Multi-stage distortion: preamp, power amp, asymmetric clipping — v0.40.4

Single tanh was too mild. Now chains preamp gain → power amp clip →
asymmetric rectifier sag for proper overdrive/fuzz character.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,51 @@
 
 All notable changes to PyTheory are documented here.
 
+## 0.40.4
+
+- **Distortion overhaul** — multi-stage clipping (preamp → power amp →
+  asymmetric rectifier) replaces single-stage tanh. Crunch, distorted,
+  orange crunch, and metal guitar presets now sound properly driven.
+
+## 0.40.3
+
+- **Crotales synth** — tuned bronze discs with long ring and bright harmonics
+- **Tingsha synth** — paired Tibetan cymbals with beating from two detuned discs
+- **Rain stick** — cascading pebbles (steep and slow/shallow variants)
+- **Ocean drum** — steel beads rolling inside a frame drum, surf wash
+- **Cabasa** — metal bead chain on cylinder, bright metallic scrape
+- **Wind chimes** — multiple suspended metal tubes ringing at random offsets
+- **Finger cymbal** — single zill tap, bright metallic ping
+- `crotales`, `tingsha`, `singing_bowl`, `singing_bowl_ring` instrument presets
+- Audio demos in docs for all new sounds
+
+## 0.40.2
+
+- **Master compressor dialed back** — threshold raised from 0.5 to 0.7,
+  makeup gain capped at 3x. Sparse arrangements no longer get
+  over-amplified to clipping.
+
+## 0.40.1
+
+- **Singing bowl synth** — two variants: strike (mallet hit with chirp
+  and long decay) and ring (rim-rubbed sustained tone with slow build).
+  Inharmonic partials beat against near-degenerate mode pairs for
+  authentic Himalayan bowl shimmer.
+- `singing_bowl` and `singing_bowl_ring` instrument presets
+- Audio demos in docs for both variants
+
+## 0.40.0
+
+- **Rhodes electric piano synth** — tine + tonebar + electromagnetic
+  pickup model. `electric_piano` preset now uses dedicated `rhodes_synth`
+  instead of FM
+- **73 audio demos in docs** — every synth, every drum pattern, every
+  code example with `play_score()` now has an embedded audio player
+- Idiomatic demos: harp arpeggiates, guitars strum, cello bows, sitar
+  drones, strings use ensemble
+- Trailing silence trimming on all audio exports
+- Raw waveform demos (no envelope) for classic waveforms
+
 ## 0.39.3
 
 - **33 audio samples in documentation** — every `play_score()` example

docs/generate_audio.py

@@ -23,7 +23,20 @@ os.makedirs(AUDIO_DIR, exist_ok=True)
 
 
 def save_wav(buf, path):
-    """Save a float32 buffer as 16-bit stereo WAV."""
+    """Save a float32 buffer as 16-bit stereo WAV, trimming trailing silence."""
+    # Trim trailing silence (below -60dB threshold)
+    threshold = 0.001
+    if buf.ndim == 2:
+        amplitude = numpy.abs(buf).max(axis=1)
+    else:
+        amplitude = numpy.abs(buf)
+    # Find last sample above threshold
+    above = numpy.where(amplitude > threshold)[0]
+    if len(above) > 0:
+        # Keep 0.2s of tail after last audible sample for natural decay
+        tail = min(int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.2), len(buf) - above[-1])
+        buf = buf[:above[-1] + tail]
+
     # Handle both mono (n,) and stereo (n, 2) buffers
     if buf.ndim == 1:
         channels = 1
@@ -172,43 +185,74 @@ def gen_tabla():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
     score.drums("teental", repeats=2)
     score.drums("chakradar", repeats=1)
-    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.2)
+    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.3, reverb_type="hall")
     render("tabla", score)
 
 
 # ── Marching snare ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 def gen_metal_blast():
-    score = Score("4/4", bpm=200)
-    score.drums("metal blast", repeats=8, fill="metal cascade", fill_every=4)
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=190)
+    # Showcase all metal patterns: groove → gallop → triplet fill → blast
+    score.drums("metal groove", repeats=2)
+    score.drums("metal gallop", repeats=4, fill="metal triplet", fill_every=4)
+    score.drums("metal blast", repeats=2, fill="metal cascade", fill_every=2)
+    score.drums("double kick", repeats=2, fill="metal blast", fill_every=2)
     render("metal_blast", score)
 
 
 def gen_cajon():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
     score.drums("cajon", repeats=8, fill="cajon flam", fill_every=4)
+    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.25, reverb_type="room")
     render("cajon", score)
 
 
 def gen_tabla_teental():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=160)
-    score.drums("teental", repeats=4)
-    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.2)
+    score.drums("teental", repeats=3)
+    score.drums("teental", repeats=1, fill="bayan", fill_every=1)
+    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.3, reverb_type="hall")
     render("tabla_teental", score)
 
 
 def gen_tabla_keherwa():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=180)
-    score.drums("keherwa", repeats=4, fill="chakkardar", fill_every=4)
-    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.2)
+    # Manual part so we can add ge_bend hits
+    tabla = score.part("tabla", synth="sine", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3, reverb_type="hall")
+    DHA = DrumSound.TABLA_DHA
+    NA = DrumSound.TABLA_NA
+    TIN = DrumSound.TABLA_TIN
+    TIT = DrumSound.TABLA_TIT
+    GE = DrumSound.TABLA_GE
+    GB = DrumSound.TABLA_GE_BEND
+    # Keherwa with ge_bend accents
+    for _ in range(3):
+        tabla.hit(DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=90, articulation="accent")
+        tabla.hit(GE, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=65)
+        tabla.hit(NA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=72)
+        tabla.hit(TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=45)
+        tabla.hit(NA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=68)
+        tabla.hit(TIT, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=42)
+        tabla.hit(DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=85, articulation="accent")
+        tabla.hit(NA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=70)
+    # Last bar with bayan bends
+    tabla.hit(DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=95, articulation="marcato")
+    tabla.hit(GB, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=80)
+    tabla.hit(NA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=72)
+    tabla.hit(GB, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=82)
+    tabla.hit(DHA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=100, articulation="accent")
+    tabla.hit(GB, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=85)
+    tabla.hit(DHA, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=110, articulation="fermata")
     render("tabla_keherwa", score)
 
 
 def gen_tabla_chakradar():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=200)
-    score.drums("teental", repeats=2)
+    score.drums("teental", repeats=1)
+    score.drums("teental", repeats=1, fill="bayan", fill_every=1)
     score.drums("chakradar", repeats=1)
-    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.2)
+    score.set_drum_effects(reverb=0.3, reverb_type="hall")
     render("tabla_chakradar", score)
 
 
@@ -232,31 +276,120 @@ def gen_mridangam():
 
 def gen_march_snare():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
-    p = score.part("snare", synth="sine", volume=0.8, reverb=0.15)
+
     S = DrumSound.MARCH_SNARE
     R = DrumSound.MARCH_RIMSHOT
     C = DrumSound.MARCH_CLICK
+    Q1 = DrumSound.QUAD_1
+    Q2 = DrumSound.QUAD_2
+    Q3 = DrumSound.QUAD_3
+    Q4 = DrumSound.QUAD_4
+    QS = DrumSound.QUAD_SPOCK
+    B1 = DrumSound.BASS_1
+    B2 = DrumSound.BASS_2
+    B3 = DrumSound.BASS_3
+    B4 = DrumSound.BASS_4
+    B5 = DrumSound.BASS_5
 
-    for _ in range(4):
-        p.hit(C, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=95)
+    # Snare line — 8 players (high volume to compensate for ensemble division)
+    sn = score.part("snares", synth="sine", volume=1.5, reverb=0.2, ensemble=8)
+    # Quads — 4 players
+    q = score.part("quads", synth="sine", volume=0.5, reverb=0.2, ensemble=4)
+    # Basses — 5 players
+    b = score.part("basses", synth="sine", volume=0.55, reverb=0.2, ensemble=5)
 
+    # Click count-off
     for _ in range(4):
-        p.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=118)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=32)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
-        p.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=115)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=32)
-        p.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=118)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=35)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
-        p.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=120)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
-        p.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=32)
+        sn.hit(C, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=95)
+        q.rest(Duration.QUARTER)
+        b.rest(Duration.QUARTER)
+
+    # Bar 1-2: snare groove, quads accent, bass on beats
+    for _ in range(2):
+        sn.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=118)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=32)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
+        sn.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=115)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=32)
+        sn.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=118)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=35)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
+        sn.hit(R, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=120)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
+        sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=32)
+
+        q.hit(Q1, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=95)
+        q.hit(Q2, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q3, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q4, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q4, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q3, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q2, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q1, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=95)
+        q.hit(QS, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=100)
+        q.hit(Q1, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q3, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q1, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(QS, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=100)
+        q.hit(Q4, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q2, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+        q.hit(Q1, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+
+        b.hit(B3, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=100)
+        b.hit(B1, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=90)
+        b.hit(B5, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=95)
+        b.hit(B3, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=100)
+        b.hit(B5, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=90)
+        b.hit(B1, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=95)
+
+    # Bar 3: flams + diddles
+    sn.flam(S, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=120)
+    sn.diddle(S, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=45)
+    sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
+    sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=32)
+    sn.flam(S, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=118)
+    sn.diddle(S, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=42)
+    sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=28)
+    sn.hit(S, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=30)
+
+    q.hit(Q1, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=95)
+    q.hit(Q3, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=55)
+    q.hit(Q2, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+    q.hit(Q4, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=55)
+    q.hit(QS, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=100)
+    q.hit(Q4, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=55)
+    q.hit(Q1, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=90)
+
+    b.hit(B5, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=100)
+    b.hit(B3, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=95)
+    b.hit(B1, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=100)
+    b.hit(B3, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=95)
+
+    # Bar 4: buzz roll finale into big hit
+    for i in range(28):
+        sn.hit(S, 0.0625, velocity=min(25 + i * 3, 100))
+    sn.hit(R, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=125)
+    sn.hit(R, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=127)
+
+    for i in range(8):
+        q.hit([Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q4,Q3,Q2,Q1][i], Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=60+i*4)
+    q.hit(QS, Duration.HALF, velocity=110)
+
+    b.hit(B1, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+    b.hit(B2, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+    b.hit(B3, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+    b.hit(B4, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+    b.hit(B5, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=95)
+    b.hit(B4, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+    b.hit(B3, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+    b.hit(B2, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=90)
+    b.hit(B3, Duration.HALF, velocity=100)
+
     render("march_snare", score)
 
 
@@ -391,6 +524,420 @@ def gen_jazz_ballad():
 
