v3.2.0: Request ID, rate limiting, MessagePack, docs update

New features: - Request ID: api = responder.API(request_id=True) - Rate limiting: RateLimiter(requests=100, period=60).install(api) - MessagePack format: await req.media("msgpack") - All new features documented in tour 176 tests, 95% coverage. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add auto-validation, SSE, stream_file, after_request, route groups
2026-06-05 23:00:17 +00:00 · 2026-03-22 12:45:50 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:42:48 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:36:02 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:35:07 -04:00 · 2026-03-22 12:17:22 -04:00
135 changed files with 5336 additions and 3878 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+github: kennethreitz
+thanks_dev: kennethreitz
+custom: https://cash.app/$KennethReitz
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
+# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
+# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
+# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: "Documentation"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  documentation:
+    name: "Documentation"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.13"
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package and documentation dependencies
+      run: uv pip install '.[docs]'
+
+    - name: Build static HTML documentation
+      run: sphinx-build -W --keep-going docs/source docs/build
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+name: "Tests"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  test:
+    name: "Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: [
+          "3.9",
+          "3.10",
+          "3.11",
+          "3.12",
+          "3.13",
+        ]
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: 22
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package
+      run: uv pip install '.[develop,test]'
+
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: pytest
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+.venv*
 .vscode/
 .cache
 .idea
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@
 .pytest_cache
 .DS_Store
 coverage.xml
+.coverage*

 __pycache__
 tests/__pycache__
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# .readthedocs.yml
+# Read the Docs configuration file
+
+# Details
+# - https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+build:
+  os: "ubuntu-24.04"
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+
+python:
+  install:
+      - method: pip
+        path: .
+        extra_requirements:
+          - docs
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
+
+  # Use standard HTML builder.
+  builder: html
+
+  # Fail on all warnings to avoid broken references.
+  fail_on_warning: true
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF
+#formats:
+#  - pdf
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# travis use trusty by default
-dist: xenial
-
-language: python
-python:
-  - 3.6
-  - 3.7
-  - "3.8-dev"
-
-# command to install dependencies
-install:
-  - pip install pipenv --upgrade-strategy=only-if-needed
-  - pipenv install --dev
-
-# command to run the dependencies
-script:
-  - black responder tests setup.py --check
-  - pytest
@@ -1,265 +1,422 @@
 # Changelog
+
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.

-The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
-and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and
+this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).

 ## [Unreleased]

-## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
+## [v3.0.0] - 2026-03-22
+
+### Added
+
+- Platform: Added support for Python 3.10 - Python 3.13
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts a filesystem path on its `<target>`
+  argument, enabling usage on single-file applications.
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts URLs.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Platform: Minimum Python version is now 3.9 (dropped 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)
+- Dependencies: Dramatically reduced core dependency count (10 → 5)
+  - Removed `requests`, `requests-toolbelt`, `rfc3986`, `whitenoise`
+  - Moved `apispec` and `marshmallow` to `openapi` optional extra
+  - Replaced `rfc3986` with stdlib `urllib.parse`
+  - Replaced `requests-toolbelt` multipart decoder with `python-multipart`
+  - Replaced deprecated `starlette.middleware.wsgi` with `a2wsgi`
+  - Switched from WhiteNoise to ServeStatic
+- Dependencies: Pinned `starlette[full]>=0.40` (was unpinned)
+- GraphQL: Upgraded to `graphene>=3` and `graphql-core>=3.1`
+  (from `graphene<3` and `graphql-server-core`, which is unmaintained)
+- GraphQL: Updated GraphiQL UI from 0.12.0 (2018) to 3.0.6 with React 18
+- Extensions: All of CLI-, GraphQL-, and OpenAPI-Support modules are
+  extensions now, found within the `responder.ext` module namespace.
+- Packaging: Migrated from `setup.py` to declarative `pyproject.toml`
+
+### Removed
+
+- Platform: Removed support for EOL Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
+- Status codes: Removed deprecated `resume_incomplete` and `resume`
+  aliases for HTTP 308 (marked for removal in 3.0)
+- CLI: `responder run --build` ceased to exist
+
 ### Fixed
+
+- Routing: Fixed dispatching `static_route=None` on Windows
+- uvicorn: `--debug` now maps to uvicorn's `log_level = "debug"`
+- Tests: Fixed deprecated httpx TestClient usage
+
+## [v2.0.5] - 2019-12-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Update requirements to support python 3.8
+
+## [v2.0.4] - 2019-11-19
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix static app resolving
+
+## [v2.0.3] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
 - Fix template conflicts

 ## [v2.0.1] - 2019-09-20
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Fix template import

 ## [v2.0.0] - 2019-09-19
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Refactor Router and Schema

 ## [v1.3.2] - 2019-08-15
+
 ### Added
+
 - ASGI 3 support
 - CI tests for python 3.8-dev
 - Now requests have `state` a mapping object

 ### Deprecated
+
 - ASGI 2

 ## [v1.3.1] - 2019-04-28
+
 ### Added
+
 - Route params Converters
 - Add search for documentation pages

 ### Changed
+
 - Bump dependencies

 ## [v1.3.0] - 2019-02-22
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Versioning issue
 - Multiple cookies.
 - Whitenoise returns not found.
 - Other bugfixes.

 ### Added
+
 - Stream support via `resp.stream`.
 - Cookie directives via `resp.set_cookie`.
 - Add `resp.html` to send HTML.
 - Other improvements.

 ## [v1.1.3] - 2019-01-12
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Refactor `_route_for`

 ### Fixed
+
 - Resolve startup/shutdwown events

 ## [v1.2.0] - 2018-12-29
+
 ### Added
+
 - Documentations

 ### Changed
+
 - Use Starlette's LifeSpan middleware
 - Update denpendencies

 ### Fixed
+
 - Fix route.is_class_based
 - Fix test_500
 - Typos

 ## [v1.1.2] - 2018-11-11
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Minor fixes for Open API
 - Typos

 ## [v1.1.1] - 2018-10-29
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Run sync views in a threadpoolexecutor.

 ## [v1.1.0] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Added
+
 - Support for `before_request`.

 ## [v1.0.5]- 2018-10-27
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Fix sessions.

 ## [v1.0.4] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Potential bufix for cookies.

 ## [v1.0.3] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for redirects.

 ## [v1.0.2] - 2018-10-27
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Improvement for static file hosting.

 ## [v1.0.1] - 2018-10-26
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Improve cors configuration settings.

 ## [v1.0.0] - 2018-10-26
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Move GraphQL support into a built-in plugin.

 ## [v0.3.3] - 2018-10-25
+
 ### Added
+
 - CORS support

 ### Changed
+
 - Improved exceptions.

 ## [v0.3.2] - 2018-10-25
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Subtle improvements.

 ## [v0.3.1] - 2018-10-24
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Packaging fix.

 ## [v0.3.0] - 2018-10-24
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Interactive Documentation endpoint.
 - Minor improvements.

 ## [v0.2.3] - 2018-10-24
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Overall improvements.

 ## [v0.2.2] - 2018-10-23
+
 ### Added
+
 - Show traceback info when background tasks raise exceptions.

 ## [v0.2.1] - 2018-10-23
+
 ### Added
+
 - api.requests.

 ## [v0.2.0] - 2018-10-22
+
 ### Added
+
 - WebSocket support.

 ## [v0.1.6] - 2018-10-20
+
 ### Added
+
 - 500 support.

 ## [v0.1.5] - 2018-10-20
+
 ### Added
+
 - File upload support

 ### Changed
+
 - Improvements to sequential media reading.

 ## [v0.1.4] - 2018-10-19
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Stability.

 ## [v0.1.3] - 2018-10-18
+
 ### Added
+
 - Sessions support.

 ## [v0.1.2] - 2018-10-18
+
 ### Added
+
 - Cookies support.

 ## [v0.1.1] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Default routes.

 ## [v0.1.0] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Added
+
 - Prototype of static application support.

 ## [v0.0.10] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.

 ## [v0.0.9] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bugfix for async class-based views.

 ## [v0.0.8] - 2018-10-17
+
 ### Added
+
 - GraphiQL Support.

 ### Changed
+
 - Improvement to route selection.

 ## [v0.0.7] - 2018-10-16
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Immutable Request object.

 ## [v0.0.6] - 2018-10-16
+
 ### Added
+
 - Ability to mount WSGI apps.
 - Supply content-type when serving up the schema.

 ## [v0.0.5] - 2018-10-15
+
 ### Added
+
 - OpenAPI Schema support.
 - Safe load/dump yaml.

 ## [v0.0.4] - 2018-10-15
+
 ### Added
+
 - Asynchronous support for data uploads.

 ### Fixed
+
 - Bug fixes.

 ## [v0.0.3] - 2018-10-13
+
 ### Fixed
+
 - Bug fixes.

 ## [v0.0.2] - 2018-10-13
+
 ### Changed
+
 - Switch to ASGI/Starlette.

 ## [v0.0.1] - 2018-10-12
+
 ### Added
+
 - Conception!

-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.2..HEAD
-[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
-[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
-[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
-[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
-[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
-[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
-[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
-[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
-[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
-[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
-[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
-[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
-[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
-[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
-[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
-[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
-[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
-[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
-[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
-[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
-[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
-[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
-[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
-[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
-[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
-[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
-[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
-[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
-[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
-[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
-[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
-[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
-[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
-[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
-[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
-[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
-[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
-[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
-[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
-[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
-[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
-[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v3.0.0..HEAD
+[v3.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.5..v3.0.0
+[v2.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.4..v2.0.5
+[v2.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.3..v2.0.4
+[v2.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.2..v2.0.3
+[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
+[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
+[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
+[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
+[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
+[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
+[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
+[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
+[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
+[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
+[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
+[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
+[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
+[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
+[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
+[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
+[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
+[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
+[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
+[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
+[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
+[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
+[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
+[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
+[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
+[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
+[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
+[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
+[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
+[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
+[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
+[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
+[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
+[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
+[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
+[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
+[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
+[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
+[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
+[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
+[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
+[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1
@@ -1,13 +1,178 @@
-Copyright 2018 Kenneth Reitz

-Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-You may obtain a copy of the License at

