal(0, 0.25, n_samples)
+        bw = max(100, hz * 0.3)
+        lo = max(20, hz - bw)
+        hi = min(nyquist * 0.95, hz + bw)
+        bb, ab = scipy.signal.butter(2, [lo, hi], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+        breath = scipy.signal.lfilter(bb, ab, breath)
+        wave += breath
+    elif tape == "choir":
+        # Ghostly vocal pad: formant-shaped harmonics with slow drift
+        formants = [
+            (800, 100),   # first formant ~'ah'
+            (1200, 120),  # second formant
+            (2500, 200),  # third formant
+        ]
+        n_harmonics = min(20, int(nyquist / hz))
+        for n in range(1, n_harmonics + 1):
+            f_n = hz * n
+            if f_n >= nyquist:
+                break
+            amp = 1.0 / n
+            # Shape by formant peaks
+            for f_center, f_bw in formants:
+                amp *= 1.0 + 1.5 * numpy.exp(-((f_n - f_center) / f_bw) ** 2)
+            p = rng.uniform(0, 2 * numpy.pi)
+            wave += amp * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * n * phase + p)
+        # Slow ensemble drift between "voices"
+        drift = 0.005 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 0.15 * t + rng.uniform(0, 6.28))
+        wave2 = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64)
+        phase2 = numpy.cumsum(hz * (1.0 + drift) * freq_ratio / SAMPLE_RATE)
+        for n in range(1, min(8, int(nyquist / hz)) + 1):
+            f_n = hz * n
+            if f_n >= nyquist:
+                break
+            amp = 0.6 / n
+            for f_center, f_bw in formants:
+                amp *= 1.0 + 1.5 * numpy.exp(-((f_n - f_center) / f_bw) ** 2)
+            wave2 += amp * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * n * phase2 + rng.uniform(0, 6.28))
+        wave += wave2
+    else:
+        # Strings (default): layered ensemble with detuned unison
+        n_harmonics = min(25, int(nyquist / hz))
+        # Two "sections" slightly detuned for ensemble width
+        for section_detune in [-1.5, 0, 1.5]:
+            section_hz = hz * (2 ** (section_detune / 1200.0))
+            section_phase = numpy.cumsum(section_hz * freq_ratio / SAMPLE_RATE)
+            for n in range(1, n_harmonics + 1):
+                f_n = section_hz * n
+                if f_n >= nyquist:
+                    break
+                # String-like: 1/n rolloff, even harmonics slightly weaker
+                amp = 1.0 / n
+                if n % 2 == 0:
+                    amp *= 0.8
+                p = rng.uniform(0, 2 * numpy.pi)
+                wave += amp * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * n * section_phase + p)
+
+    # Normalize before processing
+    mx = numpy.abs(wave).max()
+    if mx > 0:
+        wave /= mx
+
+    # --- Tape bandwidth limiting: 300 Hz – 6 kHz ---
+    lo_cut = min(300, hz * 0.9)  # don't cut fundamental
+    hi_cut = min(6000, nyquist * 0.95)
+    if lo_cut < hi_cut and lo_cut > 0:
+        bb, ab = scipy.signal.butter(2, [lo_cut, hi_cut], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+        wave = scipy.signal.lfilter(bb, ab, wave)
+
+    # --- Tape saturation: soft compression ---
+    wave = numpy.tanh(wave * 1.4) / 1.2
+
+    # --- Tape run-out: gentle fadeout after ~7 seconds ---
+    if n_samples > int(SAMPLE_RATE * 7):
+        fadeout_start = int(SAMPLE_RATE * 7)
+        fadeout_len = n_samples - fadeout_start
+        fade = numpy.linspace(1.0, 0.0, fadeout_len)
+        wave[fadeout_start:] *= fade
+
+    # --- Head noise / tape hiss ---
+    hiss = rng.normal(0, 0.008, n_samples)
+    wave += hiss
+
+    mx = numpy.abs(wave).max()
+    if mx > 0:
+        wave /= mx
+
+    return (peak * wave).astype(numpy.int16)
+
+
 def vibraphone_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
     """Vibraphone — struck aluminum bars with motor-driven tremolo.
 
@@ -1187,62 +1488,131 @@ def timpani_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
 
 
 def saxophone_wave(hz, peak=SAMPLE_PEAK, n_samples=SAMPLE_RATE):
-    """Saxophone — single reed through a conical brass bore.
+    """Saxophone — single reed driving a conical brass bore.
 
