v0.0.2

Fleshed out the benchmarks section of the README.md file

.gitignore

@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
 build
 responder.egg-info/
 dist/
+app.py

.travis.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 language: python
 python:
   - "3.6"
-  - "3.7"
 
 # command to install dependencies
 install:

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Copyright 2018 Kenneth Reitz
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.

Pipfile

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ name = "pypi"
 [packages]
 responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
 uvicorn = "*"
+starlette = "*"
+aiofiles = "*"
 
 [dev-packages]
 pytest = "*"
@@ -14,6 +16,8 @@ black = "*"
 twine = "*"
 flask = "*"
 sphinx = "*"
+locust = "*"
+locustio = "*"
 
 [requires]
 python_version = "3.7"

Pipfile.lock

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
     "_meta": {
         "hash": {
-            "sha256": "76d2978ee90d2c028b13c9a5abdd2371d74d514045d50fb9b92aec44e72054b3"
+            "sha256": "620c4b82d439a27e1afdbe54a6a77130cc52060846d4a6e322a5b064ff68e8fd"
         },
         "pipfile-spec": 6,
         "requires": {
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@
         ]
     },
     "default": {
+        "aiofiles": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:021ea0ba314a86027c166ecc4b4c07f2d40fc0f4b3a950d1868a0f2571c2bbee",
+                "sha256:1e644c2573f953664368de28d2aa4c89dfd64550429d0c27c4680ccd3aa4985d"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==0.4.0"
+        },
         "aniso8601": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:7849749cf00ae0680ad2bdfe4419c7a662bef19c03691a19e008c8b9a5267802",
@@ -110,6 +118,12 @@
             ],
             "version": "==2.2.1"
         },
+        "python-multipart": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:f7bb5f611fc600d15fa47b3974c8aa16e93724513b49b5f95c81e6624c83fa43"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.0.5"
+        },
         "pyyaml": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:254bf6fda2b7c651837acb2c718e213df29d531eebf00edb54743d10bcb694eb",
@@ -127,16 +141,17 @@
             ],
             "version": "==2.19.1"
         },
-        "requests-wsgi-adapter": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:7080c98ae2614b8d0b7339b611d97a535470d2fb479731f7d588d5f8108ea134"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.0"
-        },
         "responder": {
             "editable": true,
             "path": "."
         },
+        "rfc3986": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:632b8fcd2ac37f24334316227f909be4f9d0738cbf409404cff6fa5f69a24093",
+                "sha256:8458571c4c57e1cf23593ad860bb601b6a604df6217f829c2bc70dc4b5af941b"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.1.0"
+        },
         "rx": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:13a1d8d9e252625c173dc795471e614eadfe1cf40ffc684e08b8fff0d9748c23",
@@ -151,6 +166,13 @@
             ],
             "version": "==1.11.0"
         },
+        "starlette": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:9f42bba2c3140402df7fe645b79aadc694cca80140d7bdd43b8a7175f84a8a70"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==0.4.1"
+        },
         "urllib3": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:a68ac5e15e76e7e5dd2b8f94007233e01effe3e50e8daddf69acfd81cb686baf",
@@ -165,13 +187,6 @@
             "index": "pypi",
             "version": "==0.3.12"
         },
-        "waitress": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:40b0f297a7f3af61fbfbdc67e59090c70dc150a1601c39ecc9f5f1d283fb931b",
-                "sha256:d33cd3d62426c0f1b3cd84ee3d65779c7003aae3fc060dee60524d10a57f05a9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.1.0"
-        },
         "websockets": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:0e2f7d6567838369af074f0ef4d0b802d19fa1fee135d864acc656ceefa33136",
@@ -197,20 +212,6 @@
                 "sha256:f1414e6cbcea8d22843e7eafdfdfae3dd1aba41d1945f6ca66e4806c07c4f454"
             ],
             "version": "==6.0"
-        },
-        "werkzeug": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:c3fd7a7d41976d9f44db327260e263132466836cef6f91512889ed60ad26557c",
-                "sha256:d5da73735293558eb1651ee2fddc4d0dedcfa06538b8813a2e20011583c9e49b"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.14.1"
-        },
-        "whitenoise": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:133a92ff0ab8fb9509f77d4f7d0de493eca19c6fea973f4195d4184f888f2e02",
-                "sha256:32b57d193478908a48acb66bf73e7a3c18679263e3e64bfebcfac1144a430039"
-            ],
-            "version": "==4.1"
         }
     },
     "develop": {
@@ -306,6 +307,7 @@
                 "sha256:edabd457cd23a02965166026fd9bfd196f4324fe6032e866d0f3bd0301cd486f",
                 "sha256:fdf1c1dc5bafc32bc5d08b054f94d659422b05aba244d6be4ddc1c72d9aa70fb"
             ],
+            "markers": "sys_platform == 'win32' and platform_python_implementation == 'CPython'",
             "version": "==1.11.5"
         },
         "chardet": {
@@ -393,6 +395,59 @@
             ],
             "version": "==0.16.0"
         },
+        "gevent": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:1f277c5cf060b30313c5f9b91588f4c645e11839e14a63c83fcf6f24b1bc9b95",
+                "sha256:298a04a334fb5e3dcd6f89d063866a09155da56041bc94756da59db412cb45b1",
+                "sha256:30e9b2878d5b57c68a40b3a08d496bcdaefc79893948989bb9b9fab087b3f3c0",
+                "sha256:33533bc5c6522883e4437e901059fe5afa3ea74287eeea27a130494ff130e731",
+                "sha256:3f06f4802824c577272960df003a304ce95b3e82eea01dad2637cc8609c80e2c",
+                "sha256:419fd562e4b94b91b58cccb3bd3f17e1a11f6162fca6c591a7822bc8a68f023d",
+                "sha256:4ea938f44b882e02cca9583069d38eb5f257cc15a03e918980c307e7739b1038",
+                "sha256:51143a479965e3e634252a0f4a1ea07e5307cf8dc773ef6bf9dfe6741785fb4c",
+                "sha256:5bf9bd1dd4951552d9207af3168f420575e3049016b9c10fe0c96760ce3555b7",
+                "sha256:6004512833707a1877cc1a5aea90fd182f569e089bc9ab22a81d480dad018f1b",
+                "sha256:640b3b52121ab519e0980cb38b572df0d2bc76941103a697e828c13d76ac8836",
+                "sha256:6951655cc18b8371d823e81c700883debb0f633aae76f425dfeb240f76b95a67",
+                "sha256:71eeb8d9146e8131b65c3364bb760b097c21b7b9fdbec91bf120685a510f997a",
+                "sha256:7c899e5a6f94d6310352716740f05e41eb8c52d995f27fc01e90380913aa8f22",
+                "sha256:8465f84ba31aaf52a080837e9c5ddd592ab0a21dfda3212239ce1e1796f4d503",
+                "sha256:99de2e38dde8669dd30a8a1261bdb39caee6bd00a5f928d01dfdb85ab0502562",
+                "sha256:9fa4284b44bc42bef6e437488d000ae37499ccee0d239013465638504c4565b7",
+                "sha256:a1beea0443d3404c03e069d4c4d9fc13d8ec001771c77f9a23f01911a41f0e49",
+                "sha256:a66a26b78d90d7c4e9bf9efb2b2bd0af49234604ac52eaca03ea79ac411e3f6d",
+                "sha256:a94e197bd9667834f7bb6bd8dff1736fab68619d0f8cd78a9c1cebe3c4944677",
+                "sha256:ac0331d3a3289a3d16627742be9c8969f293740a31efdedcd9087dadd6b2da57",
+                "sha256:d26b57c50bf52fb38dadf3df5bbecd2236f49d7ac98f3cf32d6b8a2d25afc27f",