-    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/

-Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-limitations under the License.
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
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+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
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+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
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+
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+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
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+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
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+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
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+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
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+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-include LICENSE
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-name = "pypi"
-
-[packages]
-responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
-
-[dev-packages]
-pytest = "*"
-"flake8" = "*"
-black = "*"
-twine = "*"
-flask = "*"
-sphinx = "*"
-marshmallow = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-
-[pipenv]
-allow_prereleases = true
@@ -1,755 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "ea12c0d556a3ca0848b0eba291a11a5ea98a701f0885c2d030b2aeb1e5b9c15f"
-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {},
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "aiofiles": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:021ea0ba314a86027c166ecc4b4c07f2d40fc0f4b3a950d1868a0f2571c2bbee",
-                "sha256:1e644c2573f953664368de28d2aa4c89dfd64550429d0c27c4680ccd3aa4985d"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.0"
-        },
-        "aniso8601": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:513d2b6637b7853806ae79ffaca6f3e8754bdd547048f5ccc1420aec4b714f1e",
-                "sha256:d10a4bf949f619f719b227ef5386e31f49a2b6d453004b21f02661ccc8670c7b"
-            ],
-            "version": "==7.0.0"
-        },
-        "apispec": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:5fdaa1173b32515cc83f9d413a49a6c37fafc2b87f6b40e95923d3e85f0942c5",
-                "sha256:9e88c51517a6515612e818459f61c1bc06c00f2313e5187828bdbabaa7461473"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.0.0"
-        },
-        "apistar": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:8da0d3f15748c8ed6e68914ba5b8f6dd5dff5afbe137950d07103575df0bce73"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.7.2"
-        },
-        "certifi": {
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-            ],
-            "version": "==2019.9.11"
-        },
-        "chardet": {
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-            "version": "==3.0.4"
-        },
-        "click": {
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-                "sha256:5b94b49521f6456670fdb30cd82a4eca9412788a93fa6dd6df72c94d5a8ff2d7"
-            ],
-            "version": "==7.0"
-        },
-        "docopt": {
-            "hashes": [
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-            ],
-            "version": "==0.6.2"
-        },
-        "graphene": {
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-                "sha256:2cbe6d4ef15cfc7b7805e0760a0e5b80747161ce1b0f990dfdc0d2cf497c12f9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==2.1.8"
-        },
-        "graphql-core": {
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-                "sha256:da64c472d720da4537a2e8de8ba859210b62841bd47a9be65ca35177f62fe0e4"
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-            "version": "==1.1.1"
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-                "sha256:717ba8fe3ae9cc0006d7c451f0bb265ee07739daf76355d06366154ee68d221e",
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-                "sha256:7c1699dfe0cf8ff607dbdcc1e9b9af1755371f92a68f706051cc8c37d447c905",
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-                "sha256:8defac2f2ccd6805ebf65f5eeb132adcf2ab57aa11fdf4c0dd5169a004710e7d",
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-                "sha256:9bf40443012702a1d2070043cb6291650a0841ece432556f784f004937f0f32c",
-                "sha256:ade5e387d2ad0d7ebf59146cc00c8044acbd863725f887353a10df825fc8ae21",
-                "sha256:b00c1de48212e4cc9603895652c5c410df699856a2853135b3967591e4beebc2",
-                "sha256:b1282f8c00509d99fef04d8ba936b156d419be841854fe901d8ae224c59f0be5",
-                "sha256:b2051432115498d3562c084a49bba65d97cf251f5a331c64a12ee7e04dacc51b",
-                "sha256:ba59edeaa2fc6114428f1637ffff42da1e311e29382d81b339c1817d37ec93c6",
-                "sha256:c8716a48d94b06bb3b2524c2b77e055fb313aeb4ea620c8dd03a105574ba704f",
-                "sha256:cd5df75523866410809ca100dc9681e301e3c27567cf498077e8551b6d20e42f",
-                "sha256:e249096428b3ae81b08327a63a485ad0878de3fb939049038579ac0ef61e17e7"
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-                "sha256:b0997827b4f6a7c286c01c5f60384d218dca4ed7d9efa945c3e1aa623d5709ae",
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-        },
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-                "sha256:881c4c157e45f30af185c1ffe8d549d48ac9127433f2c380c24b84572ad66297"
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-            ],
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-                "sha256:ca563435f4941d0cb34767301c27bc65c510cb82e90b9ecf9cb52dc2c63caaa0"
-            ],
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-            "version": "==5.2.1"
-        },
-        "pytest-cov": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:cdbdef4f870408ebdbfeb44e63e07eb18bb4619fae852f6e760645fa36172626"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==2.8.1"
-        },
-        "pytz": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:1c557d7d0e871de1f5ccd5833f60fb2550652da6be2693c1e02300743d21500d",
-                "sha256:b02c06db6cf09c12dd25137e563b31700d3b80fcc4ad23abb7a315f2789819be"
-            ],
-            "version": "==2019.3"
-        },
-        "readme-renderer": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:bb16f55b259f27f75f640acf5e00cf897845a8b3e4731b5c1a436e4b8529202f",
-                "sha256:c8532b79afc0375a85f10433eca157d6b50f7d6990f337fa498c96cd4bfc203d"
-            ],
-            "version": "==24.0"
-        },
-        "requests": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:11e007a8a2aa0323f5a921e9e6a2d7e4e67d9877e85773fba9ba6419025cbeb4",
-                "sha256:9cf5292fcd0f598c671cfc1e0d7d1a7f13bb8085e9a590f48c010551dc6c4b31"
-            ],
-            "version": "==2.22.0"
-        },
-        "requests-toolbelt": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:380606e1d10dc85c3bd47bf5a6095f815ec007be7a8b69c878507068df059e6f",
-                "sha256:968089d4584ad4ad7c171454f0a5c6dac23971e9472521ea3b6d49d610aa6fc0"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.9.1"
-        },
-        "six": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:3350809f0555b11f552448330d0b52d5f24c91a322ea4a15ef22629740f3761c",
-                "sha256:d16a0141ec1a18405cd4ce8b4613101da75da0e9a7aec5bdd4fa804d0e0eba73"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.12.0"
-        },
-        "snowballstemmer": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:209f257d7533fdb3cb73bdbd24f436239ca3b2fa67d56f6ff88e86be08cc5ef0",
-                "sha256:df3bac3df4c2c01363f3dd2cfa78cce2840a79b9f1c2d2de9ce8d31683992f52"
-            ],
-            "version": "==2.0.0"
-        },
-        "sphinx": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0d586b0f8c2fc3cc6559c5e8fd6124628110514fda0e5d7c82e682d749d2e845",
-                "sha256:839a3ed6f6b092bb60f492024489cc9e6991360fb9f52ed6361acd510d261069"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==2.2.0"
-        },
-        "sphinxcontrib-applehelp": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:edaa0ab2b2bc74403149cb0209d6775c96de797dfd5b5e2a71981309efab3897",
-                "sha256:fb8dee85af95e5c30c91f10e7eb3c8967308518e0f7488a2828ef7bc191d0d5d"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.0.1"
-        },
-        "sphinxcontrib-devhelp": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:6c64b077937330a9128a4da74586e8c2130262f014689b4b89e2d08ee7294a34",
-                "sha256:9512ecb00a2b0821a146736b39f7aeb90759834b07e81e8cc23a9c70bacb9981"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.0.1"
-        },
-        "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:4670f99f8951bd78cd4ad2ab962f798f5618b17675c35c5ac3b2132a14ea8422",
-                "sha256:d4fd39a65a625c9df86d7fa8a2d9f3cd8299a3a4b15db63b50aac9e161d8eff7"
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-                "sha256:a9925e4a4587247ed2191a22df5f6970656cb8ca2bd6284309578f2153e0c4b8"
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-        "sphinxcontrib-qthelp": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:513049b93031beb1f57d4daea74068a4feb77aa5630f856fcff2e50de14e9a20",
-                "sha256:79465ce11ae5694ff165becda529a600c754f4bc459778778c7017374d4d406f"
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-        "sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:c0efb33f8052c04fd7a26c0a07f1678e8512e0faec19f4aa8f2473a8b81d5227",
-                "sha256:db6615af393650bf1151a6cd39120c29abaf93cc60db8c48eb2dddbfdc3a9768"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.1.3"
-        },
-        "toml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:229f81c57791a41d65e399fc06bf0848bab550a9dfd5ed66df18ce5f05e73d5c",
-                "sha256:235682dd292d5899d361a811df37e04a8828a5b1da3115886b73cf81ebc9100e"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.10.0"
-        },
-        "tqdm": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:abc25d0ce2397d070ef07d8c7e706aede7920da163c64997585d42d3537ece3d",
-                "sha256:dd3fcca8488bb1d416aa7469d2f277902f26260c45aa86b667b074cd44b3b115"
-            ],
-            "version": "==4.36.1"
-        },
-        "twine": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:5319dd3e02ac73fcddcd94f035b9631589ab5d23e1f4699d57365199d85261e1",
-                "sha256:9fe7091715c7576df166df8ef6654e61bada39571783f2fd415bdcba867c6993"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==2.0.0"
-        },
-        "urllib3": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:3de946ffbed6e6746608990594d08faac602528ac7015ac28d33cee6a45b7398",
-                "sha256:9a107b99a5393caf59c7aa3c1249c16e6879447533d0887f4336dde834c7be86"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.25.6"
-        },
-        "wcwidth": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:3df37372226d6e63e1b1e1eda15c594bca98a22d33a23832a90998faa96bc65e",
-                "sha256:f4ebe71925af7b40a864553f761ed559b43544f8f71746c2d756c7fe788ade7c"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.1.7"
-        },
-        "webencodings": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a0af1213f3c2226497a97e2b3aa01a7e4bee4f403f95be16fc9acd2947514a78",
-                "sha256:b36a1c245f2d304965eb4e0a82848379241dc04b865afcc4aab16748587e1923"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.5.1"
-        },
-        "werkzeug": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:7280924747b5733b246fe23972186c6b348f9ae29724135a6dfc1e53cea433e7",
-                "sha256:e5f4a1f98b52b18a93da705a7458e55afb26f32bff83ff5d19189f92462d65c4"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.16.0"
-        },
-        "zipp": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:3718b1cbcd963c7d4c5511a8240812904164b7f381b647143a89d3b98f9bcd8e",
-                "sha256:f06903e9f1f43b12d371004b4ac7b06ab39a44adc747266928ae6debfa7b3335"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.6.0"
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,70 +1,109 @@
-# Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python
+# Responder

-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/taoufik07/responder.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/taoufik07/responder)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/mybinder/badge/?version=latest)](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
-[![image](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/taoufik07/responder.svg)](https://github.com/taoufik07/responder/graphs/contributors)
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python, powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/).

-[![](https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1959/43750081370_a4e20752de_o_d.png)](https://responder.readthedocs.io)
+```python
+import responder

+api = responder.API()

-Powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/). That `async` declaration is optional. [View documentation](https://responder.readthedocs.io).
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"

-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
+```

+    $ pip install responder

-## Testimonials
+That's it. Supports Python 3.9+.

-> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder. [@kennethreitz](https://twitter.com/kennethreitz) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh M.K.
+## The Basics

-> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
+- `resp.text` sends back text. `resp.html` sends back HTML. `resp.content` sends back bytes.
+- `resp.media` sends back JSON (or YAML, with content negotiation).
+- `resp.file("path.pdf")` serves a file with automatic content-type detection.
+- `req.headers` is case-insensitive. `req.params` gives you query parameters.
+- Both sync and async views work — the `async` is optional.

-> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of [Two Scoops of Django]()
+## Highlights

+```python
+# Type-safe route parameters
+@api.route("/users/{user_id:int}")
+async def get_user(req, resp, *, user_id):
+    resp.media = {"id": user_id}

-## More Examples
+# HTTP method filtering
+@api.route("/items", methods=["POST"])
+async def create_item(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.media = {"created": data}

-See [the documentation's feature tour](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tour.html) for more details on features available in Responder.
+# Class-based views
+@api.route("/things/{id}")
+class ThingResource:
+    def on_get(self, req, resp, *, id):
+        resp.media = {"id": id}
+    def on_post(self, req, resp, *, id):
+        resp.text = "created"

+# Before-request hooks (auth, rate limiting, etc.)
+@api.route(before_request=True)
+def check_auth(req, resp):
+    if not req.headers.get("Authorization"):
+        resp.status_code = 401
+        resp.media = {"error": "unauthorized"}

-# Installing Responder
+# Custom error handling
+@api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+async def handle_error(req, resp, exc):
+    resp.status_code = 400
+    resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}

-Install the stable release:
+# Lifespan events
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    print("starting up")
+    yield
+    print("shutting down")

-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ✨🍰✨
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)

+# GraphQL
+import graphene
+api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))

-Or, install from the development branch:
+# WebSockets
+@api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
+async def websocket(ws):
+    await ws.accept()
+    while True:
+        name = await ws.receive_text()
+        await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")

-    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/taoufik07/responder.git#egg=responder
+# Mount WSGI/ASGI apps
+from flask import Flask
+flask_app = Flask(__name__)
+api.mount("/flask", flask_app)

-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
+# Background tasks
+@api.route("/work")
+def do_work(req, resp):
+    @api.background.task
+    def process():
+        import time; time.sleep(10)
+    process()
+    resp.media = {"status": "processing"}
+```

+Built-in OpenAPI docs, cookie-based sessions, gzip compression, static file serving, Jinja2 templates, and a production uvicorn server.

-# The Basic Idea
+Route convertors: `str`, `int`, `float`, `uuid`, `path`.