 # ── Quickstart example ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+# ── Synth waveform demos ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _synth_demo(name, synth, envelope="none", **kwargs):
+    """Short C major melody on a given synth."""
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth=synth, envelope=envelope, volume=0.5,
+                   reverb=0.2, **kwargs)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render(f"synth_{name}", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_sine():
+    _synth_demo("sine", "sine")
+
+def gen_synth_saw():
+    _synth_demo("saw", "saw")
+
+def gen_synth_triangle():
+    _synth_demo("triangle", "triangle")
+
+def gen_synth_square():
+    _synth_demo("square", "square")
+
+def gen_synth_piano():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=85)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="piano", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    # Hold chords with melody on top
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=60)
+    p.hold("E3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=55)
+    p.hold("G3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=55)
+    for n in ["E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "D4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_piano", score)
+
+def gen_synth_acoustic_guitar():
+    from pytheory import Fretboard
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="acoustic_guitar", volume=0.5,
+                   reverb=0.25, fretboard=Fretboard.guitar())
+    for ch in ["G", "D", "Em", "C"]:
+        p.strum(ch, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_acoustic_guitar", score)
+
+def gen_synth_pulse():
+    _synth_demo("pulse", "pulse")
+
+def gen_synth_noise():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="noise", envelope="pad", volume=0.3,
+                   lowpass=2000, reverb=0.3)
+    p.add("C4", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_noise", score)
+
+def gen_synth_pwm_slow():
+    _synth_demo("pwm_slow", "pwm_slow", envelope="pad")
+
+def gen_synth_pwm_fast():
+    _synth_demo("pwm_fast", "pwm_fast")
+
+def gen_synth_fm():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="fm", envelope="bell", volume=0.5,
+                   fm_ratio=3.0, fm_index=5.0, reverb=0.3)
+    for n in ["C5", "E5", "G5", "C6", "G5", "E5", "C5", "E5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_fm", score)
+
+def gen_synth_rhodes():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="electric_piano", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    # Jazz chords with hold
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=60)
+    p.hold("E3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=55)
+    p.hold("Bb3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=55)
+    for n in ["G4", "Bb4", "C5", "Bb4", "G4", "F4", "E4", "G4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_rhodes", score)
+
+def gen_synth_supersaw():
+    _synth_demo("supersaw", "supersaw", envelope="pad")
+
+def gen_synth_bass_guitar():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="bass_guitar_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.2)
+    for n in ["C2", "E2", "G2", "C3", "G2", "E2", "C2", "E2"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_bass_guitar", score)
+
+def gen_synth_flute():
+    _synth_demo("flute", "flute_synth", envelope="none")
+
+def gen_synth_trumpet():
+    _synth_demo("trumpet", "trumpet_synth", envelope="none")
+
+def gen_synth_clarinet():
+    _synth_demo("clarinet", "clarinet_synth", envelope="none")
+
+def gen_synth_oboe():
+    _synth_demo("oboe", "oboe_synth", envelope="none")
+
+def gen_synth_cello():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=70)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="cello", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3, ensemble=3)
+    for n in ["C3", "E3", "G3", "C4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_cello", score)
+
+def gen_synth_harpsichord():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="harpsichord_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.25)
+    # Baroque ornamental runs
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=70)
+    for n in ["C4", "D4", "E4", "F4", "G4", "A4", "B4", "C5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=80)
+    p.hold("G3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=70)
+    for n in ["C5", "B4", "A4", "G4", "F4", "E4", "D4", "C4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=78)
+    render("synth_harpsichord", score)
+
+def gen_synth_electric_guitar():
+    from pytheory import Fretboard
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=110)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="electric_guitar", volume=0.5,
+                   reverb=0.15, fretboard=Fretboard.guitar())
+    for ch in ["Am", "F", "C", "G"]:
+        p.strum(ch, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_electric_guitar", score)
+
+def gen_synth_kalimba():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="kalimba", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    for n in ["C5", "E5", "G5", "C6", "G5", "E5", "C5", "E5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_kalimba", score)
+
+def gen_synth_wurlitzer():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=90)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="wurlitzer", volume=0.5, reverb=0.25)
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=60)
+    p.hold("Eb3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=55)
+    p.hold("G3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=55)
+    for n in ["G4", "Bb4", "C5", "Bb4", "G4", "F4", "Eb4", "G4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=78)
+    render("synth_wurlitzer", score)
+
+def gen_synth_vibraphone():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=90)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="vibraphone", volume=0.5)
+    for n in ["C5", "E5", "G5", "C6", "G5", "E5", "C5", "E5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_vibraphone", score)
+
+def gen_synth_pipe_organ():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=70)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="pipe_organ", volume=0.5)
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE * 4, velocity=70)
+    p.hold("G3", Duration.WHOLE * 4, velocity=65)
+    for n in ["C4", "D4", "E4", "F4", "G4", "F4", "E4", "D4",
+              "C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "C4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_pipe_organ", score)
+
+def gen_synth_choir():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=70)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="choir", volume=0.5)
+    for n, v in [("C4", "ah"), ("E4", "oh"), ("G4", "ah"), ("C5", "ee"),
+                 ("G4", "oh"), ("E4", "ah"), ("C4", "oo"), ("C4", "ah")]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.HALF, velocity=70, lyric=v)
+    render("synth_choir", score)
+
+def gen_synth_organ():
+    _synth_demo("organ", "organ_synth", envelope="organ")
+
+def gen_synth_marimba():
+    _synth_demo("marimba", "marimba_synth", envelope="mallet")
+
+def gen_synth_sitar():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="sitar", volume=0.4, reverb=0.35)
+    # Drone under melody
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE * 4, velocity=55)
+    for n, d in [("C4", 1.0), ("D4", 0.5), ("E4", 0.5), ("G4", 1.0),
+                 ("A4", 0.5), ("G4", 0.5), ("E4", 1.0), ("D4", 0.5),
+                 ("C4", 0.5), ("D4", 1.0), ("C4", 2.0)]:
+        p.add(n, d, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_sitar", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_harp():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="harp_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    # Arpeggiated chords with hold — harp style
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=70)
+    for n in ["E4", "G4", "C5", "E5", "G5", "C5", "G4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_harp", score)
+
+def gen_synth_upright_bass():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="upright_bass_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.2)
+    for n in ["C2", "E2", "G2", "C3", "G2", "E2", "C2", "E2"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_upright_bass", score)
+
+def gen_synth_timpani():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=140)
+    timp = score.part("timp", synth="timpani_synth", volume=0.5, reverb=0.25)
+    timp.roll("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=20, velocity_end=110, speed=0.125)
+    timp.add("C3", Duration.HALF, velocity=127)
+    timp.rest(Duration.HALF)
+    timp.roll("G2", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=20, velocity_end=110, speed=0.125)
+    timp.add("G2", Duration.HALF, velocity=127)
+    render("synth_timpani", score)
+
+def gen_synth_strings():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=70)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="strings_synth", envelope="bowed",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.35, ensemble=8)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_strings", score)
+
+def gen_synth_saxophone():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="tenor_sax", volume=0.5, reverb=0.2)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_saxophone", score)
+
+def gen_synth_pedal_steel():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="pedal_steel", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_pedal_steel", score)
+
+def gen_synth_theremin():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="theremin", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5", "G4", "E4", "C4", "E4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_theremin", score)
+
+def gen_synth_steel_drum():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="steel_drum", volume=0.5, reverb=0.2)
+    for n in ["C5", "E5", "G5", "C6", "G5", "E5", "C5", "E5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_steel_drum", score)
+
+def gen_synth_accordion():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=110)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="accordion", volume=0.5, reverb=0.2)
+    # Waltz feel with held chords
+    p.hold("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=65)
+    p.hold("E3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=60)
+    p.hold("G3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=60)
+    for n in ["E4", "G4", "C5", "G4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=78)
+    p.hold("F3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=65)
+    p.hold("A3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=60)
+    p.hold("C4", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=60)
+    for n in ["A4", "C5", "F5", "C5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=78)
+    render("synth_accordion", score)
+
+def gen_synth_didgeridoo():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="didgeridoo", volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    p.add("C2", Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=85)
+    render("synth_didgeridoo", score)
+
+def gen_synth_bagpipe():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=90)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="bagpipe", volume=0.4, reverb=0.2)
+    # Drone on low A + E (like real Highland pipes)
+    p.hold("A3", Duration.WHOLE * 4, velocity=70)
+    p.hold("E3", Duration.WHOLE * 4, velocity=65)
+    # Chanter melody on top
+    for n, d in [("A4", 1.0), ("B4", 0.5), ("C5", 0.5), ("D5", 1.0),
+                 ("E5", 1.0), ("D5", 0.5), ("C5", 0.5), ("B4", 1.0),
+                 ("A4", 1.0), ("G4", 1.0), ("A4", 2.0)]:
+        p.add(n, d, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_bagpipe", score)
+
+def gen_synth_banjo():
+    from pytheory import Fretboard
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=130)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="banjo", volume=0.5, reverb=0.15,
+                   fretboard=Fretboard.guitar())
+    # Strum into a picking lick
+    p.strum("G", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=80)
+    p.strum("C", Duration.WHOLE, velocity=78)
+    # Bluegrass lick — 16th note picking
+    for n in ["G4", "B4", "D5", "G5", "D5", "B4", "A4", "G4",
+              "D4", "G4", "B4", "D5", "B4", "G4", "D4", "G4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.SIXTEENTH, velocity=82)
+    render("synth_banjo", score)
+
+def gen_synth_mandolin():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=110)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="mandolin", volume=0.5, reverb=0.2)
+    # Tremolo rolls on held notes — the mandolin signature
+    p.roll("G4", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=65, velocity_end=85, speed=Duration.SIXTEENTH)
+    p.roll("A4", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=65, velocity_end=85, speed=Duration.SIXTEENTH)
+    # Quick melody
+    for n in ["B4", "C5", "D5", "C5", "B4", "A4", "G4", "A4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=80)
+    # End on a roll
+    p.roll("G4", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=70, velocity_end=90, speed=Duration.SIXTEENTH)
+    render("synth_mandolin", score)
+
+def gen_synth_ukulele():
+    from pytheory import Fretboard
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=110)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="ukulele", volume=0.5, reverb=0.25,
+                   fretboard=Fretboard.ukulele())
+    for ch in ["C", "Am", "F", "G"]:
+        p.strum(ch, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=72)
+    render("synth_ukulele", score)
+
+def gen_synth_granular():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    p = score.part("demo", instrument="granular_pad", volume=0.5, reverb=0.4)
+    for n in ["C4", "E4", "G4", "C5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_granular", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_crotales():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=60)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="crotales_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.3)
+    for n in ["C6", "E6", "G6", "C7", "G6", "E6", "C6"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.HALF, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_crotales", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_tingsha():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=40)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="tingsha_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.4)
+    for n in ["E5", "A5", "E6", "A5"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_tingsha", score)
+
+
+def gen_rainstick():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=60)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="sine", volume=1.0)
+    p.hit(DrumSound.RAINSTICK, Duration.WHOLE * 3, velocity=90)
+    render("rainstick", score)
+
+
+def gen_rainstick_slow():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=60)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="sine", volume=1.0)
+    p.hit(DrumSound.RAINSTICK_SLOW, Duration.WHOLE * 4, velocity=85)
+    render("rainstick_slow", score)
+
+
+def gen_ocean_drum():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=60)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="sine", volume=1.0)
+    p.hit(DrumSound.OCEAN_DRUM, Duration.WHOLE * 3, velocity=85)
+    render("ocean_drum", score)
+
+
+def gen_cabasa():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=100)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="sine", volume=1.0)
+    for _ in range(16):
+        p.hit(DrumSound.CABASA, Duration.EIGHTH, velocity=100)
+    render("cabasa", score)
+
+
+def gen_wind_chimes():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=60)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="sine", volume=1.0)
+    p.hit(DrumSound.WIND_CHIMES, Duration.WHOLE * 3, velocity=85)
+    render("wind_chimes", score)
+
+
+def gen_finger_cymbal():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=80)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="sine", volume=1.0)
+    for _ in range(8):
+        p.hit(DrumSound.FINGER_CYMBAL, Duration.QUARTER, velocity=85)
+    render("finger_cymbal", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_singing_bowl_strike():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=40)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="singing_bowl_strike_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.4)
+    for n in ["A3", "D4", "F4", "A4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.WHOLE, velocity=80)
+    render("synth_singing_bowl_strike", score)
+
+
+def gen_synth_singing_bowl_ring():
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=30)
+    p = score.part("demo", synth="singing_bowl_ring_synth", envelope="none",
+                   volume=0.5, reverb=0.4)
+    for n in ["A3", "D4", "A4"]:
+        p.add(n, Duration.WHOLE * 2, velocity=75)
+    render("synth_singing_bowl_ring", score)
+
+
 def gen_arpeggio():
     score = Score("4/4", bpm=132)
     score.drums("house", repeats=8)
@@ -419,25 +966,24 @@ def gen_legato_glide():
 
 
 def gen_quickstart():
-    score = Score("4/4", bpm=140)
-    score.drums("bossa nova", repeats=4)
-    chords = score.part("chords", synth="sine", envelope="pad",
-                        reverb=0.4, volume=0.3)
-    lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck",
-                      lowpass=2000, lowpass_q=3.0, distortion=0.8,
-                      legato=True, glide=0.03, volume=0.4)
-    bass = score.part("bass", synth="sine", lowpass=500)
-    key = Key("A", "minor")
-    for chord in key.progression("i", "iv", "V", "i"):
-        chords.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
-        chords.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
-    lead.arpeggio("Am", bars=2, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
-    lead.arpeggio("Dm", bars=2, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
-    lead.set(lowpass=5000, reverb=0.3)
-    lead.arpeggio("E7", bars=2, pattern="up", octaves=2)
-    lead.arpeggio("Am", bars=2, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
-    for n in ["A2", "E2", "A2", "C3"] * 4:
-        bass.add(n, Duration.QUARTER)
+    score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+    score.drums("rock", repeats=8, fill="rock", fill_every=4)
+    piano = score.part("piano", instrument="piano", reverb=0.3)
+    lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck", volume=0.4,
+                      delay=0.2, reverb=0.2, lowpass=4000)
+    bass = score.part("bass", synth="triangle", lowpass=900)
+    for chord in Key("G", "major").progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV") * 2:
+        piano.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
+    lead.add("D5", 1).add("B4", 0.5).add("D5", 0.5)
+    lead.add("G5", 1).add("E5", 1)
+    lead.add("D5", 0.5).add("B4", 0.5).add("A4", 1)
+    lead.add("G4", 2).rest(2)
+    lead.add("D5", 1).add("B4", 0.5).add("D5", 0.5)
+    lead.add("G5", 1).add("A5", 1)
+    lead.add("G5", 0.5).add("E5", 0.5).add("D5", 1)
+    lead.add("B4", 2).rest(2)
+    for n in ["G2", "G2", "D2", "D2", "E2", "E2", "C2", "C2"] * 2:
+        bass.add(n, Duration.HALF)
     render("quickstart", score)
 
 
@@ -459,7 +1005,7 @@ def gen_complete_rock():
     lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck", volume=0.4,
                       delay=0.2, delay_time=0.33, reverb=0.2, lowpass=3000)
     bass = score.part("bass", synth="triangle", envelope="pluck", volume=0.45,
-                      lowpass=600)
+                      lowpass=1200)
     for chord in Key("G", "major").progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV") * 2:
         piano.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
     lead.add("D5", 1).add("B4", 0.5).add("D5", 0.5)
@@ -550,6 +1096,60 @@ GENERATORS = [
     gen_ensemble,
     gen_strum,
     gen_swell,
+    gen_synth_sine,
+    gen_synth_saw,
+    gen_synth_triangle,
+    gen_synth_square,
+    gen_synth_pulse,
+    gen_synth_noise,
+    gen_synth_pwm_slow,
+    gen_synth_pwm_fast,
+    gen_synth_fm,
+    gen_synth_rhodes,
+    gen_synth_supersaw,
+    gen_synth_piano,
+    gen_synth_bass_guitar,
+    gen_synth_flute,
+    gen_synth_trumpet,
+    gen_synth_clarinet,
+    gen_synth_oboe,
+    gen_synth_cello,
+    gen_synth_harpsichord,
+    gen_synth_acoustic_guitar,
+    gen_synth_electric_guitar,
+    gen_synth_sitar,
+    gen_synth_kalimba,
+    gen_synth_wurlitzer,
+    gen_synth_vibraphone,
+    gen_synth_pipe_organ,
+    gen_synth_choir,
+    gen_synth_organ,
+    gen_synth_marimba,
+    gen_synth_harp,
+    gen_synth_upright_bass,
+    gen_synth_timpani,
+    gen_synth_strings,
+    gen_synth_saxophone,
+    gen_synth_pedal_steel,
+    gen_synth_theremin,
+    gen_synth_steel_drum,
+    gen_synth_accordion,
+    gen_synth_didgeridoo,
+    gen_synth_bagpipe,
+    gen_synth_banjo,
+    gen_synth_mandolin,
+    gen_synth_ukulele,
+    gen_synth_granular,
+    gen_synth_crotales,
+    gen_synth_tingsha,
+    gen_synth_singing_bowl_strike,
+    gen_synth_singing_bowl_ring,
+    gen_rainstick,
+    gen_rainstick_slow,
+    gen_ocean_drum,
+    gen_cabasa,
+    gen_wind_chimes,
+    gen_finger_cymbal,
     gen_arpeggio,
     gen_legato_glide,
     gen_acid_house,

docs/guide/quickstart.rst

@@ -143,45 +143,27 @@ chords, melody, bass, each with their own synth and effects:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   from pytheory import Score, Pattern, Key, Duration, Chord
+   from pytheory import Score, Key, Duration
    from pytheory.play import play_score
 
