Code quality improvements and test fixes (#592)

## Summary
Comprehensive post-v3.0.0 modernization: new features, bug fixes,
dependency cleanup, docs, and test coverage.

**New features:**
- **HTTP method filtering** — `@api.route("/data", methods=["GET"])`
- **Lifespan context manager** — modern async startup/shutdown
- **`api.exception_handler()`** — custom error handling per exception
type
- **`api.graphql()`** — one-liner GraphQL setup
- **`resp.file()`** — serve files from disk with auto content-type
- **before_request short-circuit** — set status code to skip route
handler
- **`req.path_params`** / **`req.client`** / **`req.is_json`** — new
request properties
- **`uuid`** and **`path`** route convertors
- **PEP 561 `py.typed`** marker

**Bug fixes:**
- Fix multipart parser losing headers
- Fix `url_for()` with typed params (`{id:int}`)
- Fix `resp.body` encoding crash on bytes content
- Fix Python 3.9 type syntax (`from __future__ import annotations`)
- Fix broken session test and no-op file upload test
- Fix helloworld example 404 on root path

**Dependencies:**
- Flattened — `pip install responder` gets everything
- Core: just starlette + uvicorn (down from 10 deps)

**Docs & README:**
- All new features documented in tour
- Modernized README features list
- Deployment guide: Docker, cloud, uvicorn
- Removed Pipenv, extras, stale references throughout

**Tests & quality:**
- 117 tests (up from 92), 91% coverage, 0 warnings
- CaseInsensitiveDict, GraphQL edge cases, staticfiles tests
- Ruff clean, all `tmpdir` → `tmp_path`

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+github: kennethreitz
+thanks_dev: kennethreitz
+custom: https://cash.app/$KennethReitz

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
+# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
+# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
+# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"

.github/workflows/docs.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+name: "Documentation"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  documentation:
+    name: "Documentation: Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} on ${{ matrix.os }}"
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: ["ubuntu-latest"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package and documentation dependencies
+      run: |
+        uv pip install '.[develop,docs]'
+
+    - name: Run link checker
+      run: |
+        poe docs-linkcheck
+
+    - name: Build static HTML documentation
+      run: |
+        poe docs-html

.github/workflows/test.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+name: "Tests"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  test:
+    name: "Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: [
+          "3.9",
+          "3.10",
+          "3.11",
+          "3.12",
+          "3.13",
+        ]
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: 22
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install and validate package
+      run: |
+        uv pip install '.[develop,test]'
+        poe check

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+.venv*
 .vscode/
 .cache
 .idea
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@
 .pytest_cache
 .DS_Store
 coverage.xml
+.coverage*
 
 __pycache__
 tests/__pycache__

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# .readthedocs.yml
+# Read the Docs configuration file
+
+# Details
+# - https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+build:
+  os: "ubuntu-24.04"
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+
+python:
+  install:
+      - method: pip
+        path: .
+        extra_requirements:
+          - docs
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
+
+  # Use standard HTML builder.
+  builder: html
+
+  # Fail on all warnings to avoid broken references.
+  fail_on_warning: true
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF
+#formats:
+#  - pdf

.travis.yml

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# travis use trusty by default
-dist: xenial
-
-language: python
-python:
-  - 3.6
-  - 3.7
-  - "3.8-dev"
-
-# command to install dependencies
-install:
-  - pip install pipenv --upgrade-strategy=only-if-needed
-  - pipenv install --dev
-
-# command to run the dependencies
-script:
-  - black responder tests setup.py --check
-  - pytest

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,265 +1,422 @@
 # Changelog
+
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
-The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
-and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and
+this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
-## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
+## [v3.0.0] - 2026-03-22
+
+### Added
+
+- Platform: Added support for Python 3.10 - Python 3.13
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts a filesystem path on its `<target>`
+  argument, enabling usage on single-file applications.
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts URLs.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Platform: Minimum Python version is now 3.9 (dropped 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)
+- Dependencies: Dramatically reduced core dependency count (10 → 5)
+  - Removed `requests`, `requests-toolbelt`, `rfc3986`, `whitenoise`
+  - Moved `apispec` and `marshmallow` to `openapi` optional extra
+  - Replaced `rfc3986` with stdlib `urllib.parse`
+  - Replaced `requests-toolbelt` multipart decoder with `python-multipart`
+  - Replaced deprecated `starlette.middleware.wsgi` with `a2wsgi`
+  - Switched from WhiteNoise to ServeStatic
+- Dependencies: Pinned `starlette[full]>=0.40` (was unpinned)
+- GraphQL: Upgraded to `graphene>=3` and `graphql-core>=3.1`
+  (from `graphene<3` and `graphql-server-core`, which is unmaintained)
+- GraphQL: Updated GraphiQL UI from 0.12.0 (2018) to 3.0.6 with React 18
+- Extensions: All of CLI-, GraphQL-, and OpenAPI-Support modules are
+  extensions now, found within the `responder.ext` module namespace.
+- Packaging: Migrated from `setup.py` to declarative `pyproject.toml`
+
+### Removed
+
+- Platform: Removed support for EOL Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
+- Status codes: Removed deprecated `resume_incomplete` and `resume`
+  aliases for HTTP 308 (marked for removal in 3.0)
+- CLI: `responder run --build` ceased to exist
+
 ### Fixed
+
+- Routing: Fixed dispatching `static_route=None` on Windows
+- uvicorn: `--debug` now maps to uvicorn's `log_level = "debug"`
+- Tests: Fixed deprecated httpx TestClient usage
+
+## [v2.0.5] - 2019-12-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Update requirements to support python 3.8
+
+## [v2.0.4] - 2019-11-19
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix static app resolving
+
+## [v2.0.3] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Fix template conflicts
 
 ## [v2.0.1] - 2019-09-20
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Fix template import
 
 ## [v2.0.0] - 2019-09-19
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Refactor Router and Schema
 
 ## [v1.3.2] - 2019-08-15
+
 ### Added
+
 - ASGI 3 support
 - CI tests for python 3.8-dev
 - Now requests have `state` a mapping object
 
 ### Deprecated
+
 - ASGI 2
 
 ## [v1.3.1] - 2019-04-28
+
 ### Added
+
 - Route params Converters
 - Add search for documentation pages
 
 ### Changed
+
 - Bump dependencies
 
 ## [v1.3.0] - 2019-02-22
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Versioning issue
 - Multiple cookies.
 - Whitenoise returns not found.
 - Other bugfixes.
 
 ### Added
+
 - Stream support via `resp.stream`.
 - Cookie directives via `resp.set_cookie`.
 - Add `resp.html` to send HTML.
 - Other improvements.
 
 ## [v1.1.3] - 2019-01-12
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Refactor `_route_for`
 
 ### Fixed
+
 - Resolve startup/shutdwown events
 
 ## [v1.2.0] - 2018-12-29
+
 ### Added
+
 - Documentations
 
 ### Changed
+
 - Use Starlette's LifeSpan middleware
 - Update denpendencies
 
 ### Fixed
+
 - Fix route.is_class_based
 - Fix test_500
 - Typos
 
 ## [v1.1.2] - 2018-11-11
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Minor fixes for Open API
 - Typos
 
 ## [v1.1.1] - 2018-10-29
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Run sync views in a threadpoolexecutor.
 
 ## [v1.1.0] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Added
+
 - Support for `before_request`.
 
 ## [v1.0.5]- 2018-10-27
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Fix sessions.
 
 ## [v1.0.4] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Potential bufix for cookies.
 
 ## [v1.0.3] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for redirects.
 
 ## [v1.0.2] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Improvement for static file hosting.
 
 ## [v1.0.1] - 2018-10-26
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Improve cors configuration settings.
 
 ## [v1.0.0] - 2018-10-26
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Move GraphQL support into a built-in plugin.
 
 ## [v0.3.3] - 2018-10-25
+
 ### Added
+
 - CORS support
 
 ### Changed
+
 - Improved exceptions.
 
 ## [v0.3.2] - 2018-10-25
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Subtle improvements.
 
 ## [v0.3.1] - 2018-10-24
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Packaging fix.
 
 ## [v0.3.0] - 2018-10-24
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Interactive Documentation endpoint.
 - Minor improvements.
 
 ## [v0.2.3] - 2018-10-24
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Overall improvements.
 
 ## [v0.2.2] - 2018-10-23
+
 ### Added
+
 - Show traceback info when background tasks raise exceptions.
 
 ## [v0.2.1] - 2018-10-23
+
 ### Added
+
 - api.requests.
 
 ## [v0.2.0] - 2018-10-22
+
 ### Added
+
 - WebSocket support.
 
 ## [v0.1.6] - 2018-10-20
+
 ### Added
+
 - 500 support.
 
 ## [v0.1.5] - 2018-10-20
+
 ### Added
+
 - File upload support
 
 ### Changed
+
 - Improvements to sequential media reading.
 
 ## [v0.1.4] - 2018-10-19
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Stability.
 
 ## [v0.1.3] - 2018-10-18
+
 ### Added
+
 - Sessions support.
 
 ## [v0.1.2] - 2018-10-18
+
 ### Added
+
 - Cookies support.
 
 ## [v0.1.1] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Default routes.
 
 ## [v0.1.0] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Added
+
 - Prototype of static application support.
 
 ## [v0.0.10] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.
 
 ## [v0.0.9] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.
 
 ## [v0.0.8] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Added
+
 - GraphiQL Support.
 
 ### Changed
+
 - Improvement to route selection.
 
 ## [v0.0.7] - 2018-10-16
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Immutable Request object.
 
 ## [v0.0.6] - 2018-10-16
+
 ### Added
+
 - Ability to mount WSGI apps.
 - Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
 
 ## [v0.0.5] - 2018-10-15
+
 ### Added
+
 - OpenAPI Schema support.
 - Safe load/dump yaml.
 
 ## [v0.0.4] - 2018-10-15
+
 ### Added
+
 - Asynchronous support for data uploads.
 
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bug fixes.
 
 ## [v0.0.3] - 2018-10-13
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bug fixes.
 
 ## [v0.0.2] - 2018-10-13
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Switch to ASGI/Starlette.
 
 ## [v0.0.1] - 2018-10-12
+
 ### Added
+
 - Conception!
 
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.2..HEAD
-[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
-[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
-[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
-[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
-[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
-[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
-[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
-[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
-[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
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-[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
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-[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
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-[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
-[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
-[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
-[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
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-[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v3.0.0..HEAD
+[v3.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.5..v3.0.0
+[v2.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.4..v2.0.5
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+[v2.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.2..v2.0.3
+[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
+[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
+[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
+[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
+[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
+[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
+[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
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+[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
+[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
+[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
+[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
+[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
+[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
+[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
+[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
+[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
+[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
+[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
+[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
+[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
+[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
+[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
+[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
+[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
+[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
+[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
+[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
+[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
+[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
+[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
+[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
+[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
+[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
+[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
+[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
+[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
+[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
+[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
+[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
+[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
+[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1

LICENSE

@@ -1,13 +1,178 @@
-Copyright 2018 Kenneth Reitz
 
-Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
-    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
 
-Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-limitations under the License.
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
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+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
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+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
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+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
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+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-include LICENSE

Pipfile

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-name = "pypi"
-
-[packages]
-responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
-
-[dev-packages]
-pytest = "*"
-"flake8" = "*"
-black = "*"
-twine = "*"
-flask = "*"
-sphinx = "*"
-marshmallow = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-
-[pipenv]
-allow_prereleases = true

Pipfile.lock

@@ -1,755 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
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-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {},
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "aiofiles": {
-            "hashes": [
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-            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.0"
-        },
-        "aniso8601": {
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-            "version": "==7.0.0"
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-            "version": "==3.0.0"
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-            "version": "==0.6.0"
-        }
-    }
-}

README.md

@@ -1,70 +1,97 @@
 # Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python
 
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/taoufik07/responder.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/taoufik07/responder)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/mybinder/badge/?version=latest)](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/taoufik07/responder.svg)](https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/graphs/contributors)
+[![ci-tests](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml)
+[![ci-docs](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml)
+[![Documentation Status](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/pages/pages-build-deployment/badge.svg)](https://responder.kennethreitz.org/)
+[![version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![license](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![python-versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/responder/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/responder)
+[![contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors)
+[![status](https://img.shields.io/pypi/status/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
 
-[![](https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1959/43750081370_a4e20752de_o_d.png)](https://responder.readthedocs.io)
+[![responder-synopsis](https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1959/43750081370_a4e20752de_o_d.png)](https://responder.readthedocs.io)
 
+Responder is powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/).
+[View documentation](https://responder.readthedocs.io).
 
-Powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/). That `async` declaration is optional. [View documentation](https://responder.readthedocs.io).
-
-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
-
+Responder gets you an ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed,
+Jinja templating, and a production webserver based on uvloop, automatically serving
+up requests with gzip compression.
+The `async` declaration within the example program is optional.
 
 ## Testimonials
 
-> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder. [@kennethreitz](https://twitter.com/kennethreitz) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh M.K.
+> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
+> [@kennethreitz](https://x.com/kennethreitz42) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh
+> M.K.
 
-> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
-
-> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of [Two Scoops of Django]()
+> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome
+> to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of
+> [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
 
+> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of
+> [Two Scoops of Django](https://www.feldroy.com/two-scoops-press#two-scoops-of-django)
 
 ## More Examples
 
-See [the documentation's feature tour](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tour.html) for more details on features available in Responder.
-
+See
+[the documentation's feature tour](https://responder.readthedocs.io/tour.html)
+for more details on features available in Responder.
 
 # Installing Responder
 
-Install the stable release:
+Install the most recent stable release:
 
+    pip install --upgrade responder
 
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ✨🍰✨
+Alternatively, install directly from the repository:
 
+    pip install 'responder @ git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git'
 
-Or, install from the development branch:
-
-    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/taoufik07/responder.git#egg=responder
-
-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
-
+Responder supports **Python 3.9+**.
 
 # The Basic Idea
 
-The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties from both Flask and Falcon and
+unify them into a single framework. You'll find a familiar API with a clean,
+Pythonic design.
 
-- Setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
 - Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.html` sends back HTML.
 - Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.html`/`.content` override this).
-- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
+- Setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
+- Use `resp.file("path")` to serve files with automatic content-type detection.
+- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict.
 - `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.
 
+## Features
 
-## Ideas
+- Flask-style route expressions with f-string syntax and type convertors
+  (`str`, `int`, `float`, `uuid`, `path`).
+- HTTP method filtering: `@api.route("/data", methods=["GET"])`.
+- Every request and response is passed into each view and mutated — including
+  `response.media` for JSON/YAML content negotiation.
+- Built-in test client powered by Starlette's TestClient.
+- Mount other WSGI/ASGI apps at subroutes.
+- Automatic gzip compression.
+- Class-based views with `on_get`, `on_post`, `on_request` methods.
+- GraphQL support via Graphene with `api.graphql()`.
+- OpenAPI schema generation with interactive docs.
+- Lifespan context managers for startup/shutdown.
+- Custom exception handlers.
+- Before-request hooks with short-circuit support.
+- Cookie-based sessions.
+- WebSocket support.
+- Background tasks.
+- Production uvicorn server built-in.
 
-- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
-- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
-- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
-- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
-- Automatic gzipped-responses.
-- In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
-- A production static file server is built-in.
-- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
-- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
-- Provide an official way to run webpack.
+## Development
+
+See [Development Sandbox](https://responder.kennethreitz.org/sandbox.html).
+
+## Supported by
+
+[![JetBrains logo.](https://resources.jetbrains.com/storage/products/company/brand/logos/jetbrains.svg)](https://jb.gg/OpenSourceSupport)
+
+Special thanks to the kind people at JetBrains s.r.o. for supporting us with
+excellent development tooling.

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-alabaster==0.7.12
-appdirs==1.4.3
-atomicwrites==1.2.1
-attrs==18.2.0
-babel==2.6.0
-black==18.9b0
-bleach==3.0.2
-certifi==2018.8.24
-cffi==1.11.5
-chardet==3.0.4
-click==7.0
-cmarkgfm==0.4.2
-colorama==0.4.0 ; sys_platform == 'win32'
-docutils==0.14
-flake8==3.5.0
-flask==1.0.2
-future==0.16.0
-idna==2.7
-imagesize==1.1.0
-itsdangerous==0.24
-jinja2==2.10
-markupsafe==1.0
-mccabe==0.6.1
-more-itertools==4.3.0
-packaging==18.0
-pkginfo==1.4.2
-pluggy==0.7.1
-py==1.7.0
-pycodestyle==2.3.1
-pycparser==2.19
-pyflakes==1.6.0
-pygments==2.2.0
-pyparsing==2.2.2
-pytest==3.8.2
-pytz==2018.5
-readme-renderer==22.0
-requests-toolbelt==0.8.0
-requests==2.19.1
-six==1.11.0
-snowballstemmer==1.2.1
-sphinx==1.8.1
-sphinxcontrib-websupport==1.1.0
-toml==0.10.0
-tqdm==4.26.0
-twine==1.12.1
-urllib3==1.23
-webencodings==0.5.1
-werkzeug==0.15.5

docs/source/_static/custom.css

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* Hide module name and default value for environment variable section */
-div[id$='environment-variables'] code.descclassname {
-    display: none;
+div[id$="environment-variables"] code.descclassname {
+  display: none;
 }
-div[id$='environment-variables'] em.property {
-    display: none;
+div[id$="environment-variables"] em.property {
+  display: none;
 }

docs/source/_static/konami.js

@@ -10,142 +10,152 @@
  */
 
 var Konami = function (callback) {
-    var konami = {
-        addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
-            if (obj.addEventListener)
-                obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
-            else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                // IE
-                obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
-                obj[type + fn] = function () {
-                    obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
-                }
-                obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
-            }
-        },
-        removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
-            if (obj.removeEventListener) {
-                obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
-            } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                obj.detachEvent(eventName);
-            }
-        },
-        input: "",
-        pattern: "38384040373937396665",
-        keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
-            if (ref_obj) {
-                konami = ref_obj;
-            } // IE
-            konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
-            if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
-                konami.input = konami.input.substr((konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length));
-            }
-            if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
-                konami.code(konami._currentLink);
-                konami.input = '';
-                e.preventDefault();
-                return false;
-            }
-        },
-        load: function (link) {
-            this._currentLink = link;
-            this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
-            this.iphone.load(link);
-        },
-        unload: function () {
-            this.removeEvent(document, 'keydown', this.keydownHandler);
-            this.iphone.unload();
-        },
-        code: function (link) {
-            window.location = link
-        },
-        iphone: {
-            start_x: 0,
-            start_y: 0,
-            stop_x: 0,
-            stop_y: 0,
-            tap: false,
-            capture: false,
-            orig_keys: "",
-            keys: ["UP", "UP", "DOWN", "DOWN", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "TAP", "TAP"],
-            input: [],
-            code: function (link) {
-                konami.code(link);
-            },
-            touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
-                if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
-                    var touch = e.touches[0];
-                    konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
-                    konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
-                    konami.iphone.tap = false;
-                    konami.iphone.capture = false;
-                    konami.iphone.check_direction();
-                }
-            },
-            touchendHandler: function () {
-                konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length) konami.iphone.input.shift();
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
-                    var match = true;
-                    for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
-                        if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
-                            match = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (match) {
-                        konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            touchstartHandler: function (e) {
-                konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
-                konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
-                konami.iphone.tap = true;
-                konami.iphone.capture = true;
-            },
-            load: function (link) {
-                this.orig_keys = this.keys;
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            unload: function () {
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchmove', this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchend', this.touchendHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchstart', this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            check_direction: function () {
-                x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
-                y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
-                x = ((this.start_x - this.stop_x) < 0) ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
-                y = ((this.start_y - this.stop_y) < 0) ? "DOWN" : "UP";
-                result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
-                result = (this.tap === true) ? "TAP" : result;
-                return result;
-            }
+  var konami = {
+    addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
+      if (obj.addEventListener) obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
+      else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+        // IE
+        obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
+        obj[type + fn] = function () {
+          obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
+        };
+        obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
+      }
+    },
+    removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
+      if (obj.removeEventListener) {
+        obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
+      } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+        obj.detachEvent(eventName);
+      }
+    },
+    input: "",
+    pattern: "38384040373937396665",
+    keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
+      if (ref_obj) {
+        konami = ref_obj;
+      } // IE
+      konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
+      if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
+        konami.input = konami.input.substr(konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length);
+      }
+      if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
+        konami.code(konami._currentLink);
+        konami.input = "";
+        e.preventDefault();
+        return false;
+      }
+    },
+    load: function (link) {
+      this._currentLink = link;
+      this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
+      this.iphone.load(link);
+    },
+    unload: function () {
+      this.removeEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler);
+      this.iphone.unload();
+    },
+    code: function (link) {
+      window.location = link;
+    },
+    iphone: {
+      start_x: 0,
+      start_y: 0,
+      stop_x: 0,
+      stop_y: 0,
+      tap: false,
+      capture: false,
+      orig_keys: "",
+      keys: [
+        "UP",
+        "UP",
+        "DOWN",
+        "DOWN",
+        "LEFT",
+        "RIGHT",
+        "LEFT",
+        "RIGHT",
+        "TAP",
+        "TAP",
+      ],
+      input: [],
+      code: function (link) {
+        konami.code(link);
+      },
+      touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
+        if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
+          var touch = e.touches[0];
+          konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
+          konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
+          konami.iphone.tap = false;
+          konami.iphone.capture = false;
+          konami.iphone.check_direction();
         }
-    }
+      },
+      touchendHandler: function () {
+        konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());
 
-    typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
-    if (typeof callback === "function") {
-        konami.code = callback;
-        konami.load();
-    }
+        if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length)
+          konami.iphone.input.shift();
 
-    return konami;
+        if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
+          var match = true;
+          for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
+            if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
+              match = false;
+            }
+          }
+          if (match) {
+            konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      touchstartHandler: function (e) {
+        konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
+        konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
+        konami.iphone.tap = true;
+        konami.iphone.capture = true;
+      },
+      load: function (link) {
+        this.orig_keys = this.keys;
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
+      },
+      unload: function () {
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler);
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
+      },
+      check_direction: function () {
+        x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
+        y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
+        x = this.start_x - this.stop_x < 0 ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
+        y = this.start_y - this.stop_y < 0 ? "DOWN" : "UP";
+        result = x_magnitude > y_magnitude ? x : y;
+        result = this.tap === true ? "TAP" : result;
+        return result;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+
+  typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
+  if (typeof callback === "function") {
+    konami.code = callback;
+    konami.load();
+  }
+
+  return konami;
 };
 
-
-if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && typeof module.exports !== 'undefined') {
-        module.exports = Konami;
+if (typeof module !== "undefined" && typeof module.exports !== "undefined") {
+  module.exports = Konami;
 } else {
-        if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-                define([], function() {
-                        return Konami;
-                });
-        } else {
-                window.Konami = Konami;
-        }
+  if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
+    define([], function () {
+      return Konami;
+    });
+  } else {
+    window.Konami = Konami;
+  }
 }

docs/source/_templates/hacks.html

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css" />
-<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').hide(0);</script>
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  type="text/css"
+  href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css"
+/>
+<script async defer src="https://buttons.github.io/buttons.js"></script>
+
+<script type="text/javascript">
+  $("#searchbox").hide(0);
+</script>
 <!--Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
 
 <!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
@@ -39,9 +47,7 @@
   }
 
   .method {
-
     margin-bottom: 2em;
-
   }
 
   .si,
@@ -80,8 +86,6 @@
     margin-top: -1em;
   }
 
-
-
   /* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
   div#searchbox h3 {
     display: none;
@@ -118,10 +122,12 @@
 <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
 <script>
   window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
-  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
-  gtag('js', new Date());
+  function gtag() {
+    dataLayer.push(arguments);
+  }
+  gtag("js", new Date());
 
-  gtag('config', 'UA-127383416-1');
+  gtag("config", "UA-127383416-1");
 </script>
 
 <!-- There are no more hacks. -->
@@ -130,7 +136,10 @@
 
 <script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
 <script>
-  var easter_egg = new Konami('https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1));
+  var easter_egg = new Konami(
+    "https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/" +
+      (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1)
+  );
 </script>
 
 <style>
@@ -140,67 +149,94 @@
 </style>
 
 <!-- GitHub Logo -->
-<a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on GitHub">
-  <svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#151513; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;"
-    aria-hidden="true">
+<a
+  href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+  class="github-corner"
+  aria-label="View source on GitHub"
+>
+  <svg
+    width="80"
+    height="80"
+    viewBox="0 0 250 250"
+    style="fill: #151513; color: #fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0"
+    aria-hidden="true"
+  >
     <path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path>
-    <path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
-      fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path>
-    <path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
-      fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path>
+    <path
+      d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
+      fill="currentColor"
+      style="transform-origin: 130px 106px"
+      class="octo-arm"
+    ></path>
+    <path
+      d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
+      fill="currentColor"
+      class="octo-body"
+    ></path>
   </svg>
 </a>
 <style>
   .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
   }
 
   @keyframes octocat-wave {
-
     0%,
     100% {
-      transform: rotate(0)
+      transform: rotate(0);
     }
 
     20%,
     60% {
-      transform: rotate(-25deg)
+      transform: rotate(-25deg);
     }
 
     40%,
     80% {
-      transform: rotate(10deg)
+      transform: rotate(10deg);
     }
   }
 
-  @media (max-width:500px) {
+  @media (max-width: 500px) {
     .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-      animation: none
+      animation: none;
     }
 
     .github-corner .octo-arm {
-      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
     }
   }
 </style>
 
-
 <!-- That was not a hack. That was art.
 
 <!-- UserVoice JavaScript SDK (only needed once on a page) -->
-<script>(function () { var uv = document.createElement('script'); uv.type = 'text/javascript'; uv.async = true; uv.src = '//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s) })()</script>
+<script>
+  (function () {
+    var uv = document.createElement("script");
+    uv.type = "text/javascript";
+    uv.async = true;
+    uv.src = "//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js";
+    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
+    s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s);
+  })();
+</script>
 
 <!-- A tab to launch the Classic Widget -->
 <script>
   UserVoice = window.UserVoice || [];
-  UserVoice.push(['showTab', 'classic_widget', {
-    mode: 'feedback',
-    primary_color: '#fa8c28',
-    link_color: '#0a8cc6',
-    forum_id: 913660,
-    tab_label: 'Got feedback?',
-    tab_color: '#00994f',
-    tab_position: 'bottom-left',
-    tab_inverted: true
-  }]);
+  UserVoice.push([
+    "showTab",
+    "classic_widget",
+    {
+      mode: "feedback",
+      primary_color: "#fa8c28",
+      link_color: "#0a8cc6",
+      forum_id: 913660,
+      tab_label: "Got feedback?",
+      tab_color: "#00994f",
+      tab_position: "bottom-left",
+      tab_inverted: true,
+    },
+  ]);
 </script>

docs/source/_templates/sidebarintro.html

@@ -1,54 +1,88 @@
 <p class="logo">
   <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img
+      class="logo"
+      src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}"
+      title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"
+    />
   </a>
 </p>
-
 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <a class="github-button"
+     href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+     data-color-scheme="no-preference: light; light: light; dark: light;"
+     data-size="large"
+     data-show-count="true"
+     aria-label="Star kennethreitz/responder on GitHub">Star</a>
 </p>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css" />
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css"
+/>
 <style>
-.algolia-autocomplete{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 1.5em
-}
-.algolia-autocomplete a{
-  border-bottom: none !important;
-}
-#doc_search{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-}
+  .algolia-autocomplete {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .algolia-autocomplete a {
+    border-bottom: none !important;
+  }
+  #doc_search {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+  }
 </style>
-<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus/>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js" onload="docsearch({
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus />
+<script
+  type="text/javascript"
+  src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"
+  onload="docsearch({
   apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
   indexName: 'python-responder',
   inputSelector: '#doc_search',
   debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
-})" async></script>
+})"
+  async
+></script>
 
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
+<p><strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.</p>
 
 <h3>Stay Informed</h3>
 <p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
 
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+<p>
+  <a class="github-button"
+     href="https://github.com/kennethreitz"
+     data-color-scheme="no-preference: light; light: light; dark: light;"
+     data-size="medium"
+     data-show-count="true"
+     aria-label="Follow @kennethreitz on GitHub">Follow @kennethreitz</a>
 </p>
 
+<p>
+  <a
+    href="https://x.com/kennethreitz42"
+    class="twitter-follow-button"
+    data-show-count="false"
+    >Follow @kennethreitz</a
+  >
+  <script>
+    !(function (d, s, id) {
+      var js,
+        fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
+        p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? "http" : "https";
+      if (!d.getElementById(id)) {
+        js = d.createElement(s);
+        js.id = id;
+        js.src = p + "://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";
+        fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
+      }
+    })(document, "script", "twitter-wjs");
+  </script>
+</p>
 
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>

docs/source/_templates/sidebarlogo.html

@@ -1,54 +1,93 @@
 <p class="logo">
   <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img
+      class="logo"
+      src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}"
+      title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"
+    />
   </a>
 </p>
 