-The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+## Documentation

- Setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.html` sends back HTML.
- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.html`/`.content` override this).
- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.
-
-
-## Ideas
-
- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
- Automatic gzipped-responses.
- In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
- A production static file server is built-in.
- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
- Provide an official way to run webpack.
+https://responder.kennethreitz.org
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-alabaster==0.7.12
-appdirs==1.4.3
-atomicwrites==1.2.1
-attrs==18.2.0
-babel==2.6.0
-black==18.9b0
-bleach==3.0.2
-certifi==2018.8.24
-cffi==1.11.5
-chardet==3.0.4
-click==7.0
-cmarkgfm==0.4.2
-colorama==0.4.0 ; sys_platform == 'win32'
-docutils==0.14
-flake8==3.5.0
-flask==1.0.2
-future==0.16.0
-idna==2.7
-imagesize==1.1.0
-itsdangerous==0.24
-jinja2==2.10
-markupsafe==1.0
-mccabe==0.6.1
-more-itertools==4.3.0
-packaging==18.0
-pkginfo==1.4.2
-pluggy==0.7.1
-py==1.7.0
-pycodestyle==2.3.1
-pycparser==2.19
-pyflakes==1.6.0
-pygments==2.2.0
-pyparsing==2.2.2
-pytest==3.8.2
-pytz==2018.5
-readme-renderer==22.0
-requests-toolbelt==0.8.0
-requests==2.19.1
-six==1.11.0
-snowballstemmer==1.2.1
-sphinx==1.8.1
-sphinxcontrib-websupport==1.1.0
-toml==0.10.0
-tqdm==4.26.0
-twine==1.12.1
-urllib3==1.23
-webencodings==0.5.1
-werkzeug==0.15.5
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-/* Hide module name and default value for environment variable section */
-div[id$='environment-variables'] code.descclassname {
-    display: none;
-}
-div[id$='environment-variables'] em.property {
-    display: none;
-}
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-
-/*
-	Copyright (C) 2011-2018 Hoefler & Co.
-	This software is the property of Hoefler & Co. (H&Co).
-	Your right to access and use this software is subject to the
-	applicable License Agreement, or Terms of Service, that exists
-	between you and H&Co. If no such agreement exists, you may not
-	access or use this software for any purpose.
-	This software may only be hosted at the locations specified in
-	the applicable License Agreement or Terms of Service, and only
-	for the purposes expressly set forth therein. You may not copy,
-	modify, convert, create derivative works from or distribute this
-	software in any way, or make it accessible to any third party,
-	without first obtaining the written permission of H&Co.
-	For more information, please visit us at http://typography.com.
-	148887-130097-20181011
-*/
-
-<!-- sorry your browser is not supported. -->
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-
-/*
-	Copyright (C) 2011-2018 Hoefler & Co.
-	This software is the property of Hoefler & Co. (H&Co).
-	Your right to access and use this software is subject to the
-	applicable License Agreement, or Terms of Service, that exists
-	between you and H&Co. If no such agreement exists, you may not
-	access or use this software for any purpose.
-	This software may only be hosted at the locations specified in
-	the applicable License Agreement or Terms of Service, and only
-	for the purposes expressly set forth therein. You may not copy,
-	modify, convert, create derivative works from or distribute this
-	software in any way, or make it accessible to any third party,
-	without first obtaining the written permission of H&Co.
-	For more information, please visit us at http://typography.com.
-	148887-130097-20181011
-*/
-
-<!-- sorry your browser is not supported. -->
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Konami-JS ~
- * :: Now with support for touch events and multiple instances for
- * :: those situations that call for multiple easter eggs!
- * Code: https://github.com/snaptortoise/konami-js
- * Copyright (c) 2009 George Mandis (georgemandis.com, snaptortoise.com)
- * Version: 1.6.2 (7/17/2018)
- * Licensed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
- * Tested in: Safari 4+, Google Chrome 4+, Firefox 3+, IE7+, Mobile Safari 2.2.1+ and Android
- */
-
-var Konami = function (callback) {
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-                obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
-            else if (obj.attachEvent) {
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-                result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
-                result = (this.tap === true) ? "TAP" : result;
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
-    if (typeof callback === "function") {
-        konami.code = callback;
-        konami.load();
-    }
-
-    return konami;
-};
-
-
-if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && typeof module.exports !== 'undefined') {
-        module.exports = Konami;
-} else {
-        if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-                define([], function() {
-                        return Konami;
-                });
-        } else {
-                window.Konami = Konami;
-        }
-}
@@ -1,206 +1,21 @@
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css" />
-<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').hide(0);</script>
-<!--Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
-
-<!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
 <style type="text/css">
-  /* Rezzy requires precise alignment. */
-  img.logo {
-    margin-left: -20px !important;
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
-    font-style: normal !important;
-    font-weight: 600 !important;
-  }
-
-  .section {
-    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B" !important;
-    font-style: normal !important;
-    font-weight: 400 !important;
-  }
-
-  pre,
-  .pre,
-  .class em,
-  .descname,
-  .method em {
-    font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B", monospace !important;
-    font-weight: 400 !important;
-  }
-
-  .property {
-    color: lightgrey !important;
-  }
-
-  .method .descname {
-    color: #220a54;
-  }
-
-  .method {
-
-    margin-bottom: 2em;
-
-  }
-
-  .si,
-  .s2,
-  .s1,
-  .method em,
-  .class em {
-    font-style: italic !important;
-    color: grey;
-  }
-
-  .method em,
-  .class em {
-    margin-left: 0.3em;
-    margin-right: 0.3em;
-  }
-
-  .method p,
-  .class p {
-    font-family: "Mercury Text G1 A", "Mercury Text G1 B";
-    font-style: italic !important;
-    font-weight: 400 !important;
-    font-size: 1.15em;
-  }
-
-  .method p:first,
-  .class p:first {
-    background: #fffcbf;
-  }
-
-  .class .property {
-    display: none;
-  }
-
-  #testimonials p.attribution {
-    margin-top: -1em;
-  }
-
-
-
-  /* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
-  div#searchbox h3 {
-    display: none;
-  }
-
-  /* Make the document a little wider, less code is cut-off. */
+  /* Make the document a little wider. */
  div.document {
    width: 1008px;
  }

-  /* Much-improved spacing around code blocks. */
+  /* Better spacing around code blocks. */
  div.highlight pre {
    padding: 11px 14px;
  }

-  /* Remain Responsive! */
+  /* Responsive layout. */
  @media screen and (max-width: 1008px) {
    div.sphinxsidebar {
      display: none;
    }
-
    div.document {
      width: 100% !important;
    }
-
-    /* Have code blocks escape the document right-margin. */
-    div.highlight pre {
-      margin-right: -30px;
-    }
  }
 </style>
-
-<!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
-<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
-<script>
-  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
-  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
-  gtag('js', new Date());
-
-  gtag('config', 'UA-127383416-1');
-</script>
-
-<!-- There are no more hacks. -->
-<!--         இڿڰۣ-ڰۣ—         -->
-<!--   Love, Kenneth Reitz    -->
-
-<script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
-<script>
-  var easter_egg = new Konami('https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1));
-</script>
-
-<style>
-  .injected {
-    display: none !important;
-  }
-</style>
-
-<!-- GitHub Logo -->
-<a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on GitHub">
-  <svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#151513; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;"
-    aria-hidden="true">
-    <path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path>
-    <path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
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-      fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path>
-  </svg>
-</a>
-<style>
-  .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
-  }
-
-  @keyframes octocat-wave {
-
-    0%,
-    100% {
-      transform: rotate(0)
-    }
-
-    20%,
-    60% {
-      transform: rotate(-25deg)
-    }
-
-    40%,
-    80% {
-      transform: rotate(10deg)
-    }
-  }
-
-  @media (max-width:500px) {
-    .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-      animation: none
-    }
-
-    .github-corner .octo-arm {
-      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
-    }
-  }
-</style>
-
-
-<!-- That was not a hack. That was art.
-
-<!-- UserVoice JavaScript SDK (only needed once on a page) -->
-<script>(function () { var uv = document.createElement('script'); uv.type = 'text/javascript'; uv.async = true; uv.src = '//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s) })()</script>
-
-<!-- A tab to launch the Classic Widget -->
-<script>
-  UserVoice = window.UserVoice || [];
-  UserVoice.push(['showTab', 'classic_widget', {
-    mode: 'feedback',
-    primary_color: '#fa8c28',
-    link_color: '#0a8cc6',
-    forum_id: 913660,
-    tab_label: 'Got feedback?',
-    tab_color: '#00994f',
-    tab_position: 'bottom-left',
-    tab_inverted: true
-  }]);
-</script>
@@ -1,55 +1,14 @@
 <p class="logo">
  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" />
  </a>
 </p>
-
 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <strong>Responder</strong> — a familiar HTTP service framework for Python.
 </p>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css" />
-<style>
-.algolia-autocomplete{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 1.5em
-}
-.algolia-autocomplete a{
-  border-bottom: none !important;
-}
-#doc_search{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-}
-</style>
-<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus/>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js" onload="docsearch({
-  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
-  indexName: 'python-responder',
-  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
-  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
-})" async></script>
-
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
-
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
-</p>
-
-
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/responder/">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
 </ul>
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-<p class="logo">
-  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
-  </a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
-</p>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css" />
-<style>
-.algolia-autocomplete{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 1.5em
-}
-.algolia-autocomplete a{
-  border-bottom: none !important;
-}
-#doc_search{
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-}
-</style>
-<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus/>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js" onload="docsearch({
-  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
-  indexName: 'python-responder',
-  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
-  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
-})" async></script>
-
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
-
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
-</p>
-
-
-<h3>Useful Links</h3>
-<ul>
-
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
-</ul>
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Backlog
+
+## Future Ideas
+- Consider adding `after_request` hooks (complement to `before_request`)
+- Explore WebSocket before_request short-circuit support
+- Add rate limiting middleware
+- Consider async template rendering by default
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+Responder CLI
+=============
+
+Responder installs a command line program ``responder``. Use it to launch
+a Responder application from a file or module, either located on a local
+or remote filesystem, or object store.
+
+Launch Module Entrypoint
+------------------------
+
+For loading a Responder application from a Python module, you will refer to
+its ``API()`` instance using a `Python entry point object reference`_ that
+points to a Python object. It is either in the form ``importable.module``,
+or ``importable.module:object.attr``.
+
+A basic invocation command to launch a Responder application:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app
+
+The command above assumes a Python package ``acme`` including an ``app``
+module ``acme/app.py`` that includes an attribute ``api`` that refers
+to a ``responder.API`` instance, reflecting the typical layout of
+a standard Responder application.
+
+Loading a Responder application using an entrypoint specification will
+inherit the capacities of `Python's import system`_, as implemented by
+`importlib`_.
+
+Launch Local File
+-----------------
+
+Acquire a minimal example single-file application, ``helloworld.py`` [1]_,
+to your local filesystem, giving you the chance to edit it, and launch the
+Responder HTTP service.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    wget https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run helloworld.py
+
+.. note::
+
+    To validate the example application, invoke a HTTP request, for example using
+    `curl`_, `HTTPie`_, or your favourite browser at hand.
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        http http://127.0.0.1:5042/Hello
+
+    The response is no surprise.
+
+    ::
+
+        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+        content-length: 13
+        content-type: text/plain
+        date: Sat, 26 Oct 2024 13:16:55 GMT
+        encoding: utf-8
+        server: uvicorn
+
+        Hello, world!
+
+.. [1] The Responder application `helloworld.py`_ implements a basic echo handler.
+
+Launch Remote File
+------------------
+
+You can also launch a single-file application where its Python file is stored
+on a remote location.
+
+Responder supports all filesystem adapters compatible with `fsspec`_, and
+installs the adapters for Azure Blob Storage (az), Google Cloud Storage (gs),
+GitHub, HTTP, and AWS S3 by default.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Works 1:1.
+    responder run https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run github://kennethreitz:responder@/examples/helloworld.py
+
+If you need access other kinds of remote targets, see the `list of
+fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols`_. The next section enumerates
+a few synthetic examples. The corresponding storage buckets do not even
+exist, so don't expect those commands to work.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, and AWS S3.
+    responder run az://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run gs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run s3://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+    # Hadoop Distributed File System (hdfs), SSH File Transfer Protocol (sftp),
+    # Common Internet File System (smb), Web-based Distributed Authoring and
+    # Versioning (webdav).
+    responder run hdfs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run sftp://user@host/kennethreitz/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run smb://workgroup;user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run webdav+https://user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+.. tip::
+
+    In order to install support for all filesystem types supported by fsspec, run:
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        uv pip install 'fsspec[full]'
+
+    When using ``uv``, this concludes within an acceptable time of approx.
+    25 seconds. If you need to be more selectively instead of using ``full``,
+    choose from one or multiple of the available `fsspec extras`_, which are:
+
+    abfs, arrow, dask, dropbox, fuse, gcs, git, github, hdfs, http, oci, s3,
+    sftp, smb, ssh.
+
+Launch with Non-Standard Instance Name
+--------------------------------------
+
+By default, Responder will acquire an ``responder.API`` instance using the
+symbol name ``api`` from the specified Python module.
+
+If your main application file uses a different name than ``api``, please
+append the designated symbol name to the launch target address.
+
+It works like this for module entrypoints and local files:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app:service
+    responder run /path/to/acme/app.py:service
+
+It works like this for URLs:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run http://app.server.local/path/to/acme/app.py#service
+
+Within your ``app.py``, the instance would have been defined to use
+the ``service`` symbol name instead of ``api``, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    service = responder.API()
+
+Build JavaScript Application
+----------------------------
+
+The ``build`` subcommand invokes ``npm run build``, optionally accepting
+a target directory. By default, it uses the current working directory,
+where it expects a regular NPM ``package.json`` file.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build
+
+When specifying a target directory, Responder will change to that
+directory beforehand.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build /path/to/project
+
+
+.. _curl: https://curl.se/
+.. _fsspec: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _fsspec extras: https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/blob/2024.12.0/pyproject.toml#L27-L69
+.. _helloworld.py: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/blob/main/examples/helloworld.py
+.. _HTTPie: https://httpie.io/docs/cli
+.. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html
+.. _list of fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols: https://github.com/fsspec/universal_pathlib#currently-supported-filesystems-and-protocols
+.. _Python entry point object reference: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/entry-points/
+.. _Python's import system: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html
@@ -1,103 +1,35 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-#
-# Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
-#
-# This file does only contain a selection of the most common options. For a
-# full list see the documentation:
-# http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/config
+# Sphinx configuration for Responder documentation.