-   score = Score("4/4", bpm=140)
-   score.drums("bossa nova", repeats=4)
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+   score.drums("rock", repeats=8, fill="rock", fill_every=4)
 
-   chords = score.part(
-       "chords",
-       synth="fm",
-       envelope="pad",
-       reverb=0.4,
-   )
-   lead = score.part(
-       "lead",
-       synth="saw",
-       envelope="pluck",
-       delay=0.3,
-       lowpass=3000,
-       humanize=0.2,
-   )
-   bass = score.part(
-       "bass",
-       synth="sine",
-       lowpass=500,
-   )
+   piano = score.part("piano", instrument="piano", reverb=0.3)
+   lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck",
+                     delay=0.2, reverb=0.2, lowpass=4000)
+   bass = score.part("bass", synth="triangle", lowpass=900)
 
-   key = Key("A", "minor")
-   for chord in key.progression("i", "iv", "V", "i"):
-       chords.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
-       chords.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
+   for chord in Key("G", "major").progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV") * 2:
+       piano.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
 
-   lead.arpeggio("Am", bars=2, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
-   lead.arpeggio("Dm", bars=2, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
-   lead.set(lowpass=5000, reverb=0.3)
-   lead.arpeggio("E7", bars=2, pattern="up", octaves=2)
-   lead.arpeggio("Am", bars=2, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
+   lead.add("D5", 1).add("B4", 0.5).add("D5", 0.5)
+   lead.add("G5", 1).add("E5", 1)
+   lead.add("D5", 0.5).add("B4", 0.5).add("A4", 1)
+   lead.add("G4", 2).rest(2)
 
-   for n in ["A2", "E2", "A2", "C3"] * 4:
-       bass.add(n, Duration.QUARTER)
+   for n in ["G2", "G2", "D2", "D2", "E2", "E2", "C2", "C2"] * 2:
+       bass.add(n, Duration.HALF)
 
    play_score(score)
 

docs/guide/sequencing.rst

@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ lead, and filtered bass:
 
    # Filtered bass
    bass = score.part("bass", synth="triangle", envelope="pluck",
-                     volume=0.45, lowpass=600)
+                     volume=0.45, lowpass=1200)
 
    for chord in Key("G", "major").progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV") * 2:
        piano.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)

docs/guide/synths.rst

@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ building block of all other waveforms (Fourier's theorem).
    tone = Tone.from_string("C4", system="western")
    play(tone, synth=Synth.SINE)
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_sine.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Sawtooth
 ~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -50,6 +54,10 @@ Named for its ramp shape.
 
    play(tone, synth=Synth.SAW)
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_saw.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Triangle
 ~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -63,6 +71,10 @@ described as "woody" or "hollow."
 
