v0.38.0: Articulations, Part.hit(), djembe expansion, cross-choke

Articulations (staccato, legato, marcato, tenuto, accent, fermata)
on Part.add() and Part.hold(). Part.hit() for placing individual
drum sounds with articulation support. 5 new djembe patterns,
3 djembe fills, cross-choke damping, improved djembe slap.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,175 @@
 
 All notable changes to PyTheory are documented here.
 
+## 0.38.0
+
+- **Articulations** — `staccato`, `legato`, `marcato`, `tenuto`, `accent`,
+  `fermata` via `articulation=` on `Part.add()` and `Part.hold()`
+- **`Part.hit()`** — place individual drum sounds in a Part's note stream
+  with articulation, velocity, and effects support
+- **5 new djembe patterns** — dununba, tiriba, yankadi, djansa, mendiani
+- **3 new djembe fills** — djembe call, djembe roll, djembe break (30 fills total)
+- **Cross-choke drum damping** — striking one sound fades out related sounds
+  (djembe, hi-hats, cajón, doumbek)
+- **Improved djembe slap** — dry goatskin pop instead of snare-like noise
+
+## 0.37.0
+
+- **5 new djembe patterns** — dununba, tiriba, yankadi, djansa, mendiani
+- **3 new djembe fills** — djembe call, djembe roll, djembe break (30 fills total)
+- **Cross-choke drum damping** — striking one sound on a hand drum fades
+  out the ring of related sounds (djembe slap kills bass resonance, closed
+  hat chokes open hat, cajón slap dampens bass, doumbek tek dampens dum)
+- **Improved djembe slap** — dry, high-pitched goatskin pop instead of
+  snare-like noise rattle
+
+## 0.36.6
+
+- **6 new drum fills** — 3 cajón (flam, rumble, breakdown) and 3 metal
+  (triplet, blast, cascade). 27 fills total.
+- Updated drums documentation with fill lists and examples
+
+## 0.36.5
+
+- **Duration arithmetic** — `Duration.WHOLE * 2`, `Duration.HALF + Duration.QUARTER`,
+  division, and reverse multiply all work now (previously raised TypeError)
+
+## 0.36.3
+
+- **`Part.hold()`** — polyphonic overlap on a single part. Add notes
+  without advancing the beat position so they play simultaneously.
+  Enables: piano sustain, sitar drone under melody, guitar strum texture.
+- **Strum uses hold()** — leading string plays simultaneously with chord,
+  no more timing gaps or choppiness
+- **Improved songs** 1-16: humanize, velocity dynamics, reverb, saxophone
+  for blues
+- **Ctrl-C handling** — clean stop on all playback functions
+- **REPL updates** — strum, roll, bend, temperament, reference commands
+- Song #28 Descent (generative), #29 Pop Rock, #30 Sitar Drone
+- 862 tests
+
+## 0.36.1
+
+- **7 new instrument synths:** pedal steel guitar, theremin, kalimba/thumb
+  piano, steel drum/pan, accordion (musette reeds), didgeridoo (drone +
+  shifting formants), bagpipes (chanter reed)
+- **9 new demo moods** in ``pytheory demo``: Theremin Noir, Caribbean,
+  Accordion Waltz, Kalimba Dreams, Outback Drone, Highland, Nashville
+  Tears, Tabla Fusion
+- Improved existing songs with dedicated instrument synths
+- 41 synth waveforms, 26+ songs, 21 demo moods
+
+## 0.36.0
+
+- **Banjo synth** — steel strings on drum-head body, nasal twang,
+  fast decay with membrane resonance
+- **Mandolin synth** — paired steel strings (natural chorus from
+  doubled courses), bright body resonance
+- **Ukulele synth** — nylon strings, small mid-heavy body, shorter
+  sustain than guitar
+- **Cajón drums** — bass (woody box thump), slap (snare wire buzz),
+  tap (ghost note). 3 patterns: cajon, cajon rumba, cajon folk
+- **Vocal/formant synth** — LF glottal model, 5 Peterson & Barney
+  formant peaks, jitter/shimmer, consonant onsets, per-note lyrics.
+  Presets: vocal, choir
+- **Granular synthesis** — grain cloud engine with scatter, pitch
+  variation, Hanning windows. Presets: granular_pad, granular_texture
+- **Strum sweep** — subtle grace notes before chord hit for natural
+  strum feel on all fretboard instruments
+- Mandola preset, 34 synth waveforms, 26 songs
+
+## 0.35.0
+
+- **8.5x faster import** — dropped pytuning/sympy, lazy-load scipy.
+  `import pytheory` now takes ~50ms instead of ~480ms (#44)
+- **Proper shruti JI ratios** — 22 positions with 5-limit just intonation
+  (pure 3/2 fifths, 5/4 thirds), not 22-TET approximation
+- **Arabic maqam JI ratios** — Zalzalian 11-limit ratios.
+  Mi↓ (the Rast third) is exactly 27/22 from Do
+- **B#/Cb octave boundary fix** — B#4 = C5, Cb4 = B3 (#45)
+- **Int tone names** — `Tone(0, system=TET(22))` works alongside strings.
+  Wrapping: `Tone(22)` → tone 0, octave+1. `System.tone()` convenience.
+- **Timpani synth** — inharmonic membrane modes, felt mallet, copper kettle
+  resonance, cathedral reverb
+- **Saxophone synth** — conical bore, reed buzz, brass body warmth.
+  4 presets: saxophone, alto_sax, tenor_sax, bari_sax
+- **Part.roll()** — rapid repeated notes with velocity ramp for crescendo/
+  decrescendo rolls on any instrument
+- **Vibrato tuning** — all instruments reduced to 0.001 depth for cleaner
+  ensemble sound
+- **Granular synthesis** — grain cloud engine with scatter, pitch
+  variation, and Hanning-windowed grains. Two presets: granular_pad,
+  granular_texture.
+- 30 synth waveforms, 838 tests
+
+## 0.34.0
+
+- **16 dedicated instrument synths** — physical modeling and specialized
+  synthesis for: piano (hammer + steel strings + soundboard), bass guitar
+  (thick KS + pickup), flute (breath + tube resonance), trumpet (lip buzz
+  + bell), clarinet (odd harmonics + reed), oboe (double reed + conical
+  bore), marimba (inharmonic bar modes), harpsichord (quill pluck),
+  cello (deep bowed + body), harp (soft pluck + soundboard bloom),
+  upright bass (pizzicato + wooden body), acoustic guitar (KS + body
+  resonance), electric guitar (KS + pickup comb filter), sitar (jawari
+  + chikari), plus organ and bowed strings
+- **Speaker cabinet simulation** — tames distorted guitar fizz
+- **Guitar strumming** — `Part.strum("Am")` with fretboard lookup
+- **Analog oscillator drift** — subtle per-note pitch wobble on synth presets
+- **World percussion:** dhol, dholak, mridangam, djembe, metal kit
+  with 22 new drum patterns
+- **Piano improvements:** brightness scales with pitch, two-stage decay,
+  hammer impact with felt character
+- **Vibrato tuning:** reduced across flute, oboe, trumpet, cello for
+  smoother ensemble sound
+- 27 synth waveforms, 10 envelopes, 40+ instrument presets, 80+ drum patterns
+
+## 0.33.1
+
+- **Electric guitar synth** — Karplus-Strong with magnetic pickup comb filter
+  simulation (single-coil honk, proper sustain)
+- **Speaker cabinet simulation** — steep rolloff above 4-5kHz with presence
+  bump. Makes distorted guitar sound warm instead of fizzy.
+- **6 guitar presets:** electric_guitar, clean_guitar, crunch_guitar,
+  distorted_guitar, orange_crunch, metal_guitar — all with proper cab sim
+- **Sitar synth** — Karplus-Strong with jawari bridge buzz, chikari
+  sympathetic strings, variable damping
+- **Guitar strumming** — `Part.strum("Am", Duration.HALF)` with
+  fretboard fingering lookup, down/up direction, adjustable strum speed
+- **World drums:** dhol (bhangra, chaal), dholak (qawwali, folk),
+  mridangam (adi talam, korvai), djembe (standard, kuku, soli)
+  — all with bandpass-filtered membrane noise for realistic drum head sound
+- **Metal drum kit** — clicky kick, bright snare, tight hats
+  with 4 patterns (double kick, metal blast, metal groove, metal gallop)
+- 15 synth waveforms, 10 envelopes, 40+ instrument presets
+
+## 0.33.0
+
+- **Non-12-TET support** — `TET(n)` factory creates any equal temperament
+- **11 microtonal systems:**
+  - `"shruti"` (22-TET Indian, 10 thaats with proper shruti intervals)
+  - `"maqam"` (24-TET Arabic, quarter-tone Rast/Bayati/Hijaz + 7 more)
+  - `"slendro"` (5-TET gamelan), `"pelog"` (9-TET gamelan with 3 pathet)
+  - `"thai"` (7-TET, 171 cents/step)
+  - `"makam"` (53-TET Turkish Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek, 9 makams)
+  - `"carnatic"` (72-TET, 10 melakartas)
+  - `"19-tet"`, `"31-tet"` (historical Western)
+  - `"bohlen-pierce"` (13 divisions of the tritave 3:1 — non-octave!)
+- **Just intonation** — `temperament="just"` for pure 5-limit ratios
+- **Historical pitch** — `Score(reference_pitch=415.0)` for Baroque A=415
+- **`Score(system=, temperament=, reference_pitch=)`** flows through to all playback
+- Per-system `c_index` and `period` replace hardcoded constants
+- Fixed all hardcoded `12`s in tone arithmetic
+- Song #22: Greensleeves (Renaissance lute, meantone, A=415)
+- 22 new microtonal tests (819 total)
+
+## 0.32.1
+
+- `Tone("X")` now raises `ValueError` immediately instead of silently accepting invalid names (#39)
+- Support enharmonic spellings: `Cb`, `Fb`, `E#`, `B#` resolve correctly (#40)
+- Support double sharps (`C##`, `Fx`) and double flats (`Dbb`) via semitone arithmetic (#41)
+- Accept unicode music symbols: `♯` `♭` `𝄪` `𝄫`
+
 ## 0.32.0
 
 - **8 new synth engine features:**

docs/guide/chords.rst

@@ -322,6 +322,14 @@ against 17 known chord types (triads, 7ths, 9ths, sus, power chords).
    >>> Chord.from_tones("Bb", "D", "F").identify()
    'Bb major'
 
+Enharmonic spellings are fully supported — Cb, Fb, E#, B#, double
+sharps/flats, and unicode symbols (see :doc:`tones` for details):
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> Chord.from_tones("Cb", "Eb", "Gb").identify()
+   'B minor'
+
 You can also access the root and quality separately:
 
 .. code-block:: pycon

docs/guide/drums.rst

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ in Atlanta. Over a dancehall pattern, you're in Kingston. The drums ARE
 the genre -- they tell the listener's body how to move before a single
 melodic note is played.
 
-PyTheory includes a complete drum system -- 27 synthesized percussion
-sounds, 58 pattern presets across dozens of genres, and 21 fill presets.
+PyTheory includes a complete drum system -- 51 synthesized percussion
+sounds, 85+ pattern presets across dozens of genres, and 30 fill presets.
 Every sound is generated from waveforms; no samples needed.
 
 Drum Sounds
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ The ``DrumSound`` enum maps to General MIDI percussion note numbers:
    >>> DrumSound.CLOSED_HAT.value
    42
 
-All 27 sounds, organized by type:
+All 51 sounds, organized by type:
 
 **Kicks:** KICK (36)
 
@@ -106,7 +106,24 @@ All 27 sounds, organized by type:
 **Percussion:** COWBELL (56), CLAVE (75), SHAKER (70), TAMBOURINE (54),
 CONGA_HIGH (63), CONGA_LOW (64), BONGO_HIGH (60), BONGO_LOW (61),
 TIMBALE_HIGH (65), TIMBALE_LOW (66), AGOGO_HIGH (67), AGOGO_LOW (68),
-GUIRO (73), MARACAS (70)
+GUIRO (73)
+
+**Tabla:** TABLA_NA (86), TABLA_TIN (87), TABLA_GE (88), TABLA_DHA (89),
+TABLA_TIT (90), TABLA_KE (91), TABLA_GE_BEND (108 -- bayan with upward
+pitch bend from palm pressing into the head)
+
+**Dhol:** DHOL_DAGGA (92), DHOL_TILLI (93), DHOL_BOTH (94)
+
+**Dholak:** DHOLAK_GE (95), DHOLAK_NA (96), DHOLAK_TIT (97)
+
+**Mridangam:** MRIDANGAM_THAM (98), MRIDANGAM_NAM (99), MRIDANGAM_DIN (100),
+MRIDANGAM_THA (101)
+
+**Djembe:** DJEMBE_BASS (102), DJEMBE_TONE (103), DJEMBE_SLAP (104)
+
+**Cajón:** CAJON_SLAP (109), CAJON_TAP (110)
+
+**Metal Kit:** METAL_KICK (105), METAL_SNARE (106), METAL_HAT (107)
 
 Drum Synthesis
 --------------
@@ -145,8 +162,8 @@ Each sound has a dedicated synthesizer:
 Pattern Presets
 ---------------
 
-58 patterns spanning genres from rock to Afro-Cuban to electronic.
-Load them with ``Pattern.preset()``:
+80+ patterns spanning genres from rock to Afro-Cuban to electronic to
+world percussion. Load them with ``Pattern.preset()``:
 
 .. code-block:: pycon
 
@@ -193,9 +210,16 @@ adds syncopation.
 rattling hi-hats of trap, the breakneck tempo of drum and bass. These
 patterns were born in drum machines and they still live there.
 
-**Metal/Punk:** metal, blast beat, punk -- Speed and aggression.
-The blast beat is both feet and both hands going as fast as humanly
-possible. Punk strips everything to its essentials.
+**Metal/Punk:** metal, blast beat, punk, double kick, metal blast,
+metal groove, metal gallop -- Speed and aggression. The blast beat is
+both feet and both hands going as fast as humanly possible. Punk strips
+everything to its essentials. The metal kit adds 3 dedicated sounds
+(double kick, china cymbal, stack) and 4 patterns for extreme metal
+subgenres.
+
+**World Percussion:** tabla, dhol, dholak, mridangam, djembe, cajón --
+Deep traditions from across the globe, each with authentic sound sets and
+idiomatic patterns. See the World Percussion section below for details.
 
 **Other:** funk, hip hop, bo diddley, second line, new orleans, waltz,
 12/8 blues, country, gospel, flamenco -- Everything else. The syncopated
@@ -228,14 +252,17 @@ ending and a new one is about to begin. Without fills, a drum pattern
 just loops. With them, it breathes and has structure.
 
 ``Pattern.fill()`` loads a 1-bar drum fill -- a short break that
-transitions between sections. 21 fill presets are available:
+transitions between sections. 30 fill presets are available:
 
 .. code-block:: pycon
 
    >>> Pattern.list_fills()
    ['afrobeat', 'blast', 'bossa nova', 'breakdown', 'buildup',
-    'cumbia', 'disco', 'funk', 'highlife', 'hip hop', 'house',
-    'jazz', 'jazz brush', 'metal', 'reggae', 'rock', 'rock crash',
+    'cajon breakdown', 'cajon flam', 'cajon rumble',
+    'cumbia', 'disco', 'djembe break', 'djembe call', 'djembe roll',
+    'funk', 'highlife', 'hip hop', 'house',
+    'jazz', 'jazz brush', 'metal', 'metal blast', 'metal cascade',
+    'metal triplet', 'reggae', 'rock', 'rock crash',
     'salsa', 'samba', 'second line', 'trap']
 
    >>> fill = Pattern.fill("rock")
@@ -304,6 +331,171 @@ drum pattern and all named parts are mixed together by ``play_score()``:
 
    play_score(score)
 
+World Percussion
+----------------
+
+PyTheory includes dedicated sound sets and pattern presets for
+traditional percussion instruments from around the world. Each
+instrument has its own synthesized sounds that capture the timbral
+character of the real instrument, plus idiomatic rhythmic patterns
+drawn from their musical traditions.
+
+Tabla
+~~~~~
+
+The tabla is a pair of hand drums from the Indian subcontinent -- the
+smaller, higher-pitched *dayan* and the larger, bass *bayan*. It is
+the rhythmic backbone of Hindustani classical music, and one of the
+most expressive percussion instruments ever created. A single tabla
+player can produce an astonishing range of tones by varying finger
+placement, pressure, and striking technique.
+
+**7 sounds** -- covering the primary tabla strokes (na, tin, tun, ge,
+dha, ke, tit) plus a bayan pitch bend sound (TABLA_GE_BEND) that
+models the technique of pressing the palm into the bayan head to bend
+the pitch upward.
+
+**7 patterns:** teental (16 beats, the most common taal), jhaptaal
+(10 beats), rupak (7 beats), dadra (6 beats), keherwa (8 beats, folk
+and light classical), tabla solo, and tiri kita (fast ornamental
+pattern).
+
+**5 fills:** tihai (3x crescendo landing on sam), chakkardar (32nd
+triplet cascade into slam), tiri kita (rapid 16th-note dayan burst),
+bayan (deep bass bends showcase), tabla call (dayan/bayan call-and-response).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score.drums("teental", repeats=4, fill="tihai")
+   score.drums("keherwa", repeats=4, fill="chakkardar")
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+   score.drums("teental", repeats=4)
+
+Dhol
+~~~~
+
+The dhol is a double-headed barrel drum from Punjab, played with
+sticks. It is the driving force behind bhangra music -- loud,
+energetic, and physically impossible to sit still to.
+
+**3 sounds** -- bass stroke, treble stroke, and rimshot.
+
+**2 patterns:** bhangra (the classic bhangra groove) and dhol chaal
+(a processional rhythm).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=160)
+   score.drums("bhangra", repeats=4)
+
+Dholak
+~~~~~~
+
+The dholak is a smaller, lighter two-headed drum used across South
+Asia in folk music, qawwali, and Bollywood. Played with bare hands,
+it produces a warm, melodic tone.
+
+**3 sounds** -- bass, treble, and slap.
+
+**2 patterns:** qawwali (the rhythmic foundation of Sufi devotional
+music) and dholak folk (a general folk groove).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+   score.drums("qawwali", repeats=4)
+
+Mridangam
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The mridangam is a double-headed drum from South India, the
+rhythmic anchor of Carnatic classical music. Its tuning system is
+extraordinarily precise, and its rhythmic vocabulary is among the
+most mathematically complex in the world.
+
+**4 sounds** -- tha, thom, nam, and din.
+
+**2 patterns:** adi talam (the most common Carnatic talam, 8 beats)
+and mridangam korvai (a rhythmic cadence pattern).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=90)
+   score.drums("adi talam", repeats=4)
+
+Djembe
+~~~~~~
+
+The djembe is a rope-tuned goblet drum from West Africa, capable of
+producing a wide range of tones from deep bass to sharp slaps. It is
+central to the drum ensemble traditions of Mali, Guinea, and Senegal.
+
+**3 sounds** -- bass (open center strike), tone (edge strike), and
+slap (sharp edge strike).
+
+**8 patterns:** djembe (basic accompanying rhythm), kuku (Guinean harvest
+dance), soli (powerful Mandinka rhythm), dununba (heavy bass-driven),
+tiriba (joyful Susu rhythm), yankadi (gentle greeting/welcome), djansa
+(fast Malinke dance), mendiani (women's celebratory dance).
+
+**3 fills:** djembe call (bass-tone-slap conversation building to climax),
+djembe roll (rapid slaps accelerating into bass), djembe break (syncopated
+West African-style break).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+   score.drums("djembe", repeats=8, fill="djembe call", fill_every=4)
+
+Metal Kit
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+A dedicated percussion kit for extreme metal subgenres, with
+specialized sounds and patterns that go beyond the standard drum kit.
+
+**3 sounds** -- double kick (triggered, tight attack), china cymbal,
+and stack (a short, trashy cymbal choke).
+
+**4 patterns:** double kick (relentless double bass drum pattern),
+metal blast (blast beat with china cymbal accents), metal groove (a
+half-time groove with double kick fills), and metal gallop (the
+classic triplet-feel gallop rhythm).
+
+**4 fills:** metal (double kick 16ths with descending toms), metal triplet
+(double kick triplets with snare accents), metal blast (alternating
+snare/kick 32nds into half-time crash), metal cascade (descending snare
+roll → kick roll → alternating → crash ending).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=200)
+   score.drums("metal blast", repeats=8, fill="metal cascade", fill_every=4)
+
+Cajón
+~~~~~
+
+The cajón is a box-shaped percussion instrument from Peru, now
+ubiquitous in acoustic and unplugged settings worldwide. Players sit
+on the box and strike the front face with their hands.
+
+**3 sounds** -- bass (deep center thump), slap (sharp, snare-like edge
+hit with wire buzz), and tap (light finger tap).
+
+**3 patterns:** cajon (basic groove), cajon rumba (flamenco-style rumba),
+and cajon folk (folk/acoustic pattern).
+
+**3 fills:** cajon flam (slaps accelerating into bass hits), cajon rumble
+(fast taps building to slap accents), cajon breakdown (syncopated
+bass-slap groove).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+   score.drums("cajon", repeats=8, fill="cajon flam", fill_every=4)
+
 MIDI Export
 -----------
 

docs/guide/effects.rst

@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ It's a well-tested order that sounds good by default.
 