-# -- Path setup --------------------------------------------------------------
-
-# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
-# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
-# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#
-# import os
-# import sys
-# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
-
-
-# -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
-
-project = "responder"
-copyright = "2018, A Kenneth Reitz project"
-author = "Kenneth Reitz"
-
-# The short X.Y version
 import os

-# Path hackery to get current version number.
-here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+project = "responder"
+copyright = "2018-2026, Kenneth Reitz"
+author = "Kenneth Reitz"

+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 about = {}
 with open(os.path.join(here, "..", "..", "responder", "__version__.py")) as f:
    exec(f.read(), about)

 version = about["__version__"]
-# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
 release = about["__version__"]

-
-# -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
-
-# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#
-# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
-
-# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
-# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
-# ones.
 extensions = [
    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
-    "sphinx.ext.doctest",
-    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
-    "sphinx.ext.todo",
-    "sphinx.ext.coverage",
-    "sphinx.ext.mathjax",
-    "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
-    "sphinx.ext.githubpages",
+    "myst_parser",
+    "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx_design_elements",
 ]

-# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
 templates_path = ["_templates"]
-
-# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
-# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
-#
-# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = ".rst"
-
-# The master toctree document.
+source_suffix = {".rst": "restructuredtext"}
 master_doc = "index"
-
-# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
-# for a list of supported languages.
-#
-# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
-# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
-language = None
-
-# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
-# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-# This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
+language = "en"
 exclude_patterns = []

-# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = None
-
-
-# -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
-
-# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
-# a list of builtin themes.
-#
+# Theme
 html_theme = "alabaster"
-
-# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
-# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
-# documentation.
-#
 html_theme_options = {
    "show_powered_by": False,
    "github_user": "kennethreitz",
@@ -105,118 +37,16 @@ html_theme_options = {
    "github_banner": False,
    "show_related": False,
 }
-
-
-html_sidebars = {
-    "index": ["sidebarintro.html", "sourcelink.html", "searchbox.html", "hacks.html"],
-    "**": [
-        "sidebarlogo.html",
-        "localtoc.html",
-        "relations.html",
-        "sourcelink.html",
-        "searchbox.html",
-        "hacks.html",
-    ],
-}
-
-# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
-# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
-# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
 html_static_path = ["_static"]
-
-# Custom sidebar templates, must be a dictionary that maps document names
-# to template names.
-#
-# The default sidebars (for documents that don't match any pattern) are
-# defined by theme itself.  Builtin themes are using these templates by
-# default: ``['localtoc.html', 'relations.html', 'sourcelink.html',
-# 'searchbox.html']``.
-#
-# html_sidebars = {}
-
-
-# -- Options for HTMLHelp output ---------------------------------------------
-
-# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = "responderdoc"
-
-
-# -- Options for LaTeX output ------------------------------------------------
-
-latex_elements = {
-    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-    #
-    # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-    #
-    # 'pointsize': '10pt',
-    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-    #
-    # 'preamble': '',
-    # Latex figure (float) alignment
-    #
-    # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
+html_sidebars = {
+    "index": ["sidebarintro.html", "searchbox.html"],
+    "**": ["sidebarintro.html", "localtoc.html", "searchbox.html"],
 }

-# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title,
-#  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
-latex_documents = [
-    (master_doc, "responder.tex", "responder Documentation", "Kenneth Reitz", "manual")
-]
+# MyST
+myst_heading_anchors = 3

-
-# -- Options for manual page output ------------------------------------------
-
-# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
-# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [(master_doc, "responder", "responder Documentation", [author], 1)]
-
-
-# -- Options for Texinfo output ----------------------------------------------
-
-# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title, author,
-#  dir menu entry, description, category)
-texinfo_documents = [
-    (
-        master_doc,
-        "responder",
-        "responder Documentation",
-        author,
-        "responder",
-        "One line description of project.",
-        "Miscellaneous",
-    )
-]
-
-
-# -- Options for Epub output -------------------------------------------------
-
-# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
-epub_title = project
-
-# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
-# or the project homepage.
-#
-# epub_identifier = ''
-
-# A unique identification for the text.
-#
-# epub_uid = ''
-
-# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
-epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]
-
-
-# -- Extension configuration -------------------------------------------------
-
-# -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------
-
-# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {"https://docs.python.org/": None}
-
-# -- Options for todo extension ----------------------------------------------
-
-# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
-todo_include_todos = True
+# Copybutton
+copybutton_remove_prompts = True
+copybutton_prompt_text = r">>> |\.\.\. |\$ "
+copybutton_prompt_is_regexp = True
@@ -1,58 +1,86 @@
-Deploying Responder
-===================
+Deployment
+==========

-You can deploy Responder anywhere you can deploy a basic Python application.
+Responder applications are standard ASGI apps. You can deploy them anywhere
+you'd deploy a Python web service.

-Docker Deployment
-----------------

-Assuming existing ``api.py`` and ``Pipfile.lock`` containing ``responder``.
+Running Locally
+---------------

-``Dockerfile``::
-
-    FROM kennethreitz/pipenv
-    ENV PORT '80'
-    COPY . /app
-    CMD python3 api.py
-    EXPOSE 80
-
-That's it!
-
-Heroku Deployment
-----------------
-
-The basics::
-
-    $ mkdir my-api
-    $ cd my-api
-    $ git init
-    $ heroku create
-    ...
-
-Install Responder::
-
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ...
-
-Write out an ``api.py``::
+The simplest way to run your application::

+    # api.py
    import responder

    api = responder.API()

    @api.route("/")
-    async def hello(req, resp):
+    def hello(req, resp):
        resp.text = "hello, world!"

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        api.run()

-Write out a ``Procfile``::
+This starts a production uvicorn server on ``127.0.0.1:5042``.

-    web: python api.py

-That's it! Next, we commit and push to Heroku::
+Docker
+------

-    $ git add -A
-    $ git commit -m 'initial commit'
-    $ git push heroku master
+A minimal Dockerfile for deploying a Responder application::
+
+    FROM python:3.13-slim
+    WORKDIR /app
+    COPY . .
+    RUN pip install responder
+    ENV PORT=80
+    EXPOSE 80
+    CMD ["python", "api.py"]
+
+Build and run::
+
+    $ docker build -t myapi .
+    $ docker run -p 8000:80 myapi
+
+
+Cloud Platforms
+---------------
+
+Responder automatically honors the ``PORT`` environment variable, which is
+set by most cloud platforms. When ``PORT`` is set, Responder binds to
+``0.0.0.0`` on that port automatically.
+
+This works out of the box with:
+
+- **Fly.io**
+- **Railway**
+- **Render**
+- **Google Cloud Run**
+- **Azure Container Apps**
+- **AWS App Runner**
+
+Just deploy your code and set the start command to ``python api.py``.
+
+
+Uvicorn Directly
+----------------
+
+For more control over the production server, you can bypass ``api.run()``
+and use uvicorn directly::
+
+    $ uvicorn api:api --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 --workers 4
+
+This gives you access to all of uvicorn's options: worker count, SSL
+certificates, access logging, and more. See the
+`uvicorn documentation <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_ for details.
+
+
+Reverse Proxy
+-------------
+
+In production, you may want to place Responder behind a reverse proxy like
+nginx or Caddy for SSL termination, load balancing, or serving static assets.
+
+Responder's ``TrustedHostMiddleware`` and ``HTTPSRedirectMiddleware`` work
+correctly behind proxies that set standard forwarding headers.
@@ -1,25 +1,7 @@
-.. responder documentation master file, created by
-   sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 11 12:58:34 2018.
-   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
-   contain the root `toctree` directive.
+Responder
+=========

-A familiar HTTP Service Framework
-=================================
-
-|Build Status| |image1| |image2| |image3| |image4| |image5|
-
-.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master
-   :target: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder
-.. |image1| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
-   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image2| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
-   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image3| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
-   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
-.. |image4| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
-.. |image5| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
-   :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python.

 .. code:: python

@@ -34,109 +16,96 @@ A familiar HTTP Service Framework
   if __name__ == '__main__':
       api.run()

-Powered by `Starlette <https://www.starlette.io/>`_. That ``async`` declaration is optional.
+Powered by `Starlette`_ and `uvicorn`_. The ``async`` is optional.

-This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server
-(`WhiteNoise <http://whitenoise.evans.io/en/stable/>`_)
-pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
-production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with
-automatic gzip compression.

-Features
+The Idea
 --------

- A pleasant API, with a single import statement.
- Class-based views without inheritance.
- `ASGI <https://asgi.readthedocs.io>`_ framework, the future of Python web services.
- WebSocket support!
- The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.
- `f-string syntax <https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals>`_ route declaration.
- Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.
- Background tasks, spawned off in a ``ThreadPoolExecutor``.
- GraphQL (with *GraphiQL*) support!
- OpenAPI schema generation, with interactive documentation!
- Single-page webapp support!
+Responder takes the best ideas from `Flask`_ and `Falcon`_ and brings them
+together into one clean framework.

-Testimonials
+The request and response objects are passed into every view and mutated
+directly — no return values, no boilerplate. If you've used Requests,
+you'll feel right at home. If you've used Flask, the routing will look
+familiar. If you've used Falcon, the ``req`` / ``resp`` pattern will
+click immediately.
+
+- ``resp.text`` sends back text. ``resp.html`` sends back HTML.
+- ``resp.media`` sends back JSON — or YAML, if the client asks for it.
+- ``resp.file("path")`` serves a file. ``resp.content`` sends raw bytes.
+- ``req.headers`` is case-insensitive. ``req.params`` holds query parameters.
+- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url`` — the usual suspects.
+
+Content negotiation happens automatically. Set ``resp.media`` to a dict
+and Responder figures out the rest.
+
+Responder and `FastAPI`_ share DNA — both are built on Starlette, both
+appeared around the same time, and both pushed Python's ASGI ecosystem
+forward. FastAPI went deep on type annotations and automatic validation.
+Responder went for a mutable request/response pattern and a simpler,
+more familiar API. Both projects are better for the other existing, and
+you should use whichever feels right for what you're building.
+
+
+What You Get
 ------------

-   “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
-   `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ at his absolute
-   best.”
+One ``pip install``, batteries included:

-    —Rudraksh M.K.
+- Mount Flask, Django, or any WSGI/ASGI app at a subroute.
+- Gzip compression, HSTS, CORS, and trusted host validation.
+- Before-request hooks that can short-circuit for auth guards.
+- A test client for fast, in-process testing with pytest.
+- Route parameters with f-string syntax and type convertors.
+- Lifespan context managers for startup and shutdown logic.
+- Custom exception handlers for clean error responses.
+- `GraphQL`_ with Graphene and a built-in GraphiQL IDE.
+- File serving with automatic content-type detection.
+- Sync and async views — ``async`` is always optional.
+- Class-based views with ``on_get``, ``on_post``, ``on_request``.
+- A pleasant API with a single import statement.
+- OpenAPI schema generation with Swagger UI.
+- A production `uvicorn`_ server, ready to deploy.
+- HTTP method filtering for REST APIs.
+- Signed cookie-based sessions.
+- Background tasks in a thread pool.
+- WebSocket support.


+Installation
+------------

-..
+.. code-block:: shell

-   "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that."
+    $ uv pip install responder

-    —Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
+Python 3.9 and above. That's it.

-..
-
-
-   “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”
-
-    — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
-
-
-.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
-.. _Two Scoops of Django: https://www.twoscoopspress.com/products/two-scoops-of-django-1-11
-
-User Guides
-----------

 .. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2
+   :caption: User Guide

   quickstart
   tour
   deployment
   testing
   api
+   cli
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+   :caption: Project
+
+   changes
+   Sandbox <sandbox>
+   backlog


-Installing Responder
--------------------
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ✨🍰✨
-
-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
-
-
-The Basic Idea
--------------
-
-The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
-
- Setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.html`` sends back HTML.
- Setting ``resp.media`` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.html``/``.content`` override this).
- Case-insensitive ``req.headers`` dict (from Requests directly).
- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url``, and other familiar friends.
-
-Ideas
-----
-
- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
- Automatic gzipped-responses.
- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
- A production static files server is built-in.
- `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_ is built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against `slowloris <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris_(computer_security)>`_ attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
-
-
-Indices and tables
-==================
-
-* :ref:`genindex`
-* :ref:`modindex`
-* :ref:`search`
+.. _Starlette: https://www.starlette.io/
+.. _uvicorn: https://www.uvicorn.org/
+.. _Flask: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
+.. _Falcon: https://falconframework.org/
+.. _FastAPI: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/
+.. _GraphQL: https://graphql.org/
@@ -1,176 +1,234 @@
-Quick Start!
-============
+Quick Start
+===========

-This section of the documentation exists to provide an introduction to the Responder interface,
-as well as educate the user on basic functionality.
+This guide will walk you through the basics of building a web service with
+Responder. By the end, you'll know how to declare routes, handle requests,
+send responses, render templates, and process background tasks.


-Declare a Web Service
---------------------
+Create a Web Service
+--------------------

-The first thing you need to do is declare a web service::
+The first thing you need to do is declare a web service. This is the central
+object that holds all your routes, middleware, and configuration::

    import responder

    api = responder.API()

-Hello World!
------------

-Then, you can add a view / route to it.
+Hello World
+-----------

-Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello world!"::
+Next, add a route. Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello, world!"::

    @api.route("/")
    def hello_world(req, resp):
        resp.text = "hello, world!"

+Every view receives a ``req`` (request) and ``resp`` (response) object. You
+don't need to return anything — just mutate the response directly.
+
+
 Run the Server
 --------------

-Next, we can run our web service easily, with ``api.run()``::
+Start your web service with ``api.run()``::

    api.run()

-This will spin up a production web server on port ``5042``, ready for incoming HTTP requests.
+This spins up a production-grade uvicorn server on port ``5042``, ready for
+incoming HTTP requests.