    play(tone, synth=Synth.TRIANGLE)
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_triangle.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Square
 ~~~~~~
 
@@ -76,6 +88,10 @@ pulse wave with a 50% duty cycle.
 
    play(tone, synth=Synth.SQUARE)
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_square.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Extended Waveforms
 ------------------
 
@@ -98,6 +114,10 @@ the classic NES-style buzzy tone.
 
    lead = score.part("lead", synth="pulse", envelope="pluck")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_pulse.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 FM Synthesis
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -109,18 +129,24 @@ the electric piano in every Whitney Houston ballad, the bass in every
 Depeche Mode track, the bells in a thousand TV jingles. If you heard
 pop music in the 80s, you heard FM synthesis.
 
-**Use for:** electric piano (rhodes), bells, metallic leads, jazz chords.
+**Use for:** bells, metallic leads, glassy pads, DX7-style sounds.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   rhodes = score.part(
-       "rhodes",
+   bells = score.part(
+       "bells",
        synth="fm",
-       envelope="piano",
+       envelope="bell",
+       fm_ratio=3.0,
+       fm_index=5.0,
        volume=0.3,
        reverb=0.4,
    )
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_fm.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Noise
 -----
 
@@ -142,6 +168,10 @@ Useful as a texture layer, a percussion source, or a wind/ocean effect.
        lowpass=2000,
    )
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_noise.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Ensemble Waveforms
 ------------------
 
@@ -174,6 +204,10 @@ supersaw.
        reverb=0.5,
    )
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_supersaw.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 PWM Slow
 ~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -195,6 +229,10 @@ from Boards of Canada to Drake? PWM with a slow LFO.
        reverb=0.4,
    )
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_pwm_slow.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 PWM Fast
 ~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -207,6 +245,10 @@ produces a natural chorus/vibrato effect built into the waveform itself.
 
    lead = score.part("lead", synth="pwm_fast", envelope="pluck", volume=0.5)
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_pwm_fast.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 ADSR Envelopes
 --------------
 
@@ -375,6 +417,10 @@ at musical levels. Warm, round, unmistakably organ.
 
    organ = score.part("organ", synth="organ_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_organ.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 String Ensemble
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -386,6 +432,10 @@ more "wooden" than a raw saw wave.
 
    violin = score.part("violin", synth="strings_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_strings.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Dedicated Instrument Synths
 --------------------------
 
@@ -407,6 +457,94 @@ soundboard.
 
    piano = score.part("piano", synth="piano_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_piano.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Rhodes Electric Piano
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Fender Rhodes — a rubber-tipped hammer strikes a steel tine
+next to a tonebar, picked up by an electromagnetic pickup. Warm,
+bell-like, with a bright metallic attack that mellows into a
+singing sustain. The sound of jazz clubs, soul, and neo-soul.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   rhodes = score.part("rhodes", synth="rhodes_synth")
+   # Or use the instrument preset (adds tremolo + chorus)
+   rhodes = score.part("rhodes", instrument="electric_piano")
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_rhodes.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Wurlitzer Electric Piano
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Wurlitzer uses a vibrating steel reed (not a tine like Rhodes)
+picked up by an electrostatic pickup. More nasal, reedy, and biting
+— it barks and growls when played hard. Think Supertramp, Ray Charles.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   wurli = score.part("wurli", synth="wurlitzer_synth")
+   wurli = score.part("wurli", instrument="wurlitzer")
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_wurlitzer.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Vibraphone Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Struck aluminum bars with motor-driven tremolo discs. The spinning
+motor modulates the sound through the resonator tubes, creating the
+signature vibraphone shimmer. Inharmonic bar modes at 1x, 2.76x, 5.4x.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   vib = score.part("vib", synth="vibraphone_synth")
+   vib = score.part("vib", instrument="vibraphone")
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_vibraphone.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Pipe Organ Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Multiple ranks of pipes — principal 8', octave 4', fifteenth 2'.
+Constant air pressure means no dynamics. Wind chiff at the attack.
+Best with cathedral reverb.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   organ = score.part("organ", synth="pipe_organ_synth")
+   organ = score.part("organ", instrument="pipe_organ")
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_pipe_organ.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Choir Synth
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Voices singing vowels shaped by formant bandpass filters. The glottal
+source is filtered through vocal tract resonances — F1, F2, F3, F4 —
+which is what makes "ah" sound different from "oo". Use ``lyric=``
+to control the vowel. Best with ``ensemble=`` for a full section.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   choir = score.part("choir", synth="choir_synth")
+   choir = score.part("choir", instrument="choir")  # ensemble=6 + cathedral reverb
+   choir.add("C4", Duration.WHOLE, lyric="ah")
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_choir.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Bass Guitar Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -416,6 +554,10 @@ Plucked string model with finger-damped harmonics and low-end warmth.
 
    bass = score.part("bass", synth="bass_guitar_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_bass_guitar.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Flute Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -426,6 +568,10 @@ overblowing behavior at higher velocities.
 
    flute = score.part("flute", synth="flute_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_flute.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Trumpet Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -436,6 +582,10 @@ velocity, plus a characteristic brassy edge from shaped harmonics.
 
    trumpet = score.part("trumpet", synth="trumpet_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_trumpet.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Clarinet Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -446,6 +596,10 @@ characteristic hollow, woody tone.
 
    clarinet = score.part("clarinet", synth="clarinet_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_clarinet.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Oboe Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -456,6 +610,10 @@ timbre.
 
    oboe = score.part("oboe", synth="oboe_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_oboe.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Marimba Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -466,6 +624,10 @@ that emphasizes the fundamental.
 
    marimba = score.part("marimba", synth="marimba_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_marimba.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Harpsichord Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -476,6 +638,10 @@ Plucked-string model with a bright, immediate attack and rapid decay
 
    harpsi = score.part("harpsi", synth="harpsichord_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_harpsichord.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Cello Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -486,6 +652,10 @@ producing a rich, warm, sustained tone.
 
    cello = score.part("cello", synth="cello_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_cello.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Harp Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -496,6 +666,10 @@ modeling nylon strings on a resonant frame.
 
    harp = score.part("harp", synth="harp_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_harp.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Upright Bass Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -505,6 +679,10 @@ Pizzicato double bass with woody body resonance and a thumpy low end.
 
    bass = score.part("bass", synth="upright_bass_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_upright_bass.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Acoustic Guitar Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -515,6 +693,10 @@ string decay.
 
    guitar = score.part("guitar", synth="acoustic_guitar_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_acoustic_guitar.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Electric Guitar Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -525,6 +707,10 @@ than the acoustic, ready for effects processing.
 
    eguitar = score.part("eguitar", synth="electric_guitar_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_electric_guitar.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Sitar Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -535,6 +721,10 @@ bridge, producing a shimmering, metallic sustain.
 
    sitar = score.part("sitar", synth="sitar_synth")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_sitar.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Timpani Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -547,6 +737,10 @@ Use ``Part.roll()`` for crescendo timpani rolls.
    timp = score.part("timp", synth="timpani_synth")
    timp.roll("C3", Duration.WHOLE, velocity_start=20, velocity_end=110)
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_timpani.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Saxophone Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -558,6 +752,10 @@ mids, reed buzz, and brass body warmth. Four presets: ``saxophone``,
 
    sax = score.part("sax", instrument="tenor_sax")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_saxophone.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Pedal Steel Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -568,6 +766,10 @@ and long sustain. Pairs naturally with spring reverb.
 
    steel = score.part("steel", instrument="pedal_steel")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_pedal_steel.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Theremin Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -578,6 +780,10 @@ Best used with legato and glide for continuous pitch.
 
    theremin = score.part("theremin", instrument="theremin")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_theremin.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Kalimba Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -588,6 +794,10 @@ inharmonic overtones (modes at 1x, 2.92x, 5.4x).
 
    kalimba = score.part("kalimba", instrument="kalimba")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_kalimba.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Steel Drum Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -598,6 +808,10 @@ Inharmonic partials at 2.0x, 3.01x, 4.1x, 5.3x.
 
    pan = score.part("pan", instrument="steel_drum")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_steel_drum.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Accordion Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -608,6 +822,10 @@ create natural beating. Bellows pressure swell modulates amplitude.
 
    acc = score.part("acc", instrument="accordion")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_accordion.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Didgeridoo Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -619,6 +837,10 @@ Best with cave reverb.
 
    didg = score.part("didg", instrument="didgeridoo")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_didgeridoo.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Bagpipe Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -629,6 +851,10 @@ peaked around 3-7 (the piercing brightness). No dynamics — always ff.
 
    pipes = score.part("pipes", instrument="bagpipe")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_bagpipe.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Banjo Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -639,6 +865,10 @@ nasal, ringy resonance with faster decay than guitar.
 
    banjo = score.part("banjo", instrument="banjo")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_banjo.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Mandolin Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -649,6 +879,10 @@ doubled unison strings. Bright, ringing, fast attack.
 
    mando = score.part("mando", instrument="mandolin")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_mandolin.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Ukulele Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -659,6 +893,10 @@ softer attack than guitar, shorter sustain.
 
    uke = score.part("uke", instrument="ukulele")
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_ukulele.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Granular Synth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -688,6 +926,147 @@ Parameters (passed as synth kwargs):
 - ``source``: Base waveform — ``"saw"``, ``"sine"``, ``"triangle"``,
   ``"square"``, ``"noise"``.
 
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_granular.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Crotales
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Small tuned bronze discs (antique cymbals) struck with brass mallets.
+Bright, crystalline, bell-like tone with strong upper harmonics that
+rings for a long time. Nearly harmonic partials give crotales their
+penetrating brilliance — they cut through any orchestra.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   crotales = score.part("crotales", synth="crotales_synth", envelope="none",
+                         reverb=0.3)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_crotales.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Tingsha
+~~~~~~~
+
+Two small Tibetan cymbals joined by a cord, clashed together. Both discs
+ring at slightly different frequencies, producing a bright ping with
+pronounced beating — the wavering interference between the two is the
+whole character of the sound.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   tingsha = score.part("tingsha", synth="tingsha_synth", envelope="none",
+                        reverb=0.4)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_tingsha.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Singing Bowl (Strike)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Tibetan/Himalayan singing bowl struck with a mallet. The impact excites
+inharmonic partials that ring and slowly beat against each other as
+near-degenerate mode pairs interfere. Higher modes fade quickly, leaving
+the fundamental shimmering for seconds.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   bowl = score.part("bowl", synth="singing_bowl_strike_synth", envelope="none",
+                     reverb=0.4)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_singing_bowl_strike.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Singing Bowl (Ring)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Rim-rubbed singing bowl — the mallet traces the rim, slowly building the
+fundamental into a sustained, pulsing tone. Upper harmonics shimmer in
+and out as the bowl resonates.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   bowl = score.part("bowl", synth="singing_bowl_ring_synth", envelope="none",
+                     reverb=0.4)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/synth_singing_bowl_ring.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Rain Stick
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Cascading pebbles through a cactus tube with internal pins. Two variants:
+steep angle (fast cascade) and shallow angle (slow trickle).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   p.hit(DrumSound.RAINSTICK, Duration.WHOLE * 3)       # steep — fast cascade
+   p.hit(DrumSound.RAINSTICK_SLOW, Duration.WHOLE * 4)  # shallow — gentle trickle
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/rainstick.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/rainstick_slow.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Ocean Drum
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Steel beads rolling inside a frame drum — tilting produces a smooth surf wash.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   p.hit(DrumSound.OCEAN_DRUM, Duration.WHOLE * 3)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/ocean_drum.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Cabasa
+~~~~~~
+
+Metal bead chain scraped against a textured cylinder — brighter and
+more metallic than a shaker.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   p.hit(DrumSound.CABASA, Duration.EIGHTH)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/cabasa.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Wind Chimes
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Suspended metal tubes struck by hand or breeze. Each tube rings at
+its own pitch with slight time offsets.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   p.hit(DrumSound.WIND_CHIMES, Duration.WHOLE * 3)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/wind_chimes.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
+Finger Cymbal
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Single small cymbal tap (zill) — bright metallic ping.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   p.hit(DrumSound.FINGER_CYMBAL, Duration.HALF)