 Effects are applied in this fixed order::
 
-    Signal --> Saturation --> Tremolo --> Distortion --> Chorus --> Phaser
-          --> Highpass --> Lowpass --> Delay --> Reverb --> Mix
+    Signal --> Saturation --> Tremolo --> Distortion --> Cabinet --> Chorus
+          --> Phaser --> Highpass --> Lowpass --> Delay --> Reverb --> Mix
 
 Additionally, these per-note effects are applied before the part effects chain:
 
@@ -47,11 +47,12 @@ Part-level effects:
 - **Saturation** first: subtle even-harmonic warmth (tape/tube color).
 - **Tremolo** second: amplitude LFO modulation.
 - **Distortion** third: drives the signal before filtering.
-- **Chorus** fourth: thickens the signal.
-- **Phaser** fifth: swept allpass notches.
-- **Highpass** sixth: removes low-frequency mud.
-- **Lowpass** seventh: shapes the tone (like a tone knob on an amp).
-- **Delay** eighth: echoes the shaped signal (tap delay / tape echo).
+- **Cabinet** fourth: speaker cab simulation (rolloff + presence bump).
+- **Chorus** fifth: thickens the signal.
+- **Phaser** sixth: swept allpass notches.
+- **Highpass** seventh: removes low-frequency mud.
+- **Lowpass** eighth: shapes the tone (like a tone knob on an amp).
+- **Delay** ninth: echoes the shaped signal (tap delay / tape echo).
 - **Reverb** last: places everything in a space (room / hall).
 
 Distortion
@@ -96,6 +97,89 @@ Parameters:
        distortion_drive=10.0,
    )
 
+Cabinet Simulation
+------------------
+
+A real guitar amp doesn't just distort the signal -- the speaker
+cabinet shapes the tone dramatically. A 12-inch speaker in a closed
+cabinet rolls off the harsh high frequencies above 5 kHz and adds a
+presence bump around 2--3 kHz that gives the sound its "in the room"
+quality. Without a cabinet, distortion sounds thin and fizzy. With
+one, it sounds like a real amp.
+
+PyTheory's cabinet simulation applies a speaker rolloff curve (lowpass
+at ~5 kHz) combined with a presence resonance bump, placed in the
+signal chain immediately after distortion -- exactly where it sits in
+a real amp.
+
+Parameters:
+
+- ``cabinet``: Wet/dry mix, 0.0--1.0 (default 0, off).
+
+  - 0.3--0.5 = subtle speaker coloring
+  - 0.6--0.8 = classic amp-in-a-room
+  - 1.0 = full cabinet, no dry signal
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Classic rock amp tone: distortion into cabinet
+   guitar = score.part(
+       "guitar",
+       synth="saw",
+       envelope="pluck",
+       distortion=0.6,
+       distortion_drive=5.0,
+       cabinet=0.8,
+   )
+
+   # Clean amp with just cabinet warmth (no distortion)
+   clean = score.part(
+       "clean",
+       synth="triangle",
+       envelope="pluck",
+       cabinet=0.5,
+   )
+
+Analog Drift
+------------
+
+Real analog synthesizers are never perfectly in tune. The voltage-
+controlled oscillators drift slightly over time as components warm up
+and temperature fluctuates. This imperfection is actually a big part
+of why vintage analog synths sound so appealing -- the subtle pitch
+wandering gives each note a unique, living quality that static digital
+oscillators lack.
+
+The ``analog_drift`` parameter adds slow, random pitch variation to
+each oscillator, modeling this vintage behavior.
+
+Parameters:
+
+- ``analog_drift``: Drift amount, 0.0--1.0 (default 0, off).
+
+  - 0.05--0.1 = subtle warmth (studio-grade analog)
+  - 0.15--0.25 = noticeable drift (vintage gear warming up)
+  - 0.3+ = unstable, wobbly (broken tape machine)
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Warm vintage pad
+   pad = score.part(
+       "pad",
+       synth="supersaw",
+       envelope="pad",
+       analog_drift=0.1,
+       chorus=0.3,
+   )
+
+   # Lo-fi detuned lead
+   lead = score.part(
+       "lead",
+       synth="saw",
+       envelope="pluck",
+       analog_drift=0.25,
+   )
+
 Chorus
 ------
 
@@ -757,9 +841,11 @@ processes each section independently:
    lead.arpeggio("Gm", bars=4, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
 
 Any parameter can be automated: ``lowpass``, ``lowpass_q``, ``highpass``,
-``reverb``, ``reverb_decay``, ``delay``, ``delay_time``, ``delay_feedback``,
-``distortion``, ``distortion_drive``, ``chorus``, ``phaser``, ``phaser_rate``,
-``saturation``, ``tremolo_depth``, ``tremolo_rate``, ``volume``.
+``reverb``, ``reverb_decay``, ``reverb_type``, ``delay``, ``delay_time``,
+``delay_feedback``, ``distortion``, ``distortion_drive``, ``chorus``,
+``phaser``, ``phaser_rate``, ``saturation``, ``tremolo_depth``,
+``tremolo_rate``, ``cabinet``, ``cabinet_brightness``, ``analog_drift``,
+``volume``.
 
 LFO Automation
 --------------

docs/guide/playback.rst

@@ -66,6 +66,17 @@ the mix louder and punchier:
        chords.add(Chord.from_symbol(sym), Duration.WHOLE)
    play_score(score)
 
+The render pipeline respects the Score's ``temperament`` and
+``reference_pitch`` settings, so Baroque or microtonal scores play back
+at the correct tuning:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=80, temperament="meantone", reference_pitch=415.0)
+
+Press **Ctrl+C** at any time during playback to stop — PyTheory catches
+``KeyboardInterrupt`` and stops audio cleanly.
+
 See :doc:`sequencing` for how to build scores and parts.
 
 render_score() -- Headless Rendering
@@ -153,7 +164,7 @@ Play a drum pattern through the speakers:
    play_pattern(Pattern.preset("rock"), repeats=4, bpm=120)
    play_pattern(Pattern.preset("bossa nova"), repeats=4, bpm=140)
 
-See :doc:`drums` for the full list of 58 presets and 21 fills.
+See :doc:`drums` for the full list of 80+ presets and 21 fills.
 
 play_progression() -- Quick Chord Playback
 ------------------------------------------

docs/guide/sequencing.rst

@@ -574,3 +574,115 @@ Define sections with ``score.section()`` and repeat them with
 Use any names you want — ``"intro"``, ``"verse"``, ``"chorus"``,
 ``"bridge"``, ``"drop"``, ``"breakdown"``, ``"outro"``, or anything
 that makes sense for your song. The names are just labels.
+
+Guitar Strumming
+----------------
+
+Any part with a fretboard can strum chords using real fingering
+positions. The ``strum()`` method looks up the chord on the fretboard,
+gets the correct voicing, and plays all strings as a chord.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from pytheory import Fretboard
+
+   guitar = score.part("guitar", instrument="acoustic_guitar",
+                       fretboard=Fretboard.guitar())
+
+   guitar.strum("Am", Duration.HALF, direction="down")
+   guitar.strum("G", Duration.HALF, direction="up")
+   guitar.strum("F", Duration.WHOLE)
+
+Works with any fretboard instrument — guitar, ukulele, banjo, mandolin.
+Works with any guitar preset — clean, crunch, distorted, orange, metal.
+
+Pitch Bends
+-----------
+
+Bend a note's pitch up or down over its duration. Essential for guitar
+bends, sitar meends, trombone slides, and vocal-style expression.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Guitar bend: D up to E (2 semitones)
+   guitar.add("D4", Duration.HALF, bend=2, bend_type="smooth")
+
+   # Release bend: E back down to D
+   guitar.add("E4", Duration.HALF, bend=-2)
+
+   # Blues curl: hold then bend at the end
+   guitar.add("C4", Duration.HALF, bend=1, bend_type="late")
+
+Three bend types:
+
+- ``"smooth"`` — logarithmic (default). Perceptually even pitch change.
+- ``"linear"`` — linear frequency interpolation. Mechanical/synth feel.
+- ``"late"`` — holds the starting pitch for 60%, bends in the last 40%.
+  The classic blues "curl."
+
+Rolls
+-----
+
+Rapid repeated notes with a velocity ramp — perfect for timpani
+rolls, snare rolls, tremolo on any instrument. The velocity ramps
+from ``velocity_start`` to ``velocity_end`` for crescendo or
+decrescendo effects.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Timpani crescendo roll
+   timp = score.part("timp", instrument="timpani")
+   timp.roll("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=20, velocity_end=110)
+   timp.add("C3", Duration.HALF, velocity=127)  # big accent
+
+   # Snare roll with 32nd notes
+   snare = score.part("snare", synth="noise", envelope="pluck")
+   snare.roll("C4", Duration.HALF, speed=0.125,
+              velocity_start=40, velocity_end=100)
+
+   # Decrescendo (loud to quiet)
+   timp.roll("G2", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=100, velocity_end=30)
+
+Parameters:
+
+- ``velocity_start``: Starting velocity (default 40).
+- ``velocity_end``: Ending velocity (default 100).
+- ``speed``: Note subdivision (default ``Duration.SIXTEENTH``).
+  Use ``0.125`` for 32nd notes, ``Duration.EIGHTH`` for 8th notes.
+
+Tuning Systems
+--------------
+
+A Score can use any tuning system and temperament:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Baroque harpsichord — meantone tuning, A=415
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=80, temperament="meantone",
+                 reference_pitch=415.0)
+
+   # Indian classical — 22-shruti system
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=75, system="shruti")
+
+   # Just intonation — pure intervals
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=90, temperament="just")
+
+The Score constructor accepts these tuning parameters:
+
+- ``system``: Musical system name (default ``"western"``). Any system
+  from :doc:`systems` works — ``"indian"``, ``"shruti"``, ``"maqam"``,
+  ``"carnatic"``, etc. Note strings in ``Part.add()`` are parsed against
+  this system.
+- ``temperament``: Tuning temperament — ``"equal"`` (default),
+  ``"pythagorean"``, ``"meantone"``, ``"just"``.
+- ``reference_pitch``: Concert pitch in Hz (default 440.0). Use 415.0
+  for Baroque tuning, 432.0 for "Verdi tuning", etc.
+
+Custom equal temperaments via the ``TET()`` factory:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from pytheory import TET
+
+   edo19 = TET(19)  # 19-tone equal temperament
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100, system=edo19)

docs/guide/synths.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Synthesizers
 ============
 
-PyTheory includes 13 built-in waveforms and 10 ADSR envelope presets.
+PyTheory includes 41 built-in waveforms and 10 ADSR envelope presets.
 Every sound is generated from scratch -- no samples or external audio
 files needed.
 
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ shapes the amplitude over time for natural-sounding notes:
 - **Sustain** -- the held volume while the note is on.
 - **Release** -- how quickly it fades to silence after the note ends.
 
-PyTheory includes 8 presets:
+PyTheory includes 10 presets:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -386,11 +386,336 @@ more "wooden" than a raw saw wave.
 
    violin = score.part("violin", synth="strings_synth")
 
+Dedicated Instrument Synths
+--------------------------
+
+Beyond the classic and physical modeling waveforms, PyTheory includes
+31 dedicated instrument synths. Each one uses tailored synthesis
+techniques -- additive harmonics, formant shaping, body resonance
+modeling, and specialized envelopes -- to capture the character of a
+specific acoustic instrument. These are the waveforms that bring the
+total count to 41.
+
+Piano Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Hammer-strike envelope with body resonance and subtle inharmonicity.
+Models the way a felt hammer excites steel strings inside a wooden
+soundboard.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   piano = score.part("piano", synth="piano_synth")
+
+Bass Guitar Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Plucked string model with finger-damped harmonics and low-end warmth.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   bass = score.part("bass", synth="bass_guitar_synth")
+
+Flute Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Breathy noise excitation through a resonant tube model, with
+overblowing behavior at higher velocities.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   flute = score.part("flute", synth="flute_synth")
+
+Trumpet Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Brass lip-buzz model with spectral brightness that increases with
+velocity, plus a characteristic brassy edge from shaped harmonics.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   trumpet = score.part("trumpet", synth="trumpet_synth")
+
+Clarinet Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Cylindrical bore model producing mostly odd harmonics, giving the
+characteristic hollow, woody tone.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   clarinet = score.part("clarinet", synth="clarinet_synth")
+
+Oboe Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Double-reed model with nasal formant shaping and a buzzy, penetrating
+timbre.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   oboe = score.part("oboe", synth="oboe_synth")
+
+Marimba Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Tuned bar model with a soft mallet attack and a warm, resonant decay
+that emphasizes the fundamental.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   marimba = score.part("marimba", synth="marimba_synth")
+
+Harpsichord Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Plucked-string model with a bright, immediate attack and rapid decay
+-- the characteristic "plink" of a quill plucking a string.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   harpsi = score.part("harpsi", synth="harpsichord_synth")
+
+Cello Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Bowed string model with body formants at cello resonance frequencies,
+producing a rich, warm, sustained tone.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   cello = score.part("cello", synth="cello_synth")
+
+Harp Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Plucked string with longer sustain and gentle high-frequency rolloff,
+modeling nylon strings on a resonant frame.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   harp = score.part("harp", synth="harp_synth")
+
+Upright Bass Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Pizzicato double bass with woody body resonance and a thumpy low end.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   bass = score.part("bass", synth="upright_bass_synth")
+
+Acoustic Guitar Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Steel-string model with pick transient, body resonance, and natural
+string decay.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   guitar = score.part("guitar", synth="acoustic_guitar_synth")
+
+Electric Guitar Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Magnetic pickup model with brighter harmonics and less body resonance
+than the acoustic, ready for effects processing.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   eguitar = score.part("eguitar", synth="electric_guitar_synth")
+
+Sitar Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sympathetic string resonance with the characteristic buzzy "jawari"
+bridge, producing a shimmering, metallic sustain.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   sitar = score.part("sitar", synth="sitar_synth")
+
+Timpani Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Large kettle drum with definite pitch. Inharmonic membrane modes
+(1.0, 1.5, 1.99, 2.44), felt mallet attack, copper kettle resonance.
+Use ``Part.roll()`` for crescendo timpani rolls.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   timp = score.part("timp", synth="timpani_synth")
+   timp.roll("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=20, velocity_end=110)
+
+Saxophone Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Single reed through a conical brass bore. All harmonics with strong
+mids, reed buzz, and brass body warmth. Four presets: ``saxophone``,
+``alto_sax``, ``tenor_sax``, ``bari_sax``.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   sax = score.part("sax", instrument="tenor_sax")
+
+Pedal Steel Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Nashville crying sound — singing harmonics with slow vibrato
+and long sustain. Pairs naturally with spring reverb.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   steel = score.part("steel", instrument="pedal_steel")
+
+Theremin Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Pure sine with natural hand wobble — the eerie sci-fi sound.
+Best used with legato and glide for continuous pitch.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   theremin = score.part("theremin", instrument="theremin")
+
+Kalimba Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Metal tines on a wooden body. Bright, bell-like attack with
+inharmonic overtones (modes at 1x, 2.92x, 5.4x).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   kalimba = score.part("kalimba", instrument="kalimba")
+
+Steel Drum Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Hammered metal pan with bright, ringing, tropical character.
+Inharmonic partials at 2.0x, 3.01x, 4.1x, 5.3x.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   pan = score.part("pan", instrument="steel_drum")
+
+Accordion Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Musette-tuned doubled reeds — two slightly detuned reed sets
+create natural beating. Bellows pressure swell modulates amplitude.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   acc = score.part("acc", instrument="accordion")
+
+Didgeridoo Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Deep cylindrical drone with shifting formant overtones. The
+overtone singing effect sweeps a resonant peak between 500-1500Hz.
+Best with cave reverb.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   didg = score.part("didg", instrument="didgeridoo")
+
+Bagpipe Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Bright chanter reed with constant bag pressure. All harmonics
+peaked around 3-7 (the piercing brightness). No dynamics — always ff.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   pipes = score.part("pipes", instrument="bagpipe")
+
+Banjo Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Steel strings on a drum-head membrane body. The membrane gives
+nasal, ringy resonance with faster decay than guitar.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   banjo = score.part("banjo", instrument="banjo")
+
+Mandolin Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Paired steel strings in 4 courses — natural chorus from the
+doubled unison strings. Bright, ringing, fast attack.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   mando = score.part("mando", instrument="mandolin")
+
+Ukulele Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Nylon strings on a small body. Mid-heavy resonance (no deep bass),
+softer attack than guitar, shorter sustain.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   uke = score.part("uke", instrument="ukulele")
+
+Granular Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Grain cloud synthesis — chops a source waveform into tiny overlapping
+grains (10-200ms), each windowed and optionally pitch/time scattered.
+Creates textures impossible with other synthesis: frozen tones,
+shimmering clouds, evolving pads, glitchy stutters.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Atmospheric granular pad
+   pad = score.part("pad", instrument="granular_pad")
+
+   # Granular with filter envelope sweep + resonance
+   texture = score.part("texture", synth="granular_synth", envelope="pad",
+                        filter_amount=4000, filter_attack=0.5,
+                        filter_decay=1.5, filter_sustain=0.3,
+                        lowpass=600, lowpass_q=3.0,
+                        reverb=0.5, reverb_type="taj_mahal")
+
+Parameters (passed as synth kwargs):
+
+- ``grain_size``: Duration per grain in seconds (default 0.04).
+- ``density``: Grains per second (default 50). Higher = denser cloud.
+- ``scatter``: Random position jitter 0-1 (default 0.5).
+- ``pitch_var``: Per-grain pitch randomization in cents (default 12).
+- ``source``: Base waveform — ``"saw"``, ``"sine"``, ``"triangle"``,
+  ``"square"``, ``"noise"``.
+
+Analog Oscillator Drift
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+All waveform synths support the ``analog_drift`` parameter, which adds
+subtle, slow random pitch variation to each oscillator -- modeling the
+voltage instability of vintage analog circuits. This is what makes a
+real Minimoog sound slightly different on every note, and why analog
+synths feel "alive" compared to their digital counterparts.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Subtle vintage drift
+   pad = score.part("pad", synth="saw", analog_drift=0.1)
+
+   # More pronounced, wobbly analog character
+   lead = score.part("lead", synth="square", analog_drift=0.3)
+
+Drift values:
+
+- **0.05--0.1** = subtle warmth (studio-grade analog)
+- **0.15--0.25** = noticeable drift (vintage gear warming up)
+- **0.3+** = unstable, wobbly (broken tape machine)
+
 Instrument Presets
 ------------------
 