-Note: you can pass ``port=5000`` if you want to customize the port. The ``PORT`` environment variable for established web service providers (e.g. Heroku) will automatically be honored and will set the listening address to ``0.0.0.0`` automatically (also configurable through the ``address`` keyword argument).
+You can customize the port with ``api.run(port=8000)``. The ``PORT``
+environment variable is also honored automatically — when set, Responder
+binds to ``0.0.0.0`` on that port, which is what cloud platforms like
+Fly.io, Railway, and Google Cloud Run expect.
+
+.. note::
+
+   Both sync and async views are supported. The ``async`` keyword is always
+   optional — use it when you need to ``await`` something.


-Accept Route Arguments
----------------------
+Route Parameters
+----------------

-If you want dynamic URLs, you can use Python's familiar *f-string syntax* to declare variables in your routes::
+If you want dynamic URLs, use Python's familiar f-string syntax to declare
+variables in your routes::

    @api.route("/hello/{who}")
    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
        resp.text = f"hello, {who}!"

-A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/brettcannon`` will result in a response of ``hello, brettcannon!``.
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/world`` will respond with ``hello, world!``.

-Type convertors are also available::
+Route parameters are passed as keyword-only arguments (after the ``*``).
+
+
+Type Convertors
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+You can constrain route parameters to specific types. The parameter will be
+automatically converted before it reaches your view::

    @api.route("/add/{a:int}/{b:int}")
    async def add(req, resp, *, a, b):
        resp.text = f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}"

-Supported types: ``str``, ``int`` and ``float``.
+Supported types:

-Returning JSON / YAML
---------------------
+- ``str`` — matches any string without slashes (default)
+- ``int`` — matches digits, converts to ``int``
+- ``float`` — matches decimal numbers, converts to ``float``
+- ``uuid`` — matches UUID strings like ``550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000``
+- ``path`` — matches any string *including* slashes, useful for file paths

-If you want your API to send back JSON, simply set the ``resp.media`` property to a JSON-serializable Python object::

+Sending Responses
+-----------------
+
+Responder gives you several ways to send data back to the client. Just set
+the appropriate property on the response object.
+
+**Text and HTML**::
+
+    resp.text = "plain text response"
+    resp.html = "<h1>HTML response</h1>"
+
+**JSON** — the most common pattern for APIs. Set ``resp.media`` to any
+JSON-serializable Python object::

    @api.route("/hello/{who}/json")
-    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
+    def hello_json(req, resp, *, who):
        resp.media = {"hello": who}

-A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/guido/json`` will result in a response of ``{'hello': 'guido'}``.
+If the client sends an ``Accept: application/x-yaml`` header, the same data
+will be returned as YAML instead. Content negotiation is automatic.

-If the client requests YAML instead (with a header of ``Accept: application/x-yaml``), YAML will be sent.
+**Files** — serve a file from disk with automatic content-type detection::

-Rendering a Template
--------------------
+    resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")

-Responder provides a built-in light `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ wrapper ``templates.Templates``
+**Raw bytes**::

-Usage::
+    resp.content = b"\x89PNG\r\n..."

-  from responder.templates import Templates
+**Status codes and headers**::

-  templates = Templates()
+    resp.status_code = 201
+    resp.headers["X-Custom"] = "value"

-  @api.route("/hello/{name}/html")
-  def hello(req, resp, name):
-      resp.html = templates.render("hello.html", name=name)
+**Redirects**::

-      
-Also a ``render_async`` is available::
-
-    resp.html = await templates.render_async("hello.html", who=who)
-
-You can also use the existing ``api.template(filename, *args, **kwargs)`` to render templates::
-
-    @api.route("/hello/{who}/html")
-    def hello_html(req, resp, *, who):
-        resp.html = api.template('hello.html', who=who)
+    api.redirect(resp, location="/new-url")


-Setting Response Status Code
----------------------------
+Reading Requests
+----------------

-If you want to set the response status code, simply set ``resp.status_code``::
+The request object gives you access to everything the client sent.

-    @api.route("/416")
-    def teapot(req, resp):
-        resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416   # ...or 416
+**Method and URL**::
+
+    req.method      # "get", "post", etc. (lowercase)
+    req.full_url    # "http://example.com/path?q=1"
+    req.url         # parsed URL object
+
+**Headers** — case-insensitive, just like you'd expect::
+
+    req.headers["Content-Type"]
+    req.headers["content-type"]  # same thing
+
+**Query parameters**::
+
+    # GET /search?q=python&page=2
+    req.params["q"]     # "python"
+    req.params["page"]  # "2"
+
+**Path parameters** — also available on the request object::
+
+    req.path_params["user_id"]  # same as the keyword argument
+
+**Request body** — for POST/PUT/PATCH requests, you need to ``await`` the
+body content::
+
+    # JSON body
+    data = await req.media()
+
+    # Form data
+    data = await req.media("form")
+
+    # File uploads
+    files = await req.media("files")
+
+    # Raw bytes
+    body = await req.content
+
+    # Raw text
+    text = await req.text
+
+**Other useful properties**::
+
+    req.is_json     # True if content type is JSON
+    req.cookies     # dict of cookies
+    req.session     # session data (dict)
+    req.client      # (host, port) tuple
+    req.is_secure   # True if HTTPS


-Setting Response Headers
------------------------
+Rendering Templates
+-------------------

-If you want to set a response header, like ``X-Pizza: 42``, simply modify the ``resp.headers`` dictionary::
+Responder includes built-in `Jinja2 <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_
+support. Templates are loaded from the ``templates/`` directory by default.

-    @api.route("/pizza")
-    def pizza_pizza(req, resp):
-        resp.headers['X-Pizza'] = '42'
+The simplest way is to use ``api.template()``::

-That's it!
+    @api.route("/hello/{name}/html")
+    def hello_html(req, resp, *, name):
+        resp.html = api.template("hello.html", name=name)
+
+You can also use the ``Templates`` class directly for more control::
+
+    from responder.templates import Templates
+
+    templates = Templates(directory="templates")
+
+    @api.route("/page")
+    def page(req, resp):
+        resp.html = templates.render("page.html", title="Hello")
+
+Async rendering is supported too::
+
+    templates = Templates(directory="templates", enable_async=True)
+    resp.html = await templates.render_async("page.html", title="Hello")
+
+You can render template strings without a file::
+
+    resp.html = api.template_string("Hello, {{ name }}!", name="world")


-Receiving Data & Background Tasks
---------------------------------
+Background Tasks
+----------------

-If you're expecting to read any request data, on the server, you need to declare your view as async and await the content.
-
-Here, we'll process our data in the background, while responding immediately to the client::
-
-    import time
+Sometimes you want to accept a request, respond immediately, and do the
+actual processing later. Responder makes this easy with background tasks::

    @api.route("/incoming")
    async def receive_incoming(req, resp):
-
-        @api.background.task
-        def process_data(data):
-            """Just sleeps for three seconds, as a demo."""
-            time.sleep(3)
-
-
-        # Parse the incoming data as form-encoded.
-        # Note: 'json' and 'yaml' formats are also automatically supported.
        data = await req.media()

-        # Process the data (in the background).
-        process_data(data)
-
-        # Immediately respond that upload was successful.
-        resp.media = {'success': True}
-
-A ``POST`` request to ``/incoming`` will result in an immediate response of ``{'success': true}``.
-
-
-Here's a sample code to post a file with background::
-
-    @api.route("/")
-    async def upload_file(req, resp):
-
        @api.background.task
        def process_data(data):
-            f = open('./{}'.format(data['file']['filename']), 'w')
-            f.write(data['file']['content'].decode('utf-8'))
-            f.close()
+            """This runs in a background thread."""
+            import time
+            time.sleep(10)  # simulate heavy work

-        data = await req.media(format='files')
        process_data(data)

-        resp.media = {'success': 'ok'}
+        # Respond immediately — processing continues in the background
+        resp.media = {"status": "accepted"}

-You can send a file easily with requests::
-
-	  import requests
-
-	  data = {'file': ('hello.txt', 'hello, world!', "text/plain")}
-	  r = requests.post('http://127.0.0.1:8210/file', files=data)
-
-	  print(r.text)
+The ``@api.background.task`` decorator wraps any function to run in a thread
+pool. The client gets an immediate response while the work continues.
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+(sandbox)=
+# Development Sandbox
+
+## Setup
+Set up a development sandbox.
+
+Acquire sources and create virtualenv.
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git
+cd responder
+uv venv
+```
+
+Install project in editable mode, including
+all development tools.
+```shell
+uv pip install --upgrade --editable '.[develop,docs,release,test]'
+```
+
+## Operations
+Run tests.
+```shell
+source .venv/bin/activate
+pytest
+```
+
+Format code.
+```shell
+ruff format .
+ruff check --fix .
+```
+
+Documentation authoring.
+```shell
+sphinx-autobuild --open-browser --watch docs/source docs/source docs/build
+```
@@ -1,54 +1,46 @@
-Building and Testing with Responder
-===================================
+Testing
+=======

-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
+Responder includes a built-in test client powered by Starlette's
+``TestClient``. You don't need to start a server — tests run in-process,
+making them fast and reliable.

-Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up a proper Python package and adding testing to it.

-The Basics
----------
+Getting Started
+---------------

-Your repository should look like this::
-
-    Pipfile   Pipfile.lock   api.py  test_api.py
-
-``$ cat api.py``::
+Given a simple application in ``api.py``::

    import responder

    api = responder.API()

    @api.route("/")
-    def hello_world(req, resp):
+    def hello(req, resp):
        resp.text = "hello, world!"

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        api.run()

+You can test it with pytest::

-``$ cat Pipfile``::
+    # test_api.py
+    import api as service

-    [[source]]
-    url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-    verify_ssl = true
-    name = "pypi"
+    def test_hello():
+        r = service.api.requests.get("/")
+        assert r.text == "hello, world!"

-    [packages]
-    responder = "*"
+Run your tests::

-    [dev-packages]
-    pytest = "*"
+    $ pytest

-    [requires]
-    python_version = "3.7"

-    [pipenv]
-    allow_prereleases = true
+Using Fixtures
+--------------

-Writing Tests
-------------
-
-``$ cat test_api.py``::
+For larger test suites, use pytest fixtures to share the API instance
+across tests::

    import pytest
    import api as service
@@ -57,25 +49,109 @@ Writing Tests
    def api():
        return service.api

-
-    def test_hello_world(api):
+    def test_hello(api):
        r = api.requests.get("/")
        assert r.text == "hello, world!"

-``$ pytest``::
+    def test_json(api):
+        @api.route("/data")
+        def data(req, resp):
+            resp.media = {"key": "value"}

-    ...
-    ========================== 1 passed in 0.10 seconds ==========================
+        r = api.requests.get(api.url_for(data))
+        assert r.json() == {"key": "value"}
+
+The ``api.url_for()`` method generates a URL for a given route endpoint,
+so you don't have to hard-code paths in your tests.


-(Optional) Proper Python Package
--------------------------------
+Testing JSON APIs
+-----------------

-Optionally, you can not rely on relative imports, and instead install your api as a proper package. This requires:
+Send JSON data and check the response::

-1. A `proper setup.py <https://github.com/kennethreitz/setup.py>`_ file.
-2. ``$ pipenv install -e . --dev``
+    def test_create_item(api):
+        @api.route("/items")
+        async def create(req, resp):
+            data = await req.media()
+            resp.media = {"created": data}
+            resp.status_code = 201

-This will allow you to only specify your dependencies once: in ``setup.py``. ``$ pipenv lock`` will automatically lock your transitive dependencies (e.g. Responder), even if it's not specified in the ``Pipfile``.
+        r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(create), json={"name": "widget"})
+        assert r.status_code == 201
+        assert r.json() == {"created": {"name": "widget"}}

-This will ensure that your application gets installed in every developer's environment, using Pipenv.
+
+Testing File Uploads
+--------------------
+
+Send files using the ``files`` parameter::
+
+    def test_upload(api):
+        @api.route("/upload")
+        async def upload(req, resp):
+            files = await req.media("files")
+            resp.media = {"received": list(files.keys())}
+
+        files = {"doc": ("report.pdf", b"content", "application/pdf")}
+        r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(upload), files=files)
+        assert r.json() == {"received": ["doc"]}
+
+
+Testing WebSockets
+------------------
+
+Use Starlette's ``TestClient`` directly for WebSocket connections::
+
+    from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+    def test_websocket(api):
+        @api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
+        async def ws(ws):
+            await ws.accept()
+            await ws.send_text("hello")
+            await ws.close()
+
+        client = TestClient(api)
+        with client.websocket_connect("/ws") as ws:
+            assert ws.receive_text() == "hello"
+
+
+Testing Error Handling
+----------------------
+
+To test error responses without pytest raising the exception, disable
+server exception propagation::
+
+    from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+    def test_500(api):
+        @api.route("/fail")
+        def fail(req, resp):
+            raise ValueError("something broke")
+
+        client = TestClient(api, raise_server_exceptions=False)
+        r = client.get(api.url_for(fail))
+        assert r.status_code == 500
+
+
+Testing Lifespan Events
+-----------------------
+
+The test client supports lifespan events. Use ``with`` to ensure startup
+and shutdown hooks run::
+
+    def test_with_lifespan(api):
+        started = {"value": False}
+
+        @api.on_event("startup")
+        async def on_startup():
+            started["value"] = True
+
+        @api.route("/")
+        def check(req, resp):
+            resp.media = {"started": started["value"]}
+
+        with api.requests as session:
+            r = session.get("http://;/")
+            assert r.json() == {"started": True}
@@ -1,41 +1,177 @@
 Feature Tour
 ============

+This section walks through Responder's features in detail. Each section
+includes working code examples you can copy into your application.
+
+
+Method Filtering
+----------------
+
+By default, a route matches all HTTP methods. If you want to restrict a
+route to specific methods, pass the ``methods`` parameter::
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["GET"])
+    def list_items(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"items": []}
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], check_existing=False)
+    async def create_item(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()
+        resp.media = {"created": data}
+
+Note the ``check_existing=False`` — this allows you to register multiple
+handlers for the same path with different methods.
+

 Class-Based Views
 -----------------

-Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
+For more complex resources, you can use class-based views. Responder will
+dispatch to the appropriate method handler based on the HTTP method::

    @api.route("/{greeting}")
    class GreetingResource:
-        def on_request(self, req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
+        def on_get(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
            resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-            resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
-            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+        def on_post(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
+            resp.media = {"received": greeting}
+
+        def on_request(self, req, resp, *, greeting):
+            """Called on EVERY request, before the method-specific handler."""
+            resp.headers["X-Greeting"] = greeting
+
+The ``on_request`` method is called for all HTTP methods, much like
+middleware scoped to a single route. Method-specific handlers (``on_get``,
+``on_post``, ``on_put``, ``on_delete``, etc.) are called after.
+
+No inheritance required — just define a class with the right method names.