-    The conical bore produces all harmonics (like oboe), but the
-    brass body and larger mouthpiece give a warmer, fatter, more
-    vocal quality. The reed adds a slight buzz. Saxophone is
-    between clarinet (odd harmonics) and oboe (nasal even+odd) —
-    it has everything, with a strong fundamental and rich mids.
+    Models the key acoustic properties of a saxophone:
+    1. Reed-bore interaction — nonlinear clipping creates the characteristic
+       bright, edgy tone (not just additive sines)
+    2. Conical bore formants — vocal-like resonances at ~500, ~1400, ~2300,
+       ~3200 Hz that give sax its singing quality
+    3. Breath noise — turbulent airflow through the mouthpiece, strongest
+       at attack and blending into sustained tone
+    4. Sub-harmonic warmth — the conical bore's coupling creates warmth
+       below the fundamental
+    5. Vibrato — delayed onset, ~5 Hz, characteristic of jazz/classical sax
     """
+    import scipy.signal as _sig
+
     t = numpy.arange(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64) / SAMPLE_RATE
     rng = numpy.random.default_rng(int(hz * 100) % 2**31)
 
-    # Vibrato — develops after ~250ms, wider than flute
-    vib_onset = numpy.clip(t / 0.25, 0.0, 1.0)
-    vib = hz * 0.0012 * vib_onset * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 5.2 * t)
+    # --- Vibrato: delayed onset, subtle depth ---
+    vib_onset = numpy.clip((t - 0.3) / 0.3, 0.0, 1.0)
+    vib_rate = 5.0 + 0.15 * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 0.4 * t)
+    vib = hz * 0.0006 * vib_onset * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * vib_rate * t)
 
+    # --- Core tone: sawtooth-like waveform with reed clipping ---
+    # Real sax reed creates a quasi-sawtooth pressure wave, not pure sines.
+    # Build from harmonics with sax-specific spectral envelope, then clip.
     wave = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64)
-    n_harmonics = min(20, int((SAMPLE_RATE / 2) / hz))
+    n_harmonics = min(25, int((SAMPLE_RATE / 2) / hz))
 
     for n in range(1, n_harmonics + 1):
         f_n = hz * n
         if f_n >= SAMPLE_RATE / 2:
             break
-        # Sax spectral shape: strong fundamental, broad mid peak (3-6),
-        # slower rolloff than oboe (brass body carries harmonics further)
+        # Saxophone spectral envelope from acoustic measurements:
+        # Strong fundamental, nearly-as-strong 2nd and 3rd harmonics,
+        # broad energy peak around harmonics 4-8 (the "body"), then
+        # gradual rolloff — but slower than other woodwinds (brass bore
+        # sustains upper partials).
         if n == 1:
             amp = 1.0
-        elif n <= 3:
-            amp = 0.6
-        elif n <= 6:
-            amp = 0.4 * numpy.exp(-0.1 * (n - 4) ** 2)
+        elif n == 2:
+            amp = 0.85
+        elif n == 3:
+            amp = 0.7
+        elif n <= 8:
+            # Broad mid peak — this is the sax "meat"
+            amp = 0.55 * numpy.exp(-0.06 * (n - 5) ** 2)
         else:
-            amp = 0.2 / n
+            # Slower rolloff than oboe/clarinet
+            amp = 0.35 / (n ** 0.7)
+
+        # Slight even/odd asymmetry — conical bore has all harmonics
+        # but evens are ~10% weaker (midway between cylinder and cone)
+        if n % 2 == 0:
+            amp *= 0.9
+
         phase = rng.uniform(0, 2 * numpy.pi)
         wave += amp * numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * (f_n + vib * n) * t + phase)
 