+                "sha256:fd23b27387d76410eb6a01ea13efc7d8b4b95974ba212c336e8b1d6ab45a9578"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.3.7"
+        },
+        "greenlet": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:000546ad01e6389e98626c1367be58efa613fa82a1be98b0c6fc24b563acc6d0",
+                "sha256:0d48200bc50cbf498716712129eef819b1729339e34c3ae71656964dac907c28",
+                "sha256:23d12eacffa9d0f290c0fe0c4e81ba6d5f3a5b7ac3c30a5eaf0126bf4deda5c8",
+                "sha256:37c9ba82bd82eb6a23c2e5acc03055c0e45697253b2393c9a50cef76a3985304",
+                "sha256:51503524dd6f152ab4ad1fbd168fc6c30b5795e8c70be4410a64940b3abb55c0",
+                "sha256:8041e2de00e745c0e05a502d6e6db310db7faa7c979b3a5877123548a4c0b214",
+                "sha256:81fcd96a275209ef117e9ec91f75c731fa18dcfd9ffaa1c0adbdaa3616a86043",
+                "sha256:853da4f9563d982e4121fed8c92eea1a4594a2299037b3034c3c898cb8e933d6",
+                "sha256:8b4572c334593d449113f9dc8d19b93b7b271bdbe90ba7509eb178923327b625",
+                "sha256:9416443e219356e3c31f1f918a91badf2e37acf297e2fa13d24d1cc2380f8fbc",
+                "sha256:9854f612e1b59ec66804931df5add3b2d5ef0067748ea29dc60f0efdcda9a638",
+                "sha256:99a26afdb82ea83a265137a398f570402aa1f2b5dfb4ac3300c026931817b163",
+                "sha256:a19bf883b3384957e4a4a13e6bd1ae3d85ae87f4beb5957e35b0be287f12f4e4",
+                "sha256:a9f145660588187ff835c55a7d2ddf6abfc570c2651c276d3d4be8a2766db490",
+                "sha256:ac57fcdcfb0b73bb3203b58a14501abb7e5ff9ea5e2edfa06bb03035f0cff248",
+                "sha256:bcb530089ff24f6458a81ac3fa699e8c00194208a724b644ecc68422e1111939",
+                "sha256:beeabe25c3b704f7d56b573f7d2ff88fc99f0138e43480cecdfcaa3b87fe4f87",
+                "sha256:d634a7ea1fc3380ff96f9e44d8d22f38418c1c381d5fac680b272d7d90883720",
+                "sha256:d97b0661e1aead761f0ded3b769044bb00ed5d33e1ec865e891a8b128bf7c656"
+            ],
+            "markers": "platform_python_implementation == 'CPython'",
+            "version": "==0.4.15"
+        },
         "idna": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:156a6814fb5ac1fc6850fb002e0852d56c0c8d2531923a51032d1b70760e186e",
@@ -420,6 +475,21 @@
             ],
             "version": "==2.10"
         },
+        "locust": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:aaa38b525795e9c1a35ac3620543cf4e62f82948714f60a32023ea8c9b8edc2e"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==0.0"
+        },
+        "locustio": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:be7b44468b8683def983e7451ab505cd85fff8d06f6b75ad7c899cedbbf789ac",
+                "sha256:c77b471e0e08e215c93a7af9a95b79193268072873fbbc0effca40f3d9b58be4"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==0.9.0"
+        },
         "markupsafe": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:a6be69091dac236ea9c6bc7d012beab42010fa914c459791d627dad4910eb665"
@@ -441,6 +511,26 @@
             ],
             "version": "==4.3.0"
         },
+        "msgpack": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:0b3b1773d2693c70598585a34ca2715873ba899565f0a7c9a1545baef7e7fbdc",
+                "sha256:0bae5d1538c5c6a75642f75a1781f3ac2275d744a92af1a453c150da3446138b",
+                "sha256:0ee8c8c85aa651be3aa0cd005b5931769eaa658c948ce79428766f1bd46ae2c3",
+                "sha256:1369f9edba9500c7a6489b70fdfac773e925342f4531f1e3d4c20ac3173b1ae0",
+                "sha256:22d9c929d1d539f37da3d1b0e16270fa9d46107beab8c0d4d2bddffffe895cee",
+                "sha256:2ff43e3247a1e11d544017bb26f580a68306cec7a6257d8818893c1fda665f42",
+                "sha256:31a98047355d34d047fcdb55b09cb19f633cf214c705a765bd745456c142130c",
+                "sha256:8767eb0032732c3a0da92cbec5ac186ef89a3258c6edca09161472ca0206c45f",
+                "sha256:8acc8910218555044e23826980b950e96685dc48124a290c86f6f41a296ea172",
+                "sha256:ab189a6365be1860a5ecf8159c248f12d33f79ea799ae9695fa6a29896dcf1d4",
+                "sha256:cfd6535feb0f1cf1c7cdb25773e965cc9f92928244a8c3ef6f8f8a8e1f7ae5c4",
+                "sha256:e274cd4480d8c76ec467a85a9c6635bbf2258f0649040560382ab58cabb44bcf",
+                "sha256:f86642d60dca13e93260187d56c2bef2487aa4d574a669e8ceefcf9f4c26fd00",
+                "sha256:f8a57cbda46a94ed0db55b73e6ab0c15e78b4ede8690fa491a0e55128d552bb0",
+                "sha256:fcea97a352416afcbccd7af9625159d80704a25c519c251c734527329bb20d0e"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.5.6"
+        },
         "packaging": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:0886227f54515e592aaa2e5a553332c73962917f2831f1b0f9b9f4380a4b9807",
@@ -518,6 +608,36 @@
             ],
             "version": "==2018.5"
         },
+        "pyzmq": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:25a0715c8f69cf72f67cfe5a68a3f3ed391c67c063d2257bec0fe7fc2c7f08f8",
+                "sha256:2bab63759632c6b9e0d5bf19cc63c3b01df267d660e0abcf230cf0afaa966349",
+                "sha256:30ab49d99b24bf0908ebe1cdfa421720bfab6f93174e4883075b7ff38cc555ba",
+                "sha256:32c7ca9fc547a91e3c26fc6080b6982e46e79819e706eb414dd78f635a65d946",
+                "sha256:41219ae72b3cc86d97557fe5b1ef5d1adc1057292ec597b50050874a970a39cf",
+                "sha256:4b8c48a9a13cea8f1f16622f9bd46127108af14cd26150461e3eab71e0de3e46",
+                "sha256:55724997b4a929c0d01b43c95051318e26ddbae23565018e138ae2dc60187e59",
+                "sha256:65f0a4afae59d4fc0aad54a917ab599162613a761b760ba167d66cc646ac3786",
+                "sha256:6f88591a8b246f5c285ee6ce5c1bf4f6bd8464b7f090b1333a446b6240a68d40",
+                "sha256:75022a4c60dcd8765bb9ca32f6de75a0ec83b0d96e0309dc479f4c7b21f26cb7",
+                "sha256:76ea493bfab18dcb090d825f3662b5612e2def73dffc196d51a5194b0294a81d",
+                "sha256:7b60c045b80709e4e3c085bab9b691e71761b44c2b42dbb047b8b498e7bc16b3",
+                "sha256:8e6af2f736734aef8ed6f278f9f552ec7f37b1a6b98e59b887484a840757f67d",
+                "sha256:9ac2298e486524331e26390eac14e4627effd3f8e001d4266ed9d8f1d2d31cce",
+                "sha256:9ba650f493a9bc1f24feca1d90fce0e5dd41088a252ac9840131dfbdbf3815ca",
+                "sha256:a02a4a385e394e46012dc83d2e8fd6523f039bb52997c1c34a2e0dd49ed839c1",
+                "sha256:a3ceee84114d9f5711fa0f4db9c652af0e4636c89eabc9b7f03a3882569dd1ed",
+                "sha256:a72b82ac1910f2cf61a49139f4974f994984475f771b0faa730839607eeedddf",
+                "sha256:ab136ac51027e7c484c53138a0fab4a8a51e80d05162eb7b1585583bcfdbad27",
+                "sha256:c095b224300bcac61e6c445e27f9046981b1ac20d891b2f1714da89d34c637c8",
+                "sha256:c5cc52d16c06dc2521340d69adda78a8e1031705924e103c0eb8fc8af861d810",
+                "sha256:d612e9833a89e8177f8c1dc68d7b4ff98d3186cd331acd616b01bbdab67d3a7b",
+                "sha256:e828376a23c66c6fe90dcea24b4b72cd774f555a6ee94081670872918df87a19",
+                "sha256:e9767c7ab2eb552796440168d5c6e23a99ecaade08dda16266d43ad461730192",
+                "sha256:ebf8b800d42d217e4710d1582b0c8bff20cdcb4faad7c7213e52644034300924"
+            ],
+            "version": "==17.1.2"
+        },
         "readme-renderer": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:237ca8705ffea849870de41101dba41543561da05c0ae45b2f1c547efa9843d2",

