Merge branch 'master' of github.com:kennethreitz/responder

__version__
500 support
2026-06-05 23:00:17 +00:00 · 2018-10-20 14:46:21 -04:00 · 2018-10-20 14:46:10 -04:00 · 2018-10-20 14:45:52 -04:00 · 2018-10-20 14:45:33 -04:00 · 2018-10-20 11:21:11 -07:00
37 changed files with 2472 additions and 888 deletions
@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
 .vscode/
+.cache
+.idea
+.python-version
+.coverage
+.pytest_cache
+.DS_Store
+coverage.xml
+
+__pycache__
+tests/__pycache__
+
 build
 responder.egg-info/
 dist/
+app.py
+app2.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 language: python
 python:
  - "3.6"
-  - "3.7"

 # command to install dependencies
 install:
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# v0.1.6
+- 500 support.
+
+# v0.1.5
+- Improvements to sequential media reading.
+- File upload support.
+
+# v0.1.4
+- Stability.
+
+# v0.1.3
+- Sessions support.
+
+# v0.1.2
+- Cookies support.
+
+# v0.1.1
+- Default routes.
+
+# v0.1.0
+- Prototype of static application support.
+
+# v0.0.10
+- Bugfix for async class-based views.
+
+# v0.0.9
+- Bugfix for async class-based views.
+
+# v0.0.8
+- GraphiQL Support.
+- Improvement to route selection.
+
+# v0.0.7
+ - Immutable Request object.
+
+# v0.0.6:
+ - Ability to mount WSGI apps.
+ - Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
+
+# v0.0.5:
+ - OpenAPI Schema support.
+ - Safe load/dump yaml.
+
+# v0.0.4:
+ - Asynchronous support for data uploads.
+ - Bug fixes.
+
+# v0.0.3:
+- Bug fixes.
+
+# v0.0.2
+- Switch to ASGI/Starlette.
+
+# v0.0.1
+- Conception!
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
- Kenneth Reitz (primary)
- Tom Christie
- Bruno Oliveira
- serhii73
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Copyright 2018 Kenneth Reitz
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ name = "pypi"

 [packages]
 responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
-uvicorn = "*"

 [dev-packages]
 pytest = "*"
@@ -14,6 +13,8 @@ black = "*"
 twine = "*"
 flask = "*"
 sphinx = "*"
+marshmallow = "*"
+pytest-cov = "*"

 [requires]
 python_version = "3.7"
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
    "_meta": {
        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "76d2978ee90d2c028b13c9a5abdd2371d74d514045d50fb9b92aec44e72054b3"
+            "sha256": "7bbe1f0addd73250027de73d6fb749aa2be3149af9744b107820c5e10498428e"
        },
        "pipfile-spec": 6,
        "requires": {
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@
        ]
    },
    "default": {
+        "aiofiles": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:021ea0ba314a86027c166ecc4b4c07f2d40fc0f4b3a950d1868a0f2571c2bbee",
+                "sha256:1e644c2573f953664368de28d2aa4c89dfd64550429d0c27c4680ccd3aa4985d"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.4.0"
+        },
        "aniso8601": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:7849749cf00ae0680ad2bdfe4419c7a662bef19c03691a19e008c8b9a5267802",
@@ -23,12 +30,33 @@
            ],
            "version": "==3.0.2"
        },
+        "apispec": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:c2e6ac6471aaf7c6ec6d12714821898910c6b3c87c189de9a2e3754786b86ada",
+                "sha256:fa7dfa8a292bae9b1e70c44a50bf61901805821726c5b804568c9f2501f57ebb"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.0.0b3"
+        },
+        "asgiref": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:9b05dcd41a6a89ca8c6e7f7e4089c3f3e76b5af60aebb81ae6d455ad81989c97",
+                "sha256:b21dc4c43d7aba5a844f4c48b8f49d56277bc34937fd9f9cb93ec97fde7e3082"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.3.2"
+        },
+        "async-timeout": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:0c3c816a028d47f659d6ff5c745cb2acf1f966da1fe5c19c77a70282b25f4c5f",
+                "sha256:4291ca197d287d274d0b6cb5d6f8f8f82d434ed288f962539ff18cc9012f9ea3"
+            ],
+            "version": "==3.0.1"
+        },
        "certifi": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:376690d6f16d32f9d1fe8932551d80b23e9d393a8578c5633a2ed39a64861638",
-                "sha256:456048c7e371c089d0a77a5212fb37a2c2dce1e24146e3b7e0261736aaeaa22a"
+                "sha256:339dc09518b07e2fa7eda5450740925974815557727d6bd35d319c1524a04a4c",
+                "sha256:6d58c986d22b038c8c0df30d639f23a3e6d172a05c3583e766f4c0b785c0986a"
            ],
-            "version": "==2018.8.24"
+            "version": "==2018.10.15"
        },
        "chardet": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -44,6 +72,12 @@
            ],
            "version": "==7.0"
        },
+        "docopt": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:49b3a825280bd66b3aa83585ef59c4a8c82f2c8a522dbe754a8bc8d08c85c491"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.6.2"
+        },
        "graphene": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:b8ec446d17fa68721636eaad3d6adc1a378cb6323e219814c8f98c9928fc9642",
@@ -84,6 +118,13 @@
            ],
            "version": "==2.7"
        },
+        "itsdangerous": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:a7de3201740a857380421ef286166134e10fe58846bcefbc9d6424a69a0b99ec",
+                "sha256:aca4fc561b7671115a2156f625f2eaa5e0e3527e0adf2870340e7968c0a81f85"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.0.0"
+        },
        "jinja2": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:74c935a1b8bb9a3947c50a54766a969d4846290e1e788ea44c1392163723c3bd",
@@ -97,6 +138,13 @@
            ],
            "version": "==1.0"
        },
+        "marshmallow": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:82b201ad767eb54de371c08cb1db6ca4ad2a728fa41b831e3781bf944815eb38",
+                "sha256:c250f37ac0e249a8287394a60d91f6240b674642ad999e66cd09463dbccd1d4f"
+            ],
+            "version": "==3.0.0b18"
+        },
        "parse": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:9dd6048ea212cd032a342f9f6aa2b7bc222f7407c7e37bdc2777fecd36897437"
@@ -110,6 +158,12 @@
            ],
            "version": "==2.2.1"
        },
+        "python-multipart": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:f7bb5f611fc600d15fa47b3974c8aa16e93724513b49b5f95c81e6624c83fa43"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.0.5"
+        },
        "pyyaml": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:254bf6fda2b7c651837acb2c718e213df29d531eebf00edb54743d10bcb694eb",
@@ -122,21 +176,29 @@
        },
        "requests": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:63b52e3c866428a224f97cab011de738c36aec0185aa91cfacd418b5d58911d1",
-                "sha256:ec22d826a36ed72a7358ff3fe56cbd4ba69dd7a6718ffd450ff0e9df7a47ce6a"
+                "sha256:99dcfdaaeb17caf6e526f32b6a7b780461512ab3f1d992187801694cba42770c",
+                "sha256:a84b8c9ab6239b578f22d1c21d51b696dcfe004032bb80ea832398d6909d7279"
            ],
-            "version": "==2.19.1"
+            "version": "==2.20.0"
        },
-        "requests-wsgi-adapter": {
+        "requests-toolbelt": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:7080c98ae2614b8d0b7339b611d97a535470d2fb479731f7d588d5f8108ea134"
+                "sha256:42c9c170abc2cacb78b8ab23ac957945c7716249206f90874651971a4acff237",
+                "sha256:f6a531936c6fa4c6cfce1b9c10d5c4f498d16528d2a54a22ca00011205a187b5"
            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.0"
+            "version": "==0.8.0"
        },
        "responder": {
            "editable": true,
            "path": "."