-    # Reed buzz — more present than oboe but still warm
-    reed = rng.normal(0, 0.07, n_samples)
-    # Bandpass the reed noise around 1-3kHz (the "honk" range)
-    import scipy.signal as _sig
-    reed_lo = max(20, int(hz * 2))
-    reed_hi = min(SAMPLE_RATE // 2 - 1, int(hz * 6))
+    # --- Reed nonlinearity: soft clipping ---
+    # The reed closes against the mouthpiece, creating asymmetric clipping
+    # that adds brightness and "edge". This is what makes sax sound like
+    # sax and not a flute.
+    wave_max = numpy.abs(wave).max()
+    if wave_max > 0:
+        wave /= wave_max
+    # Asymmetric soft clip: positive peaks clip harder (reed closure)
+    wave = numpy.tanh(1.8 * wave) * 0.7 + numpy.tanh(2.5 * wave) * 0.3
+
+    # --- Formant resonances: conical bore creates vocal quality ---
+    # These fixed resonances are what make sax sound "vocal" — they
+    # emphasize certain frequency bands regardless of the note played.
+    formant_freqs = [520, 1380, 2300, 3200]
+    formant_bws = [120, 200, 280, 350]
+    formant_gains = [0.25, 0.18, 0.12, 0.08]
+
+    formant_sum = numpy.zeros(n_samples, dtype=numpy.float64)
+    for fc, bw, gain in zip(formant_freqs, formant_bws, formant_gains):
+        lo = max(20, int(fc - bw))
+        hi = min(SAMPLE_RATE // 2 - 1, int(fc + bw))
+        if lo < hi:
+            bf, af = _sig.butter(2, [lo, hi], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+            formant_sum += _sig.lfilter(bf, af, wave) * gain
+    wave = wave * 0.7 + formant_sum
+
+    # --- Breath noise: turbulent air through the mouthpiece ---
+    # Strongest at the attack, then settles to a subtle constant hiss
+    # that gives the tone "life" and prevents it from sounding synthetic.
+    breath = rng.normal(0, 1.0, n_samples)
+    # Shape breath noise into the sax's "hiss" band (2-6 kHz)
+    breath_lo = max(20, 2000)
+    breath_hi = min(SAMPLE_RATE // 2 - 1, 6000)
+    if breath_lo < breath_hi:
+        bb, ab = _sig.butter(2, [breath_lo, breath_hi], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
+        breath = _sig.lfilter(bb, ab, breath)
+    # Attack envelope for breath — strong at onset, then quiet
+    breath_env = 0.15 * numpy.exp(-8.0 * t) + 0.03
+    wave += breath * breath_env
+
+    # --- Reed buzz: low-frequency interaction noise ---
+    # Different from breath — this is the "buzz" from reed vibration
+    # against the mouthpiece, centered around the playing frequency.
+    reed_noise = rng.normal(0, 1.0, n_samples)
+    reed_lo = max(20, int(hz * 0.8))
+    reed_hi = min(SAMPLE_RATE // 2 - 1, int(hz * 4))
     if reed_lo < reed_hi:
         br, ar = _sig.butter(2, [reed_lo, reed_hi], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
-        reed = _sig.lfilter(br, ar, reed).astype(numpy.float64) * 2.0
-    wave += reed
+        reed_noise = _sig.lfilter(br, ar, reed_noise) * 0.06
+    wave += reed_noise
 
-    # Brass body warmth — low-mid boost
-    center = min(1500, hz * 4)
-    bw = 500
-    lo = max(20, int(center - bw))
-    hi = min(SAMPLE_RATE // 2 - 1, int(center + bw))
-    if lo < hi:
-        bp, ap = _sig.butter(2, [lo, hi], btype='band', fs=SAMPLE_RATE)
-        body = _sig.lfilter(bp, ap, wave) * 0.2
-        wave += body
+    # --- Attack transient: key click + breath burst ---
+    attack_len = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.015), n_samples)
+    if attack_len > 0:
+        click = rng.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, attack_len)
+        click *= numpy.exp(-numpy.linspace(0, 8, attack_len))
+        wave[:attack_len] += click * 0.12
 
+    # --- Sub-harmonic warmth ---
+    # Conical bore coupling produces energy slightly below fundamental
+    if hz > 80:  # only if there's room
+        sub = numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * (hz * 0.5) * t) * 0.04
+        sub *= numpy.clip(t / 0.1, 0.0, 1.0)  # fade in gently
+        wave += sub
+
+    # --- Final shaping ---
     mx = numpy.abs(wave).max()
     if mx > 0:
         wave /= mx
@@ -2384,6 +2754,16 @@ class Synth(Enum):
     TINGSHA = "tingsha_synth"
     SINGING_BOWL_STRIKE = "singing_bowl_strike_synth"
     SINGING_BOWL_RING = "singing_bowl_ring_synth"
+    RHODES = "rhodes_synth"
+    WURLITZER = "wurlitzer_synth"
+    VIBRAPHONE = "vibraphone_synth"
+    PIPE_ORGAN = "pipe_organ_synth"
+    CHOIR = "choir_synth"
+    MELLOTRON = "mellotron_synth"
+    HARD_SYNC = "hard_sync"
+    RING_MOD = "ring_mod"
+    WAVEFOLD = "wavefold"
+    DRIFT = "drift"
 