README.md

@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 # Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python
 
-![](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/master/ext/Artboard%201%402x.png)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/mybinder/badge/?version=latest)](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg)](https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz)
 
-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd bring some of my ideas to the table and see what I could come up with.
+[![](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/master/ext/small.jpg)](http://python-responder.org/)
 
-## But will it blend?
+The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd spread some [Hacktoberfest](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/) spirit around, bring some of my ideas to the table, and see what I could come up with.
+
+## An Example Web Service:
 
 ```python
 import responder
@@ -12,14 +20,32 @@ import responder
 api = responder.API()
 
 @api.route("/{greeting}")
-def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
     resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     api.run()
 ```
 
-This gets you a WSGI app, with WhiteNoise pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver (ready for slowloris attacks), serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+That `async` declaration is optional.
+
+This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+
+
+## Testimonials
+
+> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder. [@kennethreitz](https://twitter.com/kennethreitz) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh M.K.
+
+> "Buckle up!" —Tom Christie of [APIStar](https://github.com/encode/apistar) and [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
+
+> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of [Two Scoops of Django]()
+
+> "Love what I have seen while it's in progress! Many features of Responder are from my wishlist for Flask, and it's even faster and even easier than Flask!" — Luna C.
+
+> "The most ambitious crossover event in history." —Pablo Cabezas, [on Tom Christie joining the project](https://twitter.com/pabloteleco/status/1050841098321620992?s=20)
+
+
+## More Examples
 
 Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff):
 
@@ -42,7 +68,22 @@ def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
 
 The `api` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
 
-Serve a GraphQL API:
+Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request:
+
+```python
+@api.route("/")
+def hello(req, resp):
+
+    @api.background.task
+    def sleep(s=10):
+        time.sleep(s)
+        print("slept!")
+
+    sleep()
+    resp.content = "processing"
+```
+
+And even serve a GraphQL API:
 
 ```python
 import graphene
@@ -80,46 +121,97 @@ Want HSTS?
 api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
 ```
 
-Boom. ✨🍰✨
+Boom.
+
+
+# Installing Responder
+
+Install the latest release (might be out of date with the docs a bit):
+
+
+    $ pipenv install responder
+    ✨🍰✨
+
+
+Or, install from the development branch:
+
+    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git#egg=responder
+
+Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
+
+# Web Service Performance Charecteristics
+The objective of these benchmark tests is not testing deployment (like uwsgi vs gunicorn vs uvicorn etc) but instead test the performance of python-response against other popular Python web frameworks.
+
+### Methodology
+The results below were gotten running the performance tests on a Lenovo W530, Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3740QM CPU @ 2.70GHz, MEM: 32GB, Linux Mint 19. I used Python 3.7.0 with the WRK utility with params:
+wrk -d20s -t10 -c200 (i.e. 10 threads and 200 connections).
+
+1. #### Simple "Hello World" benchmark
+
+    python-responder v0.0.1 (Master branch)
+    Requests/sec:   1368.23
+    Transfer/sec:    163.01KB
+
+
+
+
+    Django v2.1.2 (i18n == False)
+    Requests/sec:    544.54
+    Transfer/sec:    103.18KB
+
+
+
+
+    Django v2.1.2 (i18n == True)
+    Requests/sec:    535.12
+    Transfer/sec:    101.38KB
+
+
+
+    Django v2.1.2 (Minimal 1 file Django Application)
+    https://gist.github.com/aitoehigie/ebcc1d3e460e66cd51e5501fa2636798
+    Requests/sec:    701.53
+    Transfer/sec:     99.34KB
+
+
+
+
+    Flask v1.0.2
+    Requests/sec:    896.24
+    Transfer/sec:    144.41KB
 
 
 # The Basic Idea
 
-The primary concept here is to bring the nicities that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
 
 - Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
 - Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
 - Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
-- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familar friends.
+- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.
 
-## New Ideas
+## Ideas
 
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
 - **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
 - The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
-- Automatic gzipped-responses (still working on that).
+- Automatic gzipped-responses.
 - In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
-- WhiteNoise is built-in, for serving static files.
-- Waitress built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Waitress serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
+- A production static file server is built-in.
+- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
 - GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
 
-
-## Old Ideas
-
-- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- primarily, the ability to cast a parameter to integers as well as other types that are missing from Flask, all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
-
-- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
-
 ## Future Ideas
 
-- I want to be able to "mount" any WSGI app into a sub-route.
-- Cooke-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
-- Potentially support ASGI instead of WSGI. Will the tradeoffs be worth it? This is a question to ask. Procedural code works well for 90% use cases.
+- Cookie-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
 - If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.
 
 # The Goal
 
 The primary goal here is to learn, not to get adoption. Though, who knows how these things will pan out.
 
-# When can I use it?
 
-When it's ready. It's not. I started work on this a few days ago. It works surprisingly well, considering! :)
+----------
+
+[![hacktoberfest](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/hacktoberfest-2018-social-card-c8d2e1489f647f2e0a26e6f598adeb760872818905b34cd437afc7ac2857ceab.png)](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/)

app.py

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-import responder
-import graphene
-
-
-from flask import Flask
-
-app = Flask(__name__)
-
-
-@app.route("/")
-def hello_world():
-    return "Hello, World from flask!"
-
-
-api = responder.API(enable_hsts=False)
-api.mount("/hello", app)
-
-
-@api.route("/")
-def hello(req, resp):
-    # resp.status = responder.status.ok
-    resp.content = api.template("test.html")
-
-
-class ThingsResource:
-    def on_request(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status = responder.status.HTTP_200
-        resp.media = ["yolo"]
-
-
-class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-    hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
-
-    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return "Hello " + name
-
-
-schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
-
-# Alerntatively,
-api.add_route("/graph", schema, graphiql=True)
-
-print(
-    api.session()
-    .get(
-        "http://app/",
-        # data="{ hello }",
-        # headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"},
-        # data="hello",
-    )
-    .text
-)
-
-# print(
-#     api.session()
-#     .get(
-#         "http://app/hello/",
-#         data="{ hello }",
-#         headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"},
-#         # data="hello",
-#     )
-#     .text
-# )
-# {hello: Hello stranger}
-
-api.run(port=5000)

docs/source/_templates/hacks.html

@@ -49,9 +49,13 @@
   .method em,
   .class em {
     font-style: italic !important;
+    color: grey;
+  }
+
+  .method em,
+  .class em {
     margin-left: 0.3em;
     margin-right: 0.3em;
-    color: grey;
   }
 
   .method p,
@@ -105,19 +109,13 @@
 </style>
 
 <!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
-<script type="text/javascript">
-  var _gauges = _gauges || [];
-  (function () {
-    var t = document.createElement('script');
-    t.type = 'text/javascript';
-    t.async = true;
-    t.id = 'gauges-tracker';
-    t.setAttribute('data-site-id', '588f8e99c88d9013e60fa373');
-    t.setAttribute('data-track-path', 'https://track.gaug.es/track.gif');
-    t.src = 'https://d36ee2fcip1434.cloudfront.net/track.js';
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s);
-  })();
+<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
+<script>
+  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
+  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
+  gtag('js', new Date());
+
+  gtag('config', 'UA-127383416-1');
 </script>
 
 <!-- There are no more hacks. -->

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -3,30 +3,83 @@
    You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
    contain the root `toctree` directive.
 