        },
+        "rfc3986": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:632b8fcd2ac37f24334316227f909be4f9d0738cbf409404cff6fa5f69a24093",
+                "sha256:8458571c4c57e1cf23593ad860bb601b6a604df6217f829c2bc70dc4b5af941b"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.1.0"
+        },
        "rx": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:13a1d8d9e252625c173dc795471e614eadfe1cf40ffc684e08b8fff0d9748c23",
@@ -151,26 +213,24 @@
            ],
            "version": "==1.11.0"
        },
+        "starlette": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:ce5c684fad4edb2967cd491518cd3c2724e420508202c2d48f519ea68dcec9d6"
+            ],
+            "version": "==0.5.4"
+        },
        "urllib3": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a68ac5e15e76e7e5dd2b8f94007233e01effe3e50e8daddf69acfd81cb686baf",
-                "sha256:b5725a0bd4ba422ab0e66e89e030c806576753ea3ee08554382c14e685d117b5"
+                "sha256:41c3db2fc01e5b907288010dec72f9d0a74e37d6994e6eb56849f59fea2265ae",
+                "sha256:8819bba37a02d143296a4d032373c4dd4aca11f6d4c9973335ca75f9c8475f59"
            ],
-            "version": "==1.23"
+            "version": "==1.24"
        },
        "uvicorn": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:8de03999a936d8704f07cc3b1d3a3edb6922a068b64d84b4f5e49604c8b70a11"
+                "sha256:7c4550c7e6f7c8727fa5ccd5200baf62c9e055895e058933ee88f5d0c246ca0c"
            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.3.12"
-        },
-        "waitress": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:40b0f297a7f3af61fbfbdc67e59090c70dc150a1601c39ecc9f5f1d283fb931b",
-                "sha256:d33cd3d62426c0f1b3cd84ee3d65779c7003aae3fc060dee60524d10a57f05a9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.1.0"
+            "version": "==0.3.14"
        },
        "websockets": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -197,20 +257,6 @@
                "sha256:f1414e6cbcea8d22843e7eafdfdfae3dd1aba41d1945f6ca66e4806c07c4f454"
            ],
            "version": "==6.0"
-        },
-        "werkzeug": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:c3fd7a7d41976d9f44db327260e263132466836cef6f91512889ed60ad26557c",
-                "sha256:d5da73735293558eb1651ee2fddc4d0dedcfa06538b8813a2e20011583c9e49b"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.14.1"
-        },
-        "whitenoise": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:133a92ff0ab8fb9509f77d4f7d0de493eca19c6fea973f4195d4184f888f2e02",
-                "sha256:32b57d193478908a48acb66bf73e7a3c18679263e3e64bfebcfac1144a430039"
-            ],
-            "version": "==4.1"
        }
    },
    "develop": {
@@ -266,10 +312,10 @@
        },
        "certifi": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:376690d6f16d32f9d1fe8932551d80b23e9d393a8578c5633a2ed39a64861638",
-                "sha256:456048c7e371c089d0a77a5212fb37a2c2dce1e24146e3b7e0261736aaeaa22a"
+                "sha256:339dc09518b07e2fa7eda5450740925974815557727d6bd35d319c1524a04a4c",
+                "sha256:6d58c986d22b038c8c0df30d639f23a3e6d172a05c3583e766f4c0b785c0986a"
            ],
-            "version": "==2018.8.24"
+            "version": "==2018.10.15"
        },
        "cffi": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -363,6 +409,38 @@
            "markers": "sys_platform == 'win32'",
            "version": "==0.4.0"
        },
+        "coverage": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:043d55226aec1d2baf4b2fcab5c204561ccf184a388096f41e396c1c092aff38",
+                "sha256:10bfd0b80b01d0684f968abbe1186bc19962e07b4b7601bb43b175b617cf689d",
+                "sha256:17e59864f19b3233032edb0566f26c25cc7f599503fb34d2645b5ce1fd6c2c3c",
+                "sha256:2105ee183c51fed27e2b6801029b3903f5c2774c78e3f53bd920ca468d0f5679",
+                "sha256:236505d15af6c7b7bfe2a9485db4b2bdea21d9239351483326184314418c79a8",
+                "sha256:237284425271db4f30d458b355decf388ab20b05278bdf8dc9a65de0973726c6",
+                "sha256:26d8eea4c840b73c61a1081d68bceb57b21a2d4f7afda6cac8ac38cb05226b00",
+                "sha256:39a3740f7721155f4269aedf67b211101c07bd2111b334dfd69b807156ab15d9",
+                "sha256:4bd0c42db8efc8a60965769796d43a5570906a870bc819f7388860aa72779d1b",
+                "sha256:4dcddadea47ac30b696956bd18365cd3a86724821656601151e263b86d34798f",
+                "sha256:51ea341289ac4456db946a25bd644f5635e5ae3793df262813cde875887d25c8",
+                "sha256:5415cafb082dad78935b3045c2e5d8907f436d15ad24c3fdb8e1839e084e4961",
+                "sha256:5631f1983074b33c35dbb84607f337b9d7e9808116d7f0f2cb7b9d6d4381d50e",
+                "sha256:5e9249bc361cd22565fd98590a53fd25a3dd666b74791ed7237fa99de938bbed",
+                "sha256:6a48746154f1331f28ef9e889c625b5b15a36cb86dd8021b4bdd1180a2186aa5",
+                "sha256:71d376dbac64855ed693bc1ca121794570fe603e8783cdfa304ec6825d4e768f",
+                "sha256:749ebd8a615337747592bd1523dfc4af7199b2bf6403b55f96c728668aeff91f",
+                "sha256:8ec528b585b95234e9c0c31dcd0a89152d8ed82b4567aa62dbcb3e9a0600deee",
+                "sha256:a1a9ccd879811437ca0307c914f136d6edb85bd0470e6d4966c6397927bcabd9",
+                "sha256:abd956c334752776230b779537d911a5a12fcb69d8fd3fe332ae63a140301ae6",
+                "sha256:ad18f836017f2e8881145795f483636564807aaed54223459915a0d4735300cf",
+                "sha256:b07ac0b1533298ddbc54c9bf3464664895f22899fec027b8d6c8d3ac59023283",
+                "sha256:d9385f1445e30e8e42b75a36a7899ea1fd0f5784233a626625d70f9b087de404",
+                "sha256:db2d1fcd32dbeeb914b2660af1838e9c178b75173f95fd221b1f9410b5d3ef1d",
+                "sha256:e1dec211147f1fd7cb7a0f9a96aeeca467a5af02d38911307b3b8c2324f9917e",
+                "sha256:e96dffc1fa57bb8c1c238f3d989341a97302492d09cb11f77df031112621c35c",
+                "sha256:ed4d97eb0ecdee29d0748acd84e6380729f78ce5ba0c7fe3401801634c25a1c5"
+            ],
+            "version": "==5.0a3"
+        },
        "docutils": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:02aec4bd92ab067f6ff27a38a38a41173bf01bed8f89157768c1573f53e474a6",
@@ -409,9 +487,10 @@
        },
        "itsdangerous": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:cbb3fcf8d3e33df861709ecaf89d9e6629cff0a217bc2848f1b41cd30d360519"
+                "sha256:a7de3201740a857380421ef286166134e10fe58846bcefbc9d6424a69a0b99ec",
+                "sha256:aca4fc561b7671115a2156f625f2eaa5e0e3527e0adf2870340e7968c0a81f85"
            ],
-            "version": "==0.24"
+            "version": "==1.0.0"
        },
        "jinja2": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -426,6 +505,13 @@
            ],
            "version": "==1.0"
        },
+        "marshmallow": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:82b201ad767eb54de371c08cb1db6ca4ad2a728fa41b831e3781bf944815eb38",
+                "sha256:c250f37ac0e249a8287394a60d91f6240b674642ad999e66cd09463dbccd1d4f"
+            ],
+            "version": "==3.0.0b18"
+        },
        "mccabe": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:ab8a6258860da4b6677da4bd2fe5dc2c659cff31b3ee4f7f5d64e79735b80d42",
@@ -457,10 +543,10 @@
        },
        "pluggy": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:6e3836e39f4d36ae72840833db137f7b7d35105079aee6ec4a62d9f80d594dd1",
-                "sha256:95eb8364a4708392bae89035f45341871286a333f749c3141c20573d2b3876e1"
+                "sha256:447ba94990e8014ee25ec853339faf7b0fc8050cdc3289d4d71f7f410fb90095",
+                "sha256:bde19360a8ec4dfd8a20dcb811780a30998101f078fc7ded6162f0076f50508f"
            ],
-            "version": "==0.7.1"
+            "version": "==0.8.0"
        },
        "py": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -505,11 +591,19 @@
        },
        "pytest": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:7e258ee50338f4e46957f9e09a0f10fb1c2d05493fa901d113a8dafd0790de4e",
-                "sha256:9332147e9af2dcf46cd7ceb14d5acadb6564744ddff1fe8c17f0ce60ece7d9a2"
+                "sha256:10e59f84267370ab20cec9305bafe7505ba4d6b93ecbf66a1cce86193ed511d5",
+                "sha256:8c827e7d4816dfe13e9329c8226aef8e6e75d65b939bc74fda894143b6d1df59"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==3.8.2"
+            "version": "==3.9.1"
+        },
+        "pytest-cov": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:513c425e931a0344944f84ea47f3956be0e416d95acbd897a44970c8d926d5d7",
+                "sha256:e360f048b7dae3f2f2a9a4d067b2dd6b6a015d384d1577c994a43f3f7cbad762"
+            ],
+            "index": "pypi",
+            "version": "==2.6.0"
        },
        "pytz": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -527,10 +621,10 @@
        },
        "requests": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:63b52e3c866428a224f97cab011de738c36aec0185aa91cfacd418b5d58911d1",
-                "sha256:ec22d826a36ed72a7358ff3fe56cbd4ba69dd7a6718ffd450ff0e9df7a47ce6a"
+                "sha256:99dcfdaaeb17caf6e526f32b6a7b780461512ab3f1d992187801694cba42770c",
+                "sha256:a84b8c9ab6239b578f22d1c21d51b696dcfe004032bb80ea832398d6909d7279"
            ],
-            "version": "==2.19.1"
+            "version": "==2.20.0"
        },
        "requests-toolbelt": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -577,10 +671,10 @@
        },
        "tqdm": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:18f1818ce951aeb9ea162ae1098b43f583f7d057b34d706f66939353d1208889",
-                "sha256:df02c0650160986bac0218bb07952245fc6960d23654648b5d5526ad5a4128c9"
+                "sha256:a0be569511161220ff709a5b60d0890d47921f746f1c737a11d965e1b29e7b2e",
+                "sha256:e293e6d7a7f41a529a27f8d6624ab11544ccbfe82a205af6fad102545099fc21"
            ],
-            "version": "==4.26.0"
+            "version": "==4.27.0"
        },
        "twine": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -592,10 +686,10 @@
        },
        "urllib3": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a68ac5e15e76e7e5dd2b8f94007233e01effe3e50e8daddf69acfd81cb686baf",
-                "sha256:b5725a0bd4ba422ab0e66e89e030c806576753ea3ee08554382c14e685d117b5"
+                "sha256:41c3db2fc01e5b907288010dec72f9d0a74e37d6994e6eb56849f59fea2265ae",
+                "sha256:8819bba37a02d143296a4d032373c4dd4aca11f6d4c9973335ca75f9c8475f59"
            ],
-            "version": "==1.23"
+            "version": "==1.24"
        },
        "webencodings": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 # Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python

-![](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/master/ext/Artboard%201%402x.png)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/mybinder/badge/?version=latest)](https://responder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![image](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors)

-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd bring some of my ideas to the table and see what I could come up with.