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <audio controls style="width:100%;margin:0.3em 0 0.5em"><source src="../_static/audio/finger_cymbal.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio>
+
 Analog Oscillator Drift
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -743,13 +1122,13 @@ distorted_guitar, orange_crunch, metal_guitar, bass_guitar, upright_bass,
 harp, sitar, koto, banjo, mandolin, mandola, ukulele
 
 **World/Exotic**: pedal_steel, theremin, kalimba, steel_drum, didgeridoo,
-bagpipe
+bagpipe, singing_bowl, singing_bowl_ring, tingsha
 
 **Synth**: synth_lead, synth_pad, synth_bass, acid_bass, 808_bass,
 granular_pad, granular_texture, vocal, choir
 
 **Percussion**: vibraphone, marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular_bells,
-timpani
+timpani, crotales
 
 Explicit kwargs override preset defaults:
 

docs/index.rst

@@ -46,20 +46,27 @@ it through your speakers, export MIDI, finish in your DAW:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   from pytheory import Score, Pattern, Key, Duration, Chord
+   from pytheory import Score, Key, Duration
    from pytheory.play import play_score
 
-   score = Score("4/4", bpm=140)
-   score.drums("bossa nova", repeats=4)
+   score = Score("4/4", bpm=120)
+   score.drums("rock", repeats=8, fill="rock", fill_every=4)
 
-   chords = score.part("chords", synth="fm", envelope="pad", reverb=0.4)
-   lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck", delay=0.3)
-   bass = score.part("bass", synth="sine", lowpass=500)
+   piano = score.part("piano", instrument="piano", reverb=0.3)
+   lead = score.part("lead", synth="saw", envelope="pluck",
+                     delay=0.2, reverb=0.2, lowpass=4000)
+   bass = score.part("bass", synth="triangle", lowpass=900)
 
-   for chord in Key("A", "minor").progression("i", "iv", "V", "i"):
-       chords.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
+   for chord in Key("G", "major").progression("I", "V", "vi", "IV") * 2:
+       piano.add(chord, Duration.WHOLE)
 
-   lead.arpeggio("Am", bars=4, pattern="updown", octaves=2)
+   lead.add("D5", 1).add("B4", 0.5).add("D5", 0.5)
+   lead.add("G5", 1).add("E5", 1)
+   lead.add("D5", 0.5).add("B4", 0.5).add("A4", 1)
+   lead.add("G4", 2).rest(2)
+
+   for n in ["G2", "G2", "D2", "D2", "E2", "E2", "C2", "C2"] * 2:
+       bass.add(n, Duration.HALF)
 
    play_score(score)
 

play_recording.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+"""Play a recorded MIDI file through pytheory's full renderer.
+
+Takes a MIDI file captured by the live engine and plays it back
+through the complete synthesis pipeline — with ensemble, effects,
+reverb, and master compression.
+
+Usage:
+    python play_recording.py recording.mid
+    python play_recording.py recording.mid --bpm 110
+"""
+
+import sys
+import sounddevice as sd
+
+from pytheory import Score
+from pytheory.play import render_score, SAMPLE_RATE
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+        print("  Usage: python play_recording.py <file.mid> [--bpm N]")
+        return
+
+    filename = sys.argv[1]
+    bpm = None
+    if "--bpm" in sys.argv:
+        idx = sys.argv.index("--bpm")
+        if idx + 1 < len(sys.argv):
+            bpm = int(sys.argv[idx + 1])
+
+    print(f"  Loading {filename}...")
+    score = Score.from_midi(filename)
+
+    if bpm:
+        score.bpm = bpm
+
+    print(f"  {score}")
+    print(f"  Rendering...")
+
+    buf = render_score(score)
+    duration = len(buf) / SAMPLE_RATE
+
+    print(f"  Playing ({duration:.1f}s)...")
+    try:
+        sd.play(buf, SAMPLE_RATE)
+        sd.wait()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        sd.stop()
+        print("\n  Stopped.")
+
+    print("  Done.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "pytheory"
-version = "0.39.3"
+version = "0.40.4"
 description = "Music Theory for Humans"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ classifiers = [
 dependencies = [
     "sounddevice",
     "scipy",
+    "rich>=14.3.3",
 ]
 
 [project.urls]

pytheory/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """PyTheory: Music Theory for Humans."""
 
-__version__ = "0.39.3"
+__version__ = "0.40.4"
 
 from .tones import Tone, Interval
 from .systems import System, SYSTEMS, TET

pytheory/live.py

@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+"""Real-time MIDI-driven synthesis engine.
+
+Listens for MIDI input (e.g. from an OP-XY, keyboard, or DAW) and
+synthesizes audio in real-time through pytheory's synth engine.
+
+Usage::
+
+    from pytheory.live import LiveEngine
+
+    engine = LiveEngine()
+    engine.channel(1, instrument="electric_piano")
+    engine.channel(2, instrument="bass_guitar", lowpass=800)
+    engine.channel(10, drums=True)
+    engine.start()  # blocks until Ctrl-C
+
+Note: sustained notes are pre-rendered to a 3-second wavetable.
+Instruments requiring longer sustain (pads, organ) will cut off
+after 3 seconds. This is a known limitation of the current
+wavetable approach.
+"""
+
+import threading
+import numpy
+import sounddevice as sd
+
+try:
+    import rtmidi
+except ImportError:
+    rtmidi = None
+
+from .play import (
+    _SYNTH_FUNCTIONS, _resolve_synth, _resolve_envelope,
+    _apply_envelope, _apply_lowpass, _render_drum_hit_cached,
+    SAMPLE_RATE, SAMPLE_PEAK,
+)
+from .rhythm import INSTRUMENTS, DrumSound
+
+
+# ── Voice ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class _Voice:
+    """A single sounding note - holds a pre-rendered wavetable and
+    tracks playback position + envelope state."""
+    __slots__ = ('active', 'note', 'pitch_ratio', 'pos', 'release_len',
+                 'release_pos', 'releasing', 'velocity', 'wave')
+
+    def __init__(self, wave, velocity, note):
+        self.wave = wave           # float32 array - one shot
+        self.pos = 0.0             # current read position (float for pitch bend)
+        self.velocity = velocity
+        self.active = True
+        self.releasing = False
+        self.release_pos = 0
+        self.release_len = int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.05)  # 50ms release
+        self.note = note           # MIDI note number
+        self.pitch_ratio = 1.0     # 1.0 = normal, >1 = up, <1 = down
+
+
+# ── Channel ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class _Channel:
+    """One MIDI channel - has a synth, effects, and a voice pool."""
+
+    def __init__(self, synth_name="sine", envelope_name="piano",
+                 is_drums=False, max_voices=12, **kwargs):
+        self.synth_fn = _resolve_synth(synth_name)
+        self.synth_name = synth_name
+        self.envelope_name = envelope_name
+        self.env_tuple = _resolve_envelope(envelope_name)
+        self.is_drums = is_drums
+        self.max_voices = max_voices
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.lowpass = kwargs.get('lowpass', 0)
+        self.lowpass_q = kwargs.get('lowpass_q', 0.707)
+        self.reverb = kwargs.get('reverb', 0)
+        self.volume = kwargs.get('volume', 0.5)
+        self.pan = kwargs.get('pan', 0.0)  # -1 left, 0 center, 1 right
+        self.chorus = kwargs.get('chorus', 0)
+        self.detune = kwargs.get('detune', 0)
+        self.spread = kwargs.get('spread', 0)
+        self.analog = kwargs.get('analog', 0)
+        self.distortion = kwargs.get('distortion', 0)
+        self.delay = kwargs.get('delay', 0)
+        self.tremolo_depth = kwargs.get('tremolo_depth', 0)
+        self.saturation = kwargs.get('saturation', 0)
+        self.phaser = kwargs.get('phaser', 0)
+        self.sub_osc = kwargs.get('sub_osc', 0)
+        self.noise_mix = kwargs.get('noise_mix', 0)
+
+        self.voices = []           # active _Voice objects
+        self._cache = {}           # MIDI note -> pre-rendered wave
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.level = 0.0           # current output level (for VU meter)
+
+    def _get_wave(self, midi_note, n_samples):
+        """Get or render a waveform for a MIDI note."""
+        if self.is_drums:
+            return _render_drum_hit_cached(midi_note, n_samples)
+
+        if midi_note in self._cache:
+            cached = self._cache[midi_note]
+            if len(cached) >= n_samples:
+                return cached[:n_samples]
+
+        hz = 440.0 * (2 ** ((midi_note - 69) / 12.0))
+
+        # Synth kwargs
+        skw = {}
+        if self.synth_name in ("fm",):
+            skw["mod_ratio"] = self.kwargs.get("fm_ratio", 2.0)
+            skw["mod_index"] = self.kwargs.get("fm_index", 3.0)
+
+        wave = self.synth_fn(hz, n_samples=n_samples, **skw)
+        wave_f = wave.astype(numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_PEAK
+
+        # Apply envelope
+        a, d, s, r = self.env_tuple
+        if a > 0 or d > 0 or s < 1.0 or r > 0:
+            wave_f = _apply_envelope(wave_f, a, d, s, r)
+
+        # Apply lowpass
+        if self.lowpass > 0:
+            wave_f = _apply_lowpass(wave_f, self.lowpass, q=self.lowpass_q)
+
+        # Apply reverb - simple feedback delay for real-time
+        if self.reverb > 0:
+            wet = self.reverb
+            delay_samples = int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.03)  # 30ms early reflection
+            delay2 = int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.047)        # second tap
+            delay3 = int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.071)        # third tap
+            reverbed = wave_f.copy()
+            for delay, gain in [(delay_samples, 0.4), (delay2, 0.3), (delay3, 0.2)]:
+                if delay < len(reverbed):
+                    reverbed[delay:] += wave_f[:-delay] * gain
+            # Feedback loop for tail
+            fb_delay = int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.05)
+            feedback = 0.35
+            for _ in range(6):
+                if fb_delay < len(reverbed):
+                    reverbed[fb_delay:] += reverbed[:-fb_delay] * feedback
+                    feedback *= 0.7
+                    fb_delay = int(fb_delay * 1.5)
+            wave_f = wave_f * (1.0 - wet) + reverbed * wet
+
+        # Apply distortion/saturation
+        if self.distortion > 0:
+            drive = 3.0
+            wave_f = numpy.tanh(wave_f * drive * (1 + self.distortion * 3)) / drive
+        if self.saturation > 0:
+            wave_f = numpy.tanh(wave_f * (1 + self.saturation * 2))
+
+        # Apply tremolo
+        if self.tremolo_depth > 0:
+            t = numpy.arange(len(wave_f), dtype=numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_RATE
+            trem = 1.0 - self.tremolo_depth * 0.5 * (1 + numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 5.0 * t))
+            wave_f *= trem
+
+        # Apply chorus (simple delay modulation)
+        if self.chorus > 0:
+            t = numpy.arange(len(wave_f), dtype=numpy.float32) / SAMPLE_RATE
+            mod = (numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 1.5 * t) * 0.002 * SAMPLE_RATE).astype(int)
+            chorus_buf = numpy.zeros_like(wave_f)
+            for i in range(len(wave_f)):
+                idx = i - abs(mod[i]) - int(SAMPLE_RATE * 0.015)
+                if 0 <= idx < len(wave_f):
+                    chorus_buf[i] = wave_f[idx]
+            wave_f = wave_f * (1 - self.chorus * 0.5) + chorus_buf * self.chorus * 0.5
+
+        self._cache[midi_note] = wave_f
+        return wave_f
+
+    def note_on(self, midi_note, velocity):
+        """Start a new voice."""
+        vel_scale = velocity / 127.0
+        # Render 3 seconds of audio (extra for reverb tail)
+        n_samples = SAMPLE_RATE * 3
+        wave = self._get_wave(midi_note, n_samples)
+
+        with self._lock:
+            # Voice stealing - kill oldest if at max
+            if len(self.voices) >= self.max_voices:
+                self.voices.pop(0)
+            self.voices.append(_Voice(wave, vel_scale, midi_note))
+
+    def note_off(self, midi_note):
+        """Trigger release on voices playing this note."""
+        with self._lock:
+            for v in self.voices:
+                if v.note == midi_note and v.active and not v.releasing:
+                    v.releasing = True
+                    v.release_pos = 0
+
+    def render_stereo(self, n_frames):
+        """Mix all active voices into a stereo buffer (n_frames, 2)."""
+        mono = numpy.zeros(n_frames, dtype=numpy.float32)
+        dead = []
+
+        with self._lock:
+            for i, v in enumerate(self.voices):
+                if not v.active:
+                    dead.append(i)
+                    continue
+
+                remaining = len(v.wave) - int(v.pos)
+                chunk = min(n_frames, remaining)
+
+                if chunk <= 0:
+                    v.active = False
+                    dead.append(i)
+                    continue
+
+                # Pitch bend: variable-rate read
+                if abs(v.pitch_ratio - 1.0) > 0.001:
+                    read_positions = v.pos + numpy.arange(chunk) * v.pitch_ratio
+                    read_positions = numpy.clip(read_positions, 0, len(v.wave) - 2)
+                    idx = read_positions.astype(numpy.int64)
+                    frac = (read_positions - idx).astype(numpy.float32)
+                    samples = (v.wave[idx] * (1 - frac) +
+                               v.wave[numpy.minimum(idx + 1, len(v.wave) - 1)] * frac)
+                    samples *= v.velocity * self.volume
+                else:
+                    int_pos = int(v.pos)
+                    samples = v.wave[int_pos:int_pos + chunk] * v.velocity * self.volume
+
+                # Release crossfade
+                if v.releasing:
+                    fade_chunk = min(chunk, v.release_len - v.release_pos)
+                    if fade_chunk > 0:
+                        fade = numpy.linspace(
+                            1.0 - v.release_pos / v.release_len,
+                            1.0 - (v.release_pos + fade_chunk) / v.release_len,
+                            fade_chunk
+                        ).astype(numpy.float32)
+                        samples[:fade_chunk] *= fade
+                        v.release_pos += fade_chunk
+                    if v.release_pos >= v.release_len:
+                        v.active = False
+                        samples[fade_chunk:] = 0
+
+                mono[:chunk] += samples
+                v.pos += chunk * v.pitch_ratio
+
+            # Clean up dead voices
+            for i in reversed(dead):
+                if i < len(self.voices):
+                    self.voices.pop(i)
+
+        # VU meter
+        peak = numpy.abs(mono).max() if len(mono) > 0 else 0
+        self.level = self.level * 0.7 + peak * 0.3  # smooth
+
+        # Stereo pan (constant power)
+        import math
+        angle = (self.pan + 1) * math.pi / 4  # 0 to pi/2
+        l_gain = math.cos(angle)
+        r_gain = math.sin(angle)
+        stereo = numpy.zeros((n_frames, 2), dtype=numpy.float32)
+        stereo[:, 0] = mono * l_gain
+        stereo[:, 1] = mono * r_gain
+
+        return stereo
+
+
+# ── LiveEngine ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class LiveEngine:
+    """Real-time MIDI-to-audio engine.
+
+    Maps MIDI channels to pytheory instruments and synthesizes
+    audio in real-time via sounddevice.
+
+    Example::
+
+        engine = LiveEngine()
+        engine.channel(1, instrument="electric_piano")
+        engine.channel(2, instrument="bass_guitar")
+        engine.channel(10, drums=True)
+        engine.start()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, buffer_size=512, sample_rate=SAMPLE_RATE):
+        self.buffer_size = buffer_size
+        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
+        self.channels = {}   # MIDI channel (1-16) -> _Channel
+        self._cc_map = {}    # (channel, cc_number) -> (param_name, min, max)
+        self._midi_in = None
+        self._stream = None
+        self._stop_event = threading.Event()
+        # Recording
+        self._recording = False
+        self._record_events = []   # (timestamp, ch, note, velocity, on/off)
+        self._record_start = 0
+        # Keyboard MIDI
+        self._keyboard_channel = None
+        self._keyboard_octave = 4
+        # Clock sync
+        self._clock_count = 0      # MIDI clock pulses (24 per quarter note)
+        self._clock_times = []     # timestamps for BPM calculation
+        self._bpm = 120.0
+        self._playing = False
+        # Drum pattern
+        self._drum_pattern = None
+        self._drum_channel = None
+
+    def channel(self, ch, *, instrument=None, synth=None, envelope=None,
+                drums=False, **kwargs):
+        """Configure a MIDI channel.
+
+        Args:
+            ch: MIDI channel number (1-16). Channel 10 = drums by convention.
+            instrument: Instrument preset name (e.g. "electric_piano").
+            synth: Synth waveform name (overrides instrument).
+            envelope: Envelope name (overrides instrument).
+            drums: If True, this channel triggers drum sounds by MIDI note.
+            **kwargs: Any Part parameter (lowpass, reverb, volume, etc.)
+        """
+        if not isinstance(ch, int) or not (1 <= ch <= 16):
+            raise ValueError(f"MIDI channel must be an integer 1-16, got {ch!r}")
+
+        # Build params from instrument preset
+        params = {}
+        if instrument:
+            preset = INSTRUMENTS.get(instrument)
+            if preset:
+                params.update(preset)
+        if synth:
+            params["synth"] = synth
+        if envelope:
+            params["envelope"] = envelope
+        params.update(kwargs)
+
+        synth_name = params.pop("synth", "sine")
+        env_name = params.pop("envelope", "piano")
+
+        self.channels[ch] = _Channel(
+            synth_name=synth_name,
+            envelope_name=env_name,
+            is_drums=drums or ch == 10,
+            **params,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def drums(self, pattern_name, *, volume=0.5):
+        """Add a drum pattern that syncs to MIDI clock.
+
+        The pattern plays in sync with the OP-XY's transport -
+        starts on Start, stops on Stop, tempo from MIDI clock.
+
+        Args:
+            pattern_name: Drum pattern preset name (e.g. "rock", "house").