-A familar HTTP Service Framework
-================================
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework
+=================================
 
-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd bring some of my ideas to the table and see what I could come up with.
+|Build Status| |image1| |image2| |image3| |image4| |image5|
 
-But will it blend?
-------------------
+.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder
+.. |image1| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image2| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image3| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image4| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
+.. |image5| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
+   :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
 
-::
+The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd
+spread some `Hacktoberfest <https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/>`_ spirit around, bring some of my ideas to the table, and see what I could come up with.
 
-    import responder
+An Example Web Service:
+-----------------------
 
-    api = responder.API()
+.. code:: python
 
-    @api.route("/{greeting}")
-    def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-        resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+   import responder
 
-    if __name__ == '__main__':
-        api.run()
+   api = responder.API()
+
+   @api.route("/{greeting}")
+   async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+       resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+   if __name__ == '__main__':
+       api.run()
+
+That ``async`` declaration is optional.
+
+This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server
+pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
+production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip
+compression automatically.
+
+Testimonials
+------------
+
+   “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
+   `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ at his absolute
+   best.” —Rudraksh M.K.
+
+..
+
+   “Buckle up!” —Tom Christie of `APIStar`_ and `Django REST Framework`_
+
+   “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!” — Danny
+   Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
+
+..
+
+   “Love what I have seen while it’s in progress! Many features of
+   Responder are from my wishlist for Flask, and it’s even faster and
+   even easier than Flask!” — Luna C.
 
 
-This gets you a WSGI app, with WhiteNoise pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver (ready for slowloris attacks), serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+..
 
+
+   “The most ambitious crossover event in history.” —Pablo Cabezas, `on
+   Tom Christie joining the project`_
+
+.. _APIStar: https://github.com/encode/apistar
+.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
+.. _Two Scoops of Django:
+.. _on Tom Christie joining the project: https://twitter.com/pabloteleco/status/1050841098321620992?s=20
+
+More Examples
 -------------
 
 Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
@@ -49,6 +102,20 @@ Render a template, with arguments::
 
 The ``api`` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
 
+Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def sleep(s=10):
+            time.sleep(s)
+            print("slept!")
+
+        sleep()
+        resp.content = "processing"
+
+
 Serve a GraphQL API::
 
     import graphene
@@ -63,6 +130,7 @@ Serve a GraphQL API::
 
 
 We can then send a query to our service::
+
     >>> requests = api.session()
     >>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello }"})
     >>> r.json()
@@ -84,58 +152,98 @@ Want HSTS?
     api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
 
 
-Boom. ✨🍰✨
+Boom.
 
 
+Installing Responder
+====================
+
+Install the latest release (might be out of date with the docs a bit):
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    $ pipenv install git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git#egg=responder
+    ✨🍰✨
+
+
+Or, install from the development branch:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git#egg=responder
+
+
+Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
+
+
+
+Web Service Performance Charecteristics
+---------------------------------------
+
+The objective of these benchmark tests is not testing deployment (like uwsgi vs gunicorn vs uvicorn etc) but instead test the performance of python-response against other popular Python web frameworks.
+
+Methodology
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The results below were gotten running the performance tests on a Lenovo
+W530, Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3740QM CPU @ 2.70GHz, MEM: 32GB, Linux Mint
+19. I used Python 3.7.0 with the WRK utility with params: wrk -d20s -t10
+-c200 (i.e. 10 threads and 200 connections).
+
+1. .. rubric:: Simple “Hello World” benchmark
+      :name: simple-hello-world-benchmark
+
+   | python-responder v0.0.1 (Master branch)
+   | Requests/sec: 1368.23
+   | Transfer/sec: 163.01KB
+
+   | Django v2.1.2 (i18n == False)
+   | Requests/sec: 544.54
+   | Transfer/sec: 103.18KB
+
+   | Django v2.1.2 (i18n == True)
+   | Requests/sec: 535.12
+   | Transfer/sec: 101.38KB
+
+   | Django v2.1.2 (Minimal 1 file Django Application)
+   | https://gist.github.com/aitoehigie/ebcc1d3e460e66cd51e5501fa2636798
+   | Requests/sec: 701.53
+   | Transfer/sec: 99.34KB
+
+   | Flask v1.0.2
+   | Requests/sec: 896.24
+   | Transfer/sec: 144.41KB
 The Basic Idea
 --------------
 
 The primary concept here is to bring the nicities that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
 
-- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
-- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
-- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
-- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familar friends.
+- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
+- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.content`` override this).
+- Case-insensitive ``req.headers`` dict (from Requests directly).
+- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url``, and other familiar friends.
 
-New Ideas
----------
+Ideas
+-----
 
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
 - **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
 - The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
-- Automatic gzipped-responses (still working on that).
-- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
-- WhiteNoise is built-in, for serving static files.
-- Waitress built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Waitress serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unneccessary in production.
+- Automatic gzipped-responses.
+- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
+- A production static files server is built-in.
+- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unneccessary in production.
 - GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
 
 
-Old Ideas
----------
-
-- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- primarily, the ability to cast a parameter to integers as well as other types that are missing from Flask, all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
-
-- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
-
 Future Ideas
 ------------
 
-- I want to be able to "mount" any WSGI app into a sub-route.
-- Cooke-based sessions are currently an afterthrought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
-- Potentially support ASGI instead of WSGI. Will the tradeoffs be worth it? This is a question to ask. Procedural code works well for 90% use cases.
+- Cookie-based sessions are currently an afterthrought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
 - If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.
 