 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <iframe
+    src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+    allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0"
+    scrolling="0"
+    width="200px"
+    height="35px"
+  ></iframe>
 </p>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css" />
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css"
+/>
 <style>
-.algolia-autocomplete{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 1.5em
-}
-.algolia-autocomplete a{
-  border-bottom: none !important;
-}
-#doc_search{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-}
+  .algolia-autocomplete {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .algolia-autocomplete a {
+    border-bottom: none !important;
+  }
+  #doc_search {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+  }
 </style>
-<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus/>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js" onload="docsearch({
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus />
+<script
+  type="text/javascript"
+  src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"
+  onload="docsearch({
   apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
   indexName: 'python-responder',
   inputSelector: '#doc_search',
   debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
-})" async></script>
+})"
+  async
+></script>
 
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
+<p><strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.</p>
 
 <h3>Stay Informed</h3>
 <p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
 
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+<p>
+  <iframe
+    src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true"
+    allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0"
+    scrolling="0"
+    width="200"
+    height="20"
+  ></iframe>
 </p>
 
+<p>
+  <a
+    href="https://x.com/kennethreitz42"
+    class="twitter-follow-button"
+    data-show-count="false"
+    >Follow @kennethreitz</a
+  >
+  <script>
+    !(function (d, s, id) {
+      var js,
+        fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
+        p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? "http" : "https";
+      if (!d.getElementById(id)) {
+        js = d.createElement(s);
+        js.id = id;
+        js.src = p + "://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";
+        fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
+      }
+    })(document, "script", "twitter-wjs");
+  </script>
+</p>
 
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>

docs/source/backlog.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Backlog
+
+## Future Ideas
+- Consider adding `after_request` hooks (complement to `before_request`)
+- Explore WebSocket before_request short-circuit support
+- Add rate limiting middleware
+- Consider async template rendering by default

docs/source/changes.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../CHANGELOG.md

docs/source/cli.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+Responder CLI
+=============
+
+Responder installs a command line program ``responder``. Use it to launch
+a Responder application from a file or module, either located on a local
+or remote filesystem, or object store.
+
+Launch Module Entrypoint
+------------------------
+
+For loading a Responder application from a Python module, you will refer to
+its ``API()`` instance using a `Python entry point object reference`_ that
+points to a Python object. It is either in the form ``importable.module``,
+or ``importable.module:object.attr``.
+
+A basic invocation command to launch a Responder application:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app
+
+The command above assumes a Python package ``acme`` including an ``app``
+module ``acme/app.py`` that includes an attribute ``api`` that refers
+to a ``responder.API`` instance, reflecting the typical layout of
+a standard Responder application.
+
+Loading a Responder application using an entrypoint specification will
+inherit the capacities of `Python's import system`_, as implemented by
+`importlib`_.
+
+Launch Local File
+-----------------
+
+Acquire a minimal example single-file application, ``helloworld.py`` [1]_,
+to your local filesystem, giving you the chance to edit it, and launch the
+Responder HTTP service.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    wget https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run helloworld.py
+
+.. note::
+
+    To validate the example application, invoke a HTTP request, for example using
+    `curl`_, `HTTPie`_, or your favourite browser at hand.
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        http http://127.0.0.1:5042/Hello
+
+    The response is no surprise.
+
+    ::
+
+        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+        content-length: 13
+        content-type: text/plain
+        date: Sat, 26 Oct 2024 13:16:55 GMT
+        encoding: utf-8
+        server: uvicorn
+
+        Hello, world!
+
+.. [1] The Responder application `helloworld.py`_ implements a basic echo handler.
+
+Launch Remote File
+------------------
+
+You can also launch a single-file application where its Python file is stored
+on a remote location.
+
+Responder supports all filesystem adapters compatible with `fsspec`_, and
+installs the adapters for Azure Blob Storage (az), Google Cloud Storage (gs),
+GitHub, HTTP, and AWS S3 by default.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Works 1:1.
+    responder run https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run github://kennethreitz:responder@/examples/helloworld.py
+
+If you need access other kinds of remote targets, see the `list of
+fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols`_. The next section enumerates
+a few synthetic examples. The corresponding storage buckets do not even
+exist, so don't expect those commands to work.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, and AWS S3.
+    responder run az://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run gs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run s3://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+    # Hadoop Distributed File System (hdfs), SSH File Transfer Protocol (sftp),
+    # Common Internet File System (smb), Web-based Distributed Authoring and
+    # Versioning (webdav).
+    responder run hdfs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run sftp://user@host/kennethreitz/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run smb://workgroup;user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run webdav+https://user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+.. tip::
+
+    In order to install support for all filesystem types supported by fsspec, run:
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        uv pip install 'fsspec[full]'
+
+    When using ``uv``, this concludes within an acceptable time of approx.
+    25 seconds. If you need to be more selectively instead of using ``full``,
+    choose from one or multiple of the available `fsspec extras`_, which are:
+
+    abfs, arrow, dask, dropbox, fuse, gcs, git, github, hdfs, http, oci, s3,
+    sftp, smb, ssh.
+
+Launch with Non-Standard Instance Name
+--------------------------------------
+
+By default, Responder will acquire an ``responder.API`` instance using the
+symbol name ``api`` from the specified Python module.
+
+If your main application file uses a different name than ``api``, please
+append the designated symbol name to the launch target address.
+
+It works like this for module entrypoints and local files:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app:service
+    responder run /path/to/acme/app.py:service
+
+It works like this for URLs:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run http://app.server.local/path/to/acme/app.py#service
+
+Within your ``app.py``, the instance would have been defined to use
+the ``service`` symbol name instead of ``api``, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    service = responder.API()
+
+Build JavaScript Application
+----------------------------
+
+The ``build`` subcommand invokes ``npm run build``, optionally accepting
+a target directory. By default, it uses the current working directory,
+where it expects a regular NPM ``package.json`` file.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build
+
+When specifying a target directory, Responder will change to that
+directory beforehand.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build /path/to/project
+
+
+.. _curl: https://curl.se/
+.. _fsspec: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _fsspec extras: https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/blob/2024.12.0/pyproject.toml#L27-L69
+.. _helloworld.py: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/blob/main/examples/helloworld.py
+.. _HTTPie: https://httpie.io/docs/cli
+.. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html
+.. _list of fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols: https://github.com/fsspec/universal_pathlib#currently-supported-filesystems-and-protocols
+.. _Python entry point object reference: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/entry-points/
+.. _Python's import system: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 # -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
 
 project = "responder"
-copyright = "2018, A Kenneth Reitz project"
+copyright = "2018-2026, A Kenneth Reitz project"
 author = "Kenneth Reitz"
 
 # The short X.Y version
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ extensions = [
     "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
     "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
     "sphinx.ext.githubpages",
+    "myst_parser",
+    "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx_design",
+    "sphinx_design_elements",
+    "sphinxext.opengraph",
 ]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ templates_path = ["_templates"]
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 #
 # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = ".rst"
+source_suffix = {".rst": "restructuredtext"}
 
 # The master toctree document.
 master_doc = "index"
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ master_doc = "index"
 #
 # This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
 # Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
-language = None
+language = "en"
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
@@ -211,12 +216,77 @@ epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]
 
 # -- Extension configuration -------------------------------------------------
 
+# -- Options for link checker ----------------------------------------------
+linkcheck_ignore = [
+    # Feldroy.com links are ignored because it blocks GHA.
+    r"https://www.feldroy.com/.*",
+]
+linkcheck_anchors_ignore_for_url = [
+    # Requires JavaScript.
+    # After opting-in to new GitHub issues, Sphinx can no longer grok the HTML anchor references.
+    r"https://github.com",
+]
+
 # -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------
 
 # Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {"https://docs.python.org/": None}
+intersphinx_mapping = {"python": ("https://docs.python.org/3", None)}
 
 # -- Options for todo extension ----------------------------------------------
 
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = True
+
+# -- Options for MyST --------------------------------------------------------
+
+myst_heading_anchors = 3
+myst_enable_extensions = [
+    "attrs_block",
+    "attrs_inline",
+    "colon_fence",
+    "deflist",
+    "fieldlist",
+    "html_admonition",
+    "html_image",
+    "linkify",
+    "replacements",
+    "strikethrough",
+    "substitution",
+    "tasklist",
+]
+myst_substitutions = {}
+
+# -- Options for OpenGraph ---------------------------------------------------
+#
+# When making changes, check them using the RTD PR preview URL on https://www.opengraph.xyz/.
+#
+# About text lengths
+#
+# Original documentation says:
+# - ogp_description_length
+#   Configure the amount of characters taken from a page. The default of 200 is probably good
+#   for most people. If something other than a number is used, it defaults back to 200.
+#   -- https://sphinxext-opengraph.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#options
+#
+# Other people say:
+# - og:title 40 chars
+# - og:description has 2 max lengths:
+#   When the link is used in a Post, it's 300 chars. When a link is used in a Comment, it's 110 chars.
+#   So you can either treat it as 110, or, write your Descriptions to 300 but make sure the first 110
+#   is the critical part and still makes sense when it gets cut off.
+#   -- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8914476/facebook-open-graph-meta-tags-maximum-content-length
+ogp_site_url = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org/"
+ogp_description_length = 300
+ogp_site_name = "Responder Documentation"
+ogp_image = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org/_static/responder.png"
+ogp_image_alt = False
+ogp_use_first_image = False
+ogp_type = "website"
+ogp_enable_meta_description = True
+
+# -- Options for sphinx-copybutton -------------------------------------------
+
+copybutton_remove_prompts = True
+copybutton_line_continuation_character = "\\"
+copybutton_prompt_text = r">>> |\.\.\. |\$ |sh\$ |PS> |cr> |mysql> |In \[\d*\]: | {2,5}\.\.\.: | {5,8}: "
+copybutton_prompt_is_regexp = True

docs/source/deployment.rst

@@ -6,33 +6,30 @@ You can deploy Responder anywhere you can deploy a basic Python application.
 Docker Deployment
 -----------------
 
-Assuming existing ``api.py`` and ``Pipfile.lock`` containing ``responder``.
+Assuming an existing ``api.py`` containing your Responder application.
 
 ``Dockerfile``::
 
-    FROM kennethreitz/pipenv
-    ENV PORT '80'
-    COPY . /app
-    CMD python3 api.py
+    FROM python:3.13-slim
+    WORKDIR /app
+    COPY . .
+    RUN pip install responder
+    ENV PORT=80
     EXPOSE 80
+    CMD ["python", "api.py"]
 
 That's it!
 
-Heroku Deployment
------------------
+Cloud Deployment
+----------------
+
+Responder automatically honors the ``PORT`` environment variable, which is
+set by most cloud platforms (Fly.io, Railway, Render, Google Cloud Run, etc.).
 
 The basics::
 
     $ mkdir my-api
     $ cd my-api
-    $ git init
-    $ heroku create
-    ...
-
-Install Responder::
-
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ...
 
 Write out an ``api.py``::
 
@@ -47,12 +44,12 @@ Write out an ``api.py``::
     if __name__ == "__main__":
         api.run()
 
-Write out a ``Procfile``::
+Deploy with your platform of choice. Responder will bind to ``0.0.0.0``
+on the port specified by ``PORT`` automatically.
 
-    web: python api.py
+Running with Uvicorn Directly
+-----------------------------
 
-That's it! Next, we commit and push to Heroku::
+For production deployments, you can also run your app directly with uvicorn::
 
-    $ git add -A
-    $ git commit -m 'initial commit'
-    $ git push heroku master
+    uvicorn api:api --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 --workers 4

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -6,19 +6,23 @@
 A familiar HTTP Service Framework
 =================================
 
-|Build Status| |image1| |image2| |image3| |image4| |image5|
+|ci-tests| |version| |license| |python-versions| |downloads| |contributors| |say-thanks|
 
-.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master
-   :target: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder
-.. |image1| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
+.. |ci-tests| image:: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml
+.. |ci-docs| image:: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml
+.. |version| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
    :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image2| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
+.. |license| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
    :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image3| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
+.. |python-versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
    :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image4| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
+.. |downloads| image:: https://static.pepy.tech/badge/responder/month
+   :target: https://www.pepy.tech/projects/responder
+.. |contributors| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
    :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
-.. |image5| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
+.. |say-thanks| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
    :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
 
 .. code:: python
@@ -34,23 +38,24 @@ A familiar HTTP Service Framework
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        api.run()
 
-Powered by `Starlette <https://www.starlette.io/>`_. That ``async`` declaration is optional.
+Responder is powered by `Starlette`_.
 
-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server
-(`WhiteNoise <http://whitenoise.evans.io/en/stable/>`_)
-pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
-production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with
-automatic gzip compression.
+The example program demonstrates an `ASGI`_ application using `Responder`_,
+including production-ready components like the `uvicorn`_ webserver, based
+on `uvloop`_, and the `Jinja`_ templating library pre-installed.
+The ``async`` declaration within the example program is optional.
 
 Features
 --------
 
 - A pleasant API, with a single import statement.
 - Class-based views without inheritance.
-- `ASGI <https://asgi.readthedocs.io>`_ framework, the future of Python web services.
+- `ASGI`_, the future of Python web services.
+- Asynchronous Python frameworks and applications.
+- Automatic gzip compression.
 - WebSocket support!
 - The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.
-- `f-string syntax <https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals>`_ route declaration.
+- `f-string syntax`_ route declaration.
 - Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.
 - Background tasks, spawned off in a ``ThreadPoolExecutor``.
 - GraphQL (with *GraphiQL*) support!
@@ -61,30 +66,23 @@ Testimonials
 ------------
 
    “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
-   `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ at his absolute
-   best.”
-
-    —Rudraksh M.K.
-
+   `@kennethreitz`_ at his absolute best.”
 
+     — Rudraksh M.K.
 
 ..
 
    "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that."
 
-    —Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
+     — Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
 
 ..
 
-
    “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”
 
-    — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
+     — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
 
 
-.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
-.. _Two Scoops of Django: https://www.twoscoopspress.com/products/two-scoops-of-django-1-11
-
 User Guides
 -----------
 
@@ -96,17 +94,38 @@ User Guides
    deployment
    testing
    api
+   cli
 
 
 Installing Responder
 --------------------
 
+Use ``uv`` for fast installation.
+
 .. code-block:: shell
 
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ✨🍰✨
+    uv pip install --upgrade 'responder'
 
-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
+Or use standard pip where ``uv`` is not available.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    pip install --upgrade 'responder'
+
+Responder supports **Python 3.9+**.
+
+Development
+-----------
+
+If you are looking at installing Responder
+for hacking on it, please refer to the :ref:`sandbox` documentation.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   changes
+   Sandbox <sandbox>
+   backlog
 
 
 The Basic Idea
@@ -123,14 +142,14 @@ The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from bo
 Ideas
 -----
 
-- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- using Python's f-string syntax.
 - I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
-- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
+- **A built in testing client** powered by Starlette's TestClient.
 - The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
 - Automatic gzipped-responses.
 - In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
 - A production static files server is built-in.
-- `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_ is built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against `slowloris <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris_(computer_security)>`_ attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
+- `uvicorn`_ is built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, uvicorn serves well to protect against `Slowloris`_ attacks, making Nginx unnecessary in production.
 - GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
 
 
@@ -140,3 +159,17 @@ Indices and tables
 * :ref:`genindex`
 * :ref:`modindex`
 * :ref:`search`
+
+
+.. _@kennethreitz: https://x.com/kennethreitz42
+.. _ASGI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface
+.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
+.. _f-string syntax: https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals
+.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/
+.. _ServeStatic: https://archmonger.github.io/ServeStatic/latest/
+.. _Slowloris: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris_(computer_security)
+.. _Starlette: https://www.starlette.io/
+.. _Responder: https://responder.kennethreitz.org/
+.. _Two Scoops of Django: https://www.feldroy.com/two-scoops-press#two-scoops-of-django
+.. _uvicorn: https://www.uvicorn.org/
+.. _uvloop: https://uvloop.readthedocs.io/

docs/source/quickstart.rst

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Type convertors are also available::
     async def add(req, resp, *, a, b):
         resp.text = f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}"
 
-Supported types: ``str``, ``int`` and ``float``.
+Supported types: ``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``uuid``, and ``path``.
 