+            volume: Drum volume (0.0-1.0).
+        """
+        from .rhythm import Pattern
+        self._drum_pattern = Pattern.preset(pattern_name)
+        self._drum_channel = _Channel(synth_name="sine", is_drums=True,
+                                      volume=volume)
+        return self
+
+    def cc(self, cc_number, param, *, min_val=0.0, max_val=1.0, ch=None):
+        """Map a MIDI CC to a channel parameter.
+
+        Args:
+            cc_number: MIDI CC number (0-127).
+            param: Parameter name ("volume", "lowpass", "reverb", etc.)
+            min_val: Value when CC = 0.
+            max_val: Value when CC = 127.
+            ch: MIDI channel (None = all channels).
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> engine.cc(11, "lowpass", min_val=200, max_val=8000)
+            >>> engine.cc(12, "volume", min_val=0.0, max_val=1.0)
+            >>> engine.cc(13, "reverb", min_val=0.0, max_val=0.8)
+            >>> engine.cc(14, "distortion", min_val=0.0, max_val=0.8)
+        """
+        self._cc_map[(ch, cc_number)] = (param, min_val, max_val)
+        return self
+
+    def _apply_cc(self, ch, cc_number, value):
+        """Apply a CC value to the matching channel parameter."""
+        for key in [(ch, cc_number), (None, cc_number)]:
+            if key in self._cc_map:
+                param, min_val, max_val = self._cc_map[key]
+                scaled = min_val + (max_val - min_val) * (value / 127.0)
+
+                target_chs = [ch] if key[0] is not None else list(self.channels.keys())
+                for target_ch in target_chs:
+                    if target_ch in self.channels:
+                        channel = self.channels[target_ch]
+                        if param == "volume":
+                            channel.volume = scaled
+                        elif param == "lowpass":
+                            channel.lowpass = scaled
+                            channel._cache.clear()
+                        elif param == "reverb":
+                            channel.reverb = scaled
+                            channel._cache.clear()
+                        elif hasattr(channel, param):
+                            setattr(channel, param, scaled)
+                            channel._cache.clear()
+                        print(f"  CC {cc_number}: {param}={scaled:.2f}")
+                return
+
+    def _on_clock(self):
+        """Handle MIDI clock pulse (24 per quarter note)."""
+        import time as _time
+
+        if not self._playing:
+            return
+
+        now = _time.perf_counter()
+        self._clock_times.append(now)
+        if len(self._clock_times) > 240:
+            self._clock_times = self._clock_times[-240:]
+        # Only update BPM every 24 ticks to avoid jitter
+        if self._clock_count % 24 == 0 and len(self._clock_times) >= 48:
+            # Use as many ticks as we have for best accuracy
+            n = min(len(self._clock_times), 240)
+            total_time = self._clock_times[-1] - self._clock_times[-n]
+            if total_time > 0:
+                ticks = n - 1
+                self._bpm = round(60.0 * ticks / (24.0 * total_time))
+
+        # Trigger drum hits at the right time
+        if self._drum_pattern and self._drum_channel:
+            pattern = self._drum_pattern
+            beat_pos = self._clock_count / 24.0
+            pattern_beat = beat_pos % pattern.beats
+            beat_resolution = 1.0 / 24.0
+            for hit in pattern.hits:
+                if abs(hit.position - pattern_beat) < beat_resolution / 2:
+                    self._drum_channel.note_on(hit.sound.value, hit.velocity)
+
+        self._clock_count += 1
+
+    def _all_notes_off(self):
+        """Kill all sounding voices on all channels."""
+        for channel in self.channels.values():
+            with channel._lock:
+                channel.voices.clear()
+        if self._drum_channel:
+            with self._drum_channel._lock:
+                self._drum_channel.voices.clear()
+
+    def _midi_callback(self, event, data=None):
+        """Handle incoming MIDI messages."""
+        msg, _ = event
+        if len(msg) == 0:
+            return
+
+        # System realtime messages (1 byte)
+        if msg[0] == 0xF8:  # Clock - 24 ppqn
+            self._on_clock()
+            return
+        elif msg[0] == 0xFA:  # Start
+            print("  > Start")
+            self._playing = True
+            self._clock_count = 0
+            return
+        elif msg[0] == 0xFC:  # Stop
+            print("  [] Stop")
+            self._playing = False
+            self._all_notes_off()
+            return
+        elif msg[0] == 0xFB:  # Continue
+            print("  > Continue")
+            self._playing = True
+            return
+
+        if len(msg) < 3:
+            return
+
+        status = msg[0]
+        ch = (status & 0x0F) + 1
+        msg_type = status & 0xF0
+
+        if ch not in self.channels:
+            return
+
+        channel = self.channels[ch]
+        note = msg[1]
+        velocity = msg[2]
+
+        if msg_type == 0x90 and velocity > 0:
+            channel.note_on(note, velocity)
+            if self._recording:
+                import time as _t
+                self._record_events.append(
+                    (_t.perf_counter() - self._record_start, ch, note, velocity, True))
+        elif msg_type == 0x80 or (msg_type == 0x90 and velocity == 0):
+            channel.note_off(note)
+            if self._recording:
+                import time as _t
+                self._record_events.append(
+                    (_t.perf_counter() - self._record_start, ch, note, 0, False))
+        elif msg_type == 0xB0:
+            self._apply_cc(ch, note, velocity)
+        elif msg_type == 0xE0:
+            bend_raw = (msg[2] << 7) | msg[1]
+            bend_semitones = (bend_raw - 8192) / 8192.0 * 2.0
+            ratio = 2.0 ** (bend_semitones / 12.0)
+            with channel._lock:
+                for v in channel.voices:
+                    if v.active:
+                        v.pitch_ratio = ratio
+
+    def _audio_callback(self, outdata, frames, time_info, status):
+        """sounddevice callback - mix all channels to stereo."""
+        stereo = numpy.zeros((frames, 2), dtype=numpy.float32)
+        for channel in self.channels.values():
+            stereo += channel.render_stereo(frames)
+        if self._drum_channel:
+            stereo += self._drum_channel.render_stereo(frames)
+
+        # Soft clip per channel
+        stereo[:, 0] = numpy.tanh(stereo[:, 0])
+        stereo[:, 1] = numpy.tanh(stereo[:, 1])
+        outdata[:] = stereo
+
+    def list_ports(self):
+        """List available MIDI input ports."""
+        if rtmidi is None:
+            raise ImportError("python-rtmidi required. Install with: pip install pytheory[live]")
+        midi_in = rtmidi.MidiIn()
+        ports = midi_in.get_ports()
+        for i, name in enumerate(ports):
+            print(f"  {i}: {name}")
+        midi_in.delete()
+        return ports
+
+    def start(self, port=None):
+        """Start the engine - opens MIDI input and audio output.
+
+        Args:
+            port: MIDI port index or name. None = first available.
+
+        Blocks until Ctrl-C or stop() is called.
+        """
+        if rtmidi is None:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "python-rtmidi is required for live MIDI. "
+                "Install it with: pip install pytheory[live]"
+            )
+
+        if not self.channels:
+            self.channel(1, instrument="electric_piano")
+
+        # Pre-compute wavetables
+        print("  Pre-rendering wavetables...")
+        n_samples = SAMPLE_RATE * 3
+        for _, channel in self.channels.items():
+            if channel.is_drums:
+                continue
+            for midi_note in range(36, 97):
+                channel._get_wave(midi_note, n_samples)
+        print(f"  Cached {sum(len(c._cache) for c in self.channels.values())} wavetables.")
+        print()
+
+        # Open MIDI
+        self._midi_in = rtmidi.MidiIn()
+        ports = self._midi_in.get_ports()
+
+        if not ports:
+            print("  No MIDI input ports found. (Keyboard mode still works)")
+            self._midi_in.delete()
+            self._midi_in = None
+            # Don't return — still start audio for keyboard mode
+
+        port_name = "none"
+        if self._midi_in and ports:
+            if port is None:
+                port = 0
+            elif isinstance(port, str):
+                matched = False
+                for i, name in enumerate(ports):
+                    if port.lower() in name.lower():
+                        port = i
+                        matched = True
+                        break
+                if not matched:
+                    self._midi_in.delete()
+                    self._midi_in = None
+                    print(f"  MIDI port not found: {port!r}, continuing without MIDI")
+                    port = None
+
+            if self._midi_in and port is not None:
+                try:
+                    self._midi_in.open_port(port)
+                    self._midi_in.ignore_types(sysex=True, timing=False, active_sense=True)
+                    self._midi_in.set_callback(self._midi_callback)
+                    port_name = ports[port]
+                except Exception:
+                    self._midi_in.delete()
+                    self._midi_in = None
+                    print("  Failed to open MIDI port, continuing without MIDI")
+
+        print(f"  PyTheory Live Engine")
+        print(f"  MIDI: {port_name}")
+        print(f"  Buffer: {self.buffer_size} samples ({self.buffer_size/self.sample_rate*1000:.1f}ms)")
+        print(f"  Channels:")
+        for ch, channel in sorted(self.channels.items()):
+            kind = "drums" if channel.is_drums else channel.synth_name
+            print(f"    {ch:2d}: {kind} (vol={channel.volume})")
+        if self._drum_pattern:
+            print(f"  Drums: {self._drum_pattern.name} (synced to MIDI clock)")
+        print()
+        print("  Playing... (Ctrl-C to stop)")
+        print()
+
+        self._stream = sd.OutputStream(
+            samplerate=self.sample_rate,
+            blocksize=self.buffer_size,
+            channels=2,
+            dtype='float32',
+            callback=self._audio_callback,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            self._stream.start()
+            self._stop_event.clear()
+            self._stop_event.wait()
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            print("\n  Stopped.")
+        finally:
+            if self._stream:
+                self._stream.stop()
+                self._stream.close()
+                self._stream = None
+            if self._midi_in:
+                self._midi_in.close_port()
+                self._midi_in.delete()
+                self._midi_in = None
+
+    def keyboard_play(self, ch=1):
+        """Enable computer keyboard as MIDI input on a channel."""
+        self._keyboard_channel = ch
+        return self
+
+    def keyboard_note(self, key, on=True):
+        """Translate a keyboard key to a MIDI note and play it.
+
+        QWERTY layout: ZSXDCVGBHNJM = C through B (lower octave)
+                        Q2W3ER5T6Y7U = C through B (upper octave)
+        """
+        # Chromatic layout across the full keyboard
+        # Bottom two rows = lower octave range
+        # Top two rows = upper octave range (+1 octave)
+        # Black keys on the row above their white keys
+        #
+        # Row 3 (ZXCVBNM,./): white keys C D E F G A B C D E
+        # Row 2 (ASDFGHJKL;'): black keys + extras
+        # Row 1 (QWERTYUIOP[]): white keys C D E F G A B C D E F G
+        # Row 0 (1234567890-=): black keys + extras
+        lower = {
+            # White keys: Z X C V B N M , . /
+            'z': 0, 'x': 2, 'c': 4, 'v': 5, 'b': 7, 'n': 9, 'm': 11,
+            ',': 12, '.': 14, '/': 16,
+            # Black keys: S D  G H J  L ;
+            's': 1, 'd': 3, 'g': 6, 'h': 8, 'j': 10,
+            'l': 13, ';': 15,
+            # Extras
+            'a': 0, 'f': 4, 'k': 11, "'": 17,
+        }
+        upper = {
+            # White keys: Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ]
+            'q': 0, 'w': 2, 'e': 4, 'r': 5, 't': 7, 'y': 9, 'u': 11,
+            'i': 12, 'o': 14, 'p': 16, '[': 17, ']': 19,
+            # Black keys: 2 3  5 6 7  9 0
+            '2': 1, '3': 3, '5': 6, '6': 8, '7': 10,
+            '9': 13, '0': 15,
+            # Extras
+            '1': 0, '4': 4, '8': 11, '-': 18, '=': 19,
+        }
+
+        if self._keyboard_channel is None:
+            return False
+
+        ch = self._keyboard_channel
+        if ch not in self.channels:
+            return False
+
+        midi_note = None
+        if key in lower:
+            midi_note = (self._keyboard_octave + 1) * 12 + lower[key]
+        elif key in upper:
+            midi_note = (self._keyboard_octave + 2) * 12 + upper[key]
+
+        if midi_note is not None:
+            channel = self.channels[ch]
+            if on:
+                channel.note_on(midi_note, 100)
+                if self._recording:
+                    import time as _t
+                    self._record_events.append(
+                        (_t.perf_counter() - self._record_start,
+                         ch, midi_note, 100, True))
+            else:
+                channel.note_off(midi_note)
+                if self._recording:
+                    import time as _t
+                    self._record_events.append(
+                        (_t.perf_counter() - self._record_start,
+                         ch, midi_note, 0, False))
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def start_recording(self):
+        """Start recording MIDI events."""
+        import time as _t
+        self._record_events = []
+        self._record_start = _t.perf_counter()
+        self._recording = True
+
+    def stop_recording(self):
+        """Stop recording."""
+        self._recording = False
+
+    def export_recording(self, filename="recording.mid", bpm=None):
+        """Export recorded events to a MIDI file.
+
+        Returns a pytheory Score if no filename given.
+        """
+        if not self._record_events:
+            return None
+
+        use_bpm = bpm or (self._bpm if self._bpm > 10 else 120)
+
+        from .rhythm import Score, Duration
+
+        score = Score("4/4", bpm=int(use_bpm))
+
+        # Group events by channel
+        by_channel = {}
+        for ts, ch, note, vel, is_on in self._record_events:
+            if ch not in by_channel:
+                by_channel[ch] = []
+            by_channel[ch].append((ts, note, vel, is_on))
+
+        # Build parts
+        for ch, events in sorted(by_channel.items()):
+            inst = self.picks[ch - 1] if 1 <= ch <= 8 else "piano"
+            part = score.part(f"ch{ch}", instrument=inst)
+
+            # Convert to note-on/off pairs
+            active = {}
+            notes = []
+            for ts, note, vel, is_on in events:
+                if is_on:
+                    active[note] = (ts, vel)
+                elif note in active:
+                    start_ts, start_vel = active.pop(note)
+                    dur_sec = ts - start_ts
+                    dur_beats = dur_sec * use_bpm / 60.0
+                    notes.append((start_ts, note, max(0.125, dur_beats), start_vel))
+
+            notes.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+            beat_pos = 0.0
+            for ts, midi_note, dur, vel in notes:
+                note_beat = ts * use_bpm / 60.0
+                if note_beat > beat_pos:
+                    part.rest(note_beat - beat_pos)
+                # Convert MIDI note to name
+                name = NOTE_NAMES[midi_note % 12]
+                octave = midi_note // 12 - 1
+                part.add(f"{name}{octave}", dur, velocity=vel)
+                beat_pos = note_beat + dur
+
+        if filename:
+            score.save_midi(filename)
+
+        return score
+
+    def save_config(self, filename):
+        """Save current configuration to JSON."""
+        import json
+        config = {
+            "seed": self.seed if hasattr(self, 'seed') else None,
+            "buffer_size": self.buffer_size,
+            "drums": getattr(self, '_drum_pattern_name', None),
+            "channels": {},
+        }
+        for ch, channel in self.channels.items():
+            config["channels"][str(ch)] = {
+                "synth": channel.synth_name,
+                "envelope": channel.envelope_name,
+                "volume": channel.volume,
+                "pan": channel.pan,
+                "reverb": channel.reverb,
+                "lowpass": channel.lowpass,
+                "chorus": channel.chorus,
+                "distortion": channel.distortion,
+                "is_drums": channel.is_drums,
+            }
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            json.dump(config, f, indent=2)
+
+    def load_config(self, filename):
+        """Load configuration from JSON."""
+        import json
+        with open(filename) as f:
+            config = json.load(f)
+        for ch_str, ch_cfg in config.get("channels", {}).items():
+            ch = int(ch_str)
+            self.channel(ch,
+                         synth=ch_cfg.get("synth"),
+                         envelope=ch_cfg.get("envelope"),
+                         drums=ch_cfg.get("is_drums", False),
+                         volume=ch_cfg.get("volume", 0.5),
+                         pan=ch_cfg.get("pan", 0.0),
+                         reverb=ch_cfg.get("reverb", 0),
+                         lowpass=ch_cfg.get("lowpass", 0),
+                         chorus=ch_cfg.get("chorus", 0),
+                         distortion=ch_cfg.get("distortion", 0))
+        if config.get("drums"):
+            self.drums(config["drums"])
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Stop the engine."""
+        self._stop_event.set()
+        if self._stream:
+            self._stream.stop()
+        if self._midi_in:
+            self._midi_in.close_port()
+            self._midi_in.delete()
+            self._midi_in = None

pytheory/live_tui.py