 Instead of choosing synth + envelope + effects manually, use an
-instrument preset — 38 predefined combinations that approximate real
+instrument preset — 60+ predefined combinations that approximate real
 instruments:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -403,20 +728,28 @@ instruments:
 
 Available instruments:
 
-**Keys**: piano, electric_piano, organ, harpsichord, celesta, music_box
+**Keys**: piano, electric_piano, organ, harpsichord, celesta, music_box,
+accordion
 
 **Strings**: violin, viola, cello, contrabass, string_ensemble
 
-**Woodwinds**: flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon
+**Woodwinds**: flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, saxophone, alto_sax,
+tenor_sax, bari_sax
 
 **Brass**: trumpet, trombone, french_horn, tuba, brass_ensemble
 
-**Plucked**: acoustic_guitar, electric_guitar, distorted_guitar,
-bass_guitar, upright_bass, harp, sitar, koto
+**Plucked**: acoustic_guitar, electric_guitar, clean_guitar, crunch_guitar,
+distorted_guitar, orange_crunch, metal_guitar, bass_guitar, upright_bass,
+harp, sitar, koto, banjo, mandolin, mandola, ukulele
 
-**Synth**: synth_lead, synth_pad, synth_bass, acid_bass, 808_bass
+**World/Exotic**: pedal_steel, theremin, kalimba, steel_drum, didgeridoo,
+bagpipe
 
-**Percussion**: vibraphone, marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular_bells
+**Synth**: synth_lead, synth_pad, synth_bass, acid_bass, 808_bass,
+granular_pad, granular_texture, vocal, choir
+
+**Percussion**: vibraphone, marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular_bells,
+timpani
 
 Explicit kwargs override preset defaults:
 

docs/guide/systems.rst

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 Musical Systems
 ===============
 
-PyTheory supports **six musical systems**, each with its own tone names,
-scale patterns, and centuries of tradition behind them. Every system
-maps onto the same 12-tone equal temperament backbone, so you can
-compare scales across cultures and even combine them in your own music.
+PyTheory supports **16 musical systems** — 6 core systems mapped onto
+12-tone equal temperament, plus 10 microtonal systems with their own
+native tunings. The core systems let you compare scales across cultures;
+the microtonal systems go beyond 12-TET into genuinely different pitch
+universes.
 
 Western
 -------
@@ -271,4 +272,117 @@ produce the same pitches:
    >>> do4.frequency
    261.6255653005986
 
+Microtonal Systems
+------------------
+
+Beyond the six 12-TET core systems, PyTheory includes 10 microtonal
+systems that use their own native tunings — more notes per octave,
+just intonation ratios, or entirely alien pitch structures.
+
+Shruti (22 tones per octave)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Indian 22-shruti system divides the octave into 22 unequal steps
+using just intonation ratios. These microtonal inflections are what
+give classical Indian music its characteristic expressiveness — pitches
+that fall "between the cracks" of the piano.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=75, system="shruti")
+
+Maqam (24 tones per octave)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Arabic 24-tone system adds Zalzalian quarter-tone intervals
+(derived from just intonation ratios of 11 and 13) to the standard
+12 tones. These "neutral" intervals — halfway between major and minor —
+are the soul of maqam music.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=90, system="maqam")
+
+Slendro (5-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Javanese slendro scale — 5 equal divisions of the octave. Each
+step is 240 cents, wider than any Western interval. Ethereal and
+floating.
+
+Pelog (9-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Approximation of the Javanese pelog tuning as 9 equal divisions of
+the octave.
+
+Thai (7-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Thai classical music divides the octave into 7 equal steps of ~171
+cents each — every interval is the same size.
+
+Makam (53-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Turkish makam music uses 53 equal divisions of the octave — fine
+enough to approximate virtually any just interval. The system that
+underlies Ottoman classical music.
+
+Carnatic (72-TET)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+South Indian Carnatic music theory describes 72 melakarta ragas.
+The 72-TET system provides enough resolution to represent all the
+microtonal inflections of Carnatic practice.
+
+19-TET and 31-TET
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Extended equal temperaments that offer better approximations of
+just intonation intervals than 12-TET. 19-TET has excellent major
+thirds; 31-TET closely matches quarter-comma meantone.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100, system="19-tet")
+
+Bohlen-Pierce (13 equal divisions of the tritave)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A genuinely alien tuning system — 13 equal divisions of the
+**tritave** (3:1 ratio) instead of the octave (2:1). No octaves, no
+fifths, built on 3:5:7 harmonics. Used by experimental composers.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100, system="bohlen-pierce")
+
+The TET() Factory
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Create any equal temperament on the fly with the ``TET()`` factory:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from pytheory import TET
+
+   edo19 = TET(19)   # 19-tone equal temperament
+   edo31 = TET(31)   # 31-tone equal temperament
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=100, system=edo19)
+
+Tone names in custom TET systems are integers (0, 1, 2, ..., n-1).
+
+System.tone() Method
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Any system can create a Tone directly:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from pytheory import SYSTEMS
+
+   western = SYSTEMS["western"]
+   c4 = western.tone("C", octave=4)
+
 Music is universal, but every culture hears it differently. These systems are different maps of the same territory -- explore one you've never played in before and see what you find.

docs/guide/tones.rst

@@ -357,6 +357,45 @@ every tone knows its enharmonic spelling:
    >>> Tone.from_string("C4", system="western").enharmonic is None
    True
 
+Extended Enharmonics
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+PyTheory supports the full range of enharmonic spellings used in real
+music theory:
+
+- **Cb** and **Fb** — musically valid flats (Cb = B, Fb = E)
+- **E#** and **B#** — musically valid sharps (E# = F, B# = C)
+- **Double sharps** (``##`` or ``x``) — e.g. F## = G
+- **Double flats** (``bb``) — e.g. Dbb = C
+- **Unicode symbols** — ``♯`` (sharp), ``♭`` (flat), ``𝄪`` (double sharp),
+  ``𝄫`` (double flat) are all recognized and normalized to ASCII
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> Tone.from_string("Cb4")   # resolves to B3 (octave boundary fix)
+   <Tone B3>
+   >>> Tone.from_string("B#4")   # resolves to C5 (octave boundary fix)
+   <Tone C5>
+   >>> Tone.from_string("E#4")   # resolves to F4
+   <Tone F4>
+   >>> Tone.from_string("Fb4")   # resolves to E4
+   <Tone E4>
+
+The octave boundary is correctly handled: B# crosses up to the next
+octave (B#4 = C5), and Cb crosses down (Cb4 = B3), matching standard
+scientific pitch notation where the octave number increments at C.
+
+Tone Validation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Tones are validated on construction — if a tone name is not recognized
+in its system, a ``ValueError`` is raised:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> Tone.from_string("X4")   # not a valid tone name
+   ValueError: ...
+
 The Circle of Fifths
 --------------------
 

docs/index.rst

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ Theory
 ------
 
 The theory layer works everywhere Python runs — no audio setup needed.
-Tones, scales, chords, keys, intervals, harmony, 6 musical systems,
-25 instruments:
+Tones, scales, chords, keys, intervals, harmony, 16 musical systems,
+60+ instruments:
 
 .. code-block:: pycon
 
@@ -72,22 +72,29 @@ every time::
 What's Inside
 -------------
 
-- **Theory** — tones, scales (40+ across 6 systems), chords (17 types),
+- **Theory** — tones, scales (40+ across 16 systems), chords (17 types),
   keys, Roman numeral analysis, figured bass, pitch class sets (Forte
-  numbers), scale recommendation, modulation, voice leading
+  numbers), scale recommendation, modulation, voice leading, enharmonic
+  support (Cb, Fb, E#, B#, double sharps/flats, unicode symbols)
 - **Sequencing** — Score, Parts, arpeggiator, legato/glide, velocity,
-  swing, humanize, tempo changes, song sections with repeat
-- **Synthesis** — 13 waveforms (including Karplus-Strong pluck, Hammond organ,
-  bowed string), 10 envelopes, 38 instrument presets, configurable FM,
-  sub-oscillator, noise layer, filter envelope, velocity-to-brightness,
-  detune, stereo pan/spread, 58 drum patterns (stereo panned), 21 fills
+  swing, humanize, tempo changes, song sections with repeat, strumming,
+  pitch bends (3 types), rolls, tuning systems (TET factory, 4
+  temperaments, reference_pitch)
+- **Synthesis** — 41 waveforms (including Karplus-Strong pluck, Hammond organ,
+  bowed string, granular, vocal/formant, and 31 dedicated instrument synths),
+  10 envelopes, 60+ instrument presets, configurable FM, sub-oscillator,
+  noise layer, filter envelope, velocity-to-brightness, analog oscillator
+  drift, detune, stereo pan/spread, 80+ drum patterns (stereo panned,
+  including world percussion and cajón), 21 fills, 11 microtonal systems
 - **Effects** — reverb (algorithmic + 7 convolution IRs, stereo), delay,
-  lowpass/highpass (with resonance), distortion, saturation, chorus,
-  phaser, tremolo, sidechain compression, automation, LFOs. Master bus
-  compressor/limiter
-- **Instruments** — 25 presets with fingering generation
+  lowpass/highpass (with resonance), distortion, guitar cabinet simulation,
+  saturation, chorus, phaser, tremolo, analog drift, sidechain compression,
+  automation, LFOs. Master bus compressor/limiter
+- **Instruments** — 60+ presets with fingering generation, guitar strumming,
+  pitch bends, note choking
 - **Output** — stereo playback, WAV export, MIDI import/export
-- **Interface** — REPL with tab completion, CLI (15 commands), ``pytheory demo``
+- **Interface** — REPL with tab completion, CLI (15 commands), ``pytheory demo``,
+  KeyboardInterrupt handling for clean stop
 - **AI-friendly** — Claude Code can compose
   and play music through PyTheory from natural language
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "pytheory"
-version = "0.32.0"
+version = "0.38.0"
 description = "Music Theory for Humans"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
 ]
 dependencies = [
-    "pytuning",
     "numeral",
     "sounddevice",
     "scipy",

pytheory/__init__.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 """PyTheory: Music Theory for Humans."""
 
-__version__ = "0.32.0"
+__version__ = "0.38.0"
 
 from .tones import Tone, Interval
-from .systems import System, SYSTEMS
+from .systems import System, SYSTEMS, TET
 from .scales import TonedScale, Key, PROGRESSIONS
 from .chords import Chord, Fretboard, analyze_progression
 from .charts import CHARTS, Fingering, charts_for_fretboard
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Scale = TonedScale
 __all__ = [
     "Tone", "Note", "Interval", "Scale", "TonedScale", "Key",
     "PROGRESSIONS", "Chord", "Fretboard", "Fingering", "analyze_progression",
-    "System", "SYSTEMS", "CHARTS", "charts_for_fretboard",
+    "System", "SYSTEMS", "TET", "CHARTS", "charts_for_fretboard",
     "play", "save", "save_midi", "play_progression", "play_pattern",
     "play_score", "Synth", "Envelope",
     "Duration", "TimeSignature", "RhythmNote", "Rest", "Score", "Part",

pytheory/_statics.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from pytuning import scales
+import math
 
 REFERENCE_A = 440
 
@@ -6,10 +6,60 @@ REFERENCE_A = 440
 # Scientific pitch notation changes octave at C, not A, so this offset
 # is needed for all octave arithmetic.
 C_INDEX = 3
+
+
+# ── Temperament scale generators (replaces pytuning dependency) ──────────
+
+def _create_edo_scale(n):
+    """N-tone equal division of the octave. Each step = 2^(1/n)."""
+    return [2 ** (i / n) for i in range(n + 1)]
+
+
+def _create_pythagorean_scale(n):
+    """Pythagorean tuning — spiral of pure fifths (3/2 ratio).
+
+    Each tone is generated by stacking perfect fifths and octave-reducing.
+    """
+    ratios = [1.0]
+    for i in range(1, n):
+        # Stack fifths: (3/2)^i, then reduce to within one octave
+        r = (3 / 2) ** i
+        while r >= 2.0:
+            r /= 2.0
+        ratios.append(r)
+    ratios.sort()
+    ratios.append(2.0)
+    return ratios
+
+
+def _create_quarter_comma_meantone_scale(n):
+    """Quarter-comma meantone — pure major thirds (5/4), tempered fifths.
+
+    The fifth is narrowed by 1/4 of a syntonic comma so that four
+    fifths make a pure major third (5/4). The meantone fifth =
+    5^(1/4) ≈ 1.49535.
+    """
+    fifth = 5 ** 0.25  # meantone fifth ≈ 1.49535 (vs 1.5 pure)
+    ratios = [1.0]
+    for i in range(1, n):
+        r = fifth ** i
+        while r >= 2.0:
+            r /= 2.0
+        ratios.append(r)
+    ratios.sort()
+    ratios.append(2.0)
+    return ratios
+def _create_just_intonation_scale(n):
+    """5-limit just intonation ratios for 12-tone systems."""
+    if n != 12:
+        return _create_edo_scale(n)
+    return [1, 16/15, 9/8, 6/5, 5/4, 4/3, 45/32, 3/2, 8/5, 5/3, 9/5, 15/8, 2.0]
+
 TEMPERAMENTS = {
-    "equal": scales.create_edo_scale,
-    "pythagorean": scales.create_pythagorean_scale,
-    "meantone": scales.create_quarter_comma_meantone_scale,
+    "equal": _create_edo_scale,
+    "pythagorean": _create_pythagorean_scale,
+    "meantone": _create_quarter_comma_meantone_scale,
+    "just": _create_just_intonation_scale,
 }
 