 Returning JSON / YAML
 ---------------------
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ If the client requests YAML instead (with a header of ``Accept: application/x-ya
 Rendering a Template
 --------------------
 
-Responder provides a built-in light `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ wrapper ``templates.Templates``
+Responder provides a built-in light `Jinja`_ wrapper ``templates.Templates``
 
 Usage::
 
@@ -85,9 +85,10 @@ Usage::
   def hello(req, resp, name):
       resp.html = templates.render("hello.html", name=name)
 
-      
+
 Also a ``render_async`` is available::
 
+    templates = Templates(enable_async=True)
     resp.html = await templates.render_async("hello.html", who=who)
 
 You can also use the existing ``api.template(filename, *args, **kwargs)`` to render templates::
@@ -157,20 +158,19 @@ Here's a sample code to post a file with background::
 
         @api.background.task
         def process_data(data):
-            f = open('./{}'.format(data['file']['filename']), 'w')
-            f.write(data['file']['content'].decode('utf-8'))
-            f.close()
+            with open(f"./{data['file']['filename']}", 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data['file']['content'])
 
         data = await req.media(format='files')
         process_data(data)
 
         resp.media = {'success': 'ok'}
 
-You can send a file easily with requests::
+You can test file uploads using the built-in test client::
 
-	  import requests
+    files = {'file': ('hello.txt', b'hello, world!', 'text/plain')}
+    r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(upload_file), files=files)
+    print(r.json())
 
-	  data = {'file': ('hello.txt', 'hello, world!', "text/plain")}
-	  r = requests.post('http://127.0.0.1:8210/file', files=data)
 
-	  print(r.text)
+.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/

docs/source/sandbox.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+(sandbox)=
+# Development Sandbox
+
+## Setup
+Set up a development sandbox.
+
+Acquire sources and create virtualenv.
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git
+cd responder
+uv venv
+```
+
+Install project in editable mode, including
+all runtime extensions and development tools.
+```shell
+uv pip install --upgrade --editable '.[develop,docs,release,test]'
+```
+
+## Operations
+Invoke linter and software tests.
+```shell
+source .venv/bin/activate
+poe check
+```
+
+Format code.
+```shell
+poe format
+```
+
+Documentation authoring.
+```shell
+poe docs-autobuild
+```

docs/source/testing.rst

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 Building and Testing with Responder
 ===================================
 
-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services (powered by Starlette's TestClient).
 
-Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up a proper Python package and adding testing to it.
+Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up and testing a Responder application.
 
 The Basics
 ----------
 
-Your repository should look like this::
+Your project should look like this::
 
-    Pipfile   Pipfile.lock   api.py  test_api.py
+    api.py  test_api.py
 
 ``$ cat api.py``::
 
@@ -25,26 +25,6 @@ Your repository should look like this::
     if __name__ == "__main__":
         api.run()
 
-
-``$ cat Pipfile``::
-
-    [[source]]
-    url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-    verify_ssl = true
-    name = "pypi"
-
-    [packages]
-    responder = "*"
-
-    [dev-packages]
-    pytest = "*"
-
-    [requires]
-    python_version = "3.7"
-
-    [pipenv]
-    allow_prereleases = true
-
 Writing Tests
 -------------
 
@@ -66,16 +46,3 @@ Writing Tests
 
     ...
     ========================== 1 passed in 0.10 seconds ==========================
-
-
-(Optional) Proper Python Package
---------------------------------
-
-Optionally, you can not rely on relative imports, and instead install your api as a proper package. This requires:
-
-1. A `proper setup.py <https://github.com/kennethreitz/setup.py>`_ file.
-2. ``$ pipenv install -e . --dev``
-
-This will allow you to only specify your dependencies once: in ``setup.py``. ``$ pipenv lock`` will automatically lock your transitive dependencies (e.g. Responder), even if it's not specified in the ``Pipfile``.
-
-This will ensure that your application gets installed in every developer's environment, using Pipenv.

docs/source/tour.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,21 @@ Feature Tour
 ============
 
 
+Route Method Filtering
+----------------------
+
+You can restrict routes to specific HTTP methods::
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["GET"])
+    def list_items(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"items": [...]}
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], check_existing=False)
+    async def create_item(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()
+        resp.media = {"created": data}
+
+
 Class-Based Views
 -----------------
 
@@ -15,6 +30,61 @@ Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
             resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
 
 
+Lifespan Events
+---------------
+
+Use the lifespan context manager for startup and shutdown logic::
+
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def lifespan(app):
+        # Startup: connect to database, etc.
+        print("Starting up...")
+        yield
+        # Shutdown: clean up resources
+        print("Shutting down...")
+
+    api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+You can also use the traditional event decorators::
+
+    @api.on_event('startup')
+    async def startup():
+        print("Starting up...")
+
+    @api.on_event('shutdown')
+    async def shutdown():
+        print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+Serving Files
+-------------
+
+Serve files from disk with automatic content-type detection::
+
+    @api.route("/download")
+    def download(req, resp):
+        resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")
+
+You can also specify the content type explicitly::
+
+    @api.route("/image")
+    def image(req, resp):
+        resp.file("photos/cat.jpg", content_type="image/jpeg")
+
+
+Custom Error Handling
+---------------------
+
+Register handlers for specific exception types::
+
+    @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+    async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+        resp.status_code = 400
+        resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+
 Background Tasks
 ----------------
 
@@ -34,10 +104,15 @@ Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request:
 
 GraphQL
 -------
+Responder supports GraphQL, a query language for APIs that enables clients to
+request exactly the data they need.
+
+For more information about GraphQL, visit https://graphql.org/.
 
 Serve a GraphQL API::
 
     import graphene
+    from responder.ext.graphql import GraphQLView
 
     class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
         hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
@@ -46,7 +121,7 @@ Serve a GraphQL API::
             return f"Hello {name}"
 
     schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
-    view = responder.ext.GraphQLView(api=api, schema=schema)
+    view = GraphQLView(api=api, schema=schema)
 
     api.add_route("/graph", view)
 
@@ -58,12 +133,18 @@ You can make use of Responder's Request and Response objects in your GraphQL res
 OpenAPI Schema Support
 ----------------------
 
-Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow
+Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow.
 
-New in Responder `1.4.0`::
+.. note::
+
+    If you're upgrading from a previous version, note that the OpenAPI module
+    has been renamed from ``responder.ext.schema`` to ``responder.ext.openapi``.
+    Update your imports accordingly.
+
+New in Responder 1.4.0::
 
     import responder
-    from responder.ext.schema import Schema as OpenAPISchema
+    from responder.ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
     from marshmallow import Schema, fields
 
     contact = {
@@ -194,12 +275,11 @@ Responder can automatically supply API Documentation for you. Using the example
 
 The new and recommended way::
 
-    ...
-    from responder.ext.schema import Schema
-    ...
+    from responder.ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+
     api = responder.API()
 
-    schema = Schema(
+    schema = OpenAPISchema(
         app=api,
         title="Web Service",
         version="1.0",
@@ -214,7 +294,7 @@ The new and recommended way::
     )
     
 
-The old way ::
+The old way::
 
     api = responder.API(
         title="Web Service",
@@ -283,7 +363,7 @@ Supported directives:
 * ``secure`` - Defaults to ``False``.
 * ``httponly`` - Defaults to ``True``.
 
-For more information see `directives <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie#Directives>`_
+For more information see `directives <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie>`_
 
 
 Using Cookie-Based Sessions
@@ -353,7 +433,7 @@ Closing the connection::
 Using Requests Test Client
 --------------------------
 
-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services (powered by Starlette's TestClient).
 
 Here's an example of a test (written with pytest)::
 

examples/helloworld.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()

examples/lifespan.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Example showing the lifespan context manager pattern.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+import responder
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    # Startup: initialize resources
+    print("Starting up...")
+    yield
+    # Shutdown: clean up resources
+    print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()

examples/user.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "Welcome"
+
+
+@api.route("/user")
+async def user_create(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.text = f"Hello, {data['username']}"
+
+
+@api.route("/user/{identifier}")
+async def user_get(req, resp, *, identifier):
+    resp.text = f"Hello, user {identifier}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+[build-system]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+requires = [
+  "setuptools>=42",
+]
+
+[project]
+name = "responder"
+description = "A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python."
+readme = "README.md"
+license = {text = "Apache 2.0"}
+authors = [
+  { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+classifiers = [
+  "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+  "Environment :: Web Environment",
+  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+  "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+  "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+  "Programming Language :: Python",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+  "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
+]
+dynamic = ["version"]
+dependencies = [
+  "a2wsgi",
+  "apispec>=1.0.0",
+  "chardet",
+  "docopt-ng",
+  "graphene>=3",
+  "graphql-core>=3.1",
+  "marshmallow",
+  "pueblo[sfa-full]>=0.0.11",
+  "python-multipart",
+  "starlette[full]>=0.40",
+  "uvicorn[standard]",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+develop = [
+  "poethepoet",
+  "pyproject-fmt",
+  "ruff",
+  "validate-pyproject",
+]
+docs = [
+  "alabaster<1.1",
+  "myst-parser[linkify]",
+  "sphinx>=5,<9",
+  "sphinx-autobuild",
+  "sphinx-copybutton",
+  "sphinx-design-elements",
+  "sphinxext.opengraph",
+]
+release = ["build", "twine"]
+test = [
+  "flask",
+  "mypy",
+  "pytest",
+  "pytest-cov",
+  "pytest-mock",
+  "pytest-rerunfailures",
+]
+
+[project.scripts]
+responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
+
+[project.urls]
+Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
+Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
+
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = {attr = "responder.__version__.__version__"}
+
+[tool.setuptools.package-data]
+responder = ["py.typed"]
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+exclude = ["tests"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 90
+
+extend-exclude = [
+  "docs/source/conf.py",
+]
+
+lint.select = [
+  # Builtins
+  "A",
+  # Bugbear
+  "B",
+  # comprehensions
+  "C4",
+  # Pycodestyle
+  "E",
+  # eradicate
+  "ERA",
+  # Pyflakes
+  "F",
+  # isort
+  "I",
+  # pandas-vet
+  "PD",
+  # return
+  "RET",
+  # Bandit
+  "S",
+  # print
+  "T20",
+  "W",
+  # flake8-2020
+  "YTT",
+]
+
+lint.extend-ignore = [
+  "S101", #  Allow use of `assert`.
+]
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ] # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."tests/*" = [
+  "ERA001", # Found commented-out code.
+  "S101",   # Allow use of `assert`, and `print`.
+]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = """
+  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
+  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
+  """
+filterwarnings = [
+  "error::UserWarning",
+]
+log_level = "DEBUG"
+log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
+log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
+minversion = "2.0"
+testpaths = [
+  "responder",
+  "tests",
+]
+markers = [
+]
+xfail_strict = true
+
+[tool.coverage.run]
+branch = false
+omit = [
+  "*.html",
+  "tests/*",
+]
+
+[tool.coverage.report]
+fail_under = 0
+show_missing = true
+exclude_lines = [
+  "# pragma: no cover",
+  "raise NotImplemented",
+]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+packages = [
+  "responder",
+]
+exclude = [
+]
+check_untyped_defs = true
+explicit_package_bases = true
+ignore_missing_imports = true
+implicit_optional = true
+install_types = true
+namespace_packages = true
+non_interactive = true
+
+[tool.poe.tasks]
+
+check = [
+  "test",
+]
+
+docs-autobuild = [
+  { cmd = "sphinx-autobuild --open-browser --watch docs/source docs/source docs/build" },
+]
+docs-html = [
+  { cmd = "sphinx-build -W --keep-going docs/source docs/build" },
+]
+docs-linkcheck = [
+  { cmd = "sphinx-build -W --keep-going -b linkcheck docs/source docs/build" },
+]
+
+format = [
+  { cmd = "ruff format ." },
+  # Configure Ruff not to auto-fix (remove!):
+  # unused imports (F401), unused variables (F841), `print` statements (T201), and commented-out code (ERA001).
+  { cmd = "ruff check --fix --ignore=ERA --ignore=F401 --ignore=F841 --ignore=T20 --ignore=ERA001 ." },
+  { cmd = "pyproject-fmt --keep-full-version pyproject.toml" },
+]
+
+lint = [
+  { cmd = "ruff format --check ." },
+  { cmd = "ruff check ." },
+  { cmd = "validate-pyproject pyproject.toml" },
+  { cmd = "mypy" },
+]
+
+release = [
+  { cmd = "python -m build" },
+  { cmd = "twine upload --skip-existing dist/*" },
+]
+
+[tool.poe.tasks.test]
+cmd = "pytest"
+help = "Invoke software tests"
+
+[tool.poe.tasks.test.args.expression]
+options = [ "-k" ]
+
+[tool.poe.tasks.test.args.marker]
+options = [ "-m" ]

pytest.ini

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[pytest]
-;addopts= -rsxX -s -v --strict
-filterwarnings =
-    error::UserWarning

readthedocs.yml

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-build:
-    image: latest
-
-python:
-    version: 3.6

responder/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,18 @@
-from .core import *
+"""
+Responder - a familiar HTTP Service Framework.
+
+This module exports the core functionality of the Responder framework,
+including the API, Request, and Response classes.
+"""
+
 from . import ext
+from .__version__ import __version__
+from .core import API, Request, Response
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+    "__version__",
+    "ext",
+]

responder/__main__.py

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-from .cli import main
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()

responder/__version__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "2.0.2"
+__version__ = "3.0.0"

responder/api.py

@@ -1,41 +1,37 @@
-import json
+import asyncio
 import os
-
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import jinja2
+__all__ = ["API"]
+
 import uvicorn
-from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.sessions import SessionMiddleware
-from starlette.routing import Lifespan
-from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
-from starlette.testclient import TestClient
-from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
 
-from . import models, status_codes
+from . import status_codes
 from .background import BackgroundQueue
 from .formats import get_formats
+from .models import Request, Response
 from .routes import Router
-from .statics import DEFAULT_API_THEME, DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
-from .ext.schema import Schema as OpenAPISchema
 from .staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from .statics import DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
 from .templates import Templates
 
 
 class API:
     """The primary web-service class.
 