+[![](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/master/ext/small.jpg)](http://python-responder.org/)

-## But will it blend?
+The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd spread some [Hacktoberfest](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/) spirit around, bring some of my ideas to the table, and see what I could come up with.

 ```python
 import responder
@@ -12,14 +17,29 @@ import responder
 api = responder.API()

@api.route("/{greeting}")
-def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    api.run()
 ```

-This gets you a WSGI app, with WhiteNoise pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver (ready for slowloris attacks), serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+That `async` declaration is optional. [View documentation](http://python-responder.org).
+
+This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+
+
+## Testimonials
+
+> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder. [@kennethreitz](https://twitter.com/kennethreitz) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh M.K.
+
+> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
+
+> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of [Two Scoops of Django]()
+
+> "Love what I have seen while it's in progress! Many features of Responder are from my wishlist for Flask, and it's even faster and even easier than Flask!" — Luna C.
+
+## More Examples

 Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff):

@@ -42,7 +62,22 @@ def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):

 The `api` instance is available as an object during template rendering.

-Serve a GraphQL API:
+Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request:
+
+```python
+@api.route("/")
+def hello(req, resp):
+
+    @api.background.task
+    def sleep(s=10):
+        time.sleep(s)
+        print("slept!")
+
+    sleep()
+    resp.content = "processing"
+```
+
+And even serve a GraphQL API:

 ```python
 import graphene
@@ -51,7 +86,7 @@ class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
    hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))

    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return "Hello " + name
+        return f"Hello {name}"

 api.add_route("/graph", graphene.Schema(query=Query))
 ```
@@ -80,46 +115,56 @@ Want HSTS?
 api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
 ```

-Boom. ✨🍰✨
+Boom.
+
+
+# Installing Responder
+
+Install the latest release:
+
+
+    $ pipenv install responder
+    ✨🍰✨
+
+
+Or, install from the development branch:
+
+    $ pipenv install -e git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git#egg=responder
+
+Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.


 # The Basic Idea

-The primary concept here is to bring the nicities that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.

 - Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
 - Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
 - Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familar friends.
+- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.

-## New Ideas
+## Ideas

+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
 - **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
 - The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
- Automatic gzipped-responses (still working on that).
+- Automatic gzipped-responses.
 - In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
- WhiteNoise is built-in, for serving static files.
- Waitress built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Waitress serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
+- A production static file server is built-in.
+- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
 - GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.

-
-## Old Ideas
-
- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- primarily, the ability to cast a parameter to integers as well as other types that are missing from Flask, all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
-
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
-
 ## Future Ideas

- I want to be able to "mount" any WSGI app into a sub-route.
- Cooke-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
- Potentially support ASGI instead of WSGI. Will the tradeoffs be worth it? This is a question to ask. Procedural code works well for 90% use cases.
+- Cookie-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
 - If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.

 # The Goal

 The primary goal here is to learn, not to get adoption. Though, who knows how these things will pan out.

-# When can I use it?

-When it's ready. It's not. I started work on this a few days ago. It works surprisingly well, considering! :)
+----------
+
+[![hacktoberfest](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/hacktoberfest-2018-social-card-c8d2e1489f647f2e0a26e6f598adeb760872818905b34cd437afc7ac2857ceab.png)](https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/)
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-import responder
-import graphene
-
-
-from flask import Flask
-
-app = Flask(__name__)
-
-
-@app.route("/")
-def hello_world():
-    return "Hello, World from flask!"
-
-
-api = responder.API(enable_hsts=False)
-api.mount("/hello", app)
-
-
-@api.route("/")
-def hello(req, resp):
-    # resp.status = responder.status.ok
-    resp.content = api.template("test.html")
-
-
-class ThingsResource:
-    def on_request(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status = responder.status.HTTP_200
-        resp.media = ["yolo"]
-
-
-class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-    hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
-
-    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return "Hello " + name
-
-
-schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
-
-# Alerntatively,
-api.add_route("/graph", schema, graphiql=True)
-
-print(
-    api.session()
-    .get(
-        "http://app/",
-        # data="{ hello }",
-        # headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"},
-        # data="hello",
-    )
-    .text
-)
-
-# print(
-#     api.session()
-#     .get(
-#         "http://app/hello/",
-#         data="{ hello }",
-#         headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"},
-#         # data="hello",
-#     )
-#     .text
-# )
-# {hello: Hello stranger}
-
-api.run(port=5000)
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
  }

  pre,
+  .pre,
  .class em,
  .descname,
  .method em {
@@ -49,9 +50,13 @@
  .method em,
  .class em {
    font-style: italic !important;
+    color: grey;
+  }
+
+  .method em,
+  .class em {
    margin-left: 0.3em;
    margin-right: 0.3em;
-    color: grey;
  }

  .method p,
@@ -71,6 +76,11 @@
    display: none;
  }

+  #testimonials p.attribution {
+    margin-top: -1em;
+  }
+
+

  /* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
  div#searchbox h3 {
@@ -105,19 +115,13 @@
 </style>

 <!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
-<script type="text/javascript">
-  var _gauges = _gauges || [];
-  (function () {
-    var t = document.createElement('script');
-    t.type = 'text/javascript';
-    t.async = true;
-    t.id = 'gauges-tracker';
-    t.setAttribute('data-site-id', '588f8e99c88d9013e60fa373');
-    t.setAttribute('data-track-path', 'https://track.gaug.es/track.gif');
-    t.src = 'https://d36ee2fcip1434.cloudfront.net/track.js';
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s);
-  })();
+<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
+<script>
+  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
+  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
+  gtag('js', new Date());
+
+  gtag('config', 'UA-127383416-1');
 </script>

 <!-- There are no more hacks. -->
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+API Documentation
+=================
+
+
+Web Service (API) Class
+-----------------------
+.. module:: responder
+
+.. autoclass:: API
+    :inherited-members:
+
+Requests & Responses
+--------------------
+
+
+.. autoclass:: Request
+    :inherited-members:
+
+.. autoclass:: Response
+    :inherited-members:
+
+
+Utility Functions
+-----------------
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_100
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_200
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_300
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_400
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_500
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+Deploying Responder
+===================
+
+You can deploy Responder anywhere you can deploy a basic Python application.
+
+Docker Deployment
+-----------------
+
+Assuming existing ``api.py`` and ``Pipfile.lock`` containing ``responder``.
+
+``Dockerfile``::
+
+    from kennethreitz/pipenv
+
+    COPY . /app
+    CMD python3 api.py
+
+That's it!
+
+Heroku Deployment
+-----------------
+
+The basics::
+
+    $ mkdir my-api
+    $ cd my-api
+    $ git init
+    $ heroku create
+    ...
+
+Install Responder::
+
+    $ pipenv install responder
+    ...
+
+Write out an ``api.py``::
+
+    import responder
+
+    api = responder.API()
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def hello(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        api.run()
+
+Write out a ``Procfile``::
+
+    web: python api.py
+
+That's it! Next, we commit and push to Heroku::
+
+    $ git add -A
+    $ git commit -m 'initial commit'
+    $ git push heroku master
@@ -3,130 +3,113 @@
   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
   contain the root `toctree` directive.