@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+"""PyTheory Live — interactive MIDI synthesizer with TUI."""
+
+import curses
+import random
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import os
+
+from pytheory.live import LiveEngine
+from pytheory.rhythm import INSTRUMENTS, Pattern
+
+
+NOTE_NAMES = ['C', 'C#', 'D', 'D#', 'E', 'F', 'F#', 'G', 'G#', 'A', 'A#', 'B']
+
+
+def note_name(midi):
+    return f"{NOTE_NAMES[midi % 12]}{midi // 12 - 1}"
+
+
+class LiveTUI:
+    def __init__(self, seed=None, port="OP-XY", n_channels=8,
+                 drum_pattern="rock", buffer_size=128):
+        self.seed = seed or random.randint(0, 9999)
+        self.port = port
+        self.n_channels = n_channels
+        self.buffer_size = buffer_size
+        self.engine = None
+        self.log_lines = []
+        self.max_log = 500
+        self.running = True
+        self.instruments = sorted([k for k in INSTRUMENTS.keys()
+                                   if k not in ("808_bass",)])
+        self.drum_patterns = sorted(Pattern.list_presets())
+        self.current_drum = drum_pattern
+        self.picks = []
+        self.bpm = "—"
+        self.status = "Init"
+        self.status_color = 3
+        self._build_engine()
+
+    def _build_engine(self):
+        rng = random.Random(self.seed)
+        self.picks = rng.sample(self.instruments, min(self.n_channels, len(self.instruments)))
+        self.engine = LiveEngine(buffer_size=self.buffer_size)
+        for i, inst in enumerate(self.picks, 1):
+            self.engine.channel(i, instrument=inst, reverb=0.3)
+        if self.current_drum and self.current_drum not in ("none", "-"):
+            self.engine.drums(self.current_drum, volume=0.5)
+        self.engine.cc(0, "lowpass", min_val=300, max_val=8000)
+
+    def log(self, msg, color=0):
+        self.log_lines.append((time.time(), msg, color))
+        if len(self.log_lines) > self.max_log:
+            self.log_lines = self.log_lines[-self.max_log:]
+
+    def _patch_engine_logging(self):
+        original_cb = self.engine._midi_callback
+
+        def logging_cb(event, data=None):
+            msg, _ = event
+            if len(msg) == 0:
+                return
+            if msg[0] == 0xF8:
+                if self.engine._bpm > 10:
+                    self.bpm = f"{self.engine._bpm:.0f}"
+            elif msg[0] == 0xFA:
+                self.log("▶ Start", 5)
+                self.status = "Playing"
+                self.status_color = 1
+            elif msg[0] == 0xFC:
+                self.log("■ Stop", 4)
+                self.status = "Stopped"
+                self.status_color = 4
+            elif msg[0] == 0xFB:
+                self.log("▶ Continue", 5)
+                self.status = "Playing"
+                self.status_color = 1
+            elif len(msg) >= 3:
+                status = msg[0]
+                ch = (status & 0x0F) + 1
+                msg_type = status & 0xF0
+                if msg_type == 0x90 and msg[2] > 0:
+                    inst = self.picks[ch - 1] if 1 <= ch <= 8 else "?"
+                    self.log(f"♪ {ch}:{inst} {note_name(msg[1])} v={msg[2]}", 1)
+                elif msg_type == 0xB0:
+                    self.log(f"⚙ CC{msg[1]}={msg[2]}", 3)
+                elif msg_type == 0xE0:
+                    bend = ((msg[2] << 7) | msg[1]) - 8192
+                    self.log(f"↕ Bend ch{ch} {bend:+d}", 3)
+            original_cb(event, data)
+
+        self.engine._midi_callback = logging_cb
+
+    def run(self, stdscr):
+        curses.curs_set(0)
+        curses.use_default_colors()
+        curses.init_pair(1, curses.COLOR_GREEN, -1)
+        curses.init_pair(2, curses.COLOR_CYAN, -1)
+        curses.init_pair(3, curses.COLOR_YELLOW, -1)
+        curses.init_pair(4, curses.COLOR_RED, -1)
+        curses.init_pair(5, curses.COLOR_MAGENTA, -1)
+        curses.init_pair(6, curses.COLOR_BLACK, curses.COLOR_BLUE)
+        curses.init_pair(7, curses.COLOR_BLACK, curses.COLOR_GREEN)
+        curses.init_pair(8, curses.COLOR_BLACK, curses.COLOR_YELLOW)
+        curses.init_pair(9, curses.COLOR_BLACK, curses.COLOR_RED)
+        stdscr.nodelay(True)
+        stdscr.timeout(60)
+
+        self._patch_engine_logging()
+
+        # Pre-render with progress
+        self.status = "Rendering"
+        self.status_color = 3
+        stdscr.erase()
+        stdscr.addstr(1, 2, "PyTheory Live", curses.A_BOLD)
+        stdscr.addstr(2, 2, "Pre-rendering wavetables...", curses.color_pair(3))
+        stdscr.refresh()
+
+        n_samples = 44100 * 3
+        count = 0
+        for _, channel in self.engine.channels.items():
+            if channel.is_drums:
+                continue
+            for midi_note in range(36, 97):
+                channel._get_wave(midi_note, n_samples)
+                count += 1
+                if count % 50 == 0:
+                    stdscr.addstr(3, 2, f"  {count} wavetables...", curses.color_pair(2))
+                    stdscr.refresh()
+
+        self.log(f"Cached {count} wavetables", 1)
+        self.log("Starting engine...", 3)
+        self.status = "Starting"
+        self.status_color = 3
+
+        # Start engine
+        def run_engine():
+            import io
+            capture = io.StringIO()
+            old = sys.stdout
+            sys.stdout = capture
+            try:
+                self.engine.start(port=self.port)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.log(f"Engine error: {e}", 4)
+            finally:
+                sys.stdout = old
+                output = capture.getvalue()
+                if output.strip():
+                    for line in output.strip().split('\n'):
+                        self.log(line.strip(), 2)
+
+        engine_thread = threading.Thread(target=run_engine, daemon=True)
+        engine_thread.start()
+
+        cmd_buf = ""
+        cursor_pos = 0
+        cmd_history = []
+        history_idx = -1
+        tab_matches = []
+        tab_idx = -1
+        tab_prefix = ""
+        self.kbd_active = False
+        self._kbd_held = {}  # key → last_press_time
+        self._picker = None  # {"channel": int, "index": int, "scroll": int, "filter": str}
+
+        while self.running:
+            try:
+                # Update status from engine state
+                if (self.engine._stream and self.engine._stream.active
+                        and self.status == "Starting"):
+                    self.status = "Listening"
+                    self.status_color = 2
+                    self.log("Audio stream active", 1)
+
+                h, w = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+                if h < 10 or w < 40:
+                    time.sleep(0.1)
+                    continue
+                stdscr.erase()
+
+                div = max(30, w * 3 // 5)
+                cfg_x = div + 2
+
+                # ═══ HEADER BAR ═══
+                header = f" PyTheory Live "
+                stdscr.addstr(0, 0, header, curses.color_pair(6) | curses.A_BOLD)
+
+                # Status badge
+                badge_colors = {1: 7, 2: 6, 3: 8, 4: 9}
+                badge_cp = badge_colors.get(self.status_color, 6)
+                badge = f" {self.status} "
+                x = len(header)
+                stdscr.addstr(0, x, badge, curses.color_pair(badge_cp) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                x += len(badge)
+
+                kbd_mode = ""
+                if self.engine._keyboard_channel:
+                    kbd_mode = f"  KBD:ch{self.engine._keyboard_channel}"
+                rec_mode = "  ●REC" if self.engine._recording else ""
+                info = f"  BPM:{self.bpm}  drums:{self.current_drum}  seed:{self.seed}{kbd_mode}{rec_mode}"
+                try:
+                    stdscr.addstr(0, x, info[:w - x], curses.color_pair(6))
+                    # Fill rest of header
+                    remaining = w - x - len(info)
+                    if remaining > 0:
+                        stdscr.addstr(0, x + len(info), " " * remaining, curses.color_pair(6))
+                except curses.error:
+                    pass
+
+                # ═══ DIVIDER ═══
+                for y in range(1, h - 2):
+                    try:
+                        stdscr.addch(y, div, '│', curses.color_pair(2) | curses.A_DIM)
+                    except curses.error:
+                        pass
+
+                # ═══ LEFT: EVENTS ═══
+                try:
+                    stdscr.addstr(1, 1, " Events ", curses.color_pair(2) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                except curses.error:
+                    pass
+
+                log_h = h - 5
+                visible = self.log_lines[-log_h:] if log_h > 0 else []
+                for i, (ts, msg, color) in enumerate(visible):
+                    ly = 2 + i
+                    if ly >= h - 3:
+                        break
+                    # Fade old messages
+                    age = time.time() - ts
+                    attr = curses.A_DIM if age > 8 else 0
+                    try:
+                        stdscr.addstr(ly, 1, msg[:div - 2],
+                                      curses.color_pair(color) | attr)
+                    except curses.error:
+                        pass
+
+                # ═══ RIGHT: CONFIG ═══
+                try:
+                    stdscr.addstr(1, cfg_x, " Config ",
+                                  curses.color_pair(2) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                except curses.error:
+                    pass
+
+                y = 3
+                rw = w - cfg_x - 1
+                for i, inst in enumerate(self.picks, 1):
+                    try:
+                        stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x, f"{i}", curses.A_BOLD)
+                        stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x + 1, ":", curses.A_DIM)
+                        stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x + 2, inst[:rw - 2],
+                                      curses.color_pair(1))
+                    except curses.error:
+                        pass
+                    y += 1
+
+                y += 1
+                # VU meters per channel
+                y += 1
+                try:
+                    stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x, "Levels:", curses.A_BOLD | curses.A_DIM)
+                except curses.error:
+                    pass
+                y += 1
+                for i, inst in enumerate(self.picks, 1):
+                    if i in self.engine.channels:
+                        lv = self.engine.channels[i].level
+                        bars = int(min(lv, 1.0) * 16)
+                        meter = "|" * bars + "-" * (16 - bars)
+                        color = 1 if bars < 15 else 3 if bars < 18 else 4
+                        try:
+                            stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x, f"{i}", curses.A_BOLD)
+                            stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x + 1, f" {meter}", curses.color_pair(color))
+                        except curses.error:
+                            pass
+                        y += 1
+
+                y += 1
+                rec_indicator = " ● REC " if self.engine._recording else ""
+                kbd_indicator = f" kbd:ch{self.engine._keyboard_channel} oct{self.engine._keyboard_octave}" if self.engine._keyboard_channel else ""
+
+                pairs = [
+                    ("Drums", self.current_drum, 5),
+                    ("BPM", str(self.bpm), 0),
+                    ("Latency", f"{self.engine.buffer_size / 44100 * 1000:.1f}ms", 0),
+                    ("MIDI", self.port, 0),
+                    ("Seed", str(self.seed), 2),
+                ]
+                if rec_indicator:
+                    pairs.append(("", rec_indicator, 4))
+                if kbd_indicator:
+                    pairs.append(("", kbd_indicator, 2))
+                for label, val, cp in pairs:
+                    try:
+                        stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x, f"{label}:", curses.A_BOLD)
+                        stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x + len(label) + 1, f" {val}"[:rw],
+                                      curses.color_pair(cp))
+                    except curses.error:
+                        pass
+                    y += 1
+
+                y += 1
+                cmds = [
+                    "ch <n> [inst]",
+                    "fx <n> <param> <val>",
+                    "pan <n> <-1..1>",
+                    "drums [pattern|-]",
+                    "kbd [ch] [oct]",
+                    "rec / stop / export",
+                    "save/load <file>",
+                    "seed [n] / list",
+                    "exit",
+                ]
+                try:
+                    stdscr.addstr(y, cfg_x, "Commands:", curses.color_pair(3))
+                except curses.error:
+                    pass
+                for i, c in enumerate(cmds):
+                    try:
+                        stdscr.addstr(y + 1 + i, cfg_x + 1, c[:rw],
+                                      curses.color_pair(2) | curses.A_DIM)
+                    except curses.error:
+                        pass
+
+                # ═══ INPUT BAR ═══
+                iy = h - 2
+                try:
+                    stdscr.addstr(iy - 1, 0, "─" * (w - 1), curses.A_DIM)
+                    if self.kbd_active:
+                        stdscr.addstr(iy, 0, " KEYBOARD ",
+                                      curses.color_pair(7) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                        stdscr.addstr(iy, 10, " Esc=exit Up/Down=octave ",
+                                      curses.color_pair(3))
+                    else:
+                        stdscr.addstr(iy, 0, " $ ",
+                                      curses.color_pair(1) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                    stdscr.addstr(iy, 3, cmd_buf[:w - 5])
+                    # Cursor at position
+                    cx = 3 + cursor_pos
+                    if cx < w - 1:
+                        # Show character under cursor inverted, or block at end
+                        if cursor_pos < len(cmd_buf):
+                            stdscr.addstr(iy, cx, cmd_buf[cursor_pos],
+                                          curses.A_REVERSE)
+                        else:
+                            stdscr.addstr(iy, cx, " ", curses.A_REVERSE)
+                except curses.error:
+                    pass
+
+                # ═══ PICKER OVERLAY ═══
+                if self._picker is not None:
+                    filt = self._picker["filter"]
+                    items = [i for i in self.instruments if filt in i] if filt else self.instruments
+                    idx = self._picker["index"]
+                    pw = min(32, w - 4)
+                    ph = min(len(items) + 2, h - 4)
+                    px = (w - pw) // 2
+                    py = (h - ph) // 2
+                    # Border
+                    title = f" Ch {self._picker['channel']} "
+                    try:
+                        stdscr.addstr(py, px, "┌" + title + "─" * (pw - 2 - len(title)) + "┐", curses.color_pair(2) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                        for ri in range(1, ph - 1):
+                            stdscr.addstr(py + ri, px, "│" + " " * (pw - 2) + "│", curses.color_pair(2))
+                        stdscr.addstr(py + ph - 1, px, "└" + "─" * (pw - 2) + "┘", curses.color_pair(2))
+                    except curses.error:
+                        pass
+                    # Items
+                    vis_h = ph - 2
+                    scroll = self._picker["scroll"]
+                    if idx < scroll:
+                        scroll = idx
+                    elif idx >= scroll + vis_h:
+                        scroll = idx - vis_h + 1
+                    self._picker["scroll"] = scroll
+                    for ri in range(vis_h):
+                        li = scroll + ri
+                        if li >= len(items):
+                            break
+                        name = items[li][:pw - 4]
+                        attr = curses.A_REVERSE | curses.color_pair(1) if li == idx else curses.color_pair(0)
+                        try:
+                            padded = f" {name}" + " " * (pw - 3 - len(name))
+                            stdscr.addstr(py + 1 + ri, px + 1, padded, attr)
+                        except curses.error:
+                            pass
+                    # Filter hint
+                    hint = f"/{filt}" if filt else "type to filter"
+                    try:
+                        stdscr.addstr(py + ph - 1, px + 2, hint[:pw - 4], curses.color_pair(3) | curses.A_DIM)
+                    except curses.error:
+                        pass
+
+                stdscr.refresh()
+
+                # ═══ INPUT ═══
+                ch = stdscr.getch()
+                if ch == -1:
+                    continue
+
+                # KEYBOARD MODE: all keys go to MIDI
+                if self.kbd_active:
+                    if ch == 27:  # Escape exits keyboard mode
+                        # Release all held notes
+                        for k in list(self._kbd_held):
+                            self.engine.keyboard_note(k, on=False)
+                        self._kbd_held.clear()
+                        self.kbd_active = False
+                        self.engine._keyboard_channel = None
+                        self.log("Keyboard off (Esc)", 3)
+                    elif ch == curses.KEY_UP:
+                        self.engine._keyboard_octave = min(8, self.engine._keyboard_octave + 1)
+                        self.log(f"Octave ↑ {self.engine._keyboard_octave}", 2)
+                    elif ch == curses.KEY_DOWN:
+                        self.engine._keyboard_octave = max(0, self.engine._keyboard_octave - 1)
+                        self.log(f"Octave ↓ {self.engine._keyboard_octave}", 2)
+                    elif 32 <= ch < 127:
+                        key = chr(ch).lower()
+                        now = time.time()
+                        if key in self._kbd_held:
+                            # Key repeat — just refresh the timer