     def __call__(self, hz, **kwargs):
         """Make Synth members callable — dispatches to the wave function."""
@@ -2418,11 +2798,14 @@ _SYNTH_FUNCTIONS = {
     "tingsha_synth": tingsha_wave,
     "singing_bowl_strike_synth": singing_bowl_strike_wave,
     "singing_bowl_ring_synth": singing_bowl_ring_wave,
+    "mellotron_synth": mellotron_wave,
+    "hard_sync": hard_sync_wave, "ring_mod": ring_mod_wave,
+    "wavefold": wavefold_wave, "drift": drift_wave,
 }
 
 
 def _render(tone_or_chord, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
-            envelope=Envelope.PIANO):
+            envelope=Envelope.PIANO, **synth_kw):
     """Render a tone or chord to a NumPy sample array.
 
     Args:
@@ -2434,6 +2817,9 @@ def _render(tone_or_chord, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
         t: Duration in milliseconds.
         envelope: ADSR envelope preset. Use ``Envelope.NONE`` for raw
             output (old behavior).
+        **synth_kw: Extra keyword arguments forwarded to the synth wave
+            function (e.g. ``tape="flute"`` for Mellotron,
+            ``slave_ratio=2.0`` for Hard Sync).
 
     Returns:
         A NumPy int16 array of audio samples.
@@ -2441,10 +2827,10 @@ def _render(tone_or_chord, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
     n_samples = int(SAMPLE_RATE * t / 1_000)
 
     if isinstance(tone_or_chord, Tone):
-        waves = [synth(tone_or_chord.pitch(temperament=temperament), n_samples=n_samples)]
+        waves = [synth(tone_or_chord.pitch(temperament=temperament), n_samples=n_samples, **synth_kw)]
     else:
         waves = [
-            synth(tone.pitch(temperament=temperament), n_samples=n_samples)
+            synth(tone.pitch(temperament=temperament), n_samples=n_samples, **synth_kw)
             for tone in tone_or_chord.tones
         ]
 
@@ -2459,7 +2845,7 @@ def _render(tone_or_chord, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
 
 
 def play(tone_or_chord, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
-         envelope=Envelope.PIANO):
+         envelope=Envelope.PIANO, **synth_kw):
     """Play a tone or chord through the speakers.
 
     Args:
@@ -2471,19 +2857,22 @@ def play(tone_or_chord, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
         t: Duration in milliseconds (default 1000).
         envelope: ADSR envelope preset (default ``Envelope.PIANO``).
             Use ``Envelope.NONE`` for raw waveform.
+        **synth_kw: Extra keyword arguments forwarded to the synth wave
+            function (e.g. ``tape="flute"`` for Mellotron).
 
     Example::
 
         >>> play(Tone.from_string("A4"), t=1_000)
         >>> play(Chord.from_name("Am7"), synth=Synth.TRIANGLE, t=2_000)
         >>> play(tone, envelope=Envelope.PAD, t=3_000)
+        >>> play(tone, synth=Synth.MELLOTRON, tape="choir", t=2_000)
     """
     _play_for(_render(tone_or_chord, temperament=temperament, synth=synth,
-                      t=t, envelope=envelope), ms=t)
+                      t=t, envelope=envelope, **synth_kw), ms=t)
 
 
 def save(tone_or_chord, path, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
-         envelope=Envelope.PIANO):
+         envelope=Envelope.PIANO, **synth_kw):
     """Render a tone or chord and save it as a WAV file.
 
     Args:
@@ -2493,6 +2882,8 @@ def save(tone_or_chord, path, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
         synth: Waveform type.
         t: Duration in milliseconds (default 1000).
         envelope: ADSR envelope preset (default ``Envelope.PIANO``).
+        **synth_kw: Extra keyword arguments forwarded to the synth wave
+            function.
 