 
-Installation
-============
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ✨🍰✨
-
-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
-
-
 API Documentation
 =================
 

responder/__version__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.0.1"
+__version__ = "0.0.2"

responder/api.py

@@ -3,20 +3,32 @@ import json
 from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import waitress
+import uvicorn
 
+import asyncio
 import jinja2
-from whitenoise import WhiteNoise
-from wsgiadapter import WSGIAdapter as RequestsWSGIAdapter
-from requests import Session as RequestsSession
-from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
 from graphql_server import encode_execution_results, json_encode, default_format_error
+from starlette.routing import Router
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
 
 from . import models
 from .status_codes import HTTP_404
 from . import status_codes
 from .routes import Route
 from .formats import get_formats
+from .background import BackgroundQueue
+
+
+def memoize(f):
+    memo = {}
+
+    def helper(self, name, auto_escape=True, **values):
+        if repr(values) not in memo:
+            memo[repr(values)] = f(self, name, auto_escape=True, **values)
+        return memo[repr(values)]
+
+    return helper
 
 
 # TODO: consider moving status codes here
@@ -36,67 +48,41 @@ class API:
         self.static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
         self.templates_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(templates_dir))
         self.routes = {}
+
         self.hsts_enabled = enable_hsts
-        self.apps = {"/": self._wsgi_app}
+        self.static_files = StaticFiles(directory=str(self.static_dir))
+        self.apps = {"/static": self.static_files}
+
         self.formats = get_formats()
 
         # Make the static/templates directory if they don't exist.
         for _dir in (self.static_dir, self.templates_dir):
             os.makedirs(_dir, exist_ok=True)
 
-        # Mount the whitenoise application.
-        self.whitenoise = WhiteNoise(self.__wsgi_app, root=str(self.static_dir))
-
         # Cached requests session.
         self._session = None
+        self.background = BackgroundQueue()
 
-    def __wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        # def wsgi_app(self, request):
-        """The actual WSGI application. This is not implemented in
-        :meth:`__call__` so that middlewares can be applied without
-        losing a reference to the app object. Instead of doing this::
+    def __call__(self, scope):
+        path = scope["path"]
+        root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
 
-            app = MyMiddleware(app)
+        # Call into a submounted app, if one exists.
+        for path_prefix, app in self.apps.items():
+            if path.startswith(path_prefix):
+                scope["path"] = path[len(path_prefix) :]
+                scope["root_path"] = root_path + path_prefix
+                return app(scope)
 
-        It's a better idea to do this instead::
+        # Call the main dispatcher.
+        async def asgi(receive, send):
+            nonlocal scope, self
 
-            app.wsgi_app = MyMiddleware(app.wsgi_app)
+            req = models.Request(scope, receive=receive)
+            resp = await self._dispatch_request(req)
+            await resp(receive, send)
 
-        Then you still have the original application object around and
-        can continue to call methods on it.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
-            Teardown events for the request and app contexts are called
-            even if an unhandled error occurs. Other events may not be
-            called depending on when an error occurs during dispatch.
-            See :ref:`callbacks-and-errors`.
-
-        :param environ: A WSGI environment.
-        :param start_response: A callable accepting a status code,
-            a list of headers, and an optional exception context to
-            start the response.
-        """
-
-        req = models.Request(environ, start_response)
-        # if not req.dispatched:
-        resp = self._dispatch_request(req)
-        return resp(environ, start_response)
-
-    def _wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        return self.whitenoise(environ, start_response)
-
-    def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        """Returns the WSGI app for this application (including all mounted WSGI apps)."""
-        apps = self.apps.copy()
-        main = apps.pop("/")
-
-        return DispatcherMiddleware(main, apps)(environ, start_response)
-
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response=None):
-        """The WSGI server calls the Flask application object as the
-        WSGI application. This calls :meth:`wsgi_app` which can be
-        wrapped to applying middleware."""
-        return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
+        return asgi
 
     def path_matches_route(self, path):
         """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.
@@ -107,11 +93,11 @@ class API:
             if route_object.does_match(path):
                 return route
 
-    def _dispatch_request(self, req):
+    async def _dispatch_request(self, req):
         # Set formats on Request object.
         req.formats = self.formats
 
-        route = self.path_matches_route(req.path)
+        route = self.path_matches_route(req.url.path)
         resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
 
         if self.hsts_enabled:
@@ -121,10 +107,12 @@ class API:
 
         if route:
             try:
-                params = self.routes[route].incoming_matches(req.path)
-                self.routes[route].endpoint(req, resp, **params)
+                params = self.routes[route].incoming_matches(req.url.path)
+                result = self.routes[route].endpoint(req, resp, **params)
+                if hasattr(result, "cr_running"):
+                    await result
             # The request is using class-based views.
-            except TypeError:
+            except TypeError as e:
                 try:
                     view = self.routes[route].endpoint(**params)
                 except TypeError:
@@ -136,7 +124,6 @@ class API:
                     except AssertionError:
                         # WSGI App.
                         try:
-                            req.dispatched = True
                             return view(
                                 environ=req._environ, start_response=req._start_response
                             )
@@ -150,7 +137,7 @@ class API:
                     pass
 
                 # Then on_get.
-                method = req.method
+                method = req.method.lower()
 
                 try:
                     getattr(view, f"on_{method}")(req, resp)
@@ -203,10 +190,11 @@ class API:
             return req.json()["query"]
 
         # Support query/q in form data.
-        if "query" in req.media("form"):
-            return req.media("form")["query"]
-        if "q" in req.media("form"):
-            return req.media("form")["q"]
+        # Form data is awaiting https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/102
+        # if "query" in req.media("form"):
+        #     return req.media("form")["query"]
+        # if "q" in req.media("form"):
+        #     return req.media("form")["q"]
 
         # Support query/q in params.
         if "query" in req.params:
@@ -247,13 +235,13 @@ class API:
 
         return decorator
 
-    def mount(self, route, wsgi_app):
+    def mount(self, route, asgi_app):
         """Mounts a WSGI application at a given route.
 