 TONES = {
@@ -220,6 +270,547 @@ INDIAN_SCALES = {
     }
 }
 
+# ── 22-shruti Indian system ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# The shruti system divides the octave into 22 microtonal steps, capturing
+# the melodic nuances that 12-TET cannot represent. Each of the 7 swaras
+# has multiple shruti positions (e.g. komal Re at shruti 2, shuddha Re at
+# shruti 4). 22-TET is the standard equal-tempered approximation.
+#
+# Ordered from Dha (=A) to match Western index positions (Sa at index 5 ≈ C).
+TONES_SHRUTI = [
+    ("Dha",),               #  0 — A  — shuddha dhaivat (reference = 440 Hz)
+    ("atikomal Ni",),       #  1 — shruti between Dha and komal Ni
+    ("komal Ni",),          #  2 — Bb — komal nishad
+    ("shuddha Ni",),        #  3 — between komal Ni and Ni
+    ("Ni",),                #  4 — B  — shuddha (kakali) nishad
+    ("Sa",),                #  5 — C  — shadja (tonic)
+    ("atikomal Re",),       #  6 — shruti between Sa and komal Re
+    ("komal Re",),          #  7 — Db — komal rishabh
+    ("shuddha Re",),        #  8 — between komal Re and Re
+    ("Re",),                #  9 — D  — chatushruti rishabh
+    ("atikomal Ga",),       # 10 — shruti between Re and komal Ga
+    ("komal Ga",),          # 11 — Eb — komal gandhar
+    ("Ga",),                # 12 — E  — antara gandhar
+    ("tivra Ga",),          # 13 — shruti between Ga and Ma
+    ("Ma",),                # 14 — F  — shuddha madhyam
+    ("ekashruti Ma",),      # 15 — shruti between Ma and tivra Ma
+    ("tivra Ma",),          # 16 — F# — tivra madhyam
+    ("atitivra Ma",),       # 17 — shruti between tivra Ma and Pa
+    ("Pa",),                # 18 — G  — pancham
+    ("atikomal Dha",),      # 19 — shruti between Pa and komal Dha
+    ("komal Dha",),         # 20 — Ab — komal dhaivat
+    ("shuddha Dha",),       # 21 — shruti between komal Dha and Dha
+]
+
+DEGREES_SHRUTI = [
+    ("shadja", ("bilawal",)),       # Sa — tonic
+    ("rishabh", ("marwa",)),        # Re
+    ("gandhar", ("bhairavi",)),     # Ga
+    ("madhyam", ("kalyan",)),       # Ma
+    ("pancham", ("kafi",)),         # Pa
+    ("dhaivat", ("asavari",)),      # Dha
+    ("nishad", ("khamaj",)),        # Ni
+    ("shadja", ()),                 # Sa (octave)
+]
+
+# 22-shruti frequency ratios — 5-limit just intonation.
+# These are the REAL shruti intervals, NOT 22-TET approximations.
+# Based on the traditional Pythagorean/harmonic ratios from Indian
+# musicological treatises (Natya Shastra, Sangita Ratnakara).
+#
+# Ordered from Dha (A=1.0) to match our system indexing.
+# Sa is at index 5 (ratio ≈ 6/5 from Dha).
+from fractions import Fraction
+_SHRUTI_RATIOS_FROM_SA = [
+    Fraction(1, 1),       #  0: Sa        — 1/1
+    Fraction(256, 243),   #  1: atikomal Re — Pythagorean limma
+    Fraction(16, 15),     #  2: komal Re   — JI minor second
+    Fraction(10, 9),      #  3: shuddha Re — minor whole tone
+    Fraction(9, 8),       #  4: Re         — major whole tone
+    Fraction(32, 27),     #  5: atikomal Ga — Pythagorean minor 3rd
+    Fraction(6, 5),       #  6: komal Ga   — JI minor 3rd
+    Fraction(5, 4),       #  7: Ga         — JI major 3rd
+    Fraction(81, 64),     #  8: tivra Ga   — Pythagorean major 3rd
+    Fraction(4, 3),       #  9: Ma         — perfect 4th
+    Fraction(27, 20),     # 10: ekashruti Ma
+    Fraction(45, 32),     # 11: tivra Ma   — augmented 4th
+    Fraction(729, 512),   # 12: atitivra Ma — Pythagorean tritone
+    Fraction(3, 2),       # 13: Pa         — perfect 5th
+    Fraction(128, 81),    # 14: atikomal Dha — Pythagorean minor 6th
+    Fraction(8, 5),       # 15: komal Dha  — JI minor 6th
+    Fraction(5, 3),       # 16: shuddha Dha
+    Fraction(27, 16),     # 17: Dha        — Pythagorean major 6th
+    Fraction(16, 9),      # 18: komal Ni   — Pythagorean minor 7th
+    Fraction(9, 5),       # 19: shuddha Ni — JI minor 7th
+    Fraction(15, 8),      # 20: Ni         — JI major 7th
+    Fraction(243, 128),   # 21: tivra Ni   — Pythagorean major 7th
+]
+
+# Rotate to start from Dha (index 17 in the Sa-based list above).
+# Dha = 27/16 from Sa. We divide all ratios by 27/16 and wrap.
+_dha_ratio = _SHRUTI_RATIOS_FROM_SA[17]
+SHRUTI_RATIOS = []
+for i in range(22):
+    sa_idx = (i + 17) % 22  # rotate: Dha=0, komalNi=1, ..., Sa=5, ...
+    r = _SHRUTI_RATIOS_FROM_SA[sa_idx] / _dha_ratio
+    if r < 1:
+        r *= 2  # wrap into the same octave
+    SHRUTI_RATIOS.append(float(r))
+
+# 22-shruti thaat scales with proper microtonal intervals.
+# Compare to the 12-TET approximations in INDIAN_SCALES which lose
+# the distinction between 2-shruti and 3-shruti steps.
+SHRUTI_SCALES = {
+    "chromatic": (22, {}),
+    "thaat": [
+        7,
+        {
+            # Bilawal (≈ Ionian) — Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni
+            "bilawal": {"intervals": (4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 2)},
+            # Khamaj (≈ Mixolydian) — Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha komal-Ni
+            "khamaj": {"intervals": (4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 1, 4)},
+            # Kafi (≈ Dorian) — Sa Re komal-Ga Ma Pa Dha komal-Ni
+            "kafi": {"intervals": (4, 2, 3, 4, 4, 1, 4)},
+            # Asavari (≈ Aeolian) — Sa Re komal-Ga Ma Pa komal-Dha komal-Ni
+            "asavari": {"intervals": (4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4)},
+            # Bhairavi (≈ Phrygian) — Sa komal-Re komal-Ga Ma Pa komal-Dha komal-Ni
+            "bhairavi": {"intervals": (2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4)},
+            # Bhairav — Sa komal-Re Ga Ma Pa komal-Dha Ni (unique to Indian music)
+            "bhairav": {"intervals": (2, 5, 2, 4, 2, 5, 2)},
+            # Kalyan (≈ Lydian) — Sa Re Ga tivra-Ma Pa Dha Ni
+            "kalyan": {"intervals": (4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2)},
+            # Marwa — Sa komal-Re Ga tivra-Ma Pa Dha Ni (unique)
+            "marwa": {"intervals": (2, 5, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2)},
+            # Poorvi — Sa komal-Re Ga tivra-Ma Pa komal-Dha Ni (unique)
+            "poorvi": {"intervals": (2, 5, 4, 2, 2, 5, 2)},
+            # Todi — Sa komal-Re komal-Ga tivra-Ma Pa komal-Dha Ni (unique)
+            "todi": {"intervals": (2, 4, 5, 2, 2, 5, 2)},
+        },
+    ],
+    "pentatonic": [
+        5,
+        {
+            # Bhupali (≈ major pentatonic) — Sa Re Ga Pa Dha
+            "bhupali": {"intervals": (4, 3, 6, 4, 5)},
+            # Malkauns — Sa komal-Ga Ma komal-Dha komal-Ni
+            "malkauns": {"intervals": (6, 3, 4, 5, 4)},
+            # Durga — Sa Re Ma Pa Dha
+            "durga": {"intervals": (4, 5, 4, 4, 5)},
+            # Bhairavi pentatonic — Sa komal-Re Ma Pa komal-Ni
+            "bhairavi pentatonic": {"intervals": (2, 7, 4, 2, 7)},
+        },
+    ],
+}
+
+# ── Arabic maqam system ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Arabic maqam uses quarter-tones with specific JI ratios, NOT equal
+# 24-TET divisions. The neutral intervals (quarter-flat, quarter-sharp)
+# are based on ratios involving the 11th partial, as theorized by
+# Zalzal (8th century Baghdad). The quarter-flat E in Rast is 27/22,
+# not simply halfway between Eb and E.
+#
+# 24 positions per octave, but with unequal JI spacing.
+# Ordered from La (=A) to match Western index positions.
+
+# Maqam JI ratios from Do (C). Based on traditional practice:
+# - Standard JI intervals for the 12 chromatic positions
+# - Zalzalian ratios (11-limit) for the quarter-tone positions
+_MAQAM_RATIOS_FROM_DO = [
+    Fraction(1, 1),       #  0: Do       — unison
+    Fraction(33, 32),     #  1: Do↑      — quarter-sharp (~53¢, 33rd harmonic)
+    Fraction(16, 15),     #  2: Reb      — JI minor 2nd
+    Fraction(12, 11),     #  3: Re↓      — Zalzalian neutral 2nd (~151¢)
+    Fraction(9, 8),       #  4: Re       — major whole tone
+    Fraction(11, 9) * Fraction(1, 1),  #  5: Re↑  — undecimal (~347¢... too high)
+    Fraction(6, 5),       #  6: Mib      — JI minor 3rd
+    Fraction(27, 22),     #  7: Mi↓      — Zalzalian neutral 3rd (~355¢) THE Rast note
+    Fraction(5, 4),       #  8: Mi       — JI major 3rd
+    Fraction(4, 3),       #  9: Fa       — perfect 4th
+    Fraction(11, 8),      # 10: Fa↑      — undecimal tritone (~551¢)
+    Fraction(45, 32),     # 11: Fa#      — augmented 4th
+    Fraction(22, 15),     # 12: Sol↓     — neutral (~663¢... adjusted)
+    Fraction(3, 2),       # 13: Sol      — perfect 5th
+    Fraction(99, 64),     # 14: Sol↑     — quarter-sharp 5th
+    Fraction(8, 5),       # 15: Lab      — JI minor 6th
+    Fraction(18, 11),     # 16: La↓      — Zalzalian neutral 6th
+    Fraction(5, 3),       # 17: La       — JI major 6th
+    Fraction(27, 16),     # 18: La↑/Sib↓ — Pythagorean major 6th
+    Fraction(16, 9),      # 19: Sib      — Pythagorean minor 7th
+    Fraction(11, 6),      # 20: Si↓      — undecimal neutral 7th
+    Fraction(15, 8),      # 21: Si       — JI major 7th
+    Fraction(243, 128),   # 22: Si↑      — Pythagorean major 7th
+    Fraction(2, 1) * Fraction(33, 64),  # 23: near-octave (~1049¢)
+]
+
+# Ratios directly from La (A=1/1), each position defined explicitly.
+# Standard JI intervals for chromatic positions, Zalzalian (11-limit)
+# ratios for the quarter-tone positions.
+MAQAM_RATIOS = [
+    1.0,                              #  0: La       — A (unison)
+    float(Fraction(256, 243)),        #  1: La↑      — Pythagorean comma up
+    float(Fraction(16, 15)),          #  2: Sib      — Bb (JI minor 2nd)
+    float(Fraction(12, 11)),          #  3: Si↓      — B quarter-flat (Zalzalian)
+    float(Fraction(9, 8)),            #  4: Si       — B (major 2nd)
+    float(Fraction(6, 5)),            #  5: Do       — C (minor 3rd from A)
+    float(Fraction(11, 9)),           #  6: Do↑      — C quarter-sharp (undecimal)
+    float(Fraction(5, 4)),            #  7: Reb      — Db (major 3rd from A...= JI Db)
+    float(Fraction(9, 7)),            #  8: Re↓      — D quarter-flat (septimal)
+    float(Fraction(4, 3)),            #  9: Re       — D (perfect 4th from A)
+    float(Fraction(11, 8)),           # 10: Re↑      — D quarter-sharp (undecimal)
+    float(Fraction(45, 32)),          # 11: Mib      — Eb (augmented 4th from A)
+    float(Fraction(6, 5) * Fraction(27, 22)),  # 12: Mi↓ — E quarter-flat (Do × 27/22)
+    float(Fraction(3, 2)),            # 13: Mi       — E (perfect 5th from A)
+    float(Fraction(8, 5)),            # 14: Fa       — F (minor 6th from A)
+    float(Fraction(18, 11)),          # 15: Fa↑      — F quarter-sharp (Zalzalian)
+    float(Fraction(5, 3)),            # 16: Fa#      — F# (major 6th from A)
+    float(Fraction(27, 16)),          # 17: Sol↓     — G quarter-flat
+    float(Fraction(16, 9)),           # 18: Sol      — G (minor 7th from A)
+    float(Fraction(11, 6)),           # 19: Sol↑     — G quarter-sharp (undecimal)
+    float(Fraction(15, 8)),           # 20: Lab      — Ab (major 7th from A)
+    float(Fraction(27, 14)),          # 21: La↓      — A quarter-flat (septimal)
+    float(Fraction(243, 128)),        # 22: La½b     — near-octave
+    float(Fraction(2, 1) * Fraction(256, 257)),  # 23: La♮  — near-octave
+]
+TONES_ARABIC_24 = [
+    ("La",),                #  0 — A
+    ("La↑",),               #  1 — A quarter-sharp
+    ("Sib",),               #  2 — Bb
+    ("Si↓",),               #  3 — B quarter-flat
+    ("Si",),                #  4 — B
+    ("Do",),                #  5 — C
+    ("Do↑",),               #  6 — C quarter-sharp
+    ("Reb",),               #  7 — Db
+    ("Re↓",),               #  8 — D quarter-flat
+    ("Re",),                #  9 — D
+    ("Re↑",),               # 10 — D quarter-sharp
+    ("Mib",),               # 11 — Eb
+    ("Mi↓",),               # 12 — E quarter-flat
+    ("Mi",),                # 13 — E
+    ("Fa",),                # 14 — F
+    ("Fa↑",),               # 15 — F quarter-sharp
+    ("Fa#",),               # 16 — F#
+    ("Sol↓",),              # 17 — G quarter-flat
+    ("Sol",),               # 18 — G
+    ("Sol↑",),              # 19 — G quarter-sharp
+    ("Lab",),               # 20 — Ab
+    ("La↓",),               # 21 — A quarter-flat
+    ("La½b",),              # 22 — between Ab and A (rarely used)
+    ("La♮",),               # 23 — enharmonic A (rarely used)
+]
+
+DEGREES_ARABIC_24 = [
+    ("tonic", ()),
+    ("second", ()),
+    ("third", ()),
+    ("fourth", ()),
+    ("fifth", ()),
+    ("sixth", ()),
+    ("seventh", ()),
+    ("octave", ()),
+]
+
+# 24-TET maqam scales with true quarter-tone intervals.
+# Each step = 1 quarter-tone (50 cents). A 12-TET semitone = 2 steps.
+ARABIC_24_SCALES = {
+    "chromatic": (24, {}),
+    "maqam": [
+        7,
+        {
+            # Rast — the foundational maqam. E and B are quarter-flat.
+            # Do Re Mi↓ Fa Sol La Si↓ Do
+            "rast": {"intervals": (4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3)},
+            # Bayati — starts on D with quarter-flat 2nd.
+            # Re Mi↓ Fa Sol La Sib Do Re
+            "bayati": {"intervals": (3, 3, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4)},
+            # Saba — similar to Bayati with flattened 4th
+            "saba": {"intervals": (3, 3, 2, 6, 2, 4, 4)},
+            # Sikah — starts on E quarter-flat
+            "sikah": {"intervals": (3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3)},
+            # Hijaz — augmented 2nd (6 quarter-tones) between 2nd and 3rd
+            "hijaz": {"intervals": (2, 6, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4)},
+            # Nahawand (≈ harmonic minor)
+            "nahawand": {"intervals": (4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 6, 2)},
+            # Ajam (≈ major)
+            "ajam": {"intervals": (4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 2)},
+            # Kurd (≈ Phrygian)
+            "kurd": {"intervals": (2, 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4)},
+            # Nikriz — augmented 2nd between 3rd and 4th
+            "nikriz": {"intervals": (4, 2, 6, 2, 4, 2, 4)},
+            # Jiharkah — like Rast but with natural B
+            "jiharkah": {"intervals": (4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3)},
+        },
+    ],
+}
+
+# ── 5-TET Gamelan Slendro ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Slendro is a 5-tone equal temperament — each step is 240 cents.
+# The actual tuning varies between gamelans (each set is unique), but
+# 5-TET is the theoretical ideal that all slendro tunings approximate.
+# Ordered from nem (≈A) to loosely match Western indexing.
+TONES_SLENDRO = [
+    ("nem",),       # 0 — 6 (≈A)
+    ("ji",),        # 1 — 1 (≈C)
+    ("ro",),        # 2 — 2 (≈D)
+    ("lu",),        # 3 — 3 (≈F)
+    ("mo",),        # 4 — 5 (≈G)
+]
+
+DEGREES_SLENDRO = [
+    ("nem", ()), ("ji", ()), ("ro", ()), ("lu", ()), ("mo", ()),
+]
+
+SLENDRO_SCALES = {
+    "chromatic": (5, {}),
+    "pentatonic": [5, {
+        # The full slendro IS the pentatonic — all 5 tones
+        "slendro": {"intervals": (1, 1, 1, 1, 1)},
+    }],
+}
+
+# ── 9-TET Gamelan Pelog ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Pelog uses 7 tones from a roughly 9-step division of the octave.
+# 9-TET (133 cents/step) approximates the unequal pelog intervals.
+# The 3 pathet (modes) select 5 tones from the 7.
+TONES_PELOG = [
+    ("nem",),       # 0 — 6
+    ("pi",),        # 1 — 7
+    ("ji",),        # 2 — 1
+    ("ro",),        # 3 — 2
+    ("lu",),        # 4 — 3
+    ("pat",),       # 5 — 4
+    ("barang",),    # 6 — complementary
+    ("mo",),        # 7 — 5
+    ("nem+",),      # 8 — auxiliary
+]
+
+DEGREES_PELOG = [
+    ("nem", ()), ("pi", ()), ("ji", ()), ("ro", ()),
+    ("lu", ()), ("pat", ()), ("barang", ()), ("mo", ()), ("nem+", ()),
+]
+
+PELOG_SCALES = {
+    "chromatic": (9, {}),
+    "heptatonic": [7, {
+        # Full pelog — 7 tones from 9 steps
+        "pelog": {"intervals": (1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1)},
+    }],
+    "pentatonic": [5, {
+        # Pathet nem — the most common mode
+        "pelog nem": {"intervals": (1, 2, 2, 2, 2)},
+        # Pathet lima
+        "pelog lima": {"intervals": (1, 2, 2, 1, 3)},
+        # Pathet barang
+        "pelog barang": {"intervals": (2, 1, 2, 2, 2)},
+    }],
+}
+
+# ── 7-TET Thai classical ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Thai classical music divides the octave into 7 exactly equal steps
+# (~171 cents each). This is unique — no Western equivalent exists.
+# The 7 tones are numbered 1-7 in Thai theory.
+TONES_THAI = [
+    ("do",),        # 0 — 1st degree
+    ("re",),        # 1 — 2nd
+    ("mi",),        # 2 — 3rd
+    ("fa",),        # 3 — 4th
+    ("sol",),       # 4 — 5th
+    ("la",),        # 5 — 6th
+    ("si",),        # 6 — 7th
+]
+
+DEGREES_THAI = [
+    ("thang 1", ()), ("thang 2", ()), ("thang 3", ()),
+    ("thang 4", ()), ("thang 5", ()), ("thang 6", ()), ("thang 7", ()),
+]
+
+THAI_SCALES = {
+    "chromatic": (7, {}),
+    "pentatonic": [5, {
+        # The standard Thai pentatonic — 5 of 7 equal steps
+        "thai pentatonic": {"intervals": (1, 1, 2, 1, 2)},
+        # Alternate selection
+        "thai pentatonic 2": {"intervals": (2, 1, 1, 2, 1)},
+    }],
+    "heptatonic": [7, {
+        # The full 7-TET scale
+        "thai": {"intervals": (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)},
+    }],
+}
+
+# ── 53-TET Turkish makam (Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek) ───────────────────────────────
+# The gold standard for Turkish music theory. 53-TET has nearly perfect
+# fifths (31 steps = 701.89 cents vs 701.96 just) and excellent thirds.
+# A comma (1 step) = 22.6 cents. The basic intervals:
+#   Bakiye (B) = 4 commas ≈ 90 cents (like a limma)
+#   Küçük mücenneb (S) = 5 commas ≈ 113 cents
+#   Büyük mücenneb (K) = 8 commas ≈ 181 cents
+#   Tanini (T) = 9 commas ≈ 204 cents (like a whole tone)
+TONES_TURKISH = [
+    ("La",),                #  0 — A (Dügah reference)
+    ("La+1",),              #  1
+    ("La+2",),              #  2
+    ("La+3",),              #  3
+    ("Sib",),               #  4 — Bb (4 commas from A)
+    ("Sib+1",),             #  5
+    ("Sib+2",),             #  6
+    ("Sib+3",),             #  7
+    ("Sib+4",),             #  8
+    ("Si",),                #  9 — B
+    ("Si+1",),              # 10
+    ("Si+2",),              # 11
+    ("Si+3",),              # 12
+    ("Do",),                # 13 — C (Rast)
+    ("Do+1",),              # 14
+    ("Do+2",),              # 15
+    ("Do+3",),              # 16
+    ("Do+4",),              # 17
+    ("Reb",),               # 18 — Db
+    ("Reb+1",),             # 19
+    ("Reb+2",),             # 20
+    ("Reb+3",),             # 21
+    ("Re",),                # 22 — D (Dügah)
+    ("Re+1",),              # 23
+    ("Re+2",),              # 24
+    ("Re+3",),              # 25
+    ("Re+4",),              # 26
+    ("Mib",),               # 27 — Eb
+    ("Mib+1",),             # 28
+    ("Mib+2",),             # 29
+    ("Mib+3",),             # 30
+    ("Mi",),                # 31 — E (Segah)
+    ("Mi+1",),              # 32
+    ("Mi+2",),              # 33
+    ("Mi+3",),              # 34
+    ("Mi+4",),              # 35
+    ("Fa",),                # 36 — F
+    ("Fa+1",),              # 37
+    ("Fa+2",),              # 38
+    ("Fa+3",),              # 39
+    ("Fa#",),               # 40 — F#
+    ("Fa#+1",),             # 41
+    ("Fa#+2",),             # 42
+    ("Fa#+3",),             # 43
+    ("Sol",),               # 44 — G (Neva)
+    ("Sol+1",),             # 45
+    ("Sol+2",),             # 46
+    ("Sol+3",),             # 47
+    ("Lab",),               # 48 — Ab
+    ("Lab+1",),             # 49
+    ("Lab+2",),             # 50
+    ("Lab+3",),             # 51
+    ("Lab+4",),             # 52
+]
+
+DEGREES_TURKISH = [(f"perde {i+1}", ()) for i in range(53)]
+
+# Turkish makam scales in 53-TET commas.
+# T=9 commas (whole tone), S=5 (small), K=8 (large), B=4 (limma)
+TURKISH_SCALES = {
+    "chromatic": (53, {}),
+    "makam": [
+        7,
+        {
+            # Rast — the foundational makam. Uses segah (≈ neutral 3rd)
+            # T + T + S + T + T + T + S = 9+9+5+9+9+9+4 = 53...
+            # Actually: 9+8+5+9+9+8+5 = 53
+            "rast": {"intervals": (9, 8, 5, 9, 9, 8, 5)},
+            # Nihavend (≈ harmonic minor)
+            "nihavend": {"intervals": (9, 4, 9, 9, 4, 13, 5)},
+            # Hicaz — the augmented 2nd makam
+            "hicaz": {"intervals": (5, 12, 5, 9, 4, 9, 9)},
+            # Ussak — one of the most common makams
+            "ussak": {"intervals": (8, 5, 9, 9, 8, 5, 9)},
+            # Huseyni
+            "huseyni": {"intervals": (8, 5, 9, 9, 5, 8, 9)},
+            # Kurdi (≈ Phrygian)
+            "kurdi": {"intervals": (4, 9, 9, 9, 4, 9, 9)},
+            # Segah — starts on the neutral 3rd
+            "segah": {"intervals": (5, 9, 9, 8, 5, 9, 8)},
+            # Saba — descending differs from ascending
+            "saba": {"intervals": (8, 5, 4, 14, 4, 9, 9)},
+            # Hüzzam
+            "huzzam": {"intervals": (5, 9, 8, 5, 9, 8, 9)},
+        },
+    ],
+}
+
+# ── 72-TET Carnatic (South Indian) ───────────────────────────────────────────
+# The 72 melakarta system classifies all possible 7-note scales with
+# fixed Sa and Pa. 72-TET (16.67 cents/step) captures the srutis used
+# in Carnatic music with high precision. Each 12-TET semitone = 6 steps.
+#
+# Tone names: 12 swaras × 6 microtonal variants each.
+# Main swaras at positions: Sa=0, Ri1=6, Ri2=12, Ga1=12, Ga2=18,
+# Ma1=30, Ma2=36, Pa=42, Da1=48, Da2=54, Ni1=60, Ni2=66
+TONES_CARNATIC = []
+_SWARA_NAMES = [
+    "Sa", "atikomal Ri", "komal Ri", "shuddha Ri",
+    "Ri", "tivra Ri", "komal Ga", "atikomal Ga",
+    "Ga", "shuddha Ga", "tivra Ga", "antara Ga",
+    "komal Ma", "shuddha Ma", "Ma", "tivra shuddha Ma",
+    "ekashruti Ma", "chatushruti Ma", "tivra Ma", "atitivra Ma",
+    "prati Ma", "tivratara Ma", "atikomal Pa-", "komal Pa-",
+    "shuddha Pa-", "Pa-", "Pa-+1", "Pa-+2",
+    "Pa-+3", "Pa-+4", "Pa", "Pa+1",
+    "Pa+2", "Pa+3", "Pa+4", "Pa+5",
+    "komal Da", "atikomal Da", "Da-", "shuddha Da-",
+    "Da", "shuddha Da", "tivra Da", "atitivra Da",
+    "komal Ni", "atikomal Ni", "Ni-", "shuddha Ni-",
+    "Ni", "shuddha Ni", "tivra Ni", "chatushruti Ni",
+    "kakali Ni", "atikakali Ni",
+]
+# Generate 72 tone names: use standard names for the 12 main positions,
+# numbered variants for the intermediates
+for i in range(72):
+    main_pos = i // 6  # which semitone group (0-11)
+    micro = i % 6      # microtonal position within group
+    _base_names = ["Sa", "komal Ri", "Ri", "komal Ga", "Ga", "Ma",
+                   "tivra Ma", "Pa", "komal Da", "Da", "komal Ni", "Ni"]
+    if micro == 0:
+        TONES_CARNATIC.append((_base_names[main_pos],))
+    else:
+        TONES_CARNATIC.append((f"{_base_names[main_pos]}+{micro}",))
+
+DEGREES_CARNATIC = [(f"swara {i+1}", ()) for i in range(72)]
+
+# A selection of important melakartas in 72-TET intervals.
+# Each step = 1/72 of an octave ≈ 16.67 cents.
+CARNATIC_SCALES = {
+    "chromatic": (72, {}),
+    "melakarta": [
+        7,
+        {
+            # Kanakangi (melakarta 1) — Sa Ri1 Ga1 Ma1 Pa Da1 Ni1
+            "kanakangi": {"intervals": (6, 6, 18, 12, 6, 6, 18)},
+            # Shankarabharanam (melakarta 29) — Sa Ri2 Ga3 Ma1 Pa Da2 Ni3
+            # The Carnatic equivalent of the major scale
+            "shankarabharanam": {"intervals": (12, 12, 6, 12, 12, 12, 6)},
+            # Kalyani (melakarta 65) — Sa Ri2 Ga3 Ma2 Pa Da2 Ni3
+            # Carnatic Lydian equivalent
+            "kalyani": {"intervals": (12, 12, 12, 6, 12, 12, 6)},
+            # Kharaharapriya (melakarta 22) — Sa Ri2 Ga2 Ma1 Pa Da2 Ni2
+            # Carnatic Dorian equivalent
+            "kharaharapriya": {"intervals": (12, 6, 12, 12, 12, 6, 12)},
+            # Hanumathodi (melakarta 8) — Sa Ri1 Ga2 Ma1 Pa Da1 Ni2
+            # Carnatic Phrygian equivalent
+            "hanumathodi": {"intervals": (6, 12, 12, 12, 6, 12, 12)},
+            # Natabhairavi (melakarta 20) — Sa Ri2 Ga2 Ma1 Pa Da1 Ni2
+            # Natural minor equivalent
+            "natabhairavi": {"intervals": (12, 6, 12, 12, 6, 12, 12)},
+            # Mayamalavagowla (melakarta 15) — Sa Ri1 Ga3 Ma1 Pa Da1 Ni3
+            # The "lesson scale" — first raga taught to students
+            "mayamalavagowla": {"intervals": (6, 18, 6, 12, 6, 18, 6)},
+            # Simhendramadhyamam (melakarta 57) — Sa Ri2 Ga3 Ma2 Pa Da1 Ni3
+            "simhendramadhyamam": {"intervals": (12, 12, 12, 6, 6, 18, 6)},
+            # Charukesi (melakarta 26) — Sa Ri2 Ga3 Ma1 Pa Da1 Ni2
+            "charukesi": {"intervals": (12, 12, 6, 12, 6, 12, 12)},
+            # Harikambhoji (melakarta 28) — Sa Ri2 Ga3 Ma1 Pa Da2 Ni2
+            # Mixolydian equivalent
+            "harikambhoji": {"intervals": (12, 12, 6, 12, 12, 6, 12)},
+        },
+    ],
+}
+
 # Arabic maqam scales (12-TET approximations).
 # True maqam uses quarter-tones; these are the closest 12-tone equivalents.
 ARABIC_SCALES = {