     Example::
 
@@ -2502,7 +2893,7 @@ def save(tone_or_chord, path, temperament="equal", synth=Synth.SINE, t=1_000,
     import scipy.io.wavfile
 
     samples = _render(tone_or_chord, temperament=temperament, synth=synth,
-                      t=t, envelope=envelope)
+                      t=t, envelope=envelope, **synth_kw)
     normalized = samples.astype(numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_PEAK
     # Convert to 16-bit PCM
     pcm = (normalized * 32767).astype(numpy.int16)
@@ -4902,7 +5293,19 @@ def _apply_distortion(samples, drive=1.0, mix=1.0):
     """
     if mix <= 0 or drive <= 0:
         return samples
-    driven = numpy.tanh(samples * drive)
+    # Multi-stage gain + clipping like a real amp:
+    # Stage 1: preamp gain — push the signal hard
+    stage1 = numpy.tanh(samples * drive)
+    # Stage 2: power amp — clip again with more gain for sustain and grit
+    stage2 = numpy.tanh(stage1 * drive * 0.5)
+    # Stage 3: at high drive, add asymmetric clipping (tube rectifier sag)
+    if drive > 3.0:
+        # Positive peaks clip harder than negative — asymmetric harmonics
+        driven = numpy.where(stage2 > 0,
+                             numpy.tanh(stage2 * 1.5),
+                             numpy.tanh(stage2 * 1.2))
+    else:
+        driven = stage2
     return samples * (1 - mix) + driven * mix
 
 
@@ -5491,8 +5894,8 @@ def render_score(score):
             env_tuple = _resolve_envelope(part.envelope)
             # Use part swing if set, otherwise score swing
             effective_swing = part.swing if part.swing is not None else score.swing
-            # Build synth-specific kwargs (e.g. FM ratio/index)
-            synth_kwargs = {}
+            # Build synth-specific kwargs (e.g. FM ratio/index, tape, folds)
+            synth_kwargs = dict(getattr(part, 'synth_kw', None) or {})
             if part.synth in ("fm",):
                 synth_kwargs["mod_ratio"] = part.fm_ratio
                 synth_kwargs["mod_index"] = part.fm_index

pytheory/repl.py

@@ -806,6 +806,12 @@ _INSTRUMENT_NAMES = [
     # Synth presets
     "synth_lead", "synth_pad", "synth_bass", "acid_bass",
     "granular_pad", "vocal", "choir", "granular_texture", "808_bass",
+    # Mellotron
+    "mellotron", "mellotron_strings", "mellotron_flute", "mellotron_choir",
+    # Analog
+    "sync_lead", "sync_lead_bright", "ring_mod_bell", "ring_mod_metallic",
+    "wavefold_warm", "wavefold_gnarly", "drift_saw", "drift_square",
+    "analog_pad", "analog_bass",
     # Percussion / Mallet
     "vibraphone", "marimba", "xylophone", "glockenspiel", "tubular_bells", "timpani",
     # Woodwinds (continued)

pytheory/rhythm.py

@@ -342,12 +342,110 @@ INSTRUMENTS = {
         "delay": 0.3, "delay_time": 0.4, "delay_feedback": 0.4,
     },
     "808_bass": {
-        "synth": "sine", "envelope": "pluck",
+        "synth": "sine", "envelope": "piano",
         "distortion": 0.4, "distortion_drive": 2.5,
         "lowpass": 200, "lowpass_q": 1.5,
         "sub_osc": 0.5, "saturation": 0.2,
     },
 