-        :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
-        :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
-    """
+    :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
+    :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
+    :param openapi_theme: OpenAPI documentation theme, must be one of ``elements``, ``rapidoc``, ``redoc``, ``swagger_ui``
+    """  # noqa: E501
 
     status_codes = status_codes
 
@@ -48,7 +44,7 @@ class API:
         description=None,
         terms_of_service=None,
         contact=None,
-        license=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
         openapi=None,
         openapi_route="/schema.yml",
         static_dir="static",
@@ -61,17 +57,19 @@ class API:
         cors=False,
         cors_params=DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS,
         allowed_hosts=None,
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
+        lifespan=None,
     ):
         self.background = BackgroundQueue()
 
         self.secret_key = secret_key
 
-        self.router = Router()
+        self.router = Router(lifespan=lifespan)
 
         if static_dir is not None:
             if static_route is None:
-                static_route = static_dir
-            static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
+                static_route = ""
+            static_dir = Path(static_dir).resolve()
 
         self.static_dir = static_dir
         self.static_route = static_route
@@ -82,22 +80,15 @@ class API:
         self.debug = debug
 
         if not allowed_hosts:
-            # if not debug:
-            #     raise RuntimeError(
-            #         "You need to specify `allowed_hosts` when debug is set to False"
-            #     )
             allowed_hosts = ["*"]
         self.allowed_hosts = allowed_hosts
 
         if self.static_dir is not None:
-            os.makedirs(self.static_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-        if self.static_dir is not None:
+            self.static_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
             self.mount(self.static_route, self.static_app)
 
         self.formats = get_formats()
 
-        # Cached requests session.
         self._session = None
 
         self.default_endpoint = None
@@ -115,11 +106,19 @@ class API:
         self.add_middleware(SessionMiddleware, secret_key=self.secret_key)
 
         if openapi or docs_route:
+            try:
+                from .ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+            except ImportError as ex:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "The dependencies for the OpenAPI extension are not installed. "
+                    "Install them using: pip install responder"
+                ) from ex
+
             self.openapi = OpenAPISchema(
                 app=self,
-                title="Web Service",
-                version="1.0",
-                openapi="3.0.2",
+                title=title,
+                version=version,
+                openapi=openapi,
                 docs_route=docs_route,
                 description=description,
                 terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
@@ -127,13 +126,15 @@ class API:
                 license=license,
                 openapi_route=openapi_route,
                 static_route=static_route,
+                openapi_theme=openapi_theme,
             )
 
-        # TODO: Update docs for templates
         self.templates = Templates(directory=templates_dir)
-        self.requests = (
-            self.session()
-        )  #: A Requests session that is connected to the ASGI app.
+
+    @property
+    def requests(self):
+        """A test client connected to the ASGI app. Lazily initialized."""
+        return self.session()
 
     @property
     def static_app(self):
@@ -152,9 +153,59 @@ class API:
     def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
         self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)
 
-    def schema(self, name, **options):
-        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+    def exception_handler(self, exception_cls):
+        """Register a handler for a specific exception type.
+
         Usage::
+
+            @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+            async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            async def _handler(request, exc):
+                from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResp
+
+                req = Request(request.scope, request.receive, formats=get_formats())
+                resp = Response(req=req, formats=get_formats())
+                if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+                    await func(req, resp, exc)
+                else:
+                    func(req, resp, exc)
+                if resp.status_code is None:
+                    resp.status_code = 500
+                body, headers = await resp.body
+                return StarletteResp(
+                    content=body, status_code=resp.status_code, headers=headers
+                )
+
+            # Register with the ExceptionMiddleware
+            self.router._exception_handlers = getattr(
+                self.router, "_exception_handlers", {}
+            )
+            self.router._exception_handlers[exception_cls] = _handler
+            # Also register on the ASGI app chain
+            from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware as EM
+
+            app = self.app
+            while app is not None:
+                if isinstance(app, EM):
+                    app.add_exception_handler(exception_cls, _handler)
+                    break
+                app = getattr(app, "app", None)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def schema(self, name, **options):
+        """
+        Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+
+        Usage::
+
             from marshmallow import Schema, fields
             @api.schema("Pet")
             class PetSchema(Schema):
@@ -171,11 +222,12 @@ class API:
         """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.
 
         :param path: The path portion of a URL, to test all known routes against.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501 (Line too long)
         for route in self.router.routes:
             match, _ = route.matches(path)
             if match:
                 return route
+        return None
 
     def add_route(
         self,
@@ -187,16 +239,18 @@ class API:
         check_existing=True,
         websocket=False,
         before_request=False,
+        methods=None,
     ):
         """Adds a route to the API.
 
         :param route: A string representation of the route.
         :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, or a class.
         :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
-        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html", and it will become a default route.
-        """
+        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html".
+                       Also, it will become a default route.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ``["GET", "POST"]``).
+        """  # noqa: E501
 
-        # Path
         if static:
             assert self.static_dir is not None
             if not endpoint:
@@ -210,27 +264,35 @@ class API:
             websocket=websocket,
             before_request=before_request,
             check_existing=check_existing,
+            methods=methods,
         )
 
     async def _static_response(self, req, resp):
         assert self.static_dir is not None
 
         index = (self.static_dir / "index.html").resolve()
-        if os.path.exists(index):
-            with open(index, "r") as f:
-                resp.html = "Hello world !"
+        if index.exists():
+            resp.html = index.read_text()
         else:
-            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404
+            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
             resp.text = "Not found."
 
     def redirect(
-        self, resp, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301
+        self,
+        resp,
+        location,
+        *,
+        set_text=True,
+        status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
     ):
-        """Redirects a given response to a given location.
+        """
+        Redirects a given response to a given location.
+
         :param resp: The Response to mutate.
         :param location: The location of the redirect.
         :param set_text: If ``True``, sets the Redirect body content automatically.
-        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer, representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
+        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer,
+                            representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
         """
         resp.redirect(location, set_text=set_text, status_code=status_code)
 
@@ -263,7 +325,7 @@ class API:
         :param handler: The function to run. Can be either a function or a coroutine.
         """
 
-        self.router.lifespan_handler.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
+        self.router.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
 
     def route(self, route=None, **options):
         """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
@@ -282,26 +344,50 @@ class API:
 
         return decorator
 
+    def graphql(self, route="/graphql", *, schema):
+        """Mount a GraphQL API at the given route.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            import graphene
+
+            class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+                hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+                def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+                    return f"Hello {name}"
+
+            api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+
+        :param route: The URL path for the GraphQL endpoint.
+        :param schema: A Graphene schema instance.
+        """
+        from .ext.graphql import GraphQLView
+
+        self.add_route(route, GraphQLView(api=self, schema=schema))
+
     def mount(self, route, app):
         """Mounts an WSGI / ASGI application at a given route.
 
-        :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
+        :param route: String representation of the route to be used
+                      (shouldn't be parameterized).
         :param app: The other WSGI / ASGI app.
         """
         self.router.apps.update({route: app})
 
     def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
-        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
+        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Starlette TestClient instance,
+        able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
 
-        :param base_url: The URL to mount the connection adaptor to.
+        :param base_url: The base URL for the test client.
         """
 
         if self._session is None:
+            from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
             self._session = TestClient(self, base_url=base_url)
         return self._session
 
     def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
-        # TODO: Absolute_url
         """Given an endpoint, returns a rendered URL for its route.
 
         :param endpoint: The route endpoint you're searching for.
@@ -310,48 +396,49 @@ class API:
         return self.router.url_for(endpoint, **params)
 
     def template(self, filename, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template file with the provided values.
+
         :param filename: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
-        :param *args: Data to pass into the template.
-        :param *kwargs: Date to pass into the template.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
         """
         return self.templates.render(filename, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def template_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
-        :param source: The template to use.
-        :param *args: Data to pass into the template.
-        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template string with the provided values.
+
+        :param source: The template to use, a Jinja2 template string.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
         """
         return self.templates.render_string(source, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def serve(self, *, address=None, port=None, debug=False, **options):
-        """Runs the application with uvicorn. If the ``PORT`` environment
-        variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
-        known hosts.
+        """
+        Run the application with uvicorn.
+
+        If the ``PORT`` environment variable is set, requests will be served on that port
+        automatically to all known hosts.
 
         :param address: The address to bind to.
         :param port: The port to bind to. If none is provided, one will be selected at random.
-        :param debug: Run uvicorn server in debug mode.
+        :param debug: Whether to run application in debug mode.
         :param options: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``uvicorn.run()``.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501
 
         if "PORT" in os.environ:
             if address is None:
-                address = "0.0.0.0"
+                address = "0.0.0.0"  # noqa: S104
             port = int(os.environ["PORT"])
 
         if address is None:
             address = "127.0.0.1"
         if port is None:
             port = 5042
+        if debug:
+            options["log_level"] = "debug"
 
-        def spawn():
-            uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, debug=debug, **options)
-
-        spawn()
+        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)
 
     def run(self, **kwargs):
         if "debug" not in kwargs:

responder/background.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import asyncio
-import functools
 import concurrent.futures
 import multiprocessing
 import traceback
+
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 
+__all__ = ["BackgroundQueue"]
+
 
 class BackgroundQueue:
     def __init__(self, n=None):
@@ -16,9 +18,6 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
         self.results = []
 
     def run(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.pool._max_workers = self.n
-        self.pool._adjust_thread_count()
-
         f = self.pool.submit(f, *args, **kwargs)
         self.results.append(f)
         return f
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
         def on_future_done(fs):
             try:
                 fs.result()
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                 traceback.print_exc()
 
         def do_task(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -39,6 +38,5 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
 
     async def __call__(self, func, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
         if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
-            return await asyncio.ensure_future(func(*args, **kwargs))
-        else:
-            return await run_in_threadpool(func, *args, **kwargs)
+            return await asyncio.create_task(func(*args, **kwargs))
+        return await run_in_threadpool(func, *args, **kwargs)

responder/cli.py

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-"""Responder.
-
-Usage:
-  responder
-  responder run [--build] [--debug] <module>
-  responder build
-  responder --version
-
-Options:
-  -h --help     Show this screen.
-  -v --version  Show version.
-
-"""
-
-import os
-
-import docopt
-from .__version__ import __version__
-
-
-def cli():
-    args = docopt.docopt(
-        __doc__, argv=None, help=True, version=__version__, options_first=False
-    )
-
-    module = args["<module>"]
-    build = args["build"] or args["--build"]
-    run = args["run"]
-
-    if build:
-        os.system("npm run build")
-
-    if run:
-        split_module = module.split(":")
-
-        if len(split_module) > 1:
-            module = split_module[0]
-            prop = split_module[1]
-        else:
-            prop = "api"
-
-        app = __import__(module)
-        getattr(app, prop).run()

responder/core.py

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
 from .api import API
 from .models import Request, Response
-from .cli import cli
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+]

responder/ext/__init__.py

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-from .graphql import GraphQLView

responder/ext/cli.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"""
+Responder CLI.
+
+A web framework for Python.
+
+Commands:
+  run     Start the application server
+  build   Build frontend assets using npm
+
+Usage:
+  responder
+  responder run [--debug] [--limit-max-requests=] <target>
+  responder build [<target>]
+  responder --version
+
+Options:
+  -h --help     Show this screen.
+  -v --version  Show version.
+  --debug       Enable debug mode with verbose logging.
+  --limit-max-requests=<n>  Maximum number of requests to handle before shutting down.
+
+Arguments:
+  <target>      For run: Python module specifier (e.g., "app:api" loads api from app.py)
+                         Format: "module.submodule:variable_name" where variable_name is your API instance
+                For build: Directory containing package.json (default: current directory)
+
+Examples:
+  responder run app:api                     # Run the 'api' instance from app.py
+  responder run myapp/core.py:application   # Run the 'application' instance from myapp/core.py
+  responder build                           # Build frontend assets
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+import logging
+import platform
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import docopt
+
+from responder.__version__ import __version__
+from responder.util.python import InvalidTarget, load_target
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def cli() -> None:
+    """
+    Main entry point for the Responder CLI.
+
+    Parses command line arguments and executes the appropriate command.
+    Supports running the application, building assets, and displaying version info.
+    """
+    args = docopt.docopt(__doc__, argv=None, version=__version__, options_first=False)
+    setup_logging(args["--debug"])
+
+    target: t.Optional[str] = args["<target>"]
+    build: bool = args["build"]
+    debug: bool = args["--debug"]
+    run: bool = args["run"]
+
+    if build:
+        target_path = Path(target).resolve() if target else Path.cwd()
+        if not target_path.is_dir() or not (target_path / "package.json").exists():
+            logger.error(
+                f"Invalid target directory or missing package.json: {target_path}"
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+        npm_cmd = "npm.cmd" if platform.system() == "Windows" else "npm"
+        try:
+            logger.info("Starting frontend asset build")
+            # S603, S607 are addressed by validating the target directory.
+            subprocess.check_call(  # noqa: S603, S607
+                [npm_cmd, "run", "build"],
+                cwd=target_path,
+                timeout=300,
+            )
+            logger.info("Frontend asset build completed successfully")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            logger.error("npm not found. Please install Node.js and npm.")
+            sys.exit(1)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            logger.error(f"Build failed with exit code {e.returncode}")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    if run:
+        if not target:
+            logger.error("Target argument is required for run command")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Maximum request limit. Terminating afterward. Suitable for software testing.
+        limit_max_requests = args["--limit-max-requests"]
+        if limit_max_requests is not None:
+            try:
+                limit_max_requests = int(limit_max_requests)
+                if limit_max_requests <= 0:
+                    logger.error("limit-max-requests must be a positive integer")
+                    sys.exit(1)
+            except ValueError:
+                logger.error("limit-max-requests must be a valid integer")
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Load application from target.
+        try:
+            api = load_target(target=target)
+        except InvalidTarget as ex:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{ex}. "
+                "Use either a Python module entrypoint specification, "
+                "a filesystem path, or a remote URL. "
+                "See also https://responder.kennethreitz.org/cli.html."
+            ) from ex
+
+        # Launch Responder API server (uvicorn).
+        api.run(debug=debug, limit_max_requests=limit_max_requests)
+
+
+def setup_logging(debug: bool) -> None:
+    """
+    Configure logging based on debug mode.
+
+    Args:
+        debug: When True, sets logging level to DEBUG; otherwise, sets to INFO
+    """
+    log_level = logging.DEBUG if debug else logging.INFO
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level=log_level, format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
+    )

responder/ext/graphql/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 import json
-from functools import partial
-
-from graphql_server import default_format_error, encode_execution_results, json_encode
 
 from .templates import GRAPHIQL
 
@@ -12,24 +9,19 @@ class GraphQLView:
         self.schema = schema
 
     @staticmethod
-    async def _resolve_graphql_query(req):
-        # TODO: Get variables and operation_name from form data, params, request text?
-
+    async def _resolve_graphql_query(req, resp):
         if "json" in req.mimetype:
             json_media = await req.media("json")
+            if "query" not in json_media:
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"errors": ["'query' key is required in the JSON payload"]}
+                return None, None, None
             return (
                 json_media["query"],
                 json_media.get("variables"),
                 json_media.get("operationName"),
             )
 