-A familar HTTP Service Framework
-================================
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework
+=================================

-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd bring some of my ideas to the table and see what I could come up with.
+|Build Status| |image1| |image2| |image3| |image4| |image5|

-But will it blend?
------------------
+.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder.svg?branch=master
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/kennethreitz/responder
+.. |image1| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image2| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image3| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |image4| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
+.. |image5| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
+   :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz

-::
+The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd
+spread some `Hacktoberfest <https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/>`_ spirit around, bring some of my ideas to the table, and see what I could come up with.

-    import responder
+.. code:: python

-    api = responder.API()
+   import responder

-    @api.route("/{greeting}")
-    def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-        resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+   api = responder.API()

-    if __name__ == '__main__':
-        api.run()
+   @api.route("/{greeting}")
+   async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+       resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"

+   if __name__ == '__main__':
+       api.run()

-This gets you a WSGI app, with WhiteNoise pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver (ready for slowloris attacks), serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+That ``async`` declaration is optional.

-------------
+This gets you a ASGI app, with a production static files server
+pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a
+production webserver based on uvloop, serving up requests with gzip
+compression automatically.

-Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
+Features
+--------

-    @api.route("/{greeting}")
-    class GreetingResource:
-        def on_request(req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
-            resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-            resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
-            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
+- A pleasant API, with a single import statement.
+- Class-based views without inheritence.
+- ASGI framework, the future of Python web services.
+- The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.
+- *f-string syntax* route declaration.
+- Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.
+- Background tasks, spawned off in a ``ThreadPoolExecutor``.
+- GraphQL (with *GraphiQL*) support!
+- OpenAPI schema generation.
+- Single-page webapp support!

-
-Render a template, with arguments::
-
-
-    @api.route("/{greeting}")
-    def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-        resp.content = api.template("index.html", greeting=greeting)
-
-
-The ``api`` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
-
-Serve a GraphQL API::
-
-    import graphene
-
-    class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-        hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
-
-        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-            return "Hello " + name
-
-    api.add_route("/graph", graphene.Schema(query=Query))
-
-
-We can then send a query to our service::
-    >>> requests = api.session()
-    >>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello }"})
-    >>> r.json()
-    {'data': {'hello': 'Hello stranger'}}
-
-
-Or, request YAML back::
-
-    >>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello(name:\"john\") }"}, headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"})
-    >>> print(r.text)
-    data: {hello: Hello john}
-
-
-
-Want HSTS?
-
-::
-
-    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
-
-
-Boom. ✨🍰✨
-
-
-The Basic Idea
--------------
-
-The primary concept here is to bring the nicities that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
-
- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familar friends.
-
-New Ideas
---------
-
- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
- Automatic gzipped-responses (still working on that).
- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
- WhiteNoise is built-in, for serving static files.
- Waitress built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Waitress serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unneccessary in production.
- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
-
-
-Old Ideas
---------
-
- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- primarily, the ability to cast a parameter to integers as well as other types that are missing from Flask, all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
-
- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
-
-Future Ideas
+Testimonials
 ------------

- I want to be able to "mount" any WSGI app into a sub-route.
- Cooke-based sessions are currently an afterthrought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
- Potentially support ASGI instead of WSGI. Will the tradeoffs be worth it? This is a question to ask. Procedural code works well for 90% use cases.
- If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.
+   “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
+   `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ at his absolute
+   best.”
+
+    —Rudraksh M.K.


-Installation
-============
+
+..
+
+   "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that."
+
+    —Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
+
+..
+
+
+   “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”
+
+    — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
+
+
+..
+
+
+   “The most ambitious crossover event in history.”
+
+    —Pablo Cabezas, `on Tom Christie joining the project`_
+
+
+.. _APIStar: https://github.com/encode/apistar
+.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
+.. _Two Scoops of Django:
+.. _on Tom Christie joining the project: https://twitter.com/pabloteleco/status/1050841098321620992?s=20
+
+User Guides
+-----------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   quickstart
+   tour
+   deployment
+   api
+
+
+Installing Responder
+--------------------

 .. code-block:: shell

@@ -136,40 +119,37 @@ Installation
 Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.


-API Documentation
-=================
+The Basic Idea
+--------------
+
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+
+- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
+- Setting ``resp.media`` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.content`` override this).
+- Case-insensitive ``req.headers`` dict (from Requests directly).
+- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url``, and other familiar friends.
+
+Ideas
+-----
+
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
+- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
+- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
+- Automatic gzipped-responses.
+- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
+- A production static files server is built-in.
+- Uvicorn built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Uvicorn serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unneccessary in production.
+- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.


-Web Service (API) Class
-----------------------
-.. module:: responder
+Future Ideas
+------------

-.. autoclass:: API
-    :inherited-members:
-
-Requests & Responses
--------------------
+- Cookie-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
+- If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.


-.. autoclass:: Request
-    :inherited-members:
-
-.. autoclass:: Response
-    :inherited-members:
-
-
-Utility Functions
-----------------
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_100
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_200
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_300
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_400
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_500

 Indices and tables
 ==================
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+Quick Start!
+============
+
+This section of the documentation exists to provide an introduction to the Responder interface,
+as well as educate the user on basic functionality.
+
+
+Declare a Web Service
+---------------------
+
+The first thing you need to do is declare a web service::
+
+    import responder
+
+    api = responder.API()
+
+Hello World!
+------------
+
+Then, you can add a view / route to it.
+
+Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello world!"::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello_world(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+Run the Server
+--------------
+
+Next, we can run our web service easily, with ``api.run()``::
+
+    api.run()
+
+This will spin up a production web server on port ``5042``, ready for incoming HTTP requests.
+
+Note: you can pass ``port=5000`` if you want to customize the port. The ``PORT`` environment variable for established web service providers (e.g. Heroku) will automatically be honored.
+
+
+Accept Route Arguments
+----------------------
+
+If you want dynamic URLs, you can use Python's familiar *f-string syntax* to declare variables in your routes::
+
+    @api.route("/hello/{who}")
+    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
+        resp.text = f"hello, {who}!"
+
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/brettcannon`` will result in a response of ``hello, brettcannon!``.
+
+Returning JSON / YAML
+---------------------
+
+If you want your API to send back JSON, simply set the ``resp.media`` property to a JSON-serializable Python object::
+
+
+    @api.route("/hello/{who}/json")
+    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
+        resp.media = {"hello": who}
+
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/guido/json`` will result in a response of ``{'hello': 'guido'}``.
+
+If the client requests YAML instead (with a header of ``Accept: application/x-yaml``), YAML will be sent.
+
+Rendering a Template
+--------------------
+
+If you want to render a template, simply use ``api.template``. No need for additional imports::
+
+    @api.route("/hello/{who}/html")
+    def hello_html(req, resp, *, who):
+        resp.content = api.template('hello.html', who=who)
+
+The ``api`` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
+
+Setting Response Status Code
+----------------------------
+
+If you want to set the response status code, simply set ``resp.status_code``::
+
+    @api.route("/416")
+    def teapot(req, resp):
+        resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416   # ...or 416
+
+
+Setting Response Headers
+------------------------
+
+If you want to set a response header, like ``X-Pizza: 42``, simply modify the ``resp.headers`` dictionary::
+
+    @api.route("/pizza")
+    def pizza_pizza(req, resp):
+        resp.headers['X-Pizza'] = 42
+
+That's it!
+
+
+Receiving Data & Background Tasks
+---------------------------------
+
+If you're expecting to read any request data, on the server, you need to declare your view as async and await the content.
+
+Here, we'll process our data in the background, while responding immediately to the client::
+
+    import time
+
+    @api.route("/incoming")
+    async def receive_incoming(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def process_data(data):
+            """Just sleeps for three seconds, as a demo."""
+            time.sleep(3)
+
+
+        # Parse the incoming data as form-encoded.
+        # Note: 'json' and 'yaml' formats are also automatically supported.
+        data = await req.media()
+
+        # Process the data (in the background).
+        process_data(data)
+
+        # Immediately respond that upload was successful.
+        resp.media = {'success': True}
+
+A ``POST`` request to ``/incoming`` will result in an immediate response of ``{'success': true}``.
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+Feature Tour
+============
+
+
+Class-Based Views
+-----------------
+
+Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
+
+    @api.route("/{greeting}")
+    class GreetingResource:
+        def on_request(req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
+            resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+            resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
+            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+
+Background Tasks
+----------------
+
+Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def sleep(s=10):
+            time.sleep(s)
+            print("slept!")
+
+        sleep()
+        resp.content = "processing"
+
+
+GraphQL
+-------
+
+Serve a GraphQL API::
+
+    import graphene
+
+    class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+        hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+
+        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+            return f"Hello {name}"
+
+    api.add_route("/graph", graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+
+Visiting the endpoint will render a *GraphiQL* instance, in the browser.