+    # ── Mellotron ──
+    "mellotron": {
+        "synth": "mellotron_synth", "envelope": "organ",
+        "reverb": 0.3, "reverb_type": "plate",
+        "humanize": 0.2,
+    },
+    "mellotron_strings": {
+        "synth": "mellotron_synth", "envelope": "organ",
+        "reverb": 0.3, "reverb_type": "plate",
+        "humanize": 0.2,
+    },
+    "mellotron_flute": {
+        "synth": "mellotron_synth", "envelope": "organ",
+        "synth_kw": {"tape": "flute"},
+        "reverb": 0.35, "reverb_type": "hall",
+        "humanize": 0.2,
+    },
+    "mellotron_choir": {
+        "synth": "mellotron_synth", "envelope": "organ",
+        "synth_kw": {"tape": "choir"},
+        "reverb": 0.4, "reverb_type": "cathedral",
+        "humanize": 0.2,
+    },
+
+    # ── Analog oscillator presets ──
+    "sync_lead": {
+        "synth": "hard_sync", "envelope": "pluck",
+        "synth_kw": {"slave_ratio": 1.5},
+        "detune": 8, "lowpass": 4000,
+        "filter_attack": 0.01, "filter_decay": 0.25,
+        "filter_sustain": 0.3, "filter_amount": 3000,
+        "delay": 0.15, "delay_time": 0.2, "delay_feedback": 0.25,
+        "analog": 0.3,
+    },
+    "sync_lead_bright": {
+        "synth": "hard_sync", "envelope": "pluck",
+        "synth_kw": {"slave_ratio": 2.5},
+        "detune": 10, "lowpass": 6000,
+        "filter_attack": 0.005, "filter_decay": 0.2,
+        "filter_sustain": 0.1, "filter_amount": 4000,
+        "analog": 0.3,
+    },
+    "ring_mod_bell": {
+        "synth": "ring_mod", "envelope": "bell",
+        "synth_kw": {"mod_ratio": 2.1},
+        "reverb": 0.4, "reverb_type": "plate",
+    },
+    "ring_mod_metallic": {
+        "synth": "ring_mod", "envelope": "mallet",
+        "synth_kw": {"mod_ratio": 3.7},
+        "reverb": 0.3, "reverb_type": "hall",
+        "delay": 0.2, "delay_time": 0.3, "delay_feedback": 0.3,
+    },
+    "wavefold_warm": {
+        "synth": "wavefold", "envelope": "organ",
+        "synth_kw": {"folds": 2.0},
+        "lowpass": 3000, "lowpass_q": 1.2,
+        "analog": 0.3,
+    },
+    "wavefold_gnarly": {
+        "synth": "wavefold", "envelope": "pluck",
+        "synth_kw": {"folds": 5.0},
+        "lowpass": 2000, "lowpass_q": 2.5,
+        "filter_attack": 0.01, "filter_decay": 0.3,
+        "filter_sustain": 0.1, "filter_amount": 4000,
+        "distortion": 0.3, "distortion_drive": 2.0,
+        "analog": 0.3,
+    },
+    "drift_saw": {
+        "synth": "drift", "envelope": "organ",
+        "synth_kw": {"shape": "saw", "drift_amount": 0.15},
+        "detune": 10,
+        "analog": 0.4,
+    },
+    "drift_square": {
+        "synth": "drift", "envelope": "organ",
+        "synth_kw": {"shape": "square", "drift_amount": 0.15},
+        "detune": 10,
+        "analog": 0.4,
+    },
+    "analog_pad": {
+        "synth": "drift", "envelope": "pad",
+        "synth_kw": {"shape": "saw", "drift_amount": 0.12},
+        "detune": 12, "spread": 0.5,
+        "chorus": 0.2,
+        "lowpass": 2500, "lowpass_q": 1.0,
+        "analog": 0.5,
+    },
+    "analog_bass": {
+        "synth": "drift", "envelope": "pluck",
+        "synth_kw": {"shape": "saw", "drift_amount": 0.1},
+        "lowpass": 600, "lowpass_q": 2.0,
+        "filter_attack": 0.005, "filter_decay": 0.15,
+        "filter_sustain": 0.0, "filter_amount": 2000,
+        "sub_osc": 0.4,
+        "analog": 0.3,
+    },
+
     # ── Percussion / Mallet ──
     "vibraphone": {
         "synth": "vibraphone_synth", "envelope": "none",
@@ -380,22 +478,19 @@ INSTRUMENTS = {
     # ── Woodwinds (continued) ──
     "saxophone": {
         "synth": "saxophone_synth", "envelope": "bowed",
-        "humanize": 0.15, "vel_to_filter": 1500,
+        "humanize": 0.15,
     },
     "alto_sax": {
         "synth": "saxophone_synth", "envelope": "bowed",
-        "humanize": 0.15, "vel_to_filter": 1800,
+        "humanize": 0.15,
     },
     "tenor_sax": {
         "synth": "saxophone_synth", "envelope": "bowed",
-        "lowpass": 3000,
-        "humanize": 0.15, "vel_to_filter": 1200,
+        "humanize": 0.15,
     },
     "bari_sax": {
         "synth": "saxophone_synth", "envelope": "bowed",
-        "lowpass": 2000,
-        "humanize": 0.15, "vel_to_filter": 800,
-        "sub_osc": 0.15,
+        "humanize": 0.15, "sub_osc": 0.15,
     },
 }
 
@@ -478,6 +573,8 @@ class Note:
 
     @property
     def beats(self) -> float:
+        if self._hold:
+            return 0.0
         return self.duration.value
 