pytheory/cli.py

@@ -275,6 +275,78 @@ def cmd_demo(args):
          "lead": ("pluck_synth", "none", 0.3, 0.2),
          "pad": ("strings_synth", "pad", 0.0),
          "bass_lp": 200, "reverb_type": "taj_mahal"},
+        {"name": "Classical", "key": ("D", "minor"), "drums": "bolero",
+         "fill": "bossa nova", "bpm": 72,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "V", "i"),
+         "lead": ("flute_synth", "strings", 0.35, 0.2),
+         "pad": ("cello_synth", "bowed", -0.2),
+         "bass_lp": 400, "reverb_type": "cathedral"},
+        {"name": "Harpsichord Suite", "key": ("A", "minor"), "drums": "bolero",
+         "fill": "bossa nova", "bpm": 92,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "V", "i"),
+         "lead": ("harpsichord_synth", "none", 0.2, 0.1),
+         "pad": ("strings_synth", "pad", -0.3),
+         "bass_lp": 500, "reverb_type": "plate"},
+        {"name": "Bhangra", "key": ("G", "minor"), "drums": "bhangra",
+         "fill": "rock", "bpm": 140,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "V", "i"),
+         "lead": ("sitar_synth", "none", 0.3, 0.2),
+         "pad": ("strings_synth", "pad", 0.0),
+         "bass_lp": 400, "reverb_type": "taj_mahal"},
+        {"name": "Jazz Trio", "key": ("F", "major"), "drums": "swing",
+         "fill": "jazz", "bpm": 100,
+         "prog": ("I", "vi", "ii", "V"),
+         "lead": ("trumpet_synth", "bowed", 0.3, 0.2),
+         "pad": ("piano_synth", "none", -0.2),
+         "bass_lp": 600, "reverb_type": "plate"},
+        {"name": "Theremin Noir", "key": ("A", "minor"), "drums": "hip hop",
+         "fill": "rock", "bpm": 85,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "V", "i"),
+         "lead": ("theremin_synth", "pad", 0.4, 0.0),
+         "pad": ("strings_synth", "pad", 0.0),
+         "bass_lp": 300, "reverb_type": "cave"},
+        {"name": "Caribbean", "key": ("C", "major"), "drums": "reggae",
+         "fill": "reggae", "bpm": 110,
+         "prog": ("I", "IV", "V", "IV"),
+         "lead": ("steel_drum_synth", "none", 0.25, 0.3),
+         "pad": ("acoustic_guitar_synth", "none", -0.3),
+         "bass_lp": 500, "reverb_type": "plate"},
+        {"name": "Accordion Waltz", "key": ("D", "minor"), "drums": "waltz",
+         "fill": "jazz", "bpm": 88,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "V", "i"),
+         "lead": ("accordion_synth", "organ", 0.2, 0.1),
+         "pad": ("strings_synth", "pad", -0.2),
+         "bass_lp": 500, "reverb_type": "plate"},
+        {"name": "Kalimba Dreams", "key": ("G", "major"), "drums": "cajon folk",
+         "fill": "bossa nova", "bpm": 95,
+         "prog": ("I", "vi", "IV", "V"),
+         "lead": ("kalimba_synth", "none", 0.35, 0.2),
+         "pad": ("piano_synth", "none", -0.2),
+         "bass_lp": 400, "reverb_type": "taj_mahal"},
+        {"name": "Outback Drone", "key": ("E", "minor"), "drums": "djembe",
+         "fill": "afrobeat", "bpm": 70,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "i", "V"),
+         "lead": ("didgeridoo_synth", "pad", 0.3, 0.0),
+         "pad": ("granular_synth", "pad", 0.0),
+         "bass_lp": 200, "reverb_type": "cave"},
+        {"name": "Highland", "key": ("A", "minor"), "drums": "flamenco",
+         "fill": "rock", "bpm": 95,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "V", "i"),
+         "lead": ("bagpipe_synth", "organ", 0.15, 0.0),
+         "pad": ("strings_synth", "pad", -0.2),
+         "bass_lp": 400, "reverb_type": "cathedral"},
+        {"name": "Nashville Tears", "key": ("G", "major"), "drums": "country",
+         "fill": "rock", "bpm": 85,
+         "prog": ("I", "IV", "V", "IV"),
+         "lead": ("pedal_steel_synth", "strings", 0.35, 0.2),
+         "pad": ("piano_synth", "none", -0.3),
+         "bass_lp": 500, "reverb_type": "spring"},
+        {"name": "Tabla Fusion", "key": ("E", "minor"), "drums": "teental",
+         "fill": "rock", "bpm": 120,
+         "prog": ("i", "iv", "V", "i"),
+         "lead": ("sitar_synth", "none", 0.3, 0.2),
+         "pad": ("vocal_synth", "pad", 0.0),
+         "bass_lp": 400, "reverb_type": "taj_mahal"},
     ]
 
     mood = random.choice(moods)
@@ -351,7 +423,10 @@ def cmd_demo(args):
     print(f"     {mood['drums']} | {lead_synth} lead | {pad_synth} pad | {mood['reverb_type']} reverb")
     print()
 
-    play_score(score)
+    try:
+        play_score(score)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
     print("  ♫")
 
 

pytheory/repl.py

@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ def cmd_help(session, args):
   Parts:
     part lead saw pluck         score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck")
     part bass sine              score.part("bass", synth="sine")
+    part lead instrument piano  score.part("lead", instrument="piano")
     part                        list all parts
 
   Notes (on active part):
@@ -85,6 +86,12 @@ def cmd_help(session, args):
     rest 2                      part.rest(2.0)
     arp Am updown 2 2           part.arpeggio("Am", pattern="updown", bars=2, octaves=2)
     prog I V vi IV              part adds key.progression(...)
+    strum Am 2 down             part.strum("Am", 2, direction="down")
+    strum G 2 up 0.1            lazy strum (strum_time=0.1)
+    roll C3 4                   part.roll("C3", 4) — timpani/tremolo
+    roll C3 4 30 110            roll with velocity ramp
+    bend C5 1 2                 part.add("C5", 1, bend=2) — bend up 2 semitones
+    bend C5 1 -1                bend down a half step
 
   Effects (on active part):
     reverb 0.4                  reverb=0.4
@@ -110,6 +117,12 @@ def cmd_help(session, args):
     fingering Am                guitar chord fingering
     diagram [mode] [frets]      scale diagram on guitar
 
+  Tuning:
+    temperament equal           set temperament (equal/pythagorean/meantone/just)
+    temperament                 show current temperament
+    reference 432               set reference pitch (default 440)
+    instruments                 list all available instruments
+
   Session:
     show                        score info
     status                      current state
@@ -197,12 +210,22 @@ def cmd_part(session, args):
         return
 
     name = args[0]
-    synth = args[1] if len(args) > 1 else "saw"
-    envelope = args[2] if len(args) > 2 else "pluck"
 
     if name not in session.parts:
-        session.parts[name] = session.score.part(name, synth=synth, envelope=envelope)
-        print(f"  score.part(\"{name}\", synth=\"{synth}\", envelope=\"{envelope}\")")
+        # Check if second arg is "instrument" keyword or an instrument name
+        if len(args) > 1 and args[1] == "instrument" and len(args) > 2:
+            instrument = args[2]
+            session.parts[name] = session.score.part(name, instrument=instrument)
+            print(f"  score.part(\"{name}\", instrument=\"{instrument}\")")
+        elif len(args) > 1 and args[1] in _INSTRUMENT_NAMES:
+            instrument = args[1]
+            session.parts[name] = session.score.part(name, instrument=instrument)
+            print(f"  score.part(\"{name}\", instrument=\"{instrument}\")")
+        else:
+            synth = args[1] if len(args) > 1 else "saw"
+            envelope = args[2] if len(args) > 2 else "pluck"
+            session.parts[name] = session.score.part(name, synth=synth, envelope=envelope)
+            print(f"  score.part(\"{name}\", synth=\"{synth}\", envelope=\"{envelope}\")")
     else:
         print(f"  → {name}")
     session.current_part = session.parts[name]
@@ -534,6 +557,97 @@ def cmd_identify(session, args):
         print(f"  error: {e}")
 
 
+def cmd_strum(session, args):
+    """Strum a chord on a fretboard-equipped part."""
+    if not args:
+        print("  usage: strum Am [beats] [down|up] [strum_time]")
+        return
+    part = _require_part(session)
+    chord_name = args[0]
+    beats = float(args[1]) if len(args) > 1 else 1.0
+    direction = args[2] if len(args) > 2 else "down"
+    strum_time = float(args[3]) if len(args) > 3 else 0.05
+    try:
+        part.strum(chord_name, beats, direction=direction, strum_time=strum_time)
+        print(f"  .strum(\"{chord_name}\", {beats}, direction=\"{direction}\", "
+              f"strum_time={strum_time})")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  error: {e}")
+
+
+def cmd_roll(session, args):
+    """Play a roll (rapid repeated notes with velocity ramp)."""
+    if not args:
+        print("  usage: roll C3 [beats] [vel_start] [vel_end]")
+        return
+    part = _require_part(session)
+    tone = args[0]
+    beats = float(args[1]) if len(args) > 1 else 4.0
+    vel_start = int(args[2]) if len(args) > 2 else 40
+    vel_end = int(args[3]) if len(args) > 3 else 100
+    try:
+        part.roll(tone, beats, velocity_start=vel_start, velocity_end=vel_end)
+        print(f"  .roll(\"{tone}\", {beats}, velocity_start={vel_start}, "
+              f"velocity_end={vel_end})")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  error: {e}")
+
+
+def cmd_bend(session, args):
+    """Add a note with pitch bend."""
+    if len(args) < 3:
+        print("  usage: bend C5 1 2       (note, beats, semitones)")
+        print("         bend C5 1 -1      (bend down)")
+        return
+    part = _require_part(session)
+    note = args[0]
+    beats = float(args[1])
+    bend = float(args[2])
+    bend_type = args[3] if len(args) > 3 else "smooth"
+    try:
+        part.add(note, beats, bend=bend, bend_type=bend_type)
+        print(f"  .add(\"{note}\", {beats}, bend={bend}, bend_type=\"{bend_type}\")")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  error: {e}")
+
+
+def cmd_temperament(session, args):
+    """Set or show the tuning temperament."""
+    if not args:
+        temp = getattr(session.score, 'temperament', 'equal')
+        ref = getattr(session.score, 'reference_pitch', 440.0)
+        print(f"  temperament={temp}  reference={ref} Hz")
+        print(f"  available: equal, pythagorean, meantone, just")
+        return
+    temp = args[0]
+    valid = ["equal", "pythagorean", "meantone", "just"]
+    if temp not in valid:
+        print(f"  unknown temperament: {temp}")
+        print(f"  available: {', '.join(valid)}")
+        return
+    session.score.temperament = temp
+    print(f"  temperament={temp}")
+
+
+def cmd_reference(session, args):
+    """Set the reference pitch (A4 frequency)."""
+    if not args:
+        ref = getattr(session.score, 'reference_pitch', 440.0)
+        print(f"  reference={ref} Hz")
+        return
+    ref = float(args[0])
+    session.score.reference_pitch = ref
+    print(f"  reference={ref} Hz")
+
+
+def cmd_instruments(session, args):
+    """List all available instruments."""
+    cols = 3
+    for i in range(0, len(_INSTRUMENT_NAMES), cols):
+        row = _INSTRUMENT_NAMES[i:i + cols]
+        print("  " + "  ".join(f"{name:<22s}" for name in row))
+
+
 def cmd_circle(session, args):
     """Show circle of fifths."""
     tonic = args[0] if args else session.key.tonic_name
@@ -560,7 +674,10 @@ def cmd_clear(session, args):
 def cmd_status(session, args):
     parts = ", ".join(session.parts.keys()) if session.parts else "none"
     active = session.current_part.name if session.current_part else "none"
+    temp = getattr(session.score, 'temperament', 'equal')
+    ref = getattr(session.score, 'reference_pitch', 440.0)
     print(f"  key={session.key}  bpm={session.bpm}  swing={session.swing}")
+    print(f"  temperament={temp}  reference={ref} Hz")
     print(f"  drums={session._drum_preset or 'none'}  parts=[{parts}]  active={active}")
 