+
+
+Built-in Testing Client (Requests)
+----------------------------------
+
+We can then send a query to our service::
+
+    >>> requests = api.session()
+    >>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello }"})
+    >>> r.json()
+    {'data': {'hello': 'Hello stranger'}}
+
+
+Or, request YAML back::
+
+    >>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello(name:\"john\") }"}, headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"})
+    >>> print(r.text)
+    data: {hello: Hello john}
+
+OpenAPI Schema Support
+----------------------
+
+Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow::
+
+    import responder
+    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+    api = responder.API(title="Web Service", version="1.0", openapi="3.0")
+
+
+    @api.schema("Pet")
+    class PetSchema(Schema):
+        name = fields.Str()
+
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get a random pet
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A pet to be returned
+                    schema:
+                        $ref = "#/components/schemas/Pet"
+        """
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
+
+
+::
+
+    >>> r = api.session().get("http://;/schema.yml")
+
+    >>> print(r.text)
+    components:
+    parameters: {}
+    schemas:
+        Pet:
+        properties:
+            name: {type: string}
+        type: object
+    info: {title: Web Service, version: 1.0}
+    openapi: '3.0'
+    paths:
+      /:
+        get:
+          description: Get a random pet
+          responses:
+            200: {description: A pet to be returned, schema: $ref = "#/components/schemas/Pet"}
+    tags: []
+
+
+Mount a WSGI App (e.g. Flask)
+-----------------------------
+
+Responder gives you the ability to mount another ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute::
+
+    import responder
+    from flask import Flask
+
+    api = responder.API()
+    flask = Flask(__name__)
+
+    @flask.route('/')
+    def hello():
+        return 'hello'
+
+    api.mount('/flask', flask)
+
+That's it!
+
+Single-Page Web Apps
+--------------------
+
+If you have a single-page webapp, you can tell Responder to serve up your ``static/index.html`` at a route, like so::
+
+    api.add_route("/", static=True)
+
+This will make ``index.html`` the default response to all undefined routes.
+
+Reading / Writing Cookies
+-------------------------
+
+Responder makes it very easy to interact with cookies from a Request, or add some to a Response::
+
+    >>> resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
+
+    >>> req.cookies
+    {"hello": "world"}
+
+
+Using Cookie-Based Sessions
+---------------------------
+
+Responder has built-in support for cookie-based sessions. To enable cookie-based sessions, simply add something to the ``resp.session`` dictionary::
+
+    >>> resp.session['username'] = 'kennethreitz'
+
+A cookie called ``Responder-Session`` will be set, which contains all the data in ``resp.session``. It is signed, for verification purposes.
+
+You can easily read a Request's session data, that can be trusted to have originated from the API::
+
+    >>> req.session
+    {'username': 'kennethreitz'}
+
+**Note**: if you are using this in production, you should pass the ``secret_key`` argument to ``API(...)``.
+
+
+HSTS (Redirect to HTTPS)
+------------------------
+
+Want HSTS?
+
+::
+
+    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
+
+
+Boom.
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[pytest]
+;addopts= -rsxX -s -v --strict
+filterwarnings =
+    error::UserWarning
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.0.1"
+__version__ = "0.1.6"
@@ -3,21 +3,28 @@ import json
 from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path

-import waitress
+import uvicorn

+import asyncio
 import jinja2
-from whitenoise import WhiteNoise
-from wsgiadapter import WSGIAdapter as RequestsWSGIAdapter
-from requests import Session as RequestsSession
-from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
+import itsdangerous
 from graphql_server import encode_execution_results, json_encode, default_format_error
+from starlette.routing import Router
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware
+from apispec import APISpec
+from apispec.ext.marshmallow import MarshmallowPlugin
+from apispec import yaml_utils
+from asgiref.wsgi import WsgiToAsgi

 from . import models
-from .status_codes import HTTP_404
 from . import status_codes
 from .routes import Route
 from .formats import get_formats
-
+from .background import BackgroundQueue
+from .templates import GRAPHIQL

 # TODO: consider moving status codes here
 class API:
@@ -25,78 +32,154 @@ class API:

        :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
        :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
        :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
    """

    status_codes = status_codes

    def __init__(
-        self, static_dir="static", templates_dir="templates", enable_hsts=False
+        self,
+        *,
+        title=None,
+        version=None,
+        openapi=None,
+        openapi_route="/schema.yml",
+        static_dir="static",
+        static_route="/static",
+        templates_dir="templates",
+        auto_escape=True,
+        secret_key="NOTASECRET",
+        enable_hsts=False,
    ):
+        self.secret_key = secret_key
+        self.title = title
+        self.version = version
+        self.openapi_version = openapi
        self.static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
+        self.static_route = static_route
        self.templates_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(templates_dir))
+        self.built_in_templates_dir = Path(
+            os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/templates")
+        )
        self.routes = {}
+        self.schemas = {}
+        self.session_cookie = "Responder-Session"
+
        self.hsts_enabled = enable_hsts
-        self.apps = {"/": self._wsgi_app}
+        self.static_files = StaticFiles(directory=str(self.static_dir))
+        self.apps = {self.static_route: self.static_files}
+
        self.formats = get_formats()

        # Make the static/templates directory if they don't exist.
        for _dir in (self.static_dir, self.templates_dir):
            os.makedirs(_dir, exist_ok=True)

-        # Mount the whitenoise application.
-        self.whitenoise = WhiteNoise(self.__wsgi_app, root=str(self.static_dir))
-
        # Cached requests session.
        self._session = None
+        self.background = BackgroundQueue()

-    def __wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        # def wsgi_app(self, request):
-        """The actual WSGI application. This is not implemented in
-        :meth:`__call__` so that middlewares can be applied without
-        losing a reference to the app object. Instead of doing this::
+        if self.openapi_version:
+            self.add_route(openapi_route, self.schema_response)

-            app = MyMiddleware(app)
+        self.default_endpoint = None
+        self.app = self.dispatch
+        self.add_middleware(GZipMiddleware)
+        if self.hsts_enabled:
+            self.add_middleware(HTTPSRedirectMiddleware)

-        It's a better idea to do this instead::
+        # Jinja enviroment
+        self.jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(
+            loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
+                [str(self.templates_dir), str(self.built_in_templates_dir)],
+                followlinks=True,
+            ),
+            autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "xml"] if auto_escape else []),
+        )
+        self.jinja_values_base = {"api": self}  # Give reference to self.

-            app.wsgi_app = MyMiddleware(app.wsgi_app)
+    @property
+    def _apispec(self):
+        spec = APISpec(
+            title=self.title,
+            version=self.version,
+            openapi_version=self.openapi_version,
+            plugins=[MarshmallowPlugin()],
+        )

-        Then you still have the original application object around and
-        can continue to call methods on it.
+        for route in self.routes:
+            if self.routes[route].description:
+                operations = yaml_utils.load_operations_from_docstring(
+                    self.routes[route].description
+                )
+                spec.add_path(path=route, operations=operations)

-        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
-            Teardown events for the request and app contexts are called
-            even if an unhandled error occurs. Other events may not be
-            called depending on when an error occurs during dispatch.
-            See :ref:`callbacks-and-errors`.
+        for name, schema in self.schemas.items():
+            spec.definition(name, schema=schema)
+
+        return spec
+
+    @property
+    def openapi(self):
+        return self._apispec.to_yaml()
+
+    def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
+        self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)
+
+    def __call__(self, scope):
+        path = scope["path"]
+        root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
+
+        # Call into a submounted app, if one exists.
+        for path_prefix, app in self.apps.items():
+            if path.startswith(path_prefix):
+                scope["path"] = path[len(path_prefix) :]
+                scope["root_path"] = root_path + path_prefix
+                try:
+                    return app(scope)
+                except TypeError:
+                    app = WsgiToAsgi(app)
+                    return app(scope)
+
+        return self.app(scope)
+
+    def dispatch(self, scope):
+        # Call the main dispatcher.
+        async def asgi(receive, send):
+            nonlocal scope, self
+
+            req = models.Request(scope, receive=receive, api=self)
+            resp = await self._dispatch_request(req)
+            await resp(receive, send)
+
+        return asgi
+
+    def add_schema(self, name, schema, check_existing=True):
+        """Adds a mashmallow schema to the API specification."""
+        if check_existing:
+            assert name not in self.schemas
+
+        self.schemas[name] = schema
+
+    def schema(self, name, **options):
+        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+            @api.schema("Pet")
+            class PetSchema(Schema):
+                name = fields.Str()

-        :param environ: A WSGI environment.
-        :param start_response: A callable accepting a status code,
-            a list of headers, and an optional exception context to
-            start the response.
        """

-        req = models.Request(environ, start_response)
-        # if not req.dispatched:
-        resp = self._dispatch_request(req)
-        return resp(environ, start_response)
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
+            return f

-    def _wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        return self.whitenoise(environ, start_response)
-
-    def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        """Returns the WSGI app for this application (including all mounted WSGI apps)."""