-Background Tasks
----------------
+Lifespan Events
+---------------

-Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request::
+Modern applications often need to set up resources on startup (database
+connections, caches, ML models) and tear them down on shutdown. Responder
+supports the lifespan context manager pattern::

-    @api.route("/")
-    def hello(req, resp):
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

-        @api.background.task
-        def sleep(s=10):
-            time.sleep(s)
-            print("slept!")
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def lifespan(app):
+        # Startup — runs before the first request
+        print("connecting to database...")
+        yield
+        # Shutdown — runs after the server stops
+        print("closing connections...")

-        sleep()
-        resp.content = "processing"
+    api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+You can also use the traditional event decorator style::
+
+    @api.on_event("startup")
+    async def startup():
+        print("starting up")
+
+    @api.on_event("shutdown")
+    async def shutdown():
+        print("shutting down")
+
+The context manager approach is preferred for new code — it makes the
+startup/shutdown relationship explicit and keeps related code together.
+
+
+Serving Files
+-------------
+
+Serve files from disk with automatic content-type detection. Responder
+uses Python's ``mimetypes`` module to figure out the right ``Content-Type``
+header for you::
+
+    @api.route("/download")
+    def download(req, resp):
+        resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")
+
+You can override the content type if needed::
+
+    @api.route("/image")
+    def image(req, resp):
+        resp.file("photos/cat.jpg", content_type="image/jpeg")
+
+
+Custom Error Handling
+---------------------
+
+By default, unhandled exceptions result in a 500 Internal Server Error.
+You can register custom handlers for specific exception types to return
+structured error responses::
+
+    @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+    async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+        resp.status_code = 400
+        resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+Now, any route that raises a ``ValueError`` will return a clean 400 response
+with a JSON error message instead of a generic 500 page.
+
+
+Before-Request Hooks
+--------------------
+
+Run code before every request. This is useful for logging, adding common
+headers, or setting up per-request state::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True)
+    def add_headers(req, resp):
+        resp.headers["X-API-Version"] = "3.1"
+
+**Short-circuiting:** If your hook sets ``resp.status_code``, the route
+handler will be skipped entirely and the response will be sent immediately.
+This is the pattern for authentication guards::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True)
+    def auth_check(req, resp):
+        if "Authorization" not in req.headers:
+            resp.status_code = 401
+            resp.media = {"error": "unauthorized"}
+
+If the ``Authorization`` header is missing, the client gets a 401 response
+and the actual route handler never runs.
+
+WebSocket hooks work the same way::
+
+    @api.before_request(websocket=True)
+    async def ws_auth(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+
+
+WebSocket Support
+-----------------
+
+Responder supports WebSockets for real-time, bidirectional communication::
+
+    @api.route("/ws", websocket=True)
+    async def websocket(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+        while True:
+            name = await ws.receive_text()
+            await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
+        await ws.close()
+
+You can send and receive in multiple formats:
+
+- ``send_text`` / ``receive_text`` — plain text
+- ``send_json`` / ``receive_json`` — JSON objects
+- ``send_bytes`` / ``receive_bytes`` — raw binary data


 GraphQL
 -------

-Serve a GraphQL API::
+Responder includes built-in GraphQL support via
+`Graphene <https://graphene-python.org/>`_. Set up a full GraphQL endpoint
+with a single method call::

    import graphene

@@ -45,383 +181,328 @@ Serve a GraphQL API::
        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
            return f"Hello {name}"

-    schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
-    view = responder.ext.GraphQLView(api=api, schema=schema)
+    api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))

-    api.add_route("/graph", view)
+Visiting ``/graphql`` in a browser renders the GraphiQL interactive IDE,
+where you can explore your schema and test queries. Programmatic clients
+can POST JSON queries to the same endpoint.

-Visiting the endpoint will render a *GraphiQL* instance, in the browser.
-
-You can make use of Responder's Request and Response objects in your GraphQL resolvers through ``info.context['request']`` and ``info.context['response']``.
+You can access the Responder request and response objects in your resolvers
+through ``info.context["request"]`` and ``info.context["response"]``.


-OpenAPI Schema Support
----------------------
+OpenAPI Documentation
+---------------------

-Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow
-
-New in Responder `1.4.0`::
-
-    import responder
-    from responder.ext.schema import Schema as OpenAPISchema
-    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
-
-    contact = {
-        "name": "API Support",
-        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
-        "email": "support@example.com",
-    }
-    license = {
-        "name": "Apache 2.0",
-        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
-    }
-    
-    api = responder.API()
-
-    schema = OpenAPISchema(
-        app=api,
-        title="Web Service",
-        version="1.0",
-        openapi="3.0.2",
-        description="A simple pet store",
-        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
-        contact=contact,
-        license=license,
-    )
-
-    @schema.schema("Pet")
-    class PetSchema(Schema):
-        name = fields.Str()
-
-
-    @api.route("/")
-    def route(req, resp):
-        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
-        ---
-        get:
-            description: Get a random pet
-            responses:
-                200:
-                    description: A pet to be returned
-                    content:  
-                        application/json: 
-                            schema: 
-                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
-        """
-        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
-
-
-Old way *It's recommended to use the code above* ::
-
-    import responder
-    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
-
-    contact = {
-        "name": "API Support",
-        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
-        "email": "support@example.com",
-    }
-    license = {
-        "name": "Apache 2.0",
-        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
-    }
+Responder can generate an OpenAPI schema and serve interactive API
+documentation automatically::

    api = responder.API(
-        title="Web Service",
+        title="Pet Store",
        version="1.0",
        openapi="3.0.2",
-        description="A simple pet store",
-        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
-        contact=contact,
-        license=license,
+        docs_route="/docs",
    )

+This gives you:
+
+- An OpenAPI schema at ``/schema.yml``
+- Interactive Swagger UI documentation at ``/docs``
+
+There are three ways to document your endpoints.
+
+**Pydantic models** — the recommended approach for new APIs. Use
+``request_model`` and ``response_model`` to annotate your routes, and
+Responder will generate the schema automatically::
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    class PetIn(BaseModel):
+        name: str
+        age: int = 0
+
+    class PetOut(BaseModel):
+        id: int
+        name: str
+        age: int
+
+    @api.route("/pets", methods=["POST"],
+               request_model=PetIn, response_model=PetOut)
+    async def create_pet(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()
+        resp.media = {"id": 1, **data}
+
+This generates a full OpenAPI path with ``requestBody`` and ``responses``
+schemas, all linked by ``$ref`` to your Pydantic models in
+``components/schemas``.
+
+You can also register standalone schemas with the ``@api.schema`` decorator::
+
+    @api.schema("Pet")
+    class Pet(BaseModel):
+        name: str
+        age: int = 0
+
+**YAML docstrings** — inline your OpenAPI spec directly in the docstring.
+This gives you full control over every detail::
+
+    @api.route("/pets")
+    def list_pets(req, resp):
+        """A list of pets.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get all pets
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A list of pets
+        """
+        resp.media = [{"name": "Fido"}]
+
+**Marshmallow schemas** — if you're already using marshmallow for
+validation, Responder integrates with it via the apispec plugin::
+
+    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
    @api.schema("Pet")
    class PetSchema(Schema):
        name = fields.Str()

-    @api.route("/")
-    def route(req, resp):
-        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
-        ---
-        get:
-            description: Get a random pet
-            responses:
-                200:
-                    description: A pet to be returned
-                    content:  
-                        application/json: 
-                            schema: 
-                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
-        """
-        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
+All three approaches can be mixed in the same API. Pydantic models,
+marshmallow schemas, and YAML docstrings all contribute to the same
+generated OpenAPI specification.

-::
-
-    >>> r = api.session().get("http://;/schema.yml")
-
-    >>> print(r.text)
-    components:
-      parameters: {}
-      responses: {}
-      schemas:
-        Pet:
-          properties:
-            name: {type: string}
-          type: object
-      securitySchemes: {}
-    info:
-      contact: {email: support@example.com, name: API Support, url: 'http://www.example.com/support'}
-      description: This is a sample server for a pet store.
-      license: {name: Apache 2.0, url: 'https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html'}
-      termsOfService: http://example.com/terms/
-      title: Web Service
-      version: 1.0
-    openapi: 3.0.2
-    paths:
-      /:
-        get:
-          description: Get a random pet
-          responses:
-            200: {description: A pet to be returned, schema: $ref: "#/components/schemas/Pet"}
-    tags: []
+You can choose from multiple documentation themes:
+``swagger_ui`` (default), ``redoc``, ``rapidoc``, or ``elements``.


-Interactive Documentation
-------------------------
+Mounting Other Apps
+-------------------

-Responder can automatically supply API Documentation for you. Using the example above
+Responder can mount any WSGI or ASGI application at a subroute. This means
+you can gradually migrate from Flask, or run multiple frameworks side by side::

-The new and recommended way::
-
-    ...
-    from responder.ext.schema import Schema
-    ...
-    api = responder.API()
-
-    schema = Schema(
-        app=api,
-        title="Web Service",
-        version="1.0",
-        openapi="3.0.2",
-        ...
-        docs_route='/docs',
-        ...
-        description=description,
-        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
-        contact=contact,
-        license=license,
-    )
-    
-
-The old way ::
-
-    api = responder.API(
-        title="Web Service",
-        version="1.0",
-        openapi="3.0.2",
-        docs_route='/docs',
-        description=description,
-        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
-        contact=contact,
-        license=license,
-    )
-
-This will make ``/docs`` render interactive documentation for your API.
-
-Mount a WSGI / ASGI Apps (e.g. Flask, Starlette,...)
----------------------------------------------------
-
-Responder gives you the ability to mount another ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute::
-
-    import responder
    from flask import Flask

-    api = responder.API()
-    flask = Flask(__name__)
+    flask_app = Flask(__name__)

-    @flask.route('/')
+    @flask_app.route("/")
    def hello():
-        return 'hello'
+        return "Hello from Flask!"

-    api.mount('/flask', flask)
+    api.mount("/flask", flask_app)

-That's it!
+Requests to ``/flask/`` will be handled by Flask. Everything else goes
+through Responder. Both WSGI and ASGI apps are supported — Responder
+wraps WSGI apps automatically.