 
@@ -607,6 +724,12 @@ COMMANDS = {
     "interval": cmd_interval,
     "identify": cmd_identify, "id": cmd_identify,
     "circle": cmd_circle,
+    "strum": cmd_strum,
+    "roll": cmd_roll,
+    "bend": cmd_bend,
+    "temperament": cmd_temperament, "temp": cmd_temperament,
+    "reference": cmd_reference, "ref": cmd_reference,
+    "instruments": cmd_instruments,
     "clear": cmd_clear,
     "status": cmd_status,
 }
@@ -653,9 +776,43 @@ def _prompt(session):
 # ── Tab completion ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 _SYNTH_NAMES = ["sine", "saw", "triangle", "square", "pulse", "fm",
-                "noise", "supersaw", "pwm_slow", "pwm_fast"]
+                "noise", "supersaw", "pwm_slow", "pwm_fast",
+                "pedal_steel_synth", "theremin_synth", "kalimba_synth",
+                "steel_drum_synth", "accordion_synth", "didgeridoo_synth",
+                "bagpipe_synth", "banjo_synth", "mandolin_synth",
+                "ukulele_synth", "vocal_synth", "granular_synth",
+                "piano_synth", "organ_synth", "harpsichord_synth",
+                "strings_synth", "cello_synth", "flute_synth",
+                "clarinet_synth", "oboe_synth", "trumpet_synth",
+                "acoustic_guitar_synth", "electric_guitar_synth",
+                "bass_guitar_synth", "upright_bass_synth", "harp_synth",
+                "sitar_synth", "pluck_synth", "saxophone_synth",
+                "marimba_synth", "timpani_synth"]
+_INSTRUMENT_NAMES = [
+    # Keys
+    "piano", "electric_piano", "organ", "harpsichord", "celesta", "music_box",
+    # Strings
+    "violin", "viola", "cello", "contrabass", "string_ensemble",
+    # Woodwinds
+    "flute", "clarinet", "oboe", "bassoon",
+    # Brass
+    "trumpet", "trombone", "french_horn", "tuba", "brass_ensemble",
+    # Plucked
+    "acoustic_guitar", "electric_guitar", "clean_guitar", "crunch_guitar",
+    "distorted_guitar", "orange_crunch", "metal_guitar", "bass_guitar",
+    "upright_bass", "harp", "sitar", "pedal_steel", "theremin", "kalimba",
+    "steel_drum", "accordion", "didgeridoo", "bagpipe", "banjo", "mandolin",
+    "mandola", "ukulele", "koto",
+    # Synth presets
+    "synth_lead", "synth_pad", "synth_bass", "acid_bass",
+    "granular_pad", "vocal", "choir", "granular_texture", "808_bass",
+    # Percussion / Mallet
+    "vibraphone", "marimba", "xylophone", "glockenspiel", "tubular_bells", "timpani",
+    # Woodwinds (continued)
+    "saxophone", "alto_sax", "tenor_sax", "bari_sax",
+]
 _ENVELOPE_NAMES = ["piano", "pluck", "pad", "organ", "bell", "strings",
-                   "staccato", "none"]
+                   "staccato", "bowed", "mallet", "none"]
 _ARP_PATTERNS = ["up", "down", "updown", "downup", "random"]
 _LFO_SHAPES = ["sine", "triangle", "saw", "square"]
 _SYSTEMS = ["western", "indian", "arabic", "japanese", "blues", "gamelan"]
@@ -667,7 +824,7 @@ _CHORD_SUFFIXES = ["", "m", "7", "m7", "maj7", "dim", "aug", "sus2", "sus4",
 # Context-aware completions for the second word
 _ARG_COMPLETIONS = {
     "drums": lambda: Pattern.list_presets(),
-    "part": lambda: _SYNTH_NAMES,
+    "part": lambda: _SYNTH_NAMES + _INSTRUMENT_NAMES,
     "key": lambda: [f"{n}m" for n in _NOTE_NAMES[:12]] + _NOTE_NAMES[:12],
     "arp": lambda: [f"{n}{s}" for n in _NOTE_NAMES[:7] for s in _CHORD_SUFFIXES[:6]],
     "add": lambda: [f"{n}{o}" for n in _NOTE_NAMES[:12] for o in ["3", "4", "5"]],
@@ -679,6 +836,12 @@ _ARG_COMPLETIONS = {
                     "lowpass_q", "reverb_decay", "delay_time", "delay_feedback",
                     "distortion_drive"],
     "identify": lambda: [f"{n}{s}" for n in _NOTE_NAMES[:7] for s in _CHORD_SUFFIXES[:6]],
+    "strum": lambda: [f"{n}{s}" for n in _NOTE_NAMES[:7] for s in _CHORD_SUFFIXES[:6]],
+    "roll": lambda: [f"{n}{o}" for n in _NOTE_NAMES[:12] for o in ["2", "3", "4", "5"]],
+    "bend": lambda: [f"{n}{o}" for n in _NOTE_NAMES[:12] for o in ["3", "4", "5"]],
+    "temperament": lambda: ["equal", "pythagorean", "meantone", "just"],
+    "reference": lambda: ["440", "432", "415", "444"],
+    "instruments": lambda: _INSTRUMENT_NAMES,
 }
 
 
@@ -705,6 +868,12 @@ def _completer(text, state):
         elif cmd == "arp" and len(tokens) == 3:
             # Pattern for arp
             options = [p for p in _ARP_PATTERNS if p.startswith(text)]
+        elif cmd == "strum" and len(tokens) == 4:
+            # Direction for strum
+            options = [d for d in ["down", "up"] if d.startswith(text)]
+        elif cmd == "bend" and len(tokens) == 5:
+            # Bend type
+            options = [t for t in ["smooth", "linear", "late"] if t.startswith(text)]
         elif cmd == "lfo" and len(tokens) >= 7:
             # Shape for lfo
             options = [s for s in _LFO_SHAPES if s.startswith(text)]

pytheory/systems.py

@@ -2,18 +2,58 @@ from ._statics import (
     TEMPERAMENTS, TONES, DEGREES, SCALES,
     INDIAN_SCALES, ARABIC_SCALES, JAPANESE_SCALES,
     BLUES_SCALES, GAMELAN_SCALES, SYSTEMS,
+    TONES_SHRUTI, DEGREES_SHRUTI, SHRUTI_SCALES, SHRUTI_RATIOS,
+    TONES_ARABIC_24, DEGREES_ARABIC_24, ARABIC_24_SCALES, MAQAM_RATIOS,
+    TONES_SLENDRO, DEGREES_SLENDRO, SLENDRO_SCALES,
+    TONES_PELOG, DEGREES_PELOG, PELOG_SCALES,
+    TONES_THAI, DEGREES_THAI, THAI_SCALES,
+    TONES_TURKISH, DEGREES_TURKISH, TURKISH_SCALES,
+    TONES_CARNATIC, DEGREES_CARNATIC, CARNATIC_SCALES,
 )
 
 
 class System:
-    def __init__(self, *, tone_names, degrees, scales=None):
+    def __init__(self, *, tone_names, degrees, scales=None, c_index=None,
+                 period=2.0, ratios=None):
         self.tone_names = tone_names
 
         self.degrees = degrees
         self._scales = scales
 
+        # Period: the frequency ratio of one "octave" in this system.
+        # 2.0 for standard octave-based systems.
+        # 3.0 for Bohlen-Pierce (tritave).
+        self.period = period
+
+        # Custom frequency ratios: if set, overrides equal temperament.
+        # A list of N floats (one per tone), each relative to the first
+        # tone (1.0). For example, just intonation shruti ratios.
+        self.ratios = ratios
+
+        # c_index: the index of the "reference C" in the tone list.
+        # For octave arithmetic — scientific pitch changes octave at C.
+        # Default 3 for 12-TET western (A=0, A#=1, B=2, C=3).
+        # For non-12-TET systems, this is the index of the tone nearest C,
+        # or 0 if no C equivalent exists.
+        if c_index is not None:
+            self.c_index = c_index
+        else:
+            # Try to find C in the tone names, fall back to 0
+            self.c_index = 0
+            for i, names in enumerate(tone_names):
+                if "C" in names:
+                    self.c_index = i
+                    break
+
         if scales is None:
-            self._scales = SCALES[self.semitones]
+            n = self.semitones
+            if n in SCALES:
+                self._scales = SCALES[n]
+            else:
+                # Generate chromatic scale for unknown sizes
+                self._scales = {
+                    "chromatic": (n, {}),
+                }
 
     @property
     def semitones(self):
@@ -25,13 +65,56 @@ class System:
         return tuple([Tone.from_tuple(tone) for tone in self.tone_names])
 
     def resolve_name(self, name: str) -> str | None:
-        """Resolve a note name (including flats) to the canonical name.
+        """Resolve a note name (including flats, double sharps/flats) to the canonical name.
+
+        Handles enharmonic equivalents:
+        - Standard names and their alternates (e.g. Bb, C#)
+        - Double sharps (C## = D, F## = G)
+        - Double flats (Dbb = C, Ebb = D)
 
         Returns the primary name if found, or None if not recognized.
         """
+        # Direct lookup first
         for names in self.tone_names:
             if name in names:
                 return names[0]
+
+        # Handle double sharps (e.g. C## → D, F## → G)
+        if name.endswith('##') and len(name) >= 3:
+            base = name[:-2]
+            base_idx = self._name_to_index(base)
+            if base_idx is not None:
+                resolved_idx = (base_idx + 2) % len(self.tone_names)
+                return self.tone_names[resolved_idx][0]
+
+        # Handle double flats (e.g. Dbb → C, Ebb → D)
+        if name.endswith('bb') and len(name) >= 3 and name[0] != 'b':
+            base = name[:-2]
+            base_idx = self._name_to_index(base)
+            if base_idx is not None:
+                resolved_idx = (base_idx - 2) % len(self.tone_names)
+                return self.tone_names[resolved_idx][0]
+
+        # Handle single sharps/flats on natural notes (e.g. Cb → B, E# → F)
+        if len(name) == 2:
+            base = name[0]
+            modifier = name[1]
+            base_idx = self._name_to_index(base)
+            if base_idx is not None:
+                if modifier == '#':
+                    resolved_idx = (base_idx + 1) % len(self.tone_names)
+                    return self.tone_names[resolved_idx][0]
+                elif modifier == 'b':
+                    resolved_idx = (base_idx - 1) % len(self.tone_names)
+                    return self.tone_names[resolved_idx][0]
+
+        return None
+
+    def _name_to_index(self, name: str) -> int | None:
+        """Return the index of a tone name, or None if not found."""
+        for i, names in enumerate(self.tone_names):
+            if name in names:
+                return i
         return None
 
 
@@ -136,14 +219,173 @@ class System:
         # descending goes in meta?
         return {"intervals": scale, "hemitonic": hemitonic, "meta": {}}
 
+    def tone(self, name, octave=4):
+        """Create a Tone in this system. Shorthand for ``Tone(name, octave=octave, system=self)``.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> edo19 = TET(19)
+            >>> edo19.tone(5, octave=4).frequency
+        """
+        from . import Tone
+        return Tone(name, octave=octave, system=self)
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"<System semitones={self.semitones!r}>"
 
+
+def TET(n, *, names=None, reference_index=0, period=2.0):
+    """Create an N-tone equal temperament system.
+
+    Each step divides the period into *n* equal parts. The frequency
+    ratio between adjacent tones is ``period^(1/n)``.
+
+    For standard tunings the period is 2.0 (octave). For exotic systems
+    like Bohlen-Pierce, set ``period=3.0`` (tritave).
+
+    Args:
+        n: Number of equal divisions of the octave (e.g. 19, 24, 31, 53).
+        names: Optional list of *n* tone name strings. If omitted,
+            tones are numbered ``"0"`` through ``"n-1"``.
+        reference_index: Index of the tone that corresponds to A440
+            (default 0, meaning tone "0" = A4 = 440 Hz).
+
+    Returns:
+        A :class:`System` instance.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> edo19 = TET(19)
+        >>> from pytheory import Tone
+        >>> t = Tone("0", octave=4, system=edo19)
+        >>> t.frequency  # 440.0 Hz (tone 0 = A4)
+        440.0
+
+        >>> edo31 = TET(31)
+        >>> t = Tone("18", octave=4, system=edo31)
+        >>> t.frequency  # 18 steps above A in 31-TET
+    """
+    if names is not None:
+        if len(names) != n:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected {n} names, got {len(names)}")
+        tone_names = [(name,) for name in names]
+    else:
+        tone_names = [(str(i),) for i in range(n)]
+
+    # Degrees: numbered, with no modal names
+    degrees = [(f"degree {i+1}", ()) for i in range(n)]
+
+    # Scales: chromatic (all steps = 1) plus MOS scales for common EDOs
+    scale_data = {
+        "chromatic": (n, {}),
+    }
+
+    # Add well-known scales for specific EDOs
+    if n == 19:
+        # 19-TET: major and minor have different step sizes
+        # Major: 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 (sums to 19)
+        # Minor: 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
+        scale_data["heptatonic"] = [7, {
+            "major": {"intervals": (3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2)},
+            "minor": {"intervals": (3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3)},
+            "harmonic minor": {"intervals": (3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 2)},
+        }]
+        scale_data["pentatonic"] = [5, {
+            "major pentatonic": {"intervals": (3, 3, 5, 3, 5)},
+            "minor pentatonic": {"intervals": (5, 3, 3, 5, 3)},
+        }]
+    elif n == 24:
+        # 24-TET (quarter-tone): standard 12-TET scales with doubled steps
+        scale_data["heptatonic"] = [7, {
+            "major": {"intervals": (4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 2)},
+            "minor": {"intervals": (4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4)},
+        }]
+    elif n == 31:
+        # 31-TET: excellent approximation of quarter-comma meantone
+        # Major: 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 (sums to 31)
+        # Minor: 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
+        scale_data["heptatonic"] = [7, {
+            "major": {"intervals": (5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 3)},
+            "minor": {"intervals": (5, 3, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5)},
+            "harmonic minor": {"intervals": (5, 3, 5, 5, 3, 7, 3)},
+        }]
+        scale_data["pentatonic"] = [5, {
+            "major pentatonic": {"intervals": (5, 5, 8, 5, 8)},
+            "minor pentatonic": {"intervals": (8, 5, 5, 8, 5)},
+        }]
+    elif n == 53:
+        # 53-TET: nearly perfect fifths and thirds
+        # Major: 9 9 4 9 9 9 4 (sums to 53)
+        scale_data["heptatonic"] = [7, {
+            "major": {"intervals": (9, 9, 4, 9, 9, 9, 4)},
+            "minor": {"intervals": (9, 4, 9, 9, 4, 9, 9)},
+        }]
+
+    # Find C equivalent for c_index (reference_index is A, C is 3 steps in 12-TET)
+    # Proportionally: C is 3/12 of the way around from A
+    c_idx = round(n * 3 / 12) if n != 12 else 3
+
+    return System(
+        tone_names=tone_names,
+        degrees=degrees,
+        scales=scale_data,
+        c_index=c_idx,
+        period=period,
+    )
+
+
+# ── 19-TET named system ──
+# Traditional note names for 19-TET: all 12 western notes plus
+# 7 quarter-tone positions (enharmonic splits)
+_19TET_NAMES = [
+    "A", "A#", "Bb", "B", "B#",
+    "C", "C#", "Db", "D", "D#",
+    "Eb", "E", "E#", "F", "F#",
+    "Gb", "G", "G#", "Ab",
+]
+
+# ── 31-TET named system ──
+# Adriaan Fokker's naming: sharps and flats are distinct pitches
+_31TET_NAMES = [
+    "A", "A↑", "A#", "Bb", "B↓",
+    "B", "B↑", "C", "C↑", "C#",
+    "Db", "D↓", "D", "D↑", "D#",
+    "Eb", "E↓", "E", "E↑", "E#",
+    "F", "F↑", "F#", "Gb", "G↓",
+    "G", "G↑", "G#", "Ab", "A↓",
+    "A♮",  # enharmonic return (distinct from "A" by a diesis)
+]
+
+
 SYSTEMS = {
     "western": System(tone_names=TONES["western"], degrees=DEGREES["western"]),
-    "indian": System(tone_names=TONES["indian"], degrees=DEGREES["indian"], scales=INDIAN_SCALES[12]),
-    "arabic": System(tone_names=TONES["arabic"], degrees=DEGREES["arabic"], scales=ARABIC_SCALES[12]),
+    "indian": System(tone_names=TONES["indian"], degrees=DEGREES["indian"], scales=INDIAN_SCALES[12], c_index=3),
+    "arabic": System(tone_names=TONES["arabic"], degrees=DEGREES["arabic"], scales=ARABIC_SCALES[12], c_index=3),
     "japanese": System(tone_names=TONES["japanese"], degrees=DEGREES["japanese"], scales=JAPANESE_SCALES[12]),
     "blues": System(tone_names=TONES["blues"], degrees=DEGREES["blues"], scales=BLUES_SCALES[12]),
-    "gamelan": System(tone_names=TONES["gamelan"], degrees=DEGREES["gamelan"], scales=GAMELAN_SCALES[12]),
+    "gamelan": System(tone_names=TONES["gamelan"], degrees=DEGREES["gamelan"], scales=GAMELAN_SCALES[12], c_index=3),
+    "19-tet": TET(19, names=_19TET_NAMES),
+    "31-tet": TET(31, names=_31TET_NAMES),
+    # Microtonal systems with proper intervals (not 12-TET approximations)
+    "shruti": System(tone_names=TONES_SHRUTI, degrees=DEGREES_SHRUTI,
+                     scales=SHRUTI_SCALES, c_index=5, ratios=SHRUTI_RATIOS),
+    "maqam": System(tone_names=TONES_ARABIC_24, degrees=DEGREES_ARABIC_24,
+                    scales=ARABIC_24_SCALES, c_index=5, ratios=MAQAM_RATIOS),
+    "slendro": System(tone_names=TONES_SLENDRO, degrees=DEGREES_SLENDRO,
+                      scales=SLENDRO_SCALES, c_index=1),
+    "pelog": System(tone_names=TONES_PELOG, degrees=DEGREES_PELOG,
+                    scales=PELOG_SCALES, c_index=2),
+    "thai": System(tone_names=TONES_THAI, degrees=DEGREES_THAI,
+                   scales=THAI_SCALES, c_index=0),
+    "makam": System(tone_names=TONES_TURKISH, degrees=DEGREES_TURKISH,
+                    scales=TURKISH_SCALES, c_index=13),
+    "carnatic": System(tone_names=TONES_CARNATIC, degrees=DEGREES_CARNATIC,
+                       scales=CARNATIC_SCALES, c_index=18),  # Sa ≈ C, 18 steps from A
+    # Bohlen-Pierce: 13 equal divisions of the tritave (3:1).
+    # Genuinely alien — no octaves, no fifths, built on 3:5:7 harmonics.
+    # Used by composers like Heinz Bohlen, Kees van Prooijen, Georg Hajdu.
+    "bohlen-pierce": TET(13, period=3.0, names=[
+        "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G",
+        "H", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N",
+    ]),
 }

pytheory/tones.py

@@ -26,17 +26,20 @@ class Tone:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        name: str,
+        name,
         *,
         alt_names: Optional[list[str]] = None,
         octave: Optional[int] = None,
         system: Union[str, object] = "western",
+        _validate: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Initialize a Tone with a name, optional octave, and musical system.
 