-        apps = self.apps.copy()
-        main = apps.pop("/")
-
-        return DispatcherMiddleware(main, apps)(environ, start_response)
-
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response=None):
-        """The WSGI server calls the Flask application object as the
-        WSGI application. This calls :meth:`wsgi_app` which can be
-        wrapped to applying middleware."""
-        return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
+        return decorator

    def path_matches_route(self, path):
        """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.
@@ -107,77 +190,157 @@ class API:
            if route_object.does_match(path):
                return route

-    def _dispatch_request(self, req):
+    def _prepare_cookies(self, resp):
+        # print(resp.cookies)
+        if resp.cookies:
+            header = " ".join([f"{k}={v}" for k, v in resp.cookies.items()])
+            resp.headers["Set-Cookie"] = header
+
+    @property
+    def _signer(self):
+        return itsdangerous.Signer(self.secret_key)
+
+    def _prepare_session(self, resp):
+
+        if resp.session:
+            data = self._signer.sign(json.dumps(resp.session).encode("utf-8"))
+            resp.cookies[self.session_cookie] = data.decode("utf-8")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def no_response(req, resp, **params):
+        pass
+
+    async def _dispatch_request(self, req):
        # Set formats on Request object.
        req.formats = self.formats

-        route = self.path_matches_route(req.path)
-        resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
+        # Get the route.
+        route = self.path_matches_route(req.url.path)
+        route = self.routes.get(route)
+        params = route.incoming_matches(req.url.path)

-        if self.hsts_enabled:
-            if req.url.startswith("http://"):
-                url = req.url.replace("http://", "https://", 1)
-                self.redirect(resp, location=url)
+        # Create the response object.
+        resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
+        cont = False

        if route:
-            try:
-                params = self.routes[route].incoming_matches(req.path)
-                self.routes[route].endpoint(req, resp, **params)
-            # The request is using class-based views.
-            except TypeError:
+            if route.is_graphql:
+                await self.graphql_response(req, resp, schema=route.endpoint)
+
+            elif route.is_function:
                try:
-                    view = self.routes[route].endpoint(**params)
-                except TypeError:
-                    view = self.routes[route].endpoint
                    try:
-                        # GraphQL Schema.
-                        assert hasattr(view, "execute")
-                        self.graphql_response(req, resp, schema=view)
-                    except AssertionError:
-                        # WSGI App.
-                        try:
-                            req.dispatched = True
-                            return view(
-                                environ=req._environ, start_response=req._start_response
-                            )
-                        except TypeError:
-                            pass
+                        # Run the view.
+                        r = route.endpoint(req, resp, **params)
+                        # If it's async, await it.
+                        if hasattr(r, "cr_running"):
+                            await r
+                    except TypeError as e:
+                        cont = True
+                except Exception:
+                    self.default_response(req, resp, error=True)
+
+            if route.is_class_based or cont:
+                try:
+                    view = route.endpoint(**params)
+                except TypeError:
+                    view = route.endpoint

                # Run on_request first.
                try:
-                    getattr(view, "on_request")(req, resp)
-                except AttributeError:
-                    pass
+                    # Run the view.
+                    r = getattr(view, "on_request", self.no_response)(
+                        req, resp, **params
+                    )
+                    # If it's async, await it.
+                    if hasattr(r, "send"):
+                        await r
+                except Exception as e:
+                    self.default_response(req, resp, error=True)

                # Then on_get.
                method = req.method

+                # Run on_request first.
                try:
-                    getattr(view, f"on_{method}")(req, resp)
-                except AttributeError:
-                    pass
+                    # Run the view.
+                    r = getattr(view, f"on_{method}", self.no_response)(
+                        req, resp, **params
+                    )
+                    # If it's async, await it.
+                    if hasattr(r, "send"):
+                        await r
+                except Exception as e:
+
+                    self.default_response(req, resp, error=True)
+
        else:
-            self.default_response(req, resp)
+            self.default_response(req, resp, notfound=True)
+
+        self.default_response(req, resp)
+
+        self._prepare_session(resp)
+        self._prepare_cookies(resp)

        return resp

-    def add_route(self, route, endpoint, *, check_existing=True):
-        # TODO: add graphiql
+    def add_route(
+        self, route, endpoint=None, *, default=False, static=False, check_existing=True
+    ):
        """Add a route to the API.

        :param route: A string representation of the route.
-        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, a class, a WSGI application, or graphene schema (GraphQL).
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, a class, or graphene schema (GraphQL).
+        :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
+        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html", and it will become a default route.
        :param check_existing: If ``True``, an AssertionError will be raised, if the route is already defined.
        """
        if check_existing:
            assert route not in self.routes

-        # TODO: Support grpahiql.
-        self.routes[route] = Route(route, endpoint)
+        if not endpoint and static:
+            endpoint = self.static_response
+            default = True

-    def default_response(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status_code = HTTP_404
-        resp.text = "Not found."
+        if default:
+            self.default_endpoint = endpoint
+
+        try:
+            if callable(endpoint):
+                endpoint.is_routed = True
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        self.routes[route] = Route(route, endpoint)
+        # TODO: A better datastructer or sort it once the app is loaded
+        self.routes = dict(
+            sorted(self.routes.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]._weight())
+        )
+
+    def default_response(self, req, resp, notfound=False, error=False):
+        if resp.status_code is None:
+            resp.status_code = 200
+
+        if self.default_endpoint:
+            self.default_endpoint(req, resp)
+        else:
+            if notfound:
+                resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404
+                resp.text = "Not found."
+            if error:
+                resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_500
+                resp.text = "Application error."
+
+    def static_response(self, req, resp):
+        index = (self.static_dir / "index.html").resolve()
+        if os.path.exists(index):
+            with open(index, "r") as f:
+                resp.text = f.read()
+
+    def schema_response(self, req, resp):
+        resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200
+        resp.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-yaml"
+        resp.content = self.openapi

    def redirect(
        self, resp, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301
@@ -198,29 +361,45 @@ class API:
        resp.headers.update({"Location": location})

    @staticmethod
-    def _resolve_graphql_query(req):
+    async def _resolve_graphql_query(req):
+        # TODO: Get variables and operation_name from form data, params, request text?
+
        if "json" in req.mimetype:
-            return req.json()["query"]
+            json_media = await req.media("json")
+            return (
+                json_media["query"],
+                json_media.get("variables"),
+                json_media.get("operationName"),
+            )

        # Support query/q in form data.
-        if "query" in req.media("form"):
-            return req.media("form")["query"]
-        if "q" in req.media("form"):
-            return req.media("form")["q"]
+        # Form data is awaiting https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/102
+        # if "query" in req.media("form"):
+        #     return req.media("form")["query"], None, None
+        # if "q" in req.media("form"):
+        #     return req.media("form")["q"], None, None

        # Support query/q in params.
        if "query" in req.params:
-            return req.params["query"]
+            return req.params["query"], None, None
        if "q" in req.params:
-            return req.params["q"]
+            return req.params["q"], None, None

        # Otherwise, the request text is used (typical).
        # TODO: Make some assertions about content-type here.
-        return req.text
+        return req.text, None, None

-    def graphql_response(self, req, resp, schema):
-        query = self._resolve_graphql_query(req)
-        result = schema.execute(query)
+    async def graphql_response(self, req, resp, schema):
+        show_graphiql = req.method == "get" and req.accepts("text/html")
+
+        if show_graphiql:
+            resp.content = self.template_string(GRAPHIQL, endpoint=req.url.path)
+            return
+
+        query, variables, operation_name = await self._resolve_graphql_query(req)
+        result = schema.execute(
+            query, variables=variables, operation_name=operation_name
+        )
        result, status_code = encode_execution_results(
            [result],
            is_batch=False,
@@ -231,13 +410,13 @@ class API:
        return (query, result, status_code)

    def route(self, route, **options):
-        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class defenitions.
+        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.

        Usage::

            @api.route("/hello")
            def hello(req, resp):
-                req.text = "hello, world!"
+                resp.text = "hello, world!"

        """

@@ -247,27 +426,25 @@ class API:

        return decorator

-    def mount(self, route, wsgi_app):
-        """Mounts a WSGI application at a given route.
+    def mount(self, route, app):
+        """Mounts an WSGI / ASGI application at a given route.

        :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
-        :param wsgi_app: The other WSGI app (e.g. a Flask app).
+        :param app: The other WSGI / ASGI app.
        """
-        self.apps.update({route: wsgi_app})
+        self.apps.update({route: app})

    def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
-        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the WSGI application.
+        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.

        :param base_url: The URL to mount the connection adaptor to.
        """

        if self._session is None:
-            session = RequestsSession()
-            session.mount(base_url, RequestsWSGIAdapter(self))
-            self._session = session
+            self._session = TestClient(self)
        return self._session

-    def url_for(self, endpoint, absolute_url=False, **params):
+    def url_for(self, endpoint, testing=False, **params):
        # TODO: Absolute_url
        """Given an endpoint, returns a rendered URL for its route.