-Single-Page Web Apps
--------------------

-If you have a single-page webapp, you can tell Responder to serve up your ``static/index.html`` at a route, like so::
+Cookies
+-------
+
+Reading and writing cookies is straightforward::
+
+    # Read cookies from the request
+    session_id = req.cookies.get("session_id")
+
+    # Set a cookie on the response
+    resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
+
+For more control over cookie directives, use ``set_cookie``::
+
+    resp.set_cookie(
+        "token",
+        value="abc123",
+        max_age=3600,
+        secure=True,
+        httponly=True,
+        path="/",
+    )
+
+Supported directives: ``key``, ``value``, ``expires``, ``max_age``,
+``domain``, ``path``, ``secure``, ``httponly``.
+
+
+Cookie-Based Sessions
+---------------------
+
+Responder has built-in support for signed, cookie-based sessions. Just
+read from and write to the ``session`` dictionary::
+
+    @api.route("/login")
+    def login(req, resp):
+        resp.session["username"] = "alice"
+
+    @api.route("/profile")
+    def profile(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"user": req.session.get("username")}
+
+The session data is stored in a cookie called ``Responder-Session``. It's
+signed for tamper protection, so you can trust that the data originated
+from your server.
+
+.. warning::
+
+   For production use, always set a secret key::
+
+       api = responder.API(secret_key="your-secret-key-here")
+
+
+Static Files
+------------
+
+Static files are served from the ``static/`` directory by default::
+
+    api = responder.API(static_dir="static", static_route="/static")
+
+Place your CSS, JavaScript, images, and other assets in the ``static/``
+directory and they'll be served automatically.
+
+For single-page applications, you can serve ``index.html`` as the default
+response for all unmatched routes::

    api.add_route("/", static=True)

-This will make ``index.html`` the default response to all undefined routes.
+You can add additional static directories at runtime::

-Reading / Writing Cookies
-------------------------
+    api.static_app.add_directory("extra_assets")

-Responder makes it very easy to interact with cookies from a Request, or add some to a Response::
-
-    >>> resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
-
-    >>> req.cookies
-    {"hello": "world"}
-
-
-To set cookies directives, you should use `resp.set_cookie`::
-
-    >>> resp.set_cookie("hello", value="world", max_age=60)
-
-Supported directives:
-
-* ``key`` - **Required**
-* ``value`` - [OPTIONAL] - Defaults to ``""``. 
-* ``expires`` - Defaults to ``None``.
-* ``max_age`` - Defaults to ``None``.
-* ``domain`` - Defaults to ``None``.
-* ``path`` - Defaults to ``"/"``.
-* ``secure`` - Defaults to ``False``.
-* ``httponly`` - Defaults to ``True``.
-
-For more information see `directives <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie#Directives>`_
-
-
-Using Cookie-Based Sessions
---------------------------
-
-Responder has built-in support for cookie-based sessions. To enable cookie-based sessions, simply add something to the ``resp.session`` dictionary::
-
-    >>> resp.session['username'] = 'kennethreitz'
-
-A cookie called ``Responder-Session`` will be set, which contains all the data in ``resp.session``. It is signed, for verification purposes.
-
-You can easily read a Request's session data, that can be trusted to have originated from the API::
-
-    >>> req.session
-    {'username': 'kennethreitz'}
-
-**Note**: if you are using this in production, you should pass the ``secret_key`` argument to ``API(...)``::
-
-    api = responder.API(secret_key=os.environ['SECRET_KEY'])
-
-Using ``before_request``
------------------------
-
-If you'd like a view to be executed before every request, simply do the following::
-
-    @api.route(before_request=True)
-    def prepare_response(req, resp):
-        resp.headers["X-Pizza"] = "42"
-
-Now all requests to your HTTP Service will include an ``X-Pizza`` header.
-
-For ``websockets``::
-
-    @api.route(before_request=True, websocket=True)
-    def prepare_response(ws):
-        await ws.accept()
-
-
-WebSocket Support
-----------------
-
-Responder supports WebSockets::
-
-    @api.route('/ws', websocket=True)
-    async def websocket(ws):
-        await ws.accept()
-        while True:
-            name = await ws.receive_text()
-            await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
-        await ws.close()
-
-Accepting the connection::
-
-    await websocket.accept()
-
-Sending and receiving data::
-
-    await websocket.send_{format}(data) 
-    await websocket.receive_{format}(data)
-
-Supported formats: ``text``, ``json``, ``bytes``.
-
-Closing the connection::
-
-    await websocket.close()
-
-Using Requests Test Client
--------------------------
-
-Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services: **Requests**.
-
-Here's an example of a test (written with pytest)::
-
-    import myapi
-
-    @pytest.fixture
-    def api():
-        return myapi.api
-
-    def test_response(api):
-        hello = "hello, world!"
-
-        @api.route('/some-url')
-        def some_view(req, resp):
-            resp.text = hello
-
-        r = api.requests.get(url=api.url_for(some_view))
-        assert r.text == hello
-
-HSTS (Redirect to HTTPS)
------------------------
-
-Want HSTS (to redirect all traffic to HTTPS)?
-
-::
-
-    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
-
-
-Boom.

 CORS
 ----

-Want `CORS <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS/>`_ ?
+Enable Cross-Origin Resource Sharing for your API::

-::
+    api = responder.API(cors=True, cors_params={
+        "allow_origins": ["https://example.com"],
+        "allow_methods": ["GET", "POST"],
+        "allow_headers": ["*"],
+        "allow_credentials": True,
+        "max_age": 600,
+    })

-    api = responder.API(cors=True)
+The default CORS policy is restrictive — you must explicitly enable the
+origins, methods, and headers your frontend needs.


-The default parameters used by **Responder** are restrictive by default, so you'll need to explicitly enable particular origins, methods, or headers, in order for browsers to be permitted to use them in a Cross-Domain context.
+HSTS
+----

-In order to set custom parameters, you need to set the ``cors_params`` argument of ``api``, a dictionary containing the following entries:
+Force all traffic to HTTPS with a single flag::
+
+    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
+
+This adds the ``Strict-Transport-Security`` header and redirects HTTP
+requests to HTTPS.

-* ``allow_origins`` - A list of origins that should be permitted to make cross-origin requests. eg. ``['https://example.org', 'https://www.example.org']``. You can use ``['*']`` to allow any origin.
-* ``allow_origin_regex`` - A regex string to match against origins that should be permitted to make cross-origin requests. eg. ``'https://.*\.example\.org'``.
-* ``allow_methods`` - A list of HTTP methods that should be allowed for cross-origin requests. Defaults to `['GET']`. You can use ``['*']`` to allow all standard methods.
-* ``allow_headers`` - A list of HTTP request headers that should be supported for cross-origin requests. Defaults to ``[]``. You can use ``['*']`` to allow all headers. The ``Accept``, ``Accept-Language``, ``Content-Language`` and ``Content-Type`` headers are always allowed for CORS requests.
-* ``allow_credentials`` - Indicate that cookies should be supported for cross-origin requests. Defaults to ``False``.
-* ``expose_headers`` - Indicate any response headers that should be made accessible to the browser. Defaults to ``[]``.
-* ``max_age`` - Sets a maximum time in seconds for browsers to cache CORS responses. Defaults to ``60``.

 Trusted Hosts
 -------------

-Make sure that all the incoming requests headers have a valid ``host``, that matches one of the provided patterns in the ``allowed_hosts`` attribute, in order to prevent HTTP Host Header attacks.
+Protect against HTTP Host header attacks by restricting which hostnames
+your application will respond to::

-A 400 response will be raised, if a request does not match any of the provided patterns in the ``allowed_hosts`` attribute.
+    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=["example.com", "*.example.com"])

-::
+Requests with a ``Host`` header that doesn't match any of the patterns
+will receive a 400 Bad Request response. Wildcard domains are supported.

-    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=['example.com', 'tenant.example.com'])
+By default, all hostnames are allowed.

-* ``allowed_hosts`` - A list of allowed hostnames. 

-Note:
+Server-Sent Events (SSE)
+------------------------

-* By default, all hostnames are allowed.
-* Wildcard domains such as ``*.example.com`` are supported.
-* To allow any hostname use ``allowed_hosts=["*"]``.
+Stream real-time updates to the client using Server-Sent Events. This is
+great for live feeds, progress updates, and AI streaming responses::
+
+    @api.route("/events")
+    async def events(req, resp):
+        @resp.sse
+        async def stream():
+            for i in range(10):
+                yield {"data": f"message {i}"}
+
+Each yielded value can be a string (treated as data) or a dict with
+``data``, ``event``, ``id``, and ``retry`` fields::
+
+    yield {"event": "update", "data": "hello", "id": "1"}
+    yield "simple string message"
+
+
+Streaming Files
+---------------
+
+For large files, use ``resp.stream_file()`` to stream the content without
+loading the entire file into memory::
+
+    @api.route("/download")
+    def download(req, resp):
+        resp.stream_file("large-dataset.csv")
+
+For small files where memory isn't a concern, ``resp.file()`` loads the
+entire file at once — simpler but less efficient for large files.
+
+
+After-Request Hooks
+-------------------
+
+Run code after every request, useful for logging, adding headers, or
+cleanup::
+
+    @api.after_request()
+    def log_response(req, resp):
+        print(f"{req.method} {req.full_url} -> {resp.status_code}")
+
+
+Route Groups
+------------
+
+Organize related routes with a shared URL prefix. Useful for API versioning
+and logical grouping::
+
+    v1 = api.group("/v1")
+
+    @v1.route("/users")
+    def list_users(req, resp):
+        resp.media = []
+
+    @v1.route("/users/{user_id:int}")
+    def get_user(req, resp, *, user_id):
+        resp.media = {"id": user_id}
+
+
+Request ID
+----------
+
+Auto-generate unique request IDs for tracing and debugging. If the client
+sends an ``X-Request-ID`` header, it's forwarded; otherwise a new UUID is
+generated::
+
+    api = responder.API(request_id=True)
+
+
+Rate Limiting
+-------------
+
+Built-in token bucket rate limiter::
+
+    from responder.ext.ratelimit import RateLimiter
+
+    limiter = RateLimiter(requests=100, period=60)  # 100 req/min
+    limiter.install(api)
+
+When the limit is exceeded, clients receive a ``429 Too Many Requests``
+response with ``Retry-After`` and ``X-RateLimit-Remaining`` headers.
+
+
+MessagePack
+-----------
+
+In addition to JSON and YAML, Responder supports MessagePack for efficient
+binary serialization::
+
+    # Decode MessagePack request body
+    data = await req.media("msgpack")
+
+    # Content negotiation also works — clients can send
+    # Accept: application/x-msgpack to receive MessagePack responses.
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Example showing the lifespan context manager pattern.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+import responder
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    # Startup: initialize resources
+    print("Starting up...")
+    yield
+    # Shutdown: clean up resources
+    print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "Welcome"
+
+
+@api.route("/user")
+async def user_create(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.text = f"Hello, {data['username']}"
+
+
+@api.route("/user/{identifier}")
+async def user_get(req, resp, *, identifier):
+    resp.text = f"Hello, user {identifier}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+[build-system]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+requires = [
+  "setuptools>=42",
+]
+
+[project]
+name = "responder"
+description = "A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python."
+readme = "README.md"
+license = {text = "Apache 2.0"}
+authors = [
+  { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+classifiers = [
+  "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+  "Environment :: Web Environment",
+  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+  "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+  "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+  "Programming Language :: Python",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+  "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
+]
+dynamic = ["version"]
+dependencies = [
+  "a2wsgi",
+  "apispec>=1.0.0",
+  "chardet",
+  "docopt-ng",
+  "graphene>=3",
+  "graphql-core>=3.1",
+  "marshmallow",
+  "msgpack",
+  "pueblo[sfa-full]>=0.0.11",
+  "pydantic>=2",
+  "python-multipart",
+  "starlette[full]>=0.40",
+  "uvicorn[standard]",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+develop = [
+  "pyproject-fmt",
+  "ruff",
+  "validate-pyproject",
+]
+docs = [
+  "alabaster<1.1",
+  "myst-parser",
+  "sphinx>=5,<9",
+  "sphinx-autobuild",
+  "sphinx-copybutton",
+  "sphinx-design-elements",
+]
+release = ["build", "twine"]
+test = [
+  "flask",
+  "mypy",
+  "pytest",
+  "pytest-cov",
+  "pytest-mock",
+  "pytest-rerunfailures",
+]
+
+[project.scripts]
+responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
+
+[project.urls]
+Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
+Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
+
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = {attr = "responder.__version__.__version__"}
+
+[tool.setuptools.package-data]
+responder = ["py.typed"]
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+exclude = ["tests"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 90
+
+extend-exclude = [
+  "docs/source/conf.py",
+]
+
+lint.select = [
+  # Builtins
+  "A",
+  # Bugbear
+  "B",
+  # comprehensions
+  "C4",
+  # Pycodestyle
+  "E",
+  # eradicate
+  "ERA",
+  # Pyflakes
+  "F",
+  # isort
+  "I",
+  # pandas-vet
+  "PD",
+  # return
+  "RET",
+  # Bandit
+  "S",
+  # print
+  "T20",
+  "W",
+  # flake8-2020
+  "YTT",
+]
+
+lint.extend-ignore = [
+  "S101", #  Allow use of `assert`.
+]
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ] # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."tests/*" = [
+  "ERA001", # Found commented-out code.
+  "S101",   # Allow use of `assert`, and `print`.
+]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = """
+  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
+  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
+  """
+filterwarnings = [
+  "error::UserWarning",
+]
+log_level = "DEBUG"
+log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
+log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
+minversion = "2.0"
+testpaths = [
+  "responder",
+  "tests",
+]
+markers = [
+]
+xfail_strict = true
+
+[tool.coverage.run]
+branch = false
+omit = [
+  "*.html",
+  "tests/*",
+]
+
+[tool.coverage.report]
+fail_under = 0
+show_missing = true
+exclude_lines = [
+  "# pragma: no cover",
+  "raise NotImplemented",
+]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+packages = [
+  "responder",
+]
+exclude = [
+]
+check_untyped_defs = true
+explicit_package_bases = true
+ignore_missing_imports = true
+implicit_optional = true
+install_types = true
+namespace_packages = true
+non_interactive = true
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[pytest]
-;addopts= -rsxX -s -v --strict
-filterwarnings =
-    error::UserWarning
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-build:
-    image: latest
-
-python:
-    version: 3.6
@@ -1,2 +1,18 @@
-from .core import *
+"""
+Responder - a familiar HTTP Service Framework.
+
+This module exports the core functionality of the Responder framework,
+including the API, Request, and Response classes.
+"""
+
 from . import ext
+from .__version__ import __version__
+from .core import API, Request, Response
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+    "__version__",
+    "ext",
+]
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-from .cli import main
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "2.0.2"
+__version__ = "3.2.0"
@@ -1,41 +1,37 @@
-import json
+import asyncio
 import os
-
 from pathlib import Path

-import jinja2
+__all__ = ["API"]
+
 import uvicorn
-from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware
-from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.sessions import SessionMiddleware
-from starlette.routing import Lifespan
-from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
-from starlette.testclient import TestClient
-from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware

-from . import models, status_codes
+from . import status_codes
 from .background import BackgroundQueue
 from .formats import get_formats
+from .models import Request, Response
 from .routes import Router
-from .statics import DEFAULT_API_THEME, DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
-from .ext.schema import Schema as OpenAPISchema
 from .staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from .statics import DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
 from .templates import Templates


 class API:
    """The primary web-service class.