-        # Support query/q in form data.
-        # Form data is awaiting https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/102
-        # if "query" in req.media("form"):
-        #     return req.media("form")["query"], None, None
-        # if "q" in req.media("form"):
-        #     return req.media("form")["q"], None, None
-
         # Support query/q in params.
         if "query" in req.params:
             return req.params["query"], None, None
@@ -37,34 +29,38 @@ class GraphQLView:
             return req.params["q"], None, None
 
         # Otherwise, the request text is used (typical).
-        # TODO: Make some assertions about content-type here.
-        return req.text, None, None
+        return await req.text, None, None
 
-    async def graphql_response(self, req, resp, schema):
+    async def graphql_response(self, req, resp):
         show_graphiql = req.method == "get" and req.accepts("text/html")
 
         if show_graphiql:
             resp.content = self.api.templates.render_string(
                 GRAPHIQL, endpoint=req.url.path
             )
-            return
+            return None
+
+        query, variables, operation_name = await self._resolve_graphql_query(req, resp)
+        if query is None:
+            return None
 
-        query, variables, operation_name = await self._resolve_graphql_query(req)
         context = {"request": req, "response": resp}
-        result = schema.execute(
+        result = self.schema.execute(
             query, variables=variables, operation_name=operation_name, context=context
         )
-        result, status_code = encode_execution_results(
-            [result],
-            is_batch=False,
-            format_error=default_format_error,
-            encode=partial(json_encode, pretty=False),
-        )
-        resp.media = json.loads(result)
-        return (query, result, status_code)
+
+        response_data = {}
+        if result.errors:
+            response_data["errors"] = [{"message": str(e)} for e in result.errors]
+        if result.data is not None:
+            response_data["data"] = result.data
+
+        resp.media = response_data
+        status_code = 200 if not result.errors else 400
+        return (query, json.dumps(response_data), status_code)
 
     async def on_request(self, req, resp):
-        await self.graphql_response(req, resp, self.schema)
+        await self.graphql_response(req, resp)
 
     async def __call__(self, req, resp):
         await self.on_request(req, resp)

responder/ext/graphql/templates.py

@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
+# ruff: noqa: E501
 GRAPHIQL = """
-{% set GRAPHIQL_VERSION = '0.12.0' %}
+{% set GRAPHIQL_VERSION = '3.0.6' %}
+{% set REACT_VERSION = '18.2.0' %}
 
-<!--
- *  Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc.
- *  All rights reserved.
- *
- *  This source code is licensed under the license found in the
- *  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
--->
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
   <head>
@@ -22,123 +17,17 @@ GRAPHIQL = """
         height: 100vh;
       }
     </style>
-
-    <!--
-      This GraphiQL example depends on Promise and fetch, which are available in
-      modern browsers, but can be "polyfilled" for older browsers.
-      GraphiQL itself depends on React DOM.
-      If you do not want to rely on a CDN, you can host these files locally or
-      include them directly in your favored resource bunder.
-    -->
-    <link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/whatwg-fetch@2.0.3/fetch.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@16.2.0/umd/react.production.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react-dom@16.2.0/umd/react-dom.production.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.js"></script>
+    <link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
   </head>
   <body>
     <div id="graphiql">Loading...</div>
+    <script crossorigin src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@{{ REACT_VERSION }}/umd/react.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script crossorigin src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react-dom@{{ REACT_VERSION }}/umd/react-dom.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.js"></script>
     <script>
-
-      /**
-       * This GraphiQL example illustrates how to use some of GraphiQL's props
-       * in order to enable reading and updating the URL parameters, making
-       * link sharing of queries a little bit easier.
-       *
-       * This is only one example of this kind of feature, GraphiQL exposes
-       * various React params to enable interesting integrations.
-       */
-
-      // Parse the search string to get url parameters.
-      var search = window.location.search;
-      var parameters = {};
-      search.substr(1).split('&').forEach(function (entry) {
-        var eq = entry.indexOf('=');
-        if (eq >= 0) {
-          parameters[decodeURIComponent(entry.slice(0, eq))] =
-            decodeURIComponent(entry.slice(eq + 1));
-        }
-      });
-
-      // if variables was provided, try to format it.
-      if (parameters.variables) {
-        try {
-          parameters.variables =
-            JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(parameters.variables), null, 2);
-        } catch (e) {
-          // Do nothing, we want to display the invalid JSON as a string, rather
-          // than present an error.
-        }
-      }
-
-      // When the query and variables string is edited, update the URL bar so
-      // that it can be easily shared
-      function onEditQuery(newQuery) {
-        parameters.query = newQuery;
-        updateURL();
-      }
-
-      function onEditVariables(newVariables) {
-        parameters.variables = newVariables;
-        updateURL();
-      }
-
-      function onEditOperationName(newOperationName) {
-        parameters.operationName = newOperationName;
-        updateURL();
-      }
-
-      function updateURL() {
-        var newSearch = '?' + Object.keys(parameters).filter(function (key) {
-          return Boolean(parameters[key]);
-        }).map(function (key) {
-          return encodeURIComponent(key) + '=' +
-            encodeURIComponent(parameters[key]);
-        }).join('&');
-        history.replaceState(null, null, newSearch);
-      }
-
-      // Defines a GraphQL fetcher using the fetch API. You're not required to
-      // use fetch, and could instead implement graphQLFetcher however you like,
-      // as long as it returns a Promise or Observable.
-      function graphQLFetcher(graphQLParams) {
-        // This example expects a GraphQL server at the path /graphql.
-        // Change this to point wherever you host your GraphQL server.
-        return fetch('{{ endpoint }}', {
-          method: 'post',
-          headers: {
-            'Accept': 'application/json',
-            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-          },
-          body: JSON.stringify(graphQLParams),
-          credentials: 'include',
-        }).then(function (response) {
-          return response.text();
-        }).then(function (responseBody) {
-          try {
-            return JSON.parse(responseBody);
-          } catch (error) {
-            return responseBody;
-          }
-        });
-      }
-
-      // Render <GraphiQL /> into the body.
-      // See the README in the top level of this module to learn more about
-      // how you can customize GraphiQL by providing different values or
-      // additional child elements.
-      ReactDOM.render(
-        React.createElement(GraphiQL, {
-          fetcher: graphQLFetcher,
-          query: parameters.query,
-          variables: parameters.variables,
-          operationName: parameters.operationName,
-          onEditQuery: onEditQuery,
-          onEditVariables: onEditVariables,
-          onEditOperationName: onEditOperationName
-        }),
-        document.getElementById('graphiql')
-      );
+      const fetcher = GraphiQL.createFetcher({ url: '{{ endpoint }}' });
+      const root = ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('graphiql'));
+      root.render(React.createElement(GraphiQL, { fetcher: fetcher }));
     </script>
   </body>
 </html>

responder/ext/openapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
-import os
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import apistar
-import jinja2
-import yaml
 from apispec import APISpec, yaml_utils
 from apispec.ext.marshmallow import MarshmallowPlugin
 
-from responder.statics import DEFAULT_API_THEME
-from responder.staticfiles import StaticFiles
 from responder import status_codes
+from responder.statics import API_THEMES, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME
+from responder.templates import Templates
 
 
-class Schema:
+class OpenAPISchema:
     def __init__(
         self,
         app,
@@ -22,11 +18,12 @@ class Schema:
         description=None,
         terms_of_service=None,
         contact=None,
-        license=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
         openapi=None,
         openapi_route="/schema.yml",
         docs_route="/docs/",
         static_route="/static",
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
     ):
         self.app = app
         self.schemas = {}
@@ -40,7 +37,9 @@ class Schema:
         self.openapi_version = openapi
         self.openapi_route = openapi_route
 
-        self.docs_theme = DEFAULT_API_THEME
+        self.docs_theme = (
+            openapi_theme if openapi_theme in API_THEMES else DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME
+        )
         self.docs_route = docs_route
 
         self.plugins = [MarshmallowPlugin()] if plugins is None else plugins
@@ -51,17 +50,13 @@ class Schema:
         if self.docs_route is not None:
             self.app.add_route(self.docs_route, self.docs_response)
 
-        theme_path = (
-            Path(apistar.__file__).parent / "themes" / self.docs_theme / "static"
-        ).resolve()
+        theme_path = (Path(__file__).parent / "docs").resolve()
+        self.templates = Templates(directory=theme_path)
 
         self.static_route = static_route
 
-        self.app.static_app.add_directory(theme_path)
-
     @property
     def _apispec(self):
-
         info = {}
         if self.description is not None:
             info["description"] = self.description
@@ -82,9 +77,7 @@ class Schema:
 
         for route in self.app.router.routes:
             if route.description:
-                operations = yaml_utils.load_operations_from_docstring(
-                    route.description
-                )
+                operations = yaml_utils.load_operations_from_docstring(route.description)
                 spec.path(path=route.route, operations=operations)
 
         for name, schema in self.schemas.items():
@@ -97,7 +90,7 @@ class Schema:
         return self._apispec.to_yaml()
 
     def add_schema(self, name, schema, check_existing=True):
-        """Adds a mashmallow schema to the API specification."""
+        """Adds a marshmallow schema to the API specification."""
         if check_existing:
             assert name not in self.schemas
 
@@ -124,25 +117,10 @@ class Schema:
 
     @property
     def docs(self):
-
-        loader = jinja2.PrefixLoader(
-            {
-                self.docs_theme: jinja2.PackageLoader(
-                    "apistar", os.path.join("themes", self.docs_theme, "templates")
-                )
-            }
-        )
-        env = jinja2.Environment(autoescape=True, loader=loader)
-        document = apistar.document.Document()
-        document.content = yaml.safe_load(self.openapi)
-
-        template = env.get_template("/".join([self.docs_theme, "index.html"]))
-
-        return template.render(
-            document=document,
-            langs=["javascript", "python"],
-            code_style=None,
-            static_url=self.static_url,
+        return self.templates.render(
+            f"{self.docs_theme}.html",
+            title=self.title,
+            version=self.version,
             schema_url="/schema.yml",
         )
 
@@ -155,6 +133,6 @@ class Schema:
         resp.html = self.docs
 
     def schema_response(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200
+        resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         resp.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-yaml"
         resp.content = self.openapi

responder/ext/openapi/docs/elements.html

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta
+      name="viewport"
+      content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"
+    />
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <!-- Embed elements Elements via Web Component -->
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/@stoplight/elements/web-components.min.js"></script>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      href="https://unpkg.com/@stoplight/elements/styles.min.css"
+    />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <elements-api
+      apiDescriptionUrl="{{ schema_url }}"
+      router="hash"
+      layout="sidebar"
+    />
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/ext/openapi/docs/rapidoc.html

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!-- Important: must specify -->
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <!-- Important: rapi-doc uses utf8 characters -->
+    <script
+      type="module"
+      src="https://unpkg.com/rapidoc/dist/rapidoc-min.js"
+    ></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <rapi-doc spec-url="{{ schema_url }}" show-header="false"> </rapi-doc>
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/ext/openapi/docs/redoc.html

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <link
+      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:300,400,700|Roboto:300,400,700"
+      rel="stylesheet"
+    />
+
+    <style>
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        padding: 0;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <redoc spec-url="{{ schema_url }}"></redoc>
+    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@latest/bundles/redoc.standalone.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/ext/openapi/docs/swagger_ui.html

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui.css"
+    />
+    <style>
+      html {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+        overflow: -moz-scrollbars-vertical;
+        overflow-y: scroll;
+      }
+
+      *,
+      *:before,
+      *:after {
+        box-sizing: inherit;
+      }
+
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        background: #fafafa;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <div id="swagger-ui"></div>
+
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui-bundle.js"></script>
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui-standalone-preset.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      window.onload = function () {
+        const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({
+          url: "{{ schema_url }}",
+          dom_id: "#swagger-ui",
+          deepLinking: true,
+          presets: [SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis, SwaggerUIStandalonePreset],
+          plugins: [SwaggerUIBundle.plugins.DownloadUrl],
+          layout: "BaseLayout",
+        });
+      };
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/formats.py

@@ -1,84 +1,142 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 import yaml
-from requests_toolbelt.multipart import decoder
+from python_multipart import MultipartParser
 
 from .models import QueryDict
 
 
+class _PartData:
+    __slots__ = ("headers", "body", "header_field")
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.body = b""
+        self.header_field = ""
+
+
+def _parse_multipart(content: bytes, content_type: str) -> list[_PartData]:
+    """Parse multipart form data into a list of parts with headers and body."""
+    boundary = None
+    for segment in content_type.split(";"):
+        segment = segment.strip()
+        if segment.startswith("boundary="):
+            boundary = segment.split("=", 1)[1].strip('"')
+            break
+
+    if boundary is None:
+        return []
+
+    parts: list[_PartData] = []
+    current: list[_PartData | None] = [None]
+
+    def on_part_begin():
+        current[0] = _PartData()
+
+    def on_part_data(data, start, end):
+        current[0].body += data[start:end]  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+    def on_header_field(data, start, end):
+        current[0].header_field = data[start:end].decode("utf-8")  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+    def on_header_value(data, start, end):
+        part = current[0]
+        assert part is not None
+        part.headers[part.header_field] = data[start:end].decode("utf-8")
+
+    def on_part_end():
+        parts.append(current[0])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    parser = MultipartParser(
+        boundary.encode(),
+        {  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            "on_part_begin": on_part_begin,
+            "on_part_data": on_part_data,
+            "on_header_field": on_header_field,
+            "on_header_value": on_header_value,
+            "on_part_end": on_part_end,
+        },
+    )
+    parser.write(content)
+    parser.finalize()
+
+    return parts
+
+
 async def format_form(r, encode=False):
     if encode:
-        pass
-    elif "multipart/form-data" in r.headers.get("Content-Type"):
-        decode = decoder.MultipartDecoder(await r.content, r.mimetype)
-        querys = list()
-        for part in decode.parts:
-            header = part.headers.get(b"Content-Disposition").decode("utf-8")
-            text = part.text
+        return None
+    if "multipart/form-data" in r.headers.get("Content-Type"):
+        parts = _parse_multipart(await r.content, r.mimetype)
+        queries = []
+        for part in parts:
+            header = part.headers.get("Content-Disposition", "")
+            text = part.body.decode("utf-8")
 
             for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
                 split = section.split("=")
                 if len(split) > 1:
                     key = split[1]
                     key = key[1:-1]
-                    querys.append((key, text))
+                    queries.append((key, text))
 