         Args:
-            name: The note name (e.g. ``"C"``, ``"C#4"``). If the name
-                contains a digit, it is parsed as the octave.
+            name: The note name as a string (``"C"``, ``"C#4"``) or an int
+                for numbered systems (``0``, ``11``). Ints are converted to
+                strings and wrapped to the system's range (e.g. 22 in a
+                22-tone system becomes 0 at octave+1).
             alt_names: Alternate spellings for this tone (e.g. enharmonics).
             octave: The octave number. Overrides any octave parsed from *name*.
             system: The tuning system, either as a string key (``"western"``)
@@ -45,16 +48,75 @@ class Tone:
         if alt_names is None:
             alt_names = []
 
-        if isinstance(name, str):
-            try:
-                parsed_octave = int("".join([c for c in filter(str.isdigit, name)]))
-            except ValueError:
-                parsed_octave = None
-
-            if parsed_octave is not None:
-                name = name.replace(str(parsed_octave), "")
+        # Int tone names: wrap to system range, adjust octave
+        if isinstance(name, int):
+            if isinstance(system, str):
+                from .systems import SYSTEMS
+                _sys = SYSTEMS[system]
+            else:
+                _sys = system
+            n_tones = len(_sys.tone_names)
+            if name < 0 or name >= n_tones:
+                extra_octaves = name // n_tones
+                name = name % n_tones
                 if octave is None:
-                    octave = parsed_octave
+                    octave = 4 + extra_octaves
+                else:
+                    octave += extra_octaves
+            name = str(name)
+
+        if isinstance(name, str):
+            # Normalize unicode music symbols to ASCII equivalents
+            name = (name
+                    .replace('\u266f', '#')   # ♯ → #
+                    .replace('\u266d', 'b')   # ♭ → b
+                    .replace('\U0001d12a', '##')  # 𝄪 → ##
+                    .replace('\U0001d12b', 'bb')  # 𝄫 → bb
+                    )
+            # Normalize 'x' / 'X' as double sharp (only after letter name)
+            if len(name) >= 2 and name[1] in ('x', 'X') and name[0].isalpha():
+                name = name[0] + '##' + name[2:]
+
+            # Only parse trailing digits as octave (e.g. "C4" → "C", octave=4).
+            # Digits embedded in the name (e.g. "Mib+1") are NOT octaves.
+            # Numeric pitch class names ("0", "11") are also left alone.
+            if name and name[0].isalpha():
+                import re as _re
+                m = _re.search(r'(\d+)$', name)
+                if m:
+                    parsed_octave = int(m.group(1))
+                    name = name[:m.start()]
+                    if octave is None:
+                        octave = parsed_octave
+
+        # Octave boundary fix: B#→C should increment octave,
+        # Cb→B should decrement octave (scientific pitch changes at C).
+        # Only applies to Western-style systems with letter names.
+        if octave is not None and name and name[0].isalpha():
+            if isinstance(system, str):
+                from .systems import SYSTEMS
+                _sys_check = SYSTEMS.get(system)
+            else:
+                _sys_check = system
+            if _sys_check is not None:
+                resolved = _sys_check.resolve_name(name)
+                if resolved is not None and resolved != name:
+                    orig_letter = name[0].upper()
+                    res_letter = resolved[0].upper()
+                    # Sharp crossing B→C: B# resolves to C, octave up
+                    if orig_letter == 'B' and res_letter == 'C' and '#' in name:
+                        octave += 1
+                    # Double sharp: A## resolves to B — no boundary cross
+                    # But B## resolves to C# — boundary cross
+                    if orig_letter == 'B' and res_letter not in ('B', 'A') and '##' in name:
+                        octave += 1
+                    # Flat crossing C→B: Cb resolves to B, octave down
+                    if orig_letter == 'C' and res_letter == 'B' and 'b' in name and name != 'C':
+                        octave -= 1
+                    # Double flat: D♭♭ resolves to C — no boundary cross
+                    # But C♭♭ resolves to Bb — boundary cross
+                    if orig_letter == 'C' and res_letter not in ('C', 'D') and 'bb' in name:
+                        octave -= 1
 
         self.name = name
         self.octave = octave
@@ -68,6 +130,13 @@ class Tone:
             self.system_name = None
             self._system = system
 
+        # Validate tone name against the system early (fixes #39).
+        if _validate and self.system.resolve_name(name) is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unknown tone name: {name!r}. "
+                f"Not found in the {system!r} system."
+            )
+
     @property
     def exists(self) -> bool:
         """True if this tone's name is found in the associated system."""
@@ -335,17 +404,20 @@ class Tone:
         Returns:
             A new ``Tone`` instance.
         """
-        try:
-            octave = int("".join([c for c in filter(str.isdigit, s)]))
-        except ValueError:
-            octave = None
-
-        tone = s.replace(str(octave), "") if octave else s
+        import re as _re
+        octave = None
+        tone = s
+        # Only parse trailing digits as octave
+        if s and s[0].isalpha():
+            m = _re.search(r'(\d+)$', s)
+            if m:
+                octave = int(m.group(1))
+                tone = s[:m.start()]
 
         if system:
             return klass(name=tone, octave=octave, system=system)
         else:
-            return klass(name=tone, octave=octave)
+            return klass(name=tone, octave=octave, _validate=False)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_tuple(klass, t: tuple[str, ...]) -> Tone:
@@ -381,19 +453,20 @@ class Tone:
         import math
         if hz <= 0:
             raise ValueError("Frequency must be positive")
-        # Semitones from A4
-        semitones_from_a4 = 12 * math.log2(hz / REFERENCE_A)
-        semitones = round(semitones_from_a4)
-        # A4 is index 0 in the Western system, octave 4
-        # Convert to absolute position from C0
-        a4_from_c0 = ((0 - C_INDEX) % 12) + (4 * 12)  # = 57
-        abs_pos = a4_from_c0 + semitones
-        octave = abs_pos // 12
-        relative = abs_pos % 12
-        index = (relative + C_INDEX) % 12
         if isinstance(system, str):
             from .systems import SYSTEMS
             system = SYSTEMS[system]
+        n = len(system.tone_names)
+        c_idx = getattr(system, 'c_index', C_INDEX)
+        # Steps from A4 in this EDO
+        steps_from_a4 = n * math.log2(hz / REFERENCE_A)
+        steps = round(steps_from_a4)
+        # A4 is index 0, octave 4. Convert to absolute position from C0.
+        a4_from_c0 = ((0 - c_idx) % n) + (4 * n)
+        abs_pos = a4_from_c0 + steps
+        octave = abs_pos // n
+        relative = abs_pos % n
+        index = (relative + c_idx) % n
         return klass.from_index(index, octave=octave, system=system)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -409,13 +482,19 @@ class Tone:
             >>> Tone.from_midi(69)
             <Tone A4>
         """
+        if isinstance(system, str):
+            from .systems import SYSTEMS
+            system = SYSTEMS[system]
+        # MIDI is a 12-TET standard. Convert to Hz and use from_frequency
+        # for non-12 systems.
+        n = len(system.tone_names)
+        if n != 12:
+            hz = REFERENCE_A * (2 ** ((note_number - 69) / 12))
+            return klass.from_frequency(hz, system=system)
         adjusted = note_number - 12  # MIDI C0=12
         octave = adjusted // 12
         relative = adjusted % 12
         index = (relative + C_INDEX) % 12
-        if isinstance(system, str):
-            from .systems import SYSTEMS
-            system = SYSTEMS[system]
         return klass.from_index(index, octave=octave, system=system)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -434,10 +513,27 @@ class Tone:
         """
         tone_names = system.tone_names[i]
         if prefer_flats and len(tone_names) > 1:
-            tone = tone_names[1]  # flat spelling (e.g. "Bb")
+            # Find the first flat spelling (contains 'b' but isn't just 'B')
+            tone = tone_names[0]  # fallback to primary
+            for tn in tone_names[1:]:
+                if 'b' in tn and tn != 'B':
+                    tone = tn
+                    break
         else:
-            tone = tone_names[0]  # sharp spelling (e.g. "A#")
-        return klass(name=tone, octave=octave, system=system)
+            tone = tone_names[0]  # primary spelling
+        # Bypass parsing and validation — name comes from a known system index
+        obj = klass.__new__(klass)
+        obj.name = tone
+        obj.octave = octave
+        obj.alt_names = list(tone_names[1:]) if len(tone_names) > 1 else []
+        obj._frequency = None
+        if isinstance(system, str):
+            obj.system_name = system
+            obj._system = None
+        else:
+            obj.system_name = None
+            obj._system = system
+        return obj
 
     @property
     def _index(self) -> int:
@@ -453,7 +549,15 @@ class Tone:
             canonical = self.system.resolve_name(self.name)
             if canonical is None:
                 raise ValueError(f"Tone {self.name!r} not found in system")
-            return self.system.tones.index(canonical)
+            # Use _name_to_index for direct lookup (avoids creating Tone objects)
+            idx = self.system._name_to_index(canonical)
+            if idx is not None:
+                return idx
+            # Fallback: linear search through tone_names
+            for i, names in enumerate(self.system.tone_names):
+                if canonical in names:
+                    return i
+            raise ValueError(f"Tone {self.name!r} not found in system")
         except AttributeError:
             raise ValueError("Tone index cannot be referenced without a system!")
 
@@ -467,19 +571,21 @@ class Tone:
         octave = self.octave or 0
 
         try:
-            mod = len(self.system.tones)
+            mod = len(self.system.tone_names)
         except AttributeError:
             raise ValueError(
                 "Tone math can only be computed with an associated system!"
             )
 
-        # Convert to absolute semitones from C0
-        note_from_c0 = ((self._index - C_INDEX) % mod) + (octave * mod)
+        c_idx = getattr(self.system, 'c_index', C_INDEX)
+
+        # Convert to absolute steps from C0
+        note_from_c0 = ((self._index - c_idx) % mod) + (octave * mod)
         note_from_c0 += interval
 
         new_octave = note_from_c0 // mod
         relative = note_from_c0 % mod
-        new_index = (relative + C_INDEX) % mod
+        new_index = (relative + c_idx) % mod
 
         return (new_index, new_octave)
 
@@ -530,9 +636,10 @@ class Tone:
             'octave'
         """
         semitones = abs(self - other)
-        octaves = semitones // 12
-        remainder = semitones % 12
-        name = self._INTERVAL_NAMES.get(remainder, f"{remainder} semitones")
+        n = len(self.system.tones)
+        octaves = semitones // n
+        remainder = semitones % n
+        name = self._INTERVAL_NAMES.get(remainder, f"{remainder} steps")
         if octaves == 0:
             return name
         if remainder == 0:
@@ -555,6 +662,12 @@ class Tone:
         """
         if self.octave is None:
             return None
+        n = len(self.system.tones)
+        if n != 12:
+            # Non-12-TET: approximate MIDI via frequency
+            import math
+            hz = self.pitch()
+            return round(69 + 12 * math.log2(hz / REFERENCE_A))
         semitones_from_c0 = ((self._index - C_INDEX) % 12) + (self.octave * 12)
         return semitones_from_c0 + 12  # MIDI C0 = 12 (C-1 = 0)
 
@@ -596,42 +709,43 @@ class Tone:
         return 1200 * math.log2(f2 / f1)
 
     def circle_of_fifths(self) -> list[Tone]:
-        """The 12 tones of the circle of fifths starting from this tone.
+        """The circle of fifths starting from this tone.
 
-        Each step ascends by a perfect fifth (7 semitones). After 12
-        steps you return to the starting tone. The circle of fifths
-        is the backbone of Western harmony — it determines key
-        signatures, chord relationships, and modulation paths.
-
-        Clockwise = add sharps: C → G → D → A → E → B → F# → ...
-        Counter-clockwise = add flats (see ``circle_of_fourths``).
+        Each step ascends by a perfect fifth (7 semitones in 12-TET).
+        After N steps (where N = number of tones in the system) you
+        return to the starting tone. The circle of fifths is the
+        backbone of Western harmony — it determines key signatures,
+        chord relationships, and modulation paths.
 
         Returns:
-            A list of 12 Tones.
+            A list of Tones (12 for Western, N for other systems).
         """
+        n = len(self.system.tones)
+        # Perfect fifth: the closest approximation to 3:2 ratio
+        fifth = round(n * 7 / 12)  # 7 in 12-TET, 11 in 19-TET, 18 in 31-TET
         tones: list[Tone] = []
         t = self
-        for _ in range(12):
+        for _ in range(n):
             tones.append(t)
-            t = t.add(7)
+            t = t.add(fifth)
         return tones
 
     def circle_of_fourths(self) -> list[Tone]:
-        """The 12 tones of the circle of fourths starting from this tone.
+        """The circle of fourths starting from this tone.
 
-        Each step ascends by a perfect fourth (5 semitones) — the
-        reverse direction of the circle of fifths.
-
-        Clockwise = add flats: C → F → Bb → Eb → Ab → ...
+        Each step ascends by a perfect fourth — the reverse direction
+        of the circle of fifths.
 
         Returns:
-            A list of 12 Tones.
+            A list of Tones (12 for Western, N for other systems).
         """
+        n = len(self.system.tones)
+        fourth = round(n * 5 / 12)  # 5 in 12-TET, 8 in 19-TET, 13 in 31-TET
         tones: list[Tone] = []
         t = self
-        for _ in range(12):
+        for _ in range(n):
             tones.append(t)
-            t = t.add(5)
+            t = t.add(fourth)
         return tones
 
     @property
@@ -687,26 +801,39 @@ class Tone:
         precision: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> float:
         try:
-            tones = len(self.system.tones)
+            tones = len(self.system.tone_names)
         except AttributeError:
             raise ValueError("Pitches can only be computed with an associated system!")
 
-        pitch_scale = TEMPERAMENTS[temperament](tones)
+        # Period ratio: 2.0 for standard octave-based systems,
+        # 3.0 for Bohlen-Pierce (tritave), configurable per system.
+        period = getattr(self.system, 'period', 2.0)
+        c_idx = getattr(self.system, 'c_index', C_INDEX)
+
+        # Custom ratios override temperament (e.g. shruti just ratios)
+        custom_ratios = getattr(self.system, 'ratios', None)
+        if custom_ratios is not None:
+            pitch_scale = list(custom_ratios) + [period]
+        elif period != 2.0 and temperament == "equal":
+            # Non-octave period (e.g. Bohlen-Pierce tritave=3.0)
+            pitch_scale = [period ** (i / tones) for i in range(tones + 1)]
+        else:
+            pitch_scale = TEMPERAMENTS[temperament](tones)
         octave = self.octave if self.octave is not None else 4
 
-        note_from_c0 = ((self._index - C_INDEX) % tones) + (octave * tones)
-        a4_from_c0 = ((0 - C_INDEX) % tones) + (4 * tones)  # A4
+        note_from_c0 = ((self._index - c_idx) % tones) + (octave * tones)
+        a4_from_c0 = ((0 - c_idx) % tones) + (4 * tones)  # A4
 
         diff = note_from_c0 - a4_from_c0
         octave_shift = diff // tones
         within_octave = diff % tones
 
-        ratio = pitch_scale[within_octave] * (2 ** octave_shift)
+        ratio = pitch_scale[within_octave] * (period ** octave_shift)
 
         if symbolic:
             return reference_pitch * ratio
         else:
-            result = reference_pitch * ratio
+            result = float(reference_pitch * ratio)
             if precision:
-                return float(result.evalf(precision))
-            return float(result)
+                return round(result, precision)
+            return result

test_pytheory.py

@@ -68,9 +68,16 @@ def test_tone_system():
 
 def test_tone_exists():
     c4 = Tone(name="C", octave=4, system="western")
-    invalid_tone = Tone(name="H", octave=4, system="western")
     assert c4.exists is True
-    assert invalid_tone.exists is False
+
+
+def test_tone_invalid_raises():
+    """Invalid tone names raise ValueError at construction time (fixes #39)."""
+    import pytest
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown tone name"):
+        Tone(name="H", octave=4, system="western")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown tone name"):
+        Tone("X")
 
 
 def test_tone_names_method():
@@ -4839,10 +4846,11 @@ def test_solfege_no_octave():
     assert t.solfege == "Do"
 
 
-def test_solfege_unknown_returns_name():
-    """A non-standard name should be returned unchanged."""
-    t = Tone(name="X", system="western")
-    assert t.solfege == "X"
+def test_solfege_unknown_raises():
+    """A non-standard name should raise ValueError at construction (fixes #39)."""
+    import pytest
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown tone name"):
+        Tone(name="X", system="western")
 
 
 # ── Rhythm / Duration system ────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -4861,6 +4869,19 @@ def test_duration_values():
     assert abs(Duration.TRIPLET_QUARTER.value - 2 / 3) < 1e-9
 
 
+def test_duration_arithmetic():
+    # Multiplication
+    assert Duration.WHOLE * 2 == 8.0
+    assert 2 * Duration.HALF == 4.0
+    assert Duration.QUARTER * 3 == 3.0
+    # Division
+    assert Duration.WHOLE / 2 == 2.0
+    # Addition
+    assert Duration.HALF + Duration.QUARTER == 3.0
+    assert Duration.HALF + 1.0 == 3.0
+    assert 1.0 + Duration.HALF == 3.0
+
+
 def test_time_signature_from_string_4_4():
     ts = TimeSignature.from_string("4/4")
     assert ts.beats == 4
@@ -5312,7 +5333,7 @@ def test_supersaw_wave():
 @needs_portaudio
 def test_all_synths_in_enum():
     from pytheory.play import Synth
-    assert len(Synth) == 13
+    assert len(Synth) == 42
     for s in Synth:
         wave = s(440, n_samples=1000)
         assert len(wave) == 1000
@@ -6459,11 +6480,8 @@ def test_instrument_piano():
     from pytheory import Score, Duration
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
     p = score.part("p", instrument="piano")
-    assert p.synth == "fm"
-    assert p.envelope == "piano"
-    assert p.detune == 5
-    assert p.lowpass == 6000
-    assert p.chorus_mix == 0.1
+    assert p.synth == "piano_synth"
+    assert p.vel_to_filter == 3000
 
 
 def test_instrument_violin():
@@ -6480,12 +6498,9 @@ def test_instrument_violin():
 def test_instrument_override():
     from pytheory import Score
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
-    # Explicit synth overrides the preset's "fm"
+    # Explicit synth overrides the preset
     p = score.part("p", instrument="piano", synth="saw")
     assert p.synth == "saw"
-    # Other preset values still apply
-    assert p.envelope == "piano"
-    assert p.detune == 5
 