+                            self._kbd_held[key] = now
+                        else:
+                            # New key press
+                            played = self.engine.keyboard_note(key, on=True)
+                            if played:
+                                self._kbd_held[key] = now
+
+                    # Release keys that haven't been pressed for 150ms
+                    now = time.time()
+                    expired = [k for k, t in self._kbd_held.items()
+                               if now - t > 0.15]
+                    for k in expired:
+                        self.engine.keyboard_note(k, on=False)
+                        del self._kbd_held[k]
+
+                    continue
+
+                # PICKER MODE
+                if self._picker is not None:
+                    filt = self._picker["filter"]
+                    items = [i for i in self.instruments if filt in i] if filt else self.instruments
+                    if ch == 27:  # Escape cancels
+                        self._picker = None
+                    elif ch == curses.KEY_UP:
+                        self._picker["index"] = max(0, self._picker["index"] - 1)
+                    elif ch == curses.KEY_DOWN:
+                        self._picker["index"] = min(len(items) - 1, self._picker["index"] + 1)
+                    elif ch == 10 or ch == 13:  # Enter selects
+                        if items:
+                            inst = items[self._picker["index"]]
+                            n = self._picker["channel"]
+                            self.picks[n - 1] = inst
+                            self.engine.channel(n, instrument=inst, reverb=0.3)
+                            self.log(f"Ch {n} → {inst}", 1)
+                        self._picker = None
+                    elif ch == curses.KEY_BACKSPACE or ch == 127:
+                        if filt:
+                            self._picker["filter"] = filt[:-1]
+                            self._picker["index"] = 0
+                            self._picker["scroll"] = 0
+                    elif 32 <= ch < 127:
+                        self._picker["filter"] = filt + chr(ch)
+                        self._picker["index"] = 0
+                        self._picker["scroll"] = 0
+                    continue
+
+                if ch == 10 or ch == 13:
+                    if cmd_buf.strip():
+                        cmd_history.append(cmd_buf)
+                        self._handle_command(cmd_buf.strip())
+                        cmd_buf = ""
+                        cursor_pos = 0
+                        history_idx = -1
+                elif ch == 27:
+                    if self.engine._keyboard_channel and not cmd_buf:
+                        # Escape exits keyboard mode
+                        self.engine._keyboard_channel = None
+                        self.log("Keyboard off (Esc)", 3)
+                    else:
+                        cmd_buf = ""
+                        cursor_pos = 0
+                elif ch == curses.KEY_BACKSPACE or ch == 127:
+                    if cursor_pos > 0:
+                        cmd_buf = cmd_buf[:cursor_pos - 1] + cmd_buf[cursor_pos:]
+                        cursor_pos -= 1
+                elif ch == curses.KEY_LEFT:
+                    cursor_pos = max(0, cursor_pos - 1)
+                elif ch == curses.KEY_RIGHT:
+                    cursor_pos = min(len(cmd_buf), cursor_pos + 1)
+                elif ch == curses.KEY_HOME or ch == 1:  # Ctrl-A
+                    cursor_pos = 0
+                elif ch == curses.KEY_END or ch == 5:  # Ctrl-E
+                    cursor_pos = len(cmd_buf)
+                elif ch == curses.KEY_UP:
+                    if cmd_history and history_idx < len(cmd_history) - 1:
+                        history_idx += 1
+                        cmd_buf = cmd_history[-(history_idx + 1)]
+                        cursor_pos = len(cmd_buf)
+                elif ch == curses.KEY_DOWN:
+                    if history_idx > 0:
+                        history_idx -= 1
+                        cmd_buf = cmd_history[-(history_idx + 1)]
+                        cursor_pos = len(cmd_buf)
+                    else:
+                        history_idx = -1
+                        cmd_buf = ""
+                        cursor_pos = 0
+                elif ch == 9:  # Tab
+                    if tab_matches and tab_prefix == cmd_buf:
+                        tab_idx = (tab_idx + 1) % len(tab_matches)
+                        cmd_buf = tab_matches[tab_idx]
+                    else:
+                        tab_matches = self._complete(cmd_buf)
+                        tab_prefix = cmd_buf
+                        if len(tab_matches) == 1:
+                            cmd_buf = tab_matches[0]
+                            tab_matches = []
+                        elif tab_matches:
+                            tab_idx = 0
+                            cmd_buf = tab_matches[0]
+                        else:
+                            tab_matches = []
+                    cursor_pos = len(cmd_buf)
+                elif 32 <= ch < 127:
+                    cmd_buf = cmd_buf[:cursor_pos] + chr(ch) + cmd_buf[cursor_pos:]
+                    cursor_pos += 1
+                    tab_matches = []
+                    tab_idx = -1
+
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                self.running = False
+
+        self.engine.stop()
+
+    def _complete(self, text):
+        """Return list of completions for current input."""
+        parts = text.split()
+        commands = ["ch", "fx", "pan", "drums", "kbd", "rec", "stop", "export",
+                    "save", "load", "seed", "list", "patterns", "octave", "help", "exit"]
+        fx_params = ["volume", "pan", "lowpass", "lowpass_q", "reverb", "chorus",
+                     "detune", "spread", "analog", "distortion", "delay",
+                     "tremolo_depth", "saturation", "phaser", "sub_osc", "noise_mix"]
+
+        if not parts:
+            return [c + " " for c in commands]
+
+        # Completing first word
+        if len(parts) == 1 and not text.endswith(" "):
+            prefix = parts[0].lower()
+            return [c + " " for c in commands if c.startswith(prefix)]
+
+        verb = parts[0].lower()
+
+        # ch <n> <instrument>
+        if verb == "ch" and len(parts) == 3 and not text.endswith(" "):
+            prefix = parts[2].lower()
+            return [f"ch {parts[1]} {i} " for i in self.instruments
+                    if i.startswith(prefix)]
+        if verb == "ch" and len(parts) == 2 and text.endswith(" "):
+            return [f"ch {parts[1]} {i} " for i in self.instruments]
+
+        # drums <pattern>
+        if verb == "drums" and len(parts) == 2 and not text.endswith(" "):
+            prefix = parts[1].lower()
+            matches = [p for p in self.drum_patterns if p.startswith(prefix)]
+            return [f"drums {m} " for m in matches]
+        if verb == "drums" and len(parts) == 1 and text.endswith(" "):
+            return [f"drums {p} " for p in self.drum_patterns]
+
+        # fx <n> <param> <val>
+        if verb == "fx" and len(parts) == 3 and not text.endswith(" "):
+            prefix = parts[2].lower()
+            return [f"fx {parts[1]} {p} " for p in fx_params
+                    if p.startswith(prefix)]
+        if verb == "fx" and len(parts) == 2 and text.endswith(" "):
+            return [f"fx {parts[1]} {p} " for p in fx_params]
+
+        return []
+
+    def _handle_command(self, cmd):
+        parts = cmd.split()
+        if not parts:
+            return
+        verb = parts[0].lower()
+
+        if verb in ("quit", "q", "exit"):
+            self.running = False
+        elif verb in ("help", "h"):
+            self.log("ch <n> [inst] | fx <n> <param> <val> | drums [pat|-]", 2)
+            self.log("seed [n] | list | patterns | exit", 2)
+        elif verb == "ch" and len(parts) == 2:
+            try:
+                n = int(parts[1])
+                if 1 <= n <= len(self.picks):
+                    # Open instrument picker with current instrument pre-selected
+                    current = self.picks[n - 1]
+                    idx = self.instruments.index(current) if current in self.instruments else 0
+                    self._picker = {"channel": n, "index": idx, "scroll": max(0, idx - 5), "filter": ""}
+                else:
+                    self.log(f"Channel 1-{len(self.picks)}", 4)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.log("ch <1-8> [instrument]", 4)
+        elif verb == "ch" and len(parts) >= 3:
+            try:
+                n = int(parts[1])
+                inst = parts[2]
+                if inst not in INSTRUMENTS:
+                    self.log(f"Unknown: {inst}", 4)
+                    return
+                if not (1 <= n <= len(self.picks)):
+                    self.log(f"Channel 1-{len(self.picks)}", 4)
+                    return
+                self.picks[n - 1] = inst
+                self.engine.channel(n, instrument=inst, reverb=0.3)
+                self.log(f"Ch {n} → {inst}", 1)
+            except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                self.log("ch <1-8> <instrument>", 4)
+        elif verb == "fx" and len(parts) >= 4:
+            try:
+                n = int(parts[1])
+                param = parts[2]
+                val = float(parts[3])
+                if not (1 <= n <= len(self.picks)):
+                    self.log(f"Channel 1-{len(self.picks)}", 4)
+                    return
+                if n not in self.engine.channels:
+                    self.log(f"Channel {n} not active", 4)
+                    return
+                channel = self.engine.channels[n]
+                if param == "reverb":
+                    channel.reverb = val
+                    channel._cache.clear()
+                elif param == "lowpass":
+                    channel.lowpass = val
+                    channel._cache.clear()
+                elif param == "volume":
+                    channel.volume = val
+                elif hasattr(channel, param):
+                    setattr(channel, param, val)
+                    channel._cache.clear()
+                else:
+                    self.log(f"Unknown param: {param}", 4)
+                    return
+                self.log(f"Ch {n} {param}={val}", 1)
+            except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                self.log("fx <1-8> <param> <value>", 4)
+        elif verb == "fx" and len(parts) == 2:
+            try:
+                n = int(parts[1])
+                if n in self.engine.channels:
+                    ch = self.engine.channels[n]
+                    self.log(f"Ch {n}: vol={ch.volume} lp={ch.lowpass} rev={ch.reverb}", 2)
+                else:
+                    self.log(f"Channel {n} not active", 4)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.log("fx <ch> <param> <value>", 4)
+        elif verb == "fx" and len(parts) <= 1:
+            self.log("Volume/Mix:", 3)
+            self.log("  volume  pan  reverb  delay", 2)
+            self.log("Filter:", 3)
+            self.log("  lowpass  lowpass_q", 2)
+            self.log("Modulation:", 3)
+            self.log("  chorus  detune  spread  tremolo_depth", 2)
+            self.log("  phaser  analog", 2)
+            self.log("Drive:", 3)
+            self.log("  distortion  saturation", 2)
+            self.log("Synth:", 3)
+            self.log("  sub_osc  noise_mix", 2)
+            self.log("", 0)
+            self.log("fx <ch> <param> <value>", 2)
+        elif verb == "drums" and len(parts) == 1:
+            self.log(f"Current: {self.current_drum}", 5)
+            for i in range(0, len(self.drum_patterns), 4):
+                row = " ".join(f"{x:17s}" for x in self.drum_patterns[i:i+4])
+                self.log(f" {row}", 2)
+        elif verb == "drums" and len(parts) >= 2:
+            pat = " ".join(parts[1:])
+            if pat in ("none", "off", "mute", "-"):
+                self.current_drum = "none"
+                self.engine._drum_pattern = None
+                self.engine._drum_channel = None
+                self.log("Drums off", 4)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    self.current_drum = pat
+                    self.engine.drums(pat, volume=0.5)
+                    self.log(f"Drums → {pat}", 5)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    self.log(f"Error: {e}", 4)
+        elif verb == "seed" and len(parts) == 1:
+            self.log(f"Seed: {self.seed}", 2)
+        elif verb == "seed" and len(parts) >= 2:
+            try:
+                self.seed = int(parts[1])
+                rng = random.Random(self.seed)
+                self.picks = rng.sample(self.instruments, 8)
+                for i, inst in enumerate(self.picks, 1):
+                    self.engine.channel(i, instrument=inst, reverb=0.3)
+                self.log(f"Seed → {self.seed}", 1)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.log("seed <number>", 4)
+        elif verb == "list":
+            for i in range(0, len(self.instruments), 3):
+                row = " ".join(f"{x:22s}" for x in self.instruments[i:i+3])
+                self.log(f" {row}", 2)
+        elif verb == "patterns":
+            for i in range(0, len(self.drum_patterns), 4):
+                row = " ".join(f"{x:17s}" for x in self.drum_patterns[i:i+4])
+                self.log(f" {row}", 2)
+        elif verb == "pan" and len(parts) >= 3:
+            try:
+                n = int(parts[1])
+                val = float(parts[2])
+                val = max(-1.0, min(1.0, val))
+                if n in self.engine.channels:
+                    self.engine.channels[n].pan = val
+                    self.log(f"Ch {n} pan={val:+.1f}", 1)
+                else:
+                    self.log(f"Channel {n} not active", 4)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.log("pan <1-8> <-1..1>", 4)
+        elif verb == "kbd":
+            if len(parts) >= 2:
+                try:
+                    ch_num = int(parts[1])
+                    self.engine._keyboard_channel = ch_num
+                    if len(parts) >= 3:
+                        self.engine._keyboard_octave = int(parts[2])
+                except ValueError:
+                    self.log("kbd <channel> [octave]", 4)
+                    return
+            else:
+                self.engine._keyboard_channel = self.engine._keyboard_channel or 1
+            self.kbd_active = True
+            # Make sure wavetables are cached for this channel
+            ch_num = self.engine._keyboard_channel
+            if ch_num in self.engine.channels:
+                channel = self.engine.channels[ch_num]
+                if not channel._cache:
+                    self.log("Rendering wavetables...", 3)
+                    for midi_note in range(36, 97):
+                        channel._get_wave(midi_note, 44100 * 3)
+            self.log(f"♪ Keyboard ON ch{ch_num} oct{self.engine._keyboard_octave} (Esc=exit, ↑↓=octave)", 1)
+        elif verb == "rec":
+            self.engine.start_recording()
+            self.log("● Recording...", 4)
+        elif verb == "stop" and self.engine._recording:
+            self.engine.stop_recording()
+            n = len(self.engine._record_events)
+            self.log(f"■ Stopped ({n} events)", 3)
+        elif verb == "export":
+            fname = parts[1] if len(parts) > 1 else "recording.mid"
+            score = self.engine.export_recording(fname)
+            if score:
+                self.log(f"Exported → {fname}", 1)
+            else:
+                self.log("Nothing to export", 4)
+        elif verb == "save" and len(parts) >= 2:
+            fname = parts[1]
+            if not fname.endswith(".json"):
+                fname += ".json"
+            self.engine.seed = self.seed
+            self.engine.save_config(fname)
+            self.log(f"Saved → {fname}", 1)
+        elif verb == "load" and len(parts) >= 2:
+            fname = parts[1]
+            if not fname.endswith(".json"):
+                fname += ".json"
+            try:
+                self.engine.load_config(fname)
+                self.log(f"Loaded ← {fname}", 1)
+                # Update picks from channels
+                for ch, channel in self.engine.channels.items():
+                    if 1 <= ch <= 8:
+                        self.picks[ch - 1] = channel.synth_name
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.log(f"Error: {e}", 4)
+        elif verb == "octave" and len(parts) >= 2:
+            try:
+                self.engine._keyboard_octave = int(parts[1])
+                self.log(f"Keyboard octave → {self.engine._keyboard_octave}", 2)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.log("octave <0-8>", 4)
+        else:
+            self.log(f"? {cmd}", 4)
+
+
+def main():
+    import argparse
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="PyTheory Live — real-time MIDI synthesizer")
+    parser.add_argument("seed", nargs="?", type=int, default=None, help="Random seed for instruments")
+    parser.add_argument("--port", "-p", default="OP-XY", help="MIDI port name (default: OP-XY)")
+    parser.add_argument("--channels", "-c", type=int, default=8, help="Number of channels (default: 8)")
+    parser.add_argument("--drums", "-d", default="rock", help="Drum pattern (default: rock, 'none' to disable)")
+    parser.add_argument("--buffer", "-b", type=int, default=128, help="Audio buffer size (default: 128)")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    tui = LiveTUI(seed=args.seed, port=args.port, n_channels=args.channels,
+                  drum_pattern=args.drums, buffer_size=args.buffer)
+    curses.wrapper(tui.run)
+
+    # Print resume command on exit
+    cmd_parts = ["pytheory-live", str(tui.seed)]
+    if tui.port != "OP-XY":
+        cmd_parts += ["--port", tui.port]
+    if tui.n_channels != 8:
+        cmd_parts += ["--channels", str(tui.n_channels)]
+    if tui.current_drum != "rock":
+        cmd_parts += ["--drums", tui.current_drum]
+    if tui.buffer_size != 128:
+        cmd_parts += ["--buffer", str(tui.buffer_size)]
+    print(f"\nResume this session with:\n  {' '.join(cmd_parts)}\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()