-        content = urlencode(querys)
+        content = urlencode(queries)
         return QueryDict(content)
-    else:
-        return QueryDict(await r.text)
+    return QueryDict(await r.text)
 
 
 async def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
     if encode:
         r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/x-yaml"})
         return yaml.safe_dump(r.media)
-    else:
-        return yaml.safe_load(await r.content)
+    return yaml.safe_load(await r.content)
 
 
 async def format_json(r, encode=False):
     if encode:
         r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/json"})
         return json.dumps(r.media)
-    else:
-        return json.loads(await r.content)
+    return json.loads(await r.content)
 
 
 async def format_files(r, encode=False):
     if encode:
-        pass
-    else:
-        decoded = decoder.MultipartDecoder(await r.content, r.mimetype)
-        dump = {}
-        for part in decoded.parts:
-            header = part.headers[b"Content-Disposition"].decode("utf-8")
-            mimetype = part.headers.get(b"Content-Type", None)
-            filename = None
+        return None
+    parts = _parse_multipart(await r.content, r.mimetype)
+    dump = {}
+    for part in parts:
+        header = part.headers.get("Content-Disposition", "")
+        mimetype = part.headers.get("Content-Type", None)
+        filename = None
+        formname = None
 
-            for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
-                split = section.split("=")
-                if len(split) > 1:
-                    key = split[0]
-                    value = split[1]
+        for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
+            split = section.split("=")
+            if len(split) > 1:
+                key = split[0]
+                value = split[1]
+                value = value[1:-1]
 
-                    value = value[1:-1]
+                if key == "filename":
+                    filename = value
+                elif key == "name":
+                    formname = value
 
-                    if key == "filename":
-                        filename = value
-                    elif key == "name":
-                        formname = value
+        if formname is None:
+            continue
 
-            if mimetype is None:
-                dump[formname] = part.content
-            else:
-                dump[formname] = {
-                    "filename": filename,
-                    "content": part.content,
-                    "content-type": mimetype.decode("utf-8"),
-                }
-        return dump
+        if mimetype is None:
+            dump[formname] = part.body
+        else:
+            dump[formname] = {
+                "filename": filename,
+                "content": part.body,
+                "content-type": mimetype,
+            }
+    return dump
 
 
 def get_formats():

responder/models.py

@@ -1,29 +1,51 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
-import io
 import inspect
-import json
-import gzip
-from urllib.parse import parse_qs
-from base64 import b64decode
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse
 
-import chardet
-import rfc3986
-import graphene
-import yaml
+__all__ = ["Request", "Response", "QueryDict"]
 
-from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from requests.cookies import RequestsCookieJar
-
-from starlette.datastructures import MutableHeaders
-from starlette.requests import Request as StarletteRequest, State
+try:
+    import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    chardet = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+from starlette.requests import Request as StarletteRequest
+from starlette.requests import State
 from starlette.responses import (
     Response as StarletteResponse,
+)
+from starlette.responses import (
     StreamingResponse as StarletteStreamingResponse,
 )
 
-from .status_codes import HTTP_200, HTTP_301
 from .statics import DEFAULT_ENCODING
+from .status_codes import HTTP_301  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):
+    """A case-insensitive dict for HTTP headers."""
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        super().__setitem__(key.lower(), value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return super().__getitem__(key.lower())
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return super().__contains__(key.lower())
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return super().get(key.lower(), default)
+
+    def update(self, other=None, **kwargs):
+        if other:
+            for key, value in other.items():
+                self[key] = value
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self[key] = value
 
 
 class QueryDict(dict):
@@ -112,7 +134,7 @@ class Request:
         self.api = api
         self._content = None
 
-        headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        headers: CaseInsensitiveDict = CaseInsensitiveDict()
         for key, value in self._starlette.headers.items():
             headers[key] = value
 
@@ -133,6 +155,11 @@ class Request:
     def mimetype(self):
         return self.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
 
+    @property
+    def is_json(self):
+        """Returns ``True`` if the request content type is JSON."""
+        return "json" in self.mimetype
+
     @property
     def method(self):
         """The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased."""
@@ -146,20 +173,20 @@ class Request:
     @property
     def url(self):
         """The parsed URL of the Request."""
-        return rfc3986.urlparse(self.full_url)
+        return urlparse(self.full_url)
 
     @property
     def cookies(self):
         """The cookies sent in the Request, as a dictionary."""
         if self._cookies is None:
-            cookies = RequestsCookieJar()
+            cookies = {}
             cookie_header = self.headers.get("Cookie", "")
 
-            bc = SimpleCookie(cookie_header)
+            bc: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie(cookie_header)
             for key, morsel in bc.items():
                 cookies[key] = morsel.value
 
-            self._cookies = cookies.get_dict()
+            self._cookies = cookies
 
         return self._cookies
 
@@ -171,6 +198,16 @@ class Request:
         except AttributeError:
             return QueryDict({})
 
+    @property
+    def path_params(self) -> dict:
+        """The path parameters extracted from the URL route."""
+        return self._starlette.path_params
+
+    @property
+    def client(self):
+        """The client's address as a (host, port) named tuple, or None."""
+        return self._starlette.client
+
     @property
     def state(self) -> State:
         """
@@ -213,16 +250,23 @@ class Request:
     async def declared_encoding(self):
         if "Encoding" in self.headers:
             return self.headers["Encoding"]
+        return None
 
     @property
     async def apparent_encoding(self):
-        """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library. Must be awaited."""
+        """The apparent encoding, detected automatically. Must be awaited.
+
+        Uses chardet for detection if installed, otherwise falls back to UTF-8.
+        """
         declared_encoding = await self.declared_encoding
 
         if declared_encoding:
             return declared_encoding
 
-        return chardet.detect(await self.content)["encoding"] or DEFAULT_ENCODING
+        if chardet is not None:
+            return chardet.detect(await self.content)["encoding"] or DEFAULT_ENCODING
+
+        return DEFAULT_ENCODING
 
     @property
     def is_secure(self):
@@ -232,20 +276,31 @@ class Request:
         """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request accepts the given ``content_type``."""
         return content_type in self.headers.get("Accept", [])
 
-    async def media(self, format=None):
+    async def media(self, format: str | Callable = None):  # noqa: A002
         """Renders incoming json/yaml/form data as Python objects. Must be awaited.
 
-        :param format: The name of the format being used. Alternatively accepts a custom callable for the format type.
+        :param format: The name of the format being used.
+                       Alternatively, accepts a custom callable for the format type.
         """
 
         if format is None:
-            format = "yaml" if "yaml" in self.mimetype or "" else "json"
-            format = "form" if "form" in self.mimetype or "" else format
+            format = "yaml" if "yaml" in self.mimetype or "" else "json"  # noqa: A001
+            format = "form" if "form" in self.mimetype or "" else format  # noqa: A001
+
+        formatter: Callable
+        if isinstance(format, str):
+            try:
+                formatter = self.formats[format]
+            except KeyError as ex:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unable to process data in '{format}' format") from ex
+
+        elif callable(format):
+            formatter = format
 
-        if format in self.formats:
-            return await self.formats[format](self)
         else:
-            return await format(self)
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid 'format' argument: {format}")
+
+        return await formatter(self)
 
 
 def content_setter(mimetype):
@@ -279,24 +334,22 @@ class Response:
 
     def __init__(self, req, *, formats):
         self.req = req
-        self.status_code = None  #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
+        #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
+        self.status_code: int | None = None
         self.content = None  #: A bytes representation of the response body.
         self.mimetype = None
         self.encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING
-        self.media = (
-            None
-        )  #: A Python object that will be content-negotiated and sent back to the client. Typically, in JSON formatting.
+        self.media = None  #: A Python object that will be content-negotiated and
+        #: sent back to the client. Typically, in JSON formatting.
         self._stream = None
-        self.headers = (
-            {}
-        )  #: A Python dictionary of ``{key: value}``, representing the headers of the response.
+        self.headers = {}  #: A Python dictionary of ``{key: value}``,
+        #: representing the headers of the response.
         self.formats = formats
-        self.cookies = SimpleCookie()  #: The cookies set in the Response
+        self.cookies: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()  #: The cookies set in the Response
         self.session = (
             req.session
         )  #: The cookie-based session data, in dict form, to add to the Response.
 
-    # Property or func/dec
     def stream(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
         assert inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func)
 
@@ -304,6 +357,25 @@ class Response:
 
         return func
 
+    def file(self, path, *, content_type=None):
+        """Serve a file from disk as the response.
+
+        :param path: Path to the file to serve.
+        :param content_type: Optional MIME type override.
+        """
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        path = Path(path)
+        self.content = path.read_bytes()
+
+        if content_type:
+            self.mimetype = content_type
+        else:
+            import mimetypes
+
+            guessed = mimetypes.guess_type(str(path))[0]
+            self.mimetype = guessed or "application/octet-stream"
+
     def redirect(self, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=HTTP_301):
         self.status_code = status_code
         if set_text:
@@ -322,12 +394,13 @@ class Response:
                 headers["Content-Type"] = self.mimetype
             if self.mimetype == "text/plain" and self.encoding is not None:
                 headers["Encoding"] = self.encoding
-                content = content.encode(self.encoding)
+                if isinstance(content, str):
+                    content = content.encode(self.encoding)
             return (content, headers)
 
-        for format in self.formats:
-            if self.req.accepts(format):
-                return (await self.formats[format](self, encode=True)), {}
+        for format_ in self.formats:
+            if self.req.accepts(format_):
+                return (await self.formats[format_](self, encode=True)), {}
 
         # Default to JSON anyway.
         return (
@@ -371,12 +444,23 @@ class Response:
         if self.headers:
             headers.update(self.headers)
 
+        response_cls: type[StarletteResponse] | type[StarletteStreamingResponse]
         if self._stream is not None:
             response_cls = StarletteStreamingResponse
         else:
             response_cls = StarletteResponse
 
-        response = response_cls(body, status_code=self.status_code, headers=headers)
+        response = response_cls(body, status_code=self.status_code_safe, headers=headers)
         self._prepare_cookies(response)
 
         await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        return 200 <= self.status_code_safe < 300
+
+    @property
+    def status_code_safe(self) -> int:
+        if self.status_code is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("HTTP status code has not been defined")
+        return self.status_code

responder/routes.py

@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
 import asyncio
-import json
-import re
 import inspect
+import re
+import traceback
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+__all__ = ["Route", "WebSocketRoute", "Router"]
 
-from starlette.routing import Lifespan
-from starlette.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
-from starlette.websockets import WebSocket, WebSocketClose
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket, WebSocketClose
 
-from .models import Request, Response
 from . import status_codes
 from .formats import get_formats
-from .statics import DEFAULT_SESSION_COOKIE
+from .models import Request, Response
 
+_UUID_RE = r"[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}"
 
 _CONVERTORS = {
     "int": (int, r"\d+"),
     "str": (str, r"[^/]+"),
     "float": (float, r"\d+(.\d+)?"),
+    "path": (str, r".+"),
+    "uuid": (str, _UUID_RE),
 }
 
 PARAM_RE = re.compile("{([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)(:[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)?}")
@@ -32,9 +36,9 @@ def compile_path(path):
     for match in PARAM_RE.finditer(path):
         param_name, convertor_type = match.groups(default="str")
         convertor_type = convertor_type.lstrip(":")
-        assert (
-            convertor_type in _CONVERTORS.keys()
-        ), f"Unknown path convertor '{convertor_type}'"
+        assert convertor_type in _CONVERTORS.keys(), (
+            f"Unknown path convertor '{convertor_type}'"
+        )
         convertor, convertor_re = _CONVERTORS[convertor_type]
 
         path_re += path[idx : match.start()]
@@ -58,19 +62,22 @@ class BaseRoute:
 
 
 class Route(BaseRoute):
-    def __init__(self, route, endpoint, *, before_request=False):
+    def __init__(self, route, endpoint, *, before_request=False, methods=None):
         assert route.startswith("/"), "Route path must start with '/'"
         self.route = route
         self.endpoint = endpoint
         self.before_request = before_request
+        self.methods = {m.upper() for m in methods} if methods else None
 
         self.path_re, self.param_convertors = compile_path(route)
+        # Strip type annotations for URL generation (e.g. {id:int} -> {id})
+        self._url_template = PARAM_RE.sub(r"{\1}", route)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"<Route {self.route!r}={self.endpoint!r}>"
 
     def url(self, **params):
-        return self.route.format(**params)
+        return self._url_template.format(**params)
 
     @property
     def endpoint_name(self):
@@ -84,6 +91,9 @@ class Route(BaseRoute):
         if scope["type"] != "http":
             return False, {}
 
+        if self.methods and scope.get("method", "").upper() not in self.methods:
+            return False, {}
+
         path = scope["path"]
         match = self.path_re.match(path)
 
@@ -108,6 +118,10 @@ class Route(BaseRoute):
                 await before_request(request, response)
             else:
                 await run_in_threadpool(before_request, request, response)
+            # If a before_request hook set a status code, short-circuit
+            if response.status_code is not None:
+                await response(scope, receive, send)
+                return
 
         views = []
 
@@ -121,14 +135,14 @@ class Route(BaseRoute):
             try:
                 view = getattr(endpoint, method_name)
                 views.append(view)
-            except AttributeError:
+            except AttributeError as ex:
                 if on_request is None:
-                    raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_405)
+                    raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_405) from ex  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         else:
             views.append(self.endpoint)
 
         for view in views:
-            # "Monckey patch" for graphql: explicitly checking __call__
+            # Check __call__ for class-based views (e.g. GraphQL)
             if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(view) or asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(
                 view.__call__
             ):
@@ -137,12 +151,11 @@ class Route(BaseRoute):
                 await run_in_threadpool(view, request, response, **path_params)
 
         if response.status_code is None:
-            response.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200
+            response.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
         await response(scope, receive, send)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        # [TODO] compare to str ?
         return self.route == other.route and self.endpoint == other.endpoint
 
     def __hash__(self):
@@ -157,12 +170,13 @@ class WebSocketRoute(BaseRoute):
         self.before_request = before_request
 
         self.path_re, self.param_convertors = compile_path(route)
+        self._url_template = PARAM_RE.sub(r"{\1}", route)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"<Route {self.route!r}={self.endpoint!r}>"
 
     def url(self, **params):
-        return self.route.format(**params)
+        return self._url_template.format(**params)
 