-        :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
-        :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
-    """
+    :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
+    :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
+    :param openapi_theme: OpenAPI documentation theme, must be one of ``elements``, ``rapidoc``, ``redoc``, ``swagger_ui``
+    """  # noqa: E501

    status_codes = status_codes

@@ -48,7 +44,7 @@ class API:
        description=None,
        terms_of_service=None,
        contact=None,
-        license=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
        openapi=None,
        openapi_route="/schema.yml",
        static_dir="static",
@@ -61,17 +57,20 @@ class API:
        cors=False,
        cors_params=DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS,
        allowed_hosts=None,
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
+        lifespan=None,
+        request_id=False,
    ):
        self.background = BackgroundQueue()

        self.secret_key = secret_key

-        self.router = Router()
+        self.router = Router(lifespan=lifespan)

        if static_dir is not None:
            if static_route is None:
-                static_route = static_dir
-            static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
+                static_route = ""
+            static_dir = Path(static_dir).resolve()

        self.static_dir = static_dir
        self.static_route = static_route
@@ -82,22 +81,15 @@ class API:
        self.debug = debug

        if not allowed_hosts:
-            # if not debug:
-            #     raise RuntimeError(
-            #         "You need to specify `allowed_hosts` when debug is set to False"
-            #     )
            allowed_hosts = ["*"]
        self.allowed_hosts = allowed_hosts

        if self.static_dir is not None:
-            os.makedirs(self.static_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-        if self.static_dir is not None:
+            self.static_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            self.mount(self.static_route, self.static_app)

        self.formats = get_formats()

-        # Cached requests session.
        self._session = None

        self.default_endpoint = None
@@ -115,11 +107,19 @@ class API:
        self.add_middleware(SessionMiddleware, secret_key=self.secret_key)

        if openapi or docs_route:
+            try:
+                from .ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+            except ImportError as ex:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "The dependencies for the OpenAPI extension are not installed. "
+                    "Install them using: pip install responder"
+                ) from ex
+
            self.openapi = OpenAPISchema(
                app=self,
-                title="Web Service",
-                version="1.0",
-                openapi="3.0.2",
+                title=title,
+                version=version,
+                openapi=openapi,
                docs_route=docs_route,
                description=description,
                terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
@@ -127,13 +127,26 @@ class API:
                license=license,
                openapi_route=openapi_route,
                static_route=static_route,
+                openapi_theme=openapi_theme,
            )

-        # TODO: Update docs for templates
        self.templates = Templates(directory=templates_dir)
-        self.requests = (
-            self.session()
-        )  #: A Requests session that is connected to the ASGI app.
+
+        if request_id:
+            import uuid as _uuid
+
+            def _add_request_id(req, resp):
+                rid = req.headers.get(
+                    "X-Request-ID", str(_uuid.uuid4())
+                )
+                resp.headers["X-Request-ID"] = rid
+
+            self.router.after_request(_add_request_id)
+
+    @property
+    def requests(self):
+        """A test client connected to the ASGI app. Lazily initialized."""
+        return self.session()

    @property
    def static_app(self):
@@ -149,12 +162,79 @@ class API:

        return decorator

+    def after_request(self):
+        """Register a function to run after every request.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            @api.after_request()
+            def add_request_id(req, resp):
+                resp.headers["X-Request-ID"] = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.router.after_request(f)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
    def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
        self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)

-    def schema(self, name, **options):
-        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+    def exception_handler(self, exception_cls):
+        """Register a handler for a specific exception type.
+
        Usage::
+
+            @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+            async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            async def _handler(request, exc):
+                from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResp
+
+                req = Request(request.scope, request.receive, formats=get_formats())
+                resp = Response(req=req, formats=get_formats())
+                if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+                    await func(req, resp, exc)
+                else:
+                    func(req, resp, exc)
+                if resp.status_code is None:
+                    resp.status_code = 500
+                body, headers = await resp.body
+                return StarletteResp(
+                    content=body, status_code=resp.status_code, headers=headers
+                )
+
+            # Register with the ExceptionMiddleware
+            self.router._exception_handlers = getattr(
+                self.router, "_exception_handlers", {}
+            )
+            self.router._exception_handlers[exception_cls] = _handler
+            # Also register on the ASGI app chain
+            from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware as EM
+
+            app = self.app
+            while app is not None:
+                if isinstance(app, EM):
+                    app.add_exception_handler(exception_cls, _handler)
+                    break
+                app = getattr(app, "app", None)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def schema(self, name, **options):
+        """
+        Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+
+        Usage::
+
            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
            @api.schema("Pet")
            class PetSchema(Schema):
@@ -171,11 +251,12 @@ class API:
        """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.

        :param path: The path portion of a URL, to test all known routes against.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501 (Line too long)
        for route in self.router.routes:
            match, _ = route.matches(path)
            if match:
                return route
+        return None

    def add_route(
        self,
@@ -187,16 +268,18 @@ class API:
        check_existing=True,
        websocket=False,
        before_request=False,
+        methods=None,
    ):
        """Adds a route to the API.

        :param route: A string representation of the route.
        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, or a class.
        :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
-        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html", and it will become a default route.
-        """
+        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html".
+                       Also, it will become a default route.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ``["GET", "POST"]``).
+        """  # noqa: E501

-        # Path
        if static:
            assert self.static_dir is not None
            if not endpoint:
@@ -210,27 +293,35 @@ class API:
            websocket=websocket,
            before_request=before_request,
            check_existing=check_existing,
+            methods=methods,
        )

    async def _static_response(self, req, resp):
        assert self.static_dir is not None

        index = (self.static_dir / "index.html").resolve()
-        if os.path.exists(index):
-            with open(index, "r") as f:
-                resp.html = "Hello world !"
+        if index.exists():
+            resp.html = index.read_text()
        else:
-            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404
+            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
            resp.text = "Not found."

    def redirect(
-        self, resp, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301
+        self,
+        resp,
+        location,
+        *,
+        set_text=True,
+        status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    ):
-        """Redirects a given response to a given location.
+        """
+        Redirects a given response to a given location.
+
        :param resp: The Response to mutate.
        :param location: The location of the redirect.
        :param set_text: If ``True``, sets the Redirect body content automatically.
-        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer, representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
+        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer,
+                            representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
        """
        resp.redirect(location, set_text=set_text, status_code=status_code)

@@ -263,9 +354,9 @@ class API:
        :param handler: The function to run. Can be either a function or a coroutine.
        """

-        self.router.lifespan_handler.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
+        self.router.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)

-    def route(self, route=None, **options):
+    def route(self, route=None, *, request_model=None, response_model=None, **options):
        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.

        Usage::
@@ -274,34 +365,89 @@ class API:
            def hello(req, resp):
                resp.text = "hello, world!"

+        With Pydantic models for OpenAPI documentation::
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+            class ItemIn(BaseModel):
+                name: str
+                price: float
+
+            class ItemOut(BaseModel):
+                id: int
+                name: str
+                price: float
+
+            @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"],
+                        request_model=ItemIn, response_model=ItemOut)
+            async def create_item(req, resp):
+                data = await req.media()
+                resp.media = {"id": 1, **data}
+
        """

        def decorator(f):
+            if request_model is not None:
+                f._request_model = request_model
+                if hasattr(self, "openapi"):
+                    self.openapi.add_schema(
+                        request_model.__name__, request_model, check_existing=False
+                    )
+            if response_model is not None:
+                f._response_model = response_model
+                if hasattr(self, "openapi"):
+                    self.openapi.add_schema(
+                        response_model.__name__, response_model, check_existing=False
+                    )
            self.add_route(route, f, **options)
            return f

        return decorator

+    def graphql(self, route="/graphql", *, schema):
+        """Mount a GraphQL API at the given route.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            import graphene
+
+            class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+                hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+                def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+                    return f"Hello {name}"
+
+            api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+
+        :param route: The URL path for the GraphQL endpoint.
+        :param schema: A Graphene schema instance.
+        """
+        from .ext.graphql import GraphQLView
+
+        self.add_route(route, GraphQLView(api=self, schema=schema))
+
    def mount(self, route, app):
        """Mounts an WSGI / ASGI application at a given route.

-        :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
+        :param route: String representation of the route to be used
+                      (shouldn't be parameterized).
        :param app: The other WSGI / ASGI app.
        """
        self.router.apps.update({route: app})

    def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
-        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
+        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Starlette TestClient instance,
+        able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.

-        :param base_url: The URL to mount the connection adaptor to.
+        :param base_url: The base URL for the test client.
        """

        if self._session is None:
+            from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
            self._session = TestClient(self, base_url=base_url)
        return self._session

    def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
-        # TODO: Absolute_url
        """Given an endpoint, returns a rendered URL for its route.

        :param endpoint: The route endpoint you're searching for.
@@ -310,53 +456,87 @@ class API:
        return self.router.url_for(endpoint, **params)

    def template(self, filename, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template file with the provided values.
+
        :param filename: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
-        :param *args: Data to pass into the template.
-        :param *kwargs: Date to pass into the template.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
        """
        return self.templates.render(filename, *args, **kwargs)

    def template_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.
-        :param source: The template to use.
-        :param *args: Data to pass into the template.
-        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template string with the provided values.
+
+        :param source: The template to use, a Jinja2 template string.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
        """
        return self.templates.render_string(source, *args, **kwargs)

    def serve(self, *, address=None, port=None, debug=False, **options):
-        """Runs the application with uvicorn. If the ``PORT`` environment
-        variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
-        known hosts.
+        """
+        Run the application with uvicorn.
+
+        If the ``PORT`` environment variable is set, requests will be served on that port
+        automatically to all known hosts.

        :param address: The address to bind to.
        :param port: The port to bind to. If none is provided, one will be selected at random.
-        :param debug: Run uvicorn server in debug mode.
+        :param debug: Whether to run application in debug mode.
        :param options: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``uvicorn.run()``.
-        """
+        """  # noqa: E501

        if "PORT" in os.environ:
            if address is None:
-                address = "0.0.0.0"
+                address = "0.0.0.0"  # noqa: S104
            port = int(os.environ["PORT"])

        if address is None:
            address = "127.0.0.1"
        if port is None:
            port = 5042
+        if debug:
+            options["log_level"] = "debug"

-        def spawn():
-            uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, debug=debug, **options)
-
-        spawn()
+        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)

    def run(self, **kwargs):
        if "debug" not in kwargs:
            kwargs.update({"debug": self.debug})
        self.serve(**kwargs)

+    def group(self, prefix):
+        """Create a route group with a shared URL prefix.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            v1 = api.group("/v1")
+
+            @v1.route("/users")
+            def list_users(req, resp):
+                resp.media = []
+
+            @v1.route("/users/{id:int}")
+            def get_user(req, resp, *, id):
+                resp.media = {"id": id}
+
+        """
+        return RouteGroup(api=self, prefix=prefix)
+
    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+class RouteGroup:
+    """A group of routes with a shared URL prefix."""
+
+    def __init__(self, api, prefix):
+        self.api = api
+        self.prefix = prefix.rstrip("/")
+
+    def route(self, route=None, **options):
+        full_route = f"{self.prefix}{route}"
+        return self.api.route(full_route, **options)
+
+    def before_request(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.api.before_request(**kwargs)
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import asyncio
-import functools
 import concurrent.futures
 import multiprocessing
 import traceback
+
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool

+__all__ = ["BackgroundQueue"]
+

 class BackgroundQueue:
    def __init__(self, n=None):
@@ -16,9 +18,6 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
        self.results = []

    def run(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.pool._max_workers = self.n
-        self.pool._adjust_thread_count()
-
        f = self.pool.submit(f, *args, **kwargs)
        self.results.append(f)
        return f
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ class BackgroundQueue:
        def on_future_done(fs):
            try:
                fs.result()
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                traceback.print_exc()

        def do_task(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -39,6 +38,5 @@ class BackgroundQueue:

    async def __call__(self, func, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
-            return await asyncio.ensure_future(func(*args, **kwargs))
-        else:
-            return await run_in_threadpool(func, *args, **kwargs)
+            return await asyncio.create_task(func(*args, **kwargs))
+        return await run_in_threadpool(func, *args, **kwargs)
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More