@@ -276,83 +453,60 @@ class API:
        """
        for (route, route_object) in self.routes.items():
            if route_object.endpoint == endpoint:
-                return route_object.url(**params)
+                return route_object.url(testing=testing, **params)
+            elif route_object.endpoint_name == endpoint:
+                return route_object.url(testing=testing, **params)
        raise ValueError

-    def template(self, name, auto_escape=True, **values):
+    def static_url(self, asset):
+        """Given a static asset, return its URL path."""
+        return f"{self.static_route}/{str(asset)}"
+
+    def template(self, name_, **values):
        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.

-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is always passed into the view.
+        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.

-        :param name: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML will automatically be escaped.
+        :param name_: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
        """
-        # Give reference to self.
-        values.update(api=self)
+        # Prepopulate values with base
+        values = {**self.jinja_values_base, **values}

-        if auto_escape:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
-                    str(self.templates_dir), followlinks=True
-                ),
-                autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "xml"]),
-            )
-        else:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
-                    str(self.templates_dir), followlinks=True
-                ),
-                autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape([]),
-            )
-
-        template = env.get_template(name)
+        template = self.jinja_env.get_template(name_)
        return template.render(**values)

-    def template_string(self, s, auto_escape=True, **values):
+    def template_string(self, s_, **values):
        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.

-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is always passed into the view.
+        Note: The current ``api`` instance is by default passed into the view. This is set in the dict ``api.jinja_values_base``.

-        :param s: The template to use.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML will automatically be escaped.
+        :param s_: The template to use.
        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
        """
-        # Give reference to self.
-        values.update(api=self)
+        # Prepopulate values with base
+        values = {**self.jinja_values_base, **values}

-        if auto_escape:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.BaseLoader,
-                autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "xml"]),
-            )
-        else:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.BaseLoader, autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape([])
-            )
-
-        template = env.from_string(s)
+        template = self.jinja_env.from_string(s_)
        return template.render(**values)

-    def run(self, address=None, port=None, **kwargs):
-        """Runs the application with Waitress. If the ``PORT`` environment
+    def run(self, address=None, port=None, **options):
+        """Runs the application with uvicorn. If the ``PORT`` environment
        variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
        known hosts.

        :param address: The address to bind to.
        :param port: The port to bind to. If none is provided, one will be selected at random.
-        :param kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``waitress.serve()``.
+        :param options: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``uvicorn.run()``.
        """
        if "PORT" in os.environ:
            if address is None:
                address = "0.0.0.0"
-            port = os.environ["PORT"]
+            port = int(os.environ["PORT"])

        if address is None:
            address = "127.0.0.1"
        if port is None:
-            port = 0
+            port = 5042

-        bind_to = f"{address}:{port}"
-
-        waitress.serve(app=self, listen=bind_to, **kwargs)
+        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import multiprocessing
+import concurrent.futures
+
+
+class BackgroundQueue:
+    def __init__(self, n=None):
+        if n is None:
+            n = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
+
+        self.n = n
+        self.pool = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=n)
+        self.results = []
+
+    def run(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.pool._max_workers = self.n
+        self.pool._adjust_thread_count()
+
+        f = self.pool.submit(f, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.results.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    def task(self, f):
+        def do_task(*args, **kwargs):
+            result = self.run(f, *args, **kwargs)
+            return result
+
+        return do_task
@@ -1 +1,43 @@
+"""Responder.
+
+Usage:
+  responder
+  responder run [--build] [--debug] <module>
+  responder build
+  responder --version
+
+Options:
+  -h --help     Show this screen.
+  -v --version  Show version.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+
 import docopt
+from .__version__ import __version__
+
+
+def cli():
+    args = docopt.docopt(
+        __doc__, argv=None, help=True, version=__version__, options_first=False
+    )
+
+    module = args["<module>"]
+    build = args["build"] or args["--build"]
+    run = args["run"]
+
+    if build:
+        os.system("npm run build")
+
+    if run:
+        split_module = module.split(":")
+
+        if len(split_module) > 1:
+            module = split_module[0]
+            prop = split_module[1]
+        else:
+            prop = "api"
+
+        app = __import__(module)
+        getattr(app, prop).run()
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 from .api import API
 from .models import Request, Response
+from .cli import cli
@@ -1,27 +1,65 @@
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs
+
 import yaml
 import json
+from parse import findall
+from .models import QueryDict
+from requests_toolbelt.multipart import decoder


-def format_form(r, encode=False):
-    if not encode:
-        return r._wz.form
+async def format_form(r, encode=False):
+    if encode:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return QueryDict(await r.text)


-def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
+async def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
    if encode:
        r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/x-yaml"})
-        return yaml.dump(r.media)
+        return yaml.safe_dump(r.media)
    else:
-        return yaml.load(r.content)
+        return yaml.safe_load(await r.content)


-def format_json(r, encode=False):
+async def format_json(r, encode=False):
    if encode:
        r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/json"})
        return json.dumps(r.media)
    else:
-        return json.loads(r.content)
+        return json.loads(await r.content)
+
+
+async def format_files(r, encode=False):
+    if encode:
+        pass
+    else:
+        decoded = decoder.MultipartDecoder(await r.content, r.headers["Content-Type"])
+        dump = {}
+        for part in decoded.parts:
+            header = part.headers[b"Content-Disposition"].decode("utf-8")
+            filename = None
+
+            for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
+                split = section.split("=")
+                if len(split) > 1:
+                    key = split[0]
+                    value = split[1]
+
+                    value = value[1:-1]
+
+                    if key == "filename":
+                        filename = value
+
+            if filename:
+                dump[filename] = part.content
+        return dump


 def get_formats():
-    return {"json": format_json, "yaml": format_yaml, "form": format_form}
+    return {
+        "json": format_json,
+        "yaml": format_yaml,
+        "form": format_form,
+        "files": format_files,
+    }
@@ -1,168 +1,289 @@
 import io
 import json
 import gzip
+from http.cookies import SimpleCookie

+
+import chardet
+import rfc3986
 import graphene
 import yaml
-from requests.models import Request as RequestsRequest
 from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as WerkzeugRequest
-from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseResponse as WerkzeugResponse
-
+from requests.cookies import RequestsCookieJar
+from starlette.datastructures import MutableHeaders
+from starlette.requests import Request as StarletteRequest
+from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResponse

 from urllib.parse import parse_qs

 from .status_codes import HTTP_200
-
-# @staticmethod
-# def funcname(parameter_list):
-#     pass
+from .statics import DEFAULT_ENCODING


-def flatten(d):
-    for key, value in d.copy().items():
-        if len(value) == 1:
-            d[key] = value[0]
+class QueryDict(dict):
+    def __init__(self, query_string):
+        self.update(parse_qs(query_string))

-    return d
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """
+        Return the last data value for this key, or [] if it's an empty list;
+        raise KeyError if not found.
+        """
+        list_ = super().__getitem__(key)
+        try:
+            return list_[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return []
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """
+        Return the last data value for the passed key. If key doesn't exist
+        or value is an empty list, return `default`.
+        """
+        try:
+            val = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+        if val == []:
+            return default
+        return val
+
+    def _get_list(self, key, default=None, force_list=False):
+        """
+        Return a list of values for the key.
+
+        Used internally to manipulate values list. If force_list is True,
+        return a new copy of values.
+        """
+        try:
+            values = super().__getitem__(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is None:
+                return []
+            return default
+        else:
+            if force_list:
+                values = list(values) if values is not None else None
+            return values
+
+    def get_list(self, key, default=None):
+        """
+        Return the list of values for the key. If key doesn't exist, return a
+        default value.
+        """
+        return self._get_list(key, default, force_list=True)
+
+    def items(self):
+        """
+        Yield (key, value) pairs, where value is the last item in the list
+        associated with the key.
+        """
+        for key in self:
+            yield key, self[key]
+
+    def items_list(self):
+        """
+        Yield (key, value) pairs, where value is the the list.
+        """
+        yield from super().items()


 # TODO: add slots
 class Request:
-    def __init__(self, environ, start_response=None):
-        self._wz = WerkzeugRequest(environ)
-        self.start_response = start_response
-        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(
-            self._wz.headers.to_wsgi_list()
-        )  #: A case-insensitive dictionary, containg all headers sent in the Request.
-        self.method = (
-            self._wz.method.lower()
-        )  #: The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased.
-        self.full_url = (
-            self._wz.url
-        )  #: The full URL of the Request, query parameters and all.
-        self.url = (
-            self._wz.base_url
-        )  #: The URL of the Request, without query parameters.
-        self.full_path = (
-            self._wz.full_path
-        )  #: The full path portion of the URL of the Request, query parameters and all.