         :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
         :param wsgi_app: The other WSGI app (e.g. a Flask app).
         """
-        self.apps.update({route: wsgi_app})
+        self.apps.update({route: asgi_app})
 
     def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
         """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the WSGI application.
@@ -262,9 +250,7 @@ class API:
         """
 
         if self._session is None:
-            session = RequestsSession()
-            session.mount(base_url, RequestsWSGIAdapter(self))
-            self._session = session
+            self._session = TestClient(self)
         return self._session
 
     def url_for(self, endpoint, absolute_url=False, **params):
@@ -279,6 +265,7 @@ class API:
                 return route_object.url(**params)
         raise ValueError
 
+    @memoize
     def template(self, name, auto_escape=True, **values):
         """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
 
@@ -334,7 +321,7 @@ class API:
         template = env.from_string(s)
         return template.render(**values)
 
-    def run(self, address=None, port=None, **kwargs):
+    def run(self, address=None, port=None, **options):
         """Runs the application with Waitress. If the ``PORT`` environment
         variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
         known hosts.
@@ -351,8 +338,6 @@ class API:
         if address is None:
             address = "127.0.0.1"
         if port is None:
-            port = 0
+            port = 5042
 
-        bind_to = f"{address}:{port}"
-
-        waitress.serve(app=self, listen=bind_to, **kwargs)
+        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)

responder/background.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import multiprocessing
+import concurrent.futures
+
+
+class BackgroundQueue:
+    def __init__(self, n=None):
+        if n is None:
+            n = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
+
+        self.n = n
+        self.pool = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=n)
+        self.results = []
+        self.callbacks = []
+
+    def run(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.pool._max_workers = self.n
+        self.pool._adjust_thread_count()
+
+        f = self.pool.submit(f, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.results.append(f)
+
+    def task(self, f):
+        def do_task(*args, **kwargs):
+            result = self.run(f, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            for cb in self.callbacks:
+                result.add_done_callback(cb)
+
+            return result
+
+        return do_task
+
+    def callback(self, f):
+        self.callbacks.append(f)
+
+        def register_callback():
+            f()
+
+        return register_callback

responder/formats.py

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import yaml
 import json
 
 
-def format_form(r, encode=False):
+async def format_form(r, encode=False):
     if not encode:
-        return r._wz.form
+        return await r._starlette.form()
 
 
 def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
         r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/x-yaml"})
         return yaml.dump(r.media)
     else:
-        return yaml.load(r.content)
+        return yaml.safe_load(r.content)
 
 
 def format_json(r, encode=False):

responder/models.py

@@ -2,75 +2,144 @@ import io
 import json
 import gzip
 
+import rfc3986
 import graphene
 import yaml
-from requests.models import Request as RequestsRequest
 from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as WerkzeugRequest
-from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseResponse as WerkzeugResponse
+from starlette.datastructures import MutableHeaders
+from starlette.requests import Request as StarletteRequest
+from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResponse
 
 
 from urllib.parse import parse_qs
 
 from .status_codes import HTTP_200
 
-# @staticmethod
-# def funcname(parameter_list):
-#     pass
 
+class QueryDict(dict):
+    def __init__(self, query_string):
+        self.update(parse_qs(query_string))
 
-def flatten(d):
-    for key, value in d.copy().items():
-        if len(value) == 1:
-            d[key] = value[0]
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """
+        Return the last data value for this key, or [] if it's an empty list;
+        raise KeyError if not found.
+        """
+        list_ = super().__getitem__(key)
+        try:
+            return list_[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return []
 
-    return d
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """
+        Return the last data value for the passed key. If key doesn't exist
+        or value is an empty list, return `default`.
+        """
+        try:
+            val = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+        if val == []:
+            return default
+        return val
+
+    def _get_list(self, key, default=None, force_list=False):
+        """
+        Return a list of values for the key.
+
+        Used internally to manipulate values list. If force_list is True,
+        return a new copy of values.
+        """
+        try:
+            values = super().__getitem__(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is None:
+                return []
+            return default
+        else:
+            if force_list:
+                values = list(values) if values is not None else None
+            return values
+
+    def get_list(self, key, default=None):
+        """
+        Return the list of values for the key. If key doesn't exist, return a
+        default value.
+        """
+        return self._get_list(key, default, force_list=True)
+
+    def items(self):
+        """
+        Yield (key, value) pairs, where value is the last item in the list
+        associated with the key.
+        """
+        for key in self:
+            yield key, self[key]
+
+    def items_list(self):
+        """
+        Yield (key, value) pairs, where value is the the list.
+        """
+        yield from super().items()
 
 
 # TODO: add slots
 class Request:
-    def __init__(self, environ, start_response=None):
-        self._wz = WerkzeugRequest(environ)
-        self.start_response = start_response
-        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(
-            self._wz.headers.to_wsgi_list()
-        )  #: A case-insensitive dictionary, containg all headers sent in the Request.
-        self.method = (
-            self._wz.method.lower()
-        )  #: The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased.
-        self.full_url = (
-            self._wz.url
-        )  #: The full URL of the Request, query parameters and all.
-        self.url = (
-            self._wz.base_url
-        )  #: The URL of the Request, without query parameters.
-        self.full_path = (
-            self._wz.full_path
-        )  #: The full path portion of the URL of the Request, query parameters and all.
-        self.path = (
-            self._wz.path
-        )  #: The path portion of the URL of the Request, without query parameters.
-        self.params = flatten(
-            parse_qs(self._wz.query_string.decode("utf-8"))
-        )  #: A dictionary of the parsed query paramaters used for the Request.
-        self.query = self._wz.query_string.decode(
-            "utf-8"
-        )  #: A string containing only the query paramaters of the Request.
-        self.raw = self._wz.stream  #: A raw file-like stream of the incoming Request.
-        self.content = self._wz.get_data(
-            cache=True, as_text=False
-        )  #: The Request body, as bytes.
-        self.mimetype = self._wz.mimetype  #: The mimetype of the incoming Request.
-        # TODO: rip that out
-        self.text = self._wz.get_data(
-            cache=False, as_text=True
-        )  #: The Request body, as unicode.
+    __slots__ = [
+        "_starlette",
+        "formats",
+        "headers",
+        "mimetype",
+        "method",
+        "full_url",
+        "url",
+        "params",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, scope, receive):
+        self._starlette = StarletteRequest(scope, receive)
         self.formats = None
 