 
@@ -2855,7 +2952,8 @@ class Part:
                  analog: float = 0.0,
                  ensemble: int = 1,
                  fm_ratio: float = 2.0,
-                 fm_index: float = 3.0):
+                 fm_index: float = 3.0,
+                 synth_kw: dict = None):
         self.name = name
         self.synth = synth
         self.envelope = envelope
@@ -2903,6 +3001,7 @@ class Part:
         self.ensemble = ensemble
         self.fm_ratio = fm_ratio
         self.fm_index = fm_index
+        self.synth_kw = synth_kw or {}
         self._system = "western"  # default, overridden by Score.part()
         self._fretboard = None    # set by Score.part(fretboard=...)
         self.notes: list[Note] = []
@@ -4270,6 +4369,211 @@ class Score:
             f"{part_info} {self.measures:.1f} measures>"
         )
 
+    # ── ABC notation export ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def to_abc(self, *, title="Untitled", key="C", html=False):
+        """Export the score as ABC notation.
+
+        Args:
+            title: Tune title for the ``T:`` field.
+            key: Key signature (e.g. ``"C"``, ``"Gm"``, ``"D"``) for the
+                ``K:`` field.
+            html: If *True*, wrap the ABC string in a self-contained HTML
+                page that renders sheet music via abcjs.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ABC notation string, or a full HTML document string when
+            *html* is True.
+        """
+        ts = self.time_signature
+        default_unit = 8  # L:1/8
+
+        lines = [
+            "X:1",
+            f"T:{title}",
+            f"M:{ts.beats}/{ts.unit}",
+            f"Q:1/4={self.bpm}",
+            f"L:1/{default_unit}",
+        ]
+
+        # Collect voices: default notes first, then named parts
+        # Skip drum parts and parts with no pitched notes
+        voices: list[tuple[str, list]] = []
+        if self.notes:
+            voices.append(("default", self.notes))
+        for name, part in self.parts.items():
+            if part.is_drums:
+                continue
+            if not part.notes:
+                continue
+            # Skip parts that have no pitched tones (only drum tones / rests)
+            has_pitched = any(
+                n.tone is not None
+                and (hasattr(n.tone, "name") or hasattr(n.tone, "tones"))
+                for n in part.notes
+            )
+            if not has_pitched:
+                continue
+            voices.append((name, part.notes))
+
+        multi = len(voices) > 1
+
+        if multi:
+            for i, (vname, notes) in enumerate(voices, 1):
+                clef = self._guess_clef(notes)
+                clef_str = f" clef={clef}" if clef != "treble" else ""
+                lines.append(f"V:{i} name=\"{vname}\"{clef_str}")
+            lines.append(f"K:{key}")
+            for i, (_, notes) in enumerate(voices, 1):
+                lines.append(f"V:{i}")
+                lines.append(self._notes_to_abc(notes, default_unit, ts))
+        else:
+            lines.append(f"K:{key}")
+            if voices:
+                lines.append(self._notes_to_abc(voices[0][1], default_unit, ts))
+
+        abc = "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+        if not html:
+            return abc
+
+        return (
+            "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n"
+            "<title>" + title + "</title>\n"
+            "<script src=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/abcjs@6/dist"
+            "/abcjs-basic-min.js\"></script>\n"
+            "</head><body>\n<div id=\"score\"></div>\n<script>\n"
+            "ABCJS.renderAbc(\"score\", "
+            + repr(abc)
+            + ");\n</script>\n</body></html>\n"
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _guess_clef(notes):
+        """Return 'bass' if most pitched notes are below C4, else 'treble'."""
+        octaves = []
+        for note in notes:
+            tone = note.tone
+            if tone is None or not hasattr(tone, "octave"):
+                continue
+            if hasattr(tone, "tones"):
+                # Chord — use average of chord tones
+                for t in tone.tones:
+                    if hasattr(t, "octave") and t.octave is not None:
+                        octaves.append(t.octave)
+            elif tone.octave is not None:
+                octaves.append(tone.octave)
+        if not octaves:
+            return "treble"
+        avg = sum(octaves) / len(octaves)
+        return "bass" if avg < 4 else "treble"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _tone_to_abc(tone, default_unit):
+        """Convert a single Tone to an ABC note string."""
+        if tone is None:
+            return "z"
+
+        # Skip drum tones — they don't have pitched names
+        if not hasattr(tone, "name") or not hasattr(tone, "octave"):