     @property
     def endpoint_name(self):
@@ -198,7 +212,6 @@ class WebSocketRoute(BaseRoute):
         await self.endpoint(ws)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        # [TODO] compare to str ?
         return self.route == other.route and self.endpoint == other.endpoint
 
     def __hash__(self):
@@ -206,17 +219,20 @@ class WebSocketRoute(BaseRoute):
 
 
 class Router:
-    def __init__(self, routes=None, default_response=None, before_requests=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, routes=None, default_response=None, before_requests=None, lifespan=None
+    ):
         self.routes = [] if routes is None else list(routes)
-        # [TODO] Make its own router
-        self.apps = {}
+
+        self.apps: dict[str, ASGIApp] = {}
         self.default_endpoint = (
             self.default_response if default_response is None else default_response
         )
-        self.lifespan_handler = Lifespan()
         self.before_requests = (
             {"http": [], "ws": []} if before_requests is None else before_requests
         )
+        self.events = defaultdict(list)
+        self._lifespan_handler = lifespan
 
     def add_route(
         self,
@@ -227,11 +243,13 @@ class Router:
         websocket=False,
         before_request=False,
         check_existing=False,
+        methods=None,
     ):
-        """ Adds a route to the router.
+        """Adds a route to the router.
         :param route: A string representation of the route
         :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be callable, or class.
         :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ["GET", "POST"]).
         """
         if before_request:
             if websocket:
@@ -241,9 +259,9 @@ class Router:
             return
 
         if check_existing:
-            assert not self.routes or route not in (
-                item.route for item in self.routes
-            ), f"Route '{route}' already exists"
+            assert not self.routes or route not in (item.route for item in self.routes), (
+                f"Route '{route}' already exists"
+            )
 
         if default:
             self.default_endpoint = endpoint
@@ -251,14 +269,27 @@ class Router:
         if websocket:
             route = WebSocketRoute(route, endpoint)
         else:
-            route = Route(route, endpoint)
+            route = Route(route, endpoint, methods=methods)
 
         self.routes.append(route)
 
     def mount(self, route, app):
-        """Mounts ASGI / WSGI applications at a given route
-        """
-        self.apps.update(route, app)
+        """Mounts ASGI / WSGI applications at a given route"""
+        self.apps.update({route: app})
+
+    def add_event_handler(self, event_type, handler):
+        assert event_type in (
+            "startup",
+            "shutdown",
+        ), f"Only 'startup' and 'shutdown' events are supported, not {event_type}."
+        self.events[event_type].append(handler)
+
+    async def trigger_event(self, event_type):
+        for handler in self.events.get(event_type, []):
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(handler):
+                await handler()
+            else:
+                handler()
 
     def before_request(self, endpoint, websocket=False):
         if websocket:
@@ -267,7 +298,6 @@ class Router:
             self.before_requests.setdefault("http", []).append(endpoint)
 
     def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
-        # TODO: Check for params
         for route in self.routes:
             if endpoint in (route.endpoint, route.endpoint.__name__):
                 return route.url(**params)
@@ -276,13 +306,13 @@ class Router:
     async def default_response(self, scope, receive, send):
         if scope["type"] == "websocket":
             websocket_close = WebSocketClose()
-            await websocket_close(receive, send)
+            await websocket_close(scope, receive, send)
             return
 
         request = Request(scope, receive)
-        response = Response(request, formats=get_formats())
+        response = Response(request, formats=get_formats())  # noqa: F841
 
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_404)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_404)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
     def _resolve_route(self, scope):
         for route in self.routes:
@@ -292,16 +322,60 @@ class Router:
                 return route
         return None
 
+    async def lifespan(self, scope, receive, send):
+        message = await receive()
+        assert message["type"] == "lifespan.startup"
+
+        if self._lifespan_handler is not None:
+            # Modern lifespan context manager pattern
+            try:
+                ctx = self._lifespan_handler(scope.get("app"))
+                await ctx.__aenter__()
+            except BaseException:
+                msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.failed", "message": msg})
+                raise
+
+            await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.complete"})
+            message = await receive()
+            assert message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown"
+
+            await ctx.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+        else:
+            # Legacy on_event("startup") / on_event("shutdown") pattern
+            try:
+                await self.trigger_event("startup")
+            except BaseException:
+                msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.failed", "message": msg})
+                raise
+
+            await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.complete"})
+            message = await receive()
+            assert message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown"
+            await self.trigger_event("shutdown")
+
+        await send({"type": "lifespan.shutdown.complete"})
+
     async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
         assert scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket", "lifespan")
 
         if scope["type"] == "lifespan":
-            await self.lifespan_handler(scope, receive, send)
+            await self.lifespan(scope, receive, send)
             return
 
         path = scope["path"]
         root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
 
+        # Check "primary" mounted routes first (before submounted apps)
+        route = self._resolve_route(scope)
+
+        scope["before_requests"] = self.before_requests
+
+        if route is not None:
+            await route(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
         # Call into a submounted app, if one exists.
         for path_prefix, app in self.apps.items():
             if path.startswith(path_prefix):
@@ -311,16 +385,10 @@ class Router:
                     await app(scope, receive, send)
                     return
                 except TypeError:
+                    from a2wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
+
                     app = WSGIMiddleware(app)
                     await app(scope, receive, send)
                     return
 
-        route = self._resolve_route(scope)
-
-        scope["before_requests"] = self.before_requests
-
-        if route is not None:
-            await route(scope, receive, send)
-            return
-
-        await self.default_response(scope, receive, send)
+        await self.default_endpoint(scope, receive, send)

responder/staticfiles.py

@@ -1,18 +1,8 @@
-import typing
-
-from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles as StarletteStaticFiles
 
 
-class StaticFiles(StaticFiles):
-    """I've created an issue to disccuss allowing multiple directories in starletter's `StaticFiles`.
-    
-    https://github.com/encode/starlette/issues/625
-    
-    I've also made a PR to add this method to starlette StaticFiles
-    Once accepted we will remove this.
-    
-    https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/626
-    """
+class StaticFiles(StarletteStaticFiles):
+    """Extension to Starlette's StaticFiles with support for multiple directories."""
 
     def add_directory(self, directory: str) -> None:
         self.all_directories = [*self.all_directories, *self.get_directories(directory)]

responder/statics.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+API_THEMES = ["elements", "rapidoc", "redoc", "swagger_ui"]
 DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
-DEFAULT_API_THEME = "swaggerui"
+DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME = "swagger_ui"
 DEFAULT_SESSION_COOKIE = "Responder-Session"
-DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY = "NOTASECRET"
+DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY = "NOTASECRET"  # noqa: S105
 
 DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS = {
     "allow_origins": (),

responder/status_codes.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# from: https://github.com/requests/requests/blob/master/requests/status_codes.py
-
 codes = {
     # Informational.
     100: ("continue",),
@@ -26,11 +24,7 @@ codes = {
     305: ("use_proxy",),
     306: ("switch_proxy",),
     307: ("temporary_redirect", "temporary_moved", "temporary"),
-    308: (
-        "permanent_redirect",
-        "resume_incomplete",
-        "resume",
-    ),  # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
+    308: ("permanent_redirect",),
     # Client Error.
     400: ("bad_request", "bad"),
     401: ("unauthorized",),

responder/templates.py

@@ -2,12 +2,18 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 import jinja2
 
+__all__ = ["Templates"]
+
 
 class Templates:
-    def __init__(self, directory="templates", autoescape=True, context=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, directory="templates", autoescape=True, context=None, enable_async=False
+    ):
         self.directory = directory
         self._env = jinja2.Environment(
-            loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader([str(self.directory)]), autoescape=autoescape
+            loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader([str(self.directory)]),
+            autoescape=autoescape,  # noqa: S701
+            enable_async=enable_async,
         )
         self.default_context = {} if context is None else {**context}
         self._env.globals.update(self.default_context)
@@ -29,7 +35,7 @@ class Templates:
         :param template: The filename of the jinja2 template.
         :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
         :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501
         return self.get_template(template).render(*args, **kwargs)
 
     @contextmanager
@@ -50,6 +56,6 @@ class Templates:
         :param source: The template to use.
         :param *args, **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
         :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501
         template = self._env.from_string(source)
         return template.render(*args, **kwargs)

responder/util/cmd.py

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# ruff: noqa: S603  # Subprocess call - output not captured
+# ruff: noqa: S607  # Starting a process with a partial executable path
+# Security considerations for subprocess usage:
+# 1. Only execute the 'responder' binary from PATH
+# 2. Validate all user inputs before passing to subprocess
+# 3. Use Path.resolve() to prevent path traversal
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import signal
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ResponderProgram:
+    """
+    Utility class for managing Responder program execution.
+
+    This class provides methods for:
+    - Locating the responder executable in PATH
+    - Building frontend assets using npm
+
+    Example:
+        >>> program_path = ResponderProgram.path()
+        >>> build_status = ResponderProgram.build(Path("app_dir"))
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+    def path():
+        name = "responder"
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            name = "responder.exe"
+        program = shutil.which(name)
+        if program is None:
+            paths = os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Could not find '{name}' executable in PATH. "
+                f"Please install Responder with 'pip install --upgrade responder'. "
+                f"Searched in: {', '.join(paths)}"
+            )
+        logger.debug(f"Found responder program: {program}")
+        return program
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path: Path) -> int:
+        """
+        Invoke `responder build` command.
+
+        Args:
+            path: Path to the application to build
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The return code from the build process
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the path is invalid
+            RuntimeError: If the responder executable is not found
+            subprocess.SubprocessError: If the build process fails
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(path, Path):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a Path object, got {type(path).__name__}")
+        if not path.exists():
+            raise ValueError(f"Path does not exist: {path}")
+        if not path.is_dir():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Path is not a directory: {path}")
+
+        command = [
+            cls.path(),
+            "build",
+            str(path),
+        ]
+        return subprocess.call(command)
+
+
+class ResponderServer(threading.Thread):
+    """
+    A threaded wrapper around the `responder run` command for testing purposes.
+
+    This class allows running a Responder application in a separate thread,
+    making it suitable for integration testing scenarios.
+
+    Args:
+        target (str): The path to the Responder application to run
+        port (int, optional): The port to run the server on. Defaults to 5042.
+        limit_max_requests (int, optional): Maximum number of requests to handle
+            before shutting down. Useful for testing scenarios.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> server = ResponderServer("app.py", port=8000)
+        >>> server.start()
+        >>> # Run tests
+        >>> server.stop()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target: str, port: int = 5042, limit_max_requests: int = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._stopping = False
+
+        # Validate input variables.
+        if not target or not isinstance(target, str):
+            raise ValueError("Target must be a non-empty string")
+        if not isinstance(port, int) or port < 1:
+            raise ValueError("Port must be a positive integer")
+        if limit_max_requests is not None and (
+            not isinstance(limit_max_requests, int) or limit_max_requests < 1
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("limit_max_requests must be a positive integer if specified")
+
+        # Check if port is available.
+        try:
+            with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
+                s.bind(("localhost", port))
+        except OSError as ex:
+            raise ValueError(f"Port {port} is already in use") from ex
+
+        # Instance variables after validation.
+        self.target = target
+        self.port = port
+        self.limit_max_requests = limit_max_requests
+        self.shutdown_timeout = 5  # seconds
+
+        # Allow the thread to be terminated when the main program exits.
+        self.process: subprocess.Popen
+        self.daemon = True
+        self._process_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        # Setup signal handlers.
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self._signal_handler)
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._signal_handler)
+
+    def run(self):
+        command = [
+            ResponderProgram.path(),
+            "run",
+            self.target,
+        ]
+        if self.limit_max_requests is not None:
+            command += [f"--limit-max-requests={self.limit_max_requests}"]
+
+        # Preserve existing environment
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+
+        if self.port is not None:
+            env["PORT"] = str(self.port)
+
+        with self._process_lock:
+            self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+                command,
+                env=env,
+                universal_newlines=True,
+            )
+        self.process.wait()
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Gracefully stop the process (API).
+        """
+        if self._stopping:
+            return
+        with self._process_lock:
+            self._stop()
+
+    def _stop(self):
+        """
+        Gracefully stop the process (impl).
+        """
+        self._stopping = True
+        if self.process and self.process.poll() is None:
+            logger.info("Attempting to terminate server process...")
+            self.process.terminate()
+            try:
+                # Wait for graceful shutdown.
+                self.process.wait(timeout=self.shutdown_timeout)
+                logger.info("Server process terminated gracefully")
+            except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Server process did not terminate gracefully, forcing kill"
+                )
+                self.process.kill()  # Force kill if not terminated
+
+    def _signal_handler(self, signum, frame):
+        """
+        Handle termination signals gracefully.
+        """
+        logger.info("Received signal %d, shutting down...", signum)
+        self.stop()
+
+    def wait_until_ready(self, timeout=30, request_timeout=1, delay=0.1) -> bool:
+        """
+        Wait until the server is ready to accept connections.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout (int, optional): Maximum time to wait in seconds. Defaults to 30.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if server is ready and accepting connections, False otherwise.
+        """
+        start_time = time.time()
+        last_error = None
+        while time.time() - start_time < timeout:
+            if not self.is_running():
+                if self.process is None:
+                    logger.error("Server process was never started")
+                else:
+                    returncode = self.process.poll()
+                    logger.error("Server process exited with code: %d", returncode)
+                return False
+            try:
+                with socket.create_connection(
+                    ("localhost", self.port), timeout=request_timeout
+                ):
+                    return True
+            except (
+                socket.timeout,
+                ConnectionRefusedError,
+                socket.gaierror,
+                OSError,
+            ) as ex:
+                last_error = ex
+                logger.debug(f"Server not ready yet: {ex}")
+                time.sleep(delay)
+        logger.error(
+            "Server failed to start within %d seconds. Last error: %s",
+            timeout,
+            last_error,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    def is_running(self):
+        """
+        Check if the server process is still running.
+        """
+        return self.process is not None and self.process.poll() is None

responder/util/python.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import logging
+import typing as t
+
+from pueblo.sfa.core import InvalidTarget, SingleFileApplication
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvalidTarget",
+    "SingleFileApplication",
+    "load_target",
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def load_target(target: str, default_property: str = "api", method: str = "run") -> t.Any:
+    """
+    Load Python code from a file path or module name.
+
+    Warning:
+        This function executes arbitrary Python code. Ensure the target is from a trusted
+        source to prevent security vulnerabilities.
+
+    Args:
+        target: Module address (e.g., 'acme.app:foo'), file path (e.g., '/path/to/acme/app.py'),
+                or URL.
+        default_property: Name of the property to load if not specified in target (default: "api")
+        method: Name of the method to invoke on the API instance (default: "run")
+
+    Returns:
+        The API instance, loaded from the given property.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If target format is invalid
+        ImportError: If module cannot be imported
+        AttributeError: If property or method is not found
+
+    Example:
+        >>> api = load_target("myapp.api:server")
+        >>> api.run()
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    app = SingleFileApplication.from_spec(spec=target, default_property=default_property)
+    app.load()
+    return app.entrypoint