+        headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        for header, value in self._starlette.headers.items():
+            headers[header] = value
+
+        self.headers = (
+            headers
+        )  #: A case-insensitive dictionary, containg all headers sent in the Request.
+
+        self.mimetype = self.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+
+        self.method = (
+            self._starlette.method.lower()
+        )  #: The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased.
+
+        self.full_url = str(
+            self._starlette.url
+        )  #: The full URL of the Request, query parameters and all.
+
+        self.url = rfc3986.urlparse(self.full_url)  #: The parsed URL of the Request
+        try:
+            self.params = QueryDict(
+                self.url.query
+            )  #: A dictionary of the parsed query paramaters used for the Request.
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.params = {}
+
+    @property
+    async def content(self):
+        """The Request body, as bytes."""
+        return (await self._starlette.body()).encode(self.encoding)
+
+    @property
+    async def text(self):
+        """The Request body, as unicode."""
+        return await self._starlette.body()
+
     @property
     def is_secure(self):
-        """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request was securely made."""
-        return self._wz.is_secure
+        return self.url.scheme == "https"
 
     def accepts(self, content_type):
         """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request accepts the given ``content_type``."""
@@ -92,6 +161,17 @@ class Request:
 
 
 class Response:
+    __slots__ = [
+        "req",
+        "status_code",
+        "text",
+        "content",
+        "encoding",
+        "media",
+        "headers",
+        "formats",
+    ]
+
     def __init__(self, req, *, formats):
         self.req = req
         self.status_code = HTTP_200  #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
@@ -109,7 +189,7 @@ class Response:
     @property
     def body(self):
         if self.content:
-            return (self.content, self.mimetype, {})
+            return (self.content, {})
 
         if self.text:
             return (self.text.encode(self.encoding), {"Encoding": self.encoding})
@@ -120,7 +200,10 @@ class Response:
 
         # Default to JSON anyway.
         else:
-            return (json.dumps(self.media), {"Content-Type": "application/json"})
+            return (
+                self.formats["json"](self, encode=True),
+                {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+            )
 
     @property
     def gzipped_body(self):
@@ -147,20 +230,17 @@ class Response:
         else:
             return (body, headers)
 
-    @property
-    def _wz(self):
+    async def __call__(self, receive, send):
         body, headers = self.body
         if len(self.body) > 500:
             body, headers = self.gzipped_body
         if self.headers:
             headers.update(self.headers)
 
-        r = WerkzeugResponse(body, status=self.status_code, direct_passthrough=False)
-        r.headers = headers
-        return r
-
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-        return self._wz(environ, start_response)
+        response = StarletteResponse(
+            body, status_code=self.status_code, headers=headers
+        )
+        await response(receive, send)
 
 
 class Schema(graphene.Schema):

responder/routes.py

@@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
 from parse import parse, search
 
 
+def memoize(f):
+    memo = {}
+
+    def helper(self, s):
+        if s not in memo:
+            memo[s] = f(self, s)
+        return memo[s]
+
+    return helper
+
+
 class Route:
     def __init__(self, route, endpoint):
         self.route = route
@@ -21,6 +32,7 @@ class Route:
     def has_parameters(self):
         return all([("{" in self.route), ("}" in self.route)])
 
+    @memoize
     def does_match(self, s):
         if s == self.route:
             return True
@@ -28,6 +40,7 @@ class Route:
         named = self.incoming_matches(s)
         return bool(len(named))
 
+    @memoize
     def incoming_matches(self, s):
         results = parse(self.route, s)
         return results.named if results else {}

setup.py

@@ -22,16 +22,18 @@ if sys.argv[-1] == "publish":
     sys.exit()
 
 required = [
-    "waitress",
-    "werkzeug",
+    "starlette",
+    "uvicorn",
+    "aiofiles",
     "pyyaml",
     "requests",
-    "requests-wsgi-adapter",
     "graphene",
     "graphql-server-core>=1.1",
-    "whitenoise",
     "jinja2",
     "parse",
+    "uvloop ; sys_platform != 'win32'",
+    "rfc3986",
+    "python-multipart",
 ]
 
 

test_responder.py

@@ -9,6 +9,19 @@ def api():
     return responder.API()
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def session(api):
+    return api.session()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def url():
+    def url_for(s):
+        return f"http://;{s}"
+
+    return url_for
+
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def flask():
     import flask
@@ -27,8 +40,8 @@ def schema():
     class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
         hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
 
-    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return "Hello " + name
+        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+            return f"Hello {name}"
 
     return graphene.Schema(query=Query)
 
@@ -95,14 +108,14 @@ def test_requests_session(api):
     assert api.session()
 
 
-def test_requests_session_works(api):
+def test_requests_session_works(api, session, url):
     TEXT = "spiral out"
 
     @api.route("/")
     def hello(req, resp):
         resp.text = TEXT
 
-    assert api.session().get("http://;/").text == TEXT
+    assert session.get(url("/")).text == TEXT
 
 
 def test_status_code(api):
@@ -144,7 +157,7 @@ def test_graphql_schema_query_querying(api, schema):
     api.add_route("/", schema)
 
     r = api.session().get("http://;/?q={ hello }", headers={"Accept": "json"})
-    assert r.json() == {"data": {"hello": None}}
+    assert r.json() == {"data": {"hello": "Hello stranger"}}
 
 
 def test_argumented_routing(api):
@@ -187,12 +200,27 @@ def test_query_params(api):
     r = api.session().get("http://;/?q=q")
     assert r.json()["params"] == {"q": "q"}
 
+    r = api.session().get("http://;/?q=1&q=2&q=3")
+    assert r.json()["params"] == {"q": "3"}
 
+
+# Requires https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/102
 def test_form_data(api):
     @api.route("/")
-    def route(req, resp):
-        resp.media = {"form": req.media("form")}
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"form": await req.media("form")}
 
     dump = {"q": "q"}
     r = api.session().get("http://;/", data=dump)
     assert r.json()["form"] == dump
+
+
+def test_async_function(api, session, url):
+    content = "The Emerald Tablet of Hermes"
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.text = content
+
+    r = session.get(url("/"))
+    assert r.text == content