+            return "z"
+
+        name = tone.name          # e.g. "C", "C#", "Bb"
+        octave = tone.octave if tone.octave is not None else 4
+
+        # ABC accidentals: ^ = sharp, _ = flat, ^^ = double sharp, __ = double flat
+        letter = name[0].upper()
+        acc = name[1:] if len(name) > 1 else ""
+        abc_acc = acc.replace("##", "^^").replace("#", "^").replace("bb", "__").replace("b", "_")
+
+        # ABC octave: C-B = octave 4, c-b = octave 5,
+        # c' = 6, c'' = 7, C, = 3, C,, = 2
+        if octave >= 5:
+            note_char = letter.lower()
+            ticks = octave - 5
+            oct_str = "'" * ticks
+        else:
+            note_char = letter.upper()
+            commas = 4 - octave
+            oct_str = "," * commas
+
+        return f"{abc_acc}{note_char}{oct_str}"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _format_dur(multiplier):
+        """Format an ABC duration multiplier string."""
+        if abs(multiplier - 1) < 0.001:
+            return ""
+        elif abs(multiplier - int(multiplier)) < 0.001:
+            return str(int(multiplier))
+        elif abs(multiplier - 0.5) < 0.001:
+            return "/2"
+        elif abs(multiplier - 0.25) < 0.001:
+            return "/4"
+        elif abs(multiplier - 1.5) < 0.001:
+            return "3/2"
+        else:
+            from fractions import Fraction
+            frac = Fraction(multiplier).limit_denominator(16)
+            return f"{frac.numerator}/{frac.denominator}"
+
+    def _notes_to_abc(self, notes, default_unit, ts,
+                      bars_per_line=4):
+        """Convert a list of Note objects to an ABC body string."""
+        beats_per_measure = ts.beats_per_measure
+        tokens = []
+        beat_in_measure = 0.0
+        measure_count = 0
+
+        for note in notes:
+            total_beats = note.duration.value
+            unit_beats = 4.0 / default_unit  # beats per L unit
+
+            if note.tone is None:
+                abc_note = "z"
+            elif hasattr(note.tone, "tones"):
+                chord_notes = [
+                    self._tone_to_abc(t, default_unit)
+                    for t in note.tone.tones
+                ]
+                abc_note = "[" + "".join(chord_notes) + "]"
+            else:
+                abc_note = self._tone_to_abc(note.tone, default_unit)
+
+            # Split notes longer than one measure into tied pieces
+            remaining = total_beats
+            first_chunk = True
+            while remaining > 0.001:
+                # How much room left in this measure?
+                room = beats_per_measure - beat_in_measure
+                chunk = min(remaining, room) if remaining > room + 0.001 else remaining
+                needs_tie = remaining - chunk > 0.001
+
+                multiplier = chunk / unit_beats
+                dur_str = self._format_dur(multiplier)
+
+                tie_str = "-" if needs_tie and abc_note != "z" else ""
+                tokens.append(f"{abc_note}{dur_str}{tie_str}")
+
+                remaining -= chunk
+                beat_in_measure += chunk
+                first_chunk = False
+
+                if beat_in_measure >= beats_per_measure - 0.001:
+                    measure_count += 1
+                    if measure_count % bars_per_line == 0:
+                        tokens.append("|\n")
+                    else:
+                        tokens.append("|")
+                    beat_in_measure -= beats_per_measure
+
+        body = " ".join(tokens)
+        # Clean up trailing/double barlines
+        body = body.replace("| |", "|").rstrip("| \n").rstrip()
+        if not body.endswith("|"):
+            body += " |"
+        return body
+
     def save_midi(self, path, velocity=100):
         """Export to Standard MIDI File, measure-aware."""
         ticks_per_beat = 480

test_pytheory.py

@@ -5333,7 +5333,7 @@ def test_supersaw_wave():
 @needs_portaudio
 def test_all_synths_in_enum():
     from pytheory.play import Synth
-    assert len(Synth) == 42
+    assert len(Synth) == 56
     for s in Synth:
         wave = s(440, n_samples=1000)
         assert len(wave) == 1000
@@ -6540,7 +6540,7 @@ def test_instrument_808_bass():
     assert p.lowpass == 200
     assert p.lowpass_q == 1.5
     assert p.synth == "sine"
-    assert p.envelope == "pluck"
+    assert p.envelope == "piano"
 
 
 # ── Non-12-TET / Microtonal systems ─────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -7155,7 +7155,7 @@ def test_score_system_propagates():
 
 def test_synth_enum_count():
     from pytheory.play import Synth
-    assert len(Synth) == 42
+    assert len(Synth) == 56
 
 
 def test_all_synths_render_and_enum_match():

uv.lock

@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pytheory"
-version = "0.40.3"
+version = "0.41.4"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "rich" },