 
 def test_instrument_unknown_raises():
@@ -6526,3 +6541,626 @@ def test_instrument_808_bass():
     assert p.lowpass_q == 1.5
     assert p.synth == "sine"
     assert p.envelope == "pluck"
+
+
+# ── Non-12-TET / Microtonal systems ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+from pytheory import TET
+
+
+def test_tet_factory_creates_system():
+    edo17 = TET(17)
+    assert len(edo17.tone_names) == 17
+    assert edo17.semitones == 17
+
+
+def test_tet_factory_numbered_tones():
+    edo17 = TET(17)
+    t = Tone("0", octave=4, system=edo17)
+    assert t.frequency == pytest.approx(440.0, rel=1e-3)
+    # One octave up
+    t_up = t.add(17)
+    assert t_up.frequency == pytest.approx(880.0, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_tet_factory_custom_names():
+    names = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]
+    edo5 = TET(5, names=names)
+    assert len(edo5.tone_names) == 5
+    t = Tone("A", octave=4, system=edo5)
+    assert t.frequency == pytest.approx(440.0, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_tet_factory_wrong_name_count():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        TET(5, names=["A", "B", "C"])
+
+
+def test_19tet_system():
+    sys19 = SYSTEMS["19-tet"]
+    assert sys19.semitones == 19
+    a = Tone("A", octave=4, system=sys19)
+    assert a.frequency == pytest.approx(440.0, rel=1e-3)
+    # Octave should double
+    a5 = a.add(19)
+    assert a5.frequency == pytest.approx(880.0, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_19tet_scale():
+    sys19 = SYSTEMS["19-tet"]
+    ts = TonedScale(system=sys19, tonic=Tone("C", octave=4, system=sys19))
+    major = ts["major"]
+    assert len(major.tones) == 8  # 7 + octave
+
+
+def test_31tet_system():
+    sys31 = SYSTEMS["31-tet"]
+    assert sys31.semitones == 31
+    a = Tone("A", octave=4, system=sys31)
+    assert a.frequency == pytest.approx(440.0, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_shruti_system():
+    shruti = SYSTEMS["shruti"]
+    assert shruti.semitones == 22
+    sa = Tone("Sa", octave=4, system=shruti)
+    # Sa should be near C4 (261.63 Hz) — not exact due to 22-TET
+    assert 250 < sa.frequency < 270
+
+
+def test_shruti_octave():
+    shruti = SYSTEMS["shruti"]
+    sa4 = Tone("Sa", octave=4, system=shruti)
+    sa5 = sa4.add(22)
+    assert sa5.frequency == pytest.approx(sa4.frequency * 2, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_shruti_bhairav_scale():
+    shruti = SYSTEMS["shruti"]
+    ts = TonedScale(system=shruti, tonic=Tone("Sa", octave=4, system=shruti))
+    bhairav = ts["bhairav"]
+    names = [t.name for t in bhairav.tones]
+    assert names[0] == "Sa"
+    assert "komal Re" in names  # the microtonal komal Re
+    assert len(bhairav.tones) == 8
+
+
+def test_maqam_system():
+    maqam = SYSTEMS["maqam"]
+    assert maqam.semitones == 24
+    do = Tone("Do", octave=4, system=maqam)
+    assert 250 < do.frequency < 270
+
+
+def test_maqam_rast_has_quarter_tones():
+    maqam = SYSTEMS["maqam"]
+    ts = TonedScale(system=maqam, tonic=Tone("Do", octave=4, system=maqam))
+    rast = ts["rast"]
+    names = [t.name for t in rast.tones]
+    # Rast should contain quarter-tone positions
+    assert any("↓" in n or "↑" in n for n in names)
+
+
+def test_slendro_system():
+    slendro = SYSTEMS["slendro"]
+    assert slendro.semitones == 5
+    ji = Tone("ji", octave=4, system=slendro)
+    # 5 steps = octave
+    ji_up = ji.add(5)
+    assert ji_up.frequency == pytest.approx(ji.frequency * 2, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_pelog_system():
+    pelog = SYSTEMS["pelog"]
+    assert pelog.semitones == 9
+    ts = TonedScale(system=pelog, tonic=Tone("ji", octave=4, system=pelog))
+    full_pelog = ts["pelog"]
+    assert len(full_pelog.tones) == 8
+
+
+def test_thai_system():
+    thai = SYSTEMS["thai"]
+    assert thai.semitones == 7
+    do = Tone("do", octave=4, system=thai)
+    # 7 steps = octave
+    do_up = do.add(7)
+    assert do_up.frequency == pytest.approx(do.frequency * 2, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_turkish_makam_system():
+    makam = SYSTEMS["makam"]
+    assert makam.semitones == 53
+    ts = TonedScale(system=makam, tonic=Tone("Do", octave=4, system=makam))
+    rast = ts["rast"]
+    assert len(rast.tones) == 8
+
+
+def test_carnatic_system():
+    carnatic = SYSTEMS["carnatic"]
+    assert carnatic.semitones == 72
+    ts = TonedScale(system=carnatic, tonic=Tone("Sa", octave=4, system=carnatic))
+    shankarabharanam = ts["shankarabharanam"]
+    assert len(shankarabharanam.tones) == 8
+
+
+def test_circle_of_fifths_19tet():
+    sys19 = SYSTEMS["19-tet"]
+    c = Tone("C", octave=4, system=sys19)
+    cof = c.circle_of_fifths()
+    assert len(cof) == 19  # should cycle through all 19 tones
+
+
+def test_circle_of_fifths_western_unchanged():
+    """Existing 12-TET circle of fifths should not be affected."""
+    c = Tone("C", octave=4, system="western")
+    cof = c.circle_of_fifths()
+    assert len(cof) == 12
+    assert cof[0].name == "C"
+    assert cof[1].name == "G"
+
+
+def test_from_frequency_non12():
+    sys19 = SYSTEMS["19-tet"]
+    t = Tone.from_frequency(440.0, system=sys19)
+    assert t.name == "A"
+    assert t.octave == 4
+
+
+def test_score_system_param():
+    """Score passes system to parts for string→Tone resolution."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    shruti = SYSTEMS["shruti"]
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120, system=shruti)
+    p = score.part("test", synth="sine")
+    assert p._system is shruti
+    # String "Sa" should resolve via shruti system, not western
+    p.add(Tone("Sa", octave=4, system=shruti), Duration.QUARTER)
+    assert len(p.notes) == 1
+
+
+def test_interval_to_non12():
+    sys19 = SYSTEMS["19-tet"]
+    a = Tone("A", octave=4, system=sys19)
+    a5 = a.add(19)
+    result = a.interval_to(a5)
+    assert "octave" in result
+
+
+# ── Dedicated instrument synths ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_all_dedicated_synths_render():
+    """Every dedicated synth waveform produces valid audio."""
+    from pytheory.play import (piano_wave, bass_guitar_wave, flute_wave,
+                                trumpet_wave, clarinet_wave, oboe_wave,
+                                marimba_wave, harpsichord_wave, cello_wave,
+                                harp_wave, upright_bass_wave,
+                                acoustic_guitar_wave, electric_guitar_wave,
+                                sitar_wave, SAMPLE_RATE)
+    synths = [piano_wave, bass_guitar_wave, flute_wave, trumpet_wave,
+              clarinet_wave, oboe_wave, marimba_wave, harpsichord_wave,
+              cello_wave, harp_wave, upright_bass_wave,
+              acoustic_guitar_wave, electric_guitar_wave, sitar_wave]
+    for fn in synths:
+        wave = fn(440, n_samples=11025)
+        assert len(wave) == 11025
+        assert wave.dtype == numpy.int16
+        assert numpy.abs(wave).max() > 0
+
+
+def test_piano_brightness_scales():
+    """High-pitched piano should be brighter (more high harmonics)."""
+    from pytheory.play import piano_wave
+    low = piano_wave(130, n_samples=22050)   # C3
+    high = piano_wave(1047, n_samples=22050)  # C6
+    # Both should produce valid audio
+    assert numpy.abs(low).max() > 0
+    assert numpy.abs(high).max() > 0
+
+
+def test_acoustic_guitar_body_resonance():
+    """Acoustic guitar should produce richer spectrum than raw pluck."""
+    from pytheory.play import acoustic_guitar_wave, pluck_wave
+    ag = acoustic_guitar_wave(220, n_samples=22050)
+    pk = pluck_wave(220, n_samples=22050)
+    assert len(ag) == len(pk) == 22050
+
+
+def test_cello_has_vibrato():
+    """Cello synth should produce pitch variation (vibrato)."""
+    from pytheory.play import cello_wave
+    wave = cello_wave(220, n_samples=44100)
+    assert len(wave) == 44100
+    assert numpy.abs(wave).max() > 0
+
+
+# ── Cabinet simulation ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_cabinet_reduces_highs():
+    """Cabinet sim should reduce high-frequency content."""
+    from pytheory.play import _apply_cabinet
+    # White noise has flat spectrum
+    noise = numpy.random.uniform(-1, 1, 44100).astype(numpy.float32)
+    cabbed = _apply_cabinet(noise, brightness=0.5)
+    # RMS of cabbed should be lower (energy removed by filters)
+    assert numpy.sqrt(numpy.mean(cabbed ** 2)) < numpy.sqrt(numpy.mean(noise ** 2))
+
+
+def test_cabinet_brightness_param():
+    """Higher brightness = more high-frequency content passes through."""
+    from pytheory.play import _apply_cabinet
+    noise = numpy.random.uniform(-1, 1, 44100).astype(numpy.float32)
+    dark = _apply_cabinet(noise, brightness=0.0)
+    bright = _apply_cabinet(noise, brightness=1.0)
+    # Bright should have more energy than dark
+    assert numpy.sqrt(numpy.mean(bright ** 2)) > numpy.sqrt(numpy.mean(dark ** 2))
+
+
+# ── Analog drift ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_analog_drift_varies_pitch():
+    """Analog drift should make repeated renders slightly different."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score1 = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p1 = score1.part("t", synth="saw", analog=0.5)
+    p1.add("C4", Duration.QUARTER)
+    p1.add("C4", Duration.QUARTER)
+    # With analog > 0, each C4 gets a random pitch offset
+    # This is hard to test deterministically, just verify it renders
+    from pytheory.play import render_score
+    buf = render_score(score1)
+    assert len(buf) > 0
+
+
+# ── Guitar strumming ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_strum_requires_fretboard():
+    """Strumming without a fretboard should raise ValueError."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p = score.part("g", synth="saw")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="fretboard"):
+        p.strum("Am", Duration.QUARTER)
+
+
+def test_strum_adds_notes():
+    """Strumming should add notes to the part."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration, Fretboard
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    fb = Fretboard.guitar()
+    p = score.part("g", instrument="acoustic_guitar", fretboard=fb)
+    p.strum("Am", Duration.HALF)
+    assert len(p.notes) > 0
+
+
+def test_strum_direction():
+    """Both down and up strums should work."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration, Fretboard
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    fb = Fretboard.guitar()
+    p = score.part("g", instrument="acoustic_guitar", fretboard=fb)
+    p.strum("G", Duration.QUARTER, direction="down")
+    p.strum("G", Duration.QUARTER, direction="up")
+    assert len(p.notes) >= 2  # grace notes + chord per strum
+
+
+# ── World drums ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_tabla_sounds_render():
+    """All tabla drum sounds should produce valid audio."""
+    from pytheory.play import _render_drum_hit
+    from pytheory.rhythm import DrumSound
+    for sound in [DrumSound.TABLA_NA, DrumSound.TABLA_TIN, DrumSound.TABLA_GE,
+                  DrumSound.TABLA_DHA, DrumSound.TABLA_TIT, DrumSound.TABLA_KE]:
+        wave = _render_drum_hit(sound.value, 22050)
+        assert len(wave) == 22050
+        assert wave.dtype == numpy.float32
+
+
+def test_dhol_sounds_render():
+    from pytheory.play import _render_drum_hit
+    from pytheory.rhythm import DrumSound
+    for sound in [DrumSound.DHOL_DAGGA, DrumSound.DHOL_TILLI, DrumSound.DHOL_BOTH]:
+        wave = _render_drum_hit(sound.value, 22050)
+        assert len(wave) == 22050
+
+
+def test_mridangam_sounds_render():
+    from pytheory.play import _render_drum_hit
+    from pytheory.rhythm import DrumSound
+    for sound in [DrumSound.MRIDANGAM_THAM, DrumSound.MRIDANGAM_NAM,
+                  DrumSound.MRIDANGAM_DIN, DrumSound.MRIDANGAM_THA]:
+        wave = _render_drum_hit(sound.value, 22050)
+        assert len(wave) == 22050
+
+
+def test_djembe_sounds_render():
+    from pytheory.play import _render_drum_hit
+    from pytheory.rhythm import DrumSound
+    for sound in [DrumSound.DJEMBE_BASS, DrumSound.DJEMBE_TONE, DrumSound.DJEMBE_SLAP]:
+        wave = _render_drum_hit(sound.value, 22050)
+        assert len(wave) == 22050
+
+
+def test_metal_kit_sounds_render():
+    from pytheory.play import _render_drum_hit
+    from pytheory.rhythm import DrumSound
+    for sound in [DrumSound.METAL_KICK, DrumSound.METAL_SNARE, DrumSound.METAL_HAT]:
+        wave = _render_drum_hit(sound.value, 22050)
+        assert len(wave) == 22050
+
+
+def test_tabla_pattern_presets():
+    """All tabla patterns should load without error."""
+    from pytheory.rhythm import Pattern
+    for name in ["teental", "jhaptaal", "rupak", "dadra",
+                 "keherwa", "tabla solo", "tiri kita"]:
+        p = Pattern.preset(name)
+        assert p.beats > 0
+
+
+def test_world_drum_pattern_presets():
+    """All world drum patterns should load."""
+    from pytheory.rhythm import Pattern
+    for name in ["bhangra", "dhol chaal", "qawwali", "dholak folk",
+                 "adi talam", "mridangam korvai", "djembe", "kuku", "soli",
+                 "double kick", "metal blast", "metal groove", "metal gallop"]:
+        p = Pattern.preset(name)
+        assert p.beats > 0
+
+
+# ── Guitar presets with cabinet sim ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_guitar_presets_have_cabinet():
+    """Distorted guitar presets should have cabinet simulation."""
+    from pytheory import Score
+    for preset in ["distorted_guitar", "orange_crunch", "metal_guitar"]:
+        score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+        p = score.part("g", instrument=preset)
+        assert p.cabinet > 0, f"{preset} should have cabinet sim"
+
+
+def test_clean_guitar_preset():
+    from pytheory import Score
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p = score.part("g", instrument="clean_guitar")
+    assert p.synth == "electric_guitar_synth"
+    assert p.cabinet > 0
+
+
+# ── New instrument synths (v0.36+) ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_new_synths_render():
+    """All 7 new synths produce valid audio."""
+    from pytheory.play import (pedal_steel_wave, theremin_wave, kalimba_wave,
+                                steel_drum_wave, accordion_wave,
+                                didgeridoo_wave, bagpipe_wave,
+                                banjo_wave, mandolin_wave, ukulele_wave,
+                                vocal_wave, SAMPLE_RATE)
+    synths = [pedal_steel_wave, theremin_wave, kalimba_wave, steel_drum_wave,
+              accordion_wave, didgeridoo_wave, bagpipe_wave,
+              banjo_wave, mandolin_wave, ukulele_wave, vocal_wave]
+    for fn in synths:
+        wave = fn(440, n_samples=11025)
+        assert len(wave) == 11025
+        assert wave.dtype == numpy.int16
+        assert numpy.abs(wave).max() > 0
+
+
+def test_vocal_synth_with_lyric():
+    """Vocal synth accepts lyric parameter."""
+    from pytheory.play import vocal_wave
+    for lyric in ["ah", "ee", "oh", "oo", "hi", "la"]:
+        wave = vocal_wave(330, n_samples=11025, lyric=lyric)
+        assert len(wave) == 11025
+        assert numpy.abs(wave).max() > 0
+
+
+def test_vocal_different_vowels_differ():
+    """Different vowels should produce different waveforms."""
+    from pytheory.play import vocal_wave
+    ah = vocal_wave(330, n_samples=22050, lyric="ah")
+    ee = vocal_wave(330, n_samples=22050, lyric="ee")
+    # They should differ (different formant peaks)
+    assert not numpy.array_equal(ah, ee)
+
+
+def test_all_instrument_presets_create():
+    """Every instrument preset in INSTRUMENTS should create a valid Part."""
+    from pytheory import Score
+    from pytheory.rhythm import INSTRUMENTS
+    for name in INSTRUMENTS:
+        score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+        p = score.part("test", instrument=name)
+        assert p.synth is not None
+
+
+def test_new_instrument_presets():
+    """New instrument presets have correct synths."""
+    from pytheory import Score
+    presets = {
+        "pedal_steel": "pedal_steel_synth",
+        "theremin": "theremin_synth",
+        "kalimba": "kalimba_synth",
+        "steel_drum": "steel_drum_synth",
+        "accordion": "accordion_synth",
+        "didgeridoo": "didgeridoo_synth",
+        "bagpipe": "bagpipe_synth",
+        "banjo": "banjo_synth",
+        "mandolin": "mandolin_synth",
+        "ukulele": "ukulele_synth",
+    }
+    for name, expected_synth in presets.items():
+        score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+        p = score.part("t", instrument=name)
+        assert p.synth == expected_synth, f"{name} has {p.synth}, expected {expected_synth}"
+
+
+# ── Cajón drums ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_cajon_sounds_render():
+    from pytheory.play import _render_drum_hit
+    from pytheory.rhythm import DrumSound
+    for sound in [DrumSound.CAJON_BASS, DrumSound.CAJON_SLAP, DrumSound.CAJON_TAP]:
+        wave = _render_drum_hit(sound.value, 22050)
+        assert len(wave) == 22050
+        assert wave.dtype == numpy.float32
+
+
+def test_cajon_patterns():
+    from pytheory.rhythm import Pattern
+    for name in ["cajon", "cajon rumba", "cajon folk"]:
+        p = Pattern.preset(name)
+        assert p.beats > 0
+
+
+# ── Pitch bends ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_pitch_bend_renders():
+    """Pitch bend should produce valid audio without errors."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    from pytheory.play import render_score
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p = score.part("t", instrument="electric_guitar")
+    p.add("A4", Duration.HALF, bend=2, bend_type="smooth")
+    p.add("A4", Duration.HALF, bend=-1, bend_type="late")
+    p.add("A4", Duration.HALF, bend=3, bend_type="linear")
+    p.add("A4", Duration.HALF)
+    buf = render_score(score)
+    assert len(buf) > 0
+
+
+def test_pitch_bend_types():
+    """All three bend types should work."""
+    from pytheory.rhythm import Note, Duration
+    for bt in ["smooth", "linear", "late"]:
+        n = Note(tone=None, duration=Duration.QUARTER, bend=2, bend_type=bt)
+        assert n.bend_type == bt
+
+
+# ── Roll method ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_roll_adds_notes():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p = score.part("t", instrument="timpani")
+    p.roll("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=30, velocity_end=100)
+    assert len(p.notes) > 4  # should be many 16th notes
+
+
+def test_roll_velocity_ramp():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p = score.part("t", instrument="timpani")
+    p.roll("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=20, velocity_end=100)
+    velocities = [n.velocity for n in p.notes]
+    # First should be quieter than last
+    assert velocities[0] < velocities[-1]
+
+
+def test_roll_custom_speed():
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    p = score.part("t", synth="sine")
+    p.roll("A4", Duration.WHOLE, speed=0.125)  # 32nd notes
+    # 4 beats / 0.125 = 32 notes
+    assert len(p.notes) == 32
+
+
+# ── Int tone names ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_int_tone_name():
+    from pytheory import Tone, TET
+    edo = TET(22)
+    t = Tone(0, octave=4, system=edo)
+    assert t.name == "0"
+    assert t.frequency == pytest.approx(440.0, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_int_tone_wrapping():
+    from pytheory import Tone, TET
+    edo = TET(22)
+    t = Tone(22, octave=4, system=edo)
+    assert t.name == "0"
+    assert t.octave == 5
+    assert t.frequency == pytest.approx(880.0, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_int_tone_negative():
+    from pytheory import Tone, TET
+    edo = TET(22)
+    t = Tone(-1, octave=4, system=edo)
+    assert t.name == "21"
+    assert t.octave == 3
+
+
+def test_system_tone_method():
+    from pytheory import TET
+    edo = TET(19)
+    t = edo.tone(5, octave=4)
+    assert t.name == "5"
+    assert t.octave == 4
+
+
+# ── B#/Cb octave boundary ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_b_sharp_octave():
+    t = Tone("B#4")
+    assert t.octave == 5
+    assert t.frequency == pytest.approx(Tone("C5").frequency, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+def test_c_flat_octave():
+    t = Tone("Cb4")
+    assert t.octave == 3
+    assert t.frequency == pytest.approx(Tone("B3").frequency, rel=1e-3)
+
+
+# ── Note choking ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_note_choking_renders():
+    """Fast repeated notes should render without errors (choking active)."""
+    from pytheory import Score, Duration
+    from pytheory.play import render_score
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=200)
+    p = score.part("t", instrument="piano")
+    for _ in range(32):
+        p.add("C4", Duration.SIXTEENTH)
+    buf = render_score(score)
+    assert len(buf) > 0
+
+
+# ── Score system/temperament ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_score_temperament():
+    from pytheory import Score
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120, temperament="just")
+    assert score.temperament == "just"
+
+
+def test_score_reference_pitch():
+    from pytheory import Score
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120, reference_pitch=415.0)
+    assert score.reference_pitch == 415.0
+
+
+def test_score_system_propagates():
+    from pytheory import Score, SYSTEMS
+    shruti = SYSTEMS["shruti"]
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120, system=shruti)
+    p = score.part("t", synth="sine")
+    assert p._system is shruti
+
+
+# ── Synth enum count ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_synth_enum_count():
+    from pytheory.play import Synth
+    assert len(Synth) == 42
+
+
+def test_all_synths_render_and_enum_match():
+    """Every Synth enum member should render valid audio."""
+    from pytheory.play import Synth
+    for s in Synth:
+        wave = s(440, n_samples=1000)
+        assert len(wave) == 1000

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