-        self.path = (
-            self._wz.path
-        )  #: The path portion of the URL of the Request, without query parameters.
-        self.params = flatten(
-            parse_qs(self._wz.query_string.decode("utf-8"))
-        )  #: A dictionary of the parsed query paramaters used for the Request.
-        self.query = self._wz.query_string.decode(
-            "utf-8"
-        )  #: A string containing only the query paramaters of the Request.
-        self.raw = self._wz.stream  #: A raw file-like stream of the incoming Request.
-        self.content = self._wz.get_data(
-            cache=True, as_text=False
-        )  #: The Request body, as bytes.
-        self.mimetype = self._wz.mimetype  #: The mimetype of the incoming Request.
-        # TODO: rip that out
-        self.text = self._wz.get_data(
-            cache=False, as_text=True
-        )  #: The Request body, as unicode.
+    __slots__ = ["_starlette", "formats", "_headers", "_encoding", "api", "_content"]
+
+    def __init__(self, scope, receive, api=None):
+        self._starlette = StarletteRequest(scope, receive)
        self.formats = None
+        self._encoding = None
+        self.api = api
+        self._content = None
+
+        headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        for header, value in self._starlette.headers.items():
+            headers[header] = value
+
+        self._headers = headers
+
+    @property
+    def session(self):
+        """The session data, in dict form, from the Request."""
+        if "Responder-Session" in self.cookies:
+            data = self.cookies[self.api.session_cookie]
+            data = self.api._signer.unsign(data)
+            return json.loads(data)
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self):
+        """A case-insensitive dictionary, containing all headers sent in the Request."""
+        return self._headers
+
+    @property
+    def mimetype(self):
+        return self.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+
+    @property
+    def method(self):
+        """The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased."""
+        return self._starlette.method.lower()
+
+    @property
+    def full_url(self):
+        """The full URL of the Request, query parameters and all."""
+        return str(self._starlette.url)
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """The parsed URL of the Request."""
+        return rfc3986.urlparse(self.full_url)
+
+    @property
+    def cookies(self):
+        """The cookies sent in the Request, as a dictionary."""
+        cookies = RequestsCookieJar()
+        cookie_header = self.headers.get("cookie", "")
+
+        bc = SimpleCookie(cookie_header)
+        for k, v in bc.items():
+            cookies[k] = v
+
+        return cookies.get_dict()
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """A dictionary of the parsed query parameters used for the Request."""
+        try:
+            return QueryDict(self.url.query)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return QueryDict({})
+
+    @property
+    async def encoding(self):
+        """The encoding of the Request's body. Can be set, manually. Must be awaited."""
+        # Use the user-set encoding first.
+        if self._encoding:
+            return self._encoding
+
+        # Then try what's defined by the Request.
+        elif await self.declared_encoding:
+            return self.declared_encoding
+
+        # Then, automatically detect the encoding.
+        else:
+            return await self.apparent_encoding
+
+    @encoding.setter
+    def encoding(self, value):
+        self._encoding = value
+
+    @property
+    async def content(self):
+        """The Request body, as bytes. Must be awaited."""
+        if not self._content:
+            self._content = await self._starlette.body()
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    async def text(self):
+        """The Request body, as unicode. Must be awaited."""
+        return (await self.content).decode(await self.encoding)
+
+    @property
+    async def declared_encoding(self):
+        if "Encoding" in self.headers:
+            return self.headers["Encoding"]
+
+    @property
+    async def apparent_encoding(self):
+        """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library. Must be awaited."""
+        declared_encoding = await self.declared_encoding
+
+        if declared_encoding:
+            return declared_encoding
+        else:
+            return chardet.detect(await self.content)["encoding"]

    @property
    def is_secure(self):
-        """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request was securely made."""
-        return self._wz.is_secure
+        return self.url.scheme == "https"

    def accepts(self, content_type):
        """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request accepts the given ``content_type``."""
-        return content_type in self.headers["Accept"]
+        return content_type in self.headers.get("Accept", [])

-    def media(self, format=None):
-        """Renders incoming json/yaml/form data as Python objects.
+    async def media(self, format=None):
+        """Renders incoming json/yaml/form data as Python objects. Must be awaited.

        :param format: The name of the format being used. Alternatively accepts a custom callable for the format type.
        """

        if format is None:
            format = "yaml" if "yaml" in self.mimetype or "" else "json"
+            format = "form" if "form" in self.mimetype or "" else format

        if format in self.formats:
-            return self.formats[format](self)
+            return await self.formats[format](self)
        else:
-            return format(self)
+            return await format(self)


 class Response:
+    __slots__ = [
+        "req",
+        "status_code",
+        "text",
+        "content",
+        "encoding",
+        "media",
+        "headers",
+        "formats",
+        "cookies",
+        "session",
+    ]
+
    def __init__(self, req, *, formats):
        self.req = req
-        self.status_code = HTTP_200  #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
+        self.status_code = None  #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
        self.text = None  #: A unicode representation of the response body.
        self.content = None  #: A bytes representation of the response body.
-        self.encoding = "utf-8"
+        self.encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING
        self.media = (
            None
        )  #: A Python object that will be content-negotiated and sent back to the client. Typically, in JSON formatting.
        self.headers = (
            {}
-        )  #: A Python dictionary of {Key: value}, representing the headers of the response.
+        )  #: A Python dictionary of ``{key: value}``, representing the headers of the response.
        self.formats = formats
+        self.cookies = {}  #: The cookies set in the Response, as a dictionary
+        self.session = (
+            req.session.copy()
+        )  #: The cookie-based session data, in dict form, to add to the Response.

    @property
-    def body(self):
+    async def body(self):
        if self.content:
-            return (self.content, self.mimetype, {})
+            return (self.content, {})

        if self.text:
            return (self.text.encode(self.encoding), {"Encoding": self.encoding})

        for format in self.formats:
            if self.req.accepts(format):
-                return self.formats[format](self, encode=True), {}
+                return (await self.formats[format](self, encode=True)), {}

        # Default to JSON anyway.
-        else:
-            return (json.dumps(self.media), {"Content-Type": "application/json"})
+        return (
+            await self.formats["json"](self, encode=True),
+            {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+        )

-    @property
-    def gzipped_body(self):
-
-        body, headers = self.body
-
-        if isinstance(body, str):
-            body = body.encode(self.encoding)
-
-        if "gzip" in self.req.headers["Accept-Encoding"].lower():
-            gzip_buffer = io.BytesIO()
-            gzip_file = gzip.GzipFile(mode="wb", fileobj=gzip_buffer)
-            gzip_file.write(body)
-            gzip_file.close()
-
-            new_headers = {
-                "Content-Encoding": "gzip",
-                "Vary": "Accept-Encoding",
-                "Content-Length": str(len(body)),
-            }
-            headers.update(new_headers)
-
-            return (gzip_buffer.getvalue(), headers)
-        else:
-            return (body, headers)
-
-    @property
-    def _wz(self):
-        body, headers = self.body
-        if len(self.body) > 500:
-            body, headers = self.gzipped_body
+    async def __call__(self, receive, send):
+        body, headers = await self.body
        if self.headers:
            headers.update(self.headers)

-        r = WerkzeugResponse(body, status=self.status_code, direct_passthrough=False)
-        r.headers = headers
-        return r
-
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-        return self._wz(environ, start_response)
-
-
-class Schema(graphene.Schema):
-    def on_request(self, req, resp):
-        pass
+        response = StarletteResponse(
+            body, status_code=self.status_code, headers=headers
+        )
+        await response(receive, send)
@@ -1,10 +1,24 @@
-from parse import parse, search
+import re
+from parse import parse
+
+
+def memoize(f):
+    def helper(self, s):
+        memoize_key = f"{f.__name__}:{s}"
+        if memoize_key not in self._memo:
+            self._memo[memoize_key] = f(self, s)
+        return self._memo[memoize_key]
+
+    return helper


 class Route:
+    _param_pattern = re.compile(r"{([^{}]*)}")
+
    def __init__(self, route, endpoint):
        self.route = route
        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self._memo = {}

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"<Route {self.route!r}={self.endpoint!r}>"
@@ -18,9 +32,18 @@ class Route:
            return self.does_match(other)

    @property
-    def has_parameters(self):
-        return all([("{" in self.route), ("}" in self.route)])
+    def endpoint_name(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__name__

+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__doc__
+
+    @property
+    def has_parameters(self):
+        return bool(self._param_pattern.search(self.route))
+
+    @memoize
    def does_match(self, s):
        if s == self.route:
            return True
@@ -28,11 +51,33 @@ class Route:
        named = self.incoming_matches(s)
        return bool(len(named))

+    @memoize
    def incoming_matches(self, s):
        results = parse(self.route, s)
        return results.named if results else {}

-    def url(self, **params):
-        return self.route.format(**params)
+    def url(self, testing=False, **params):
+        url = self.route.format(**params)
+        if testing:
+            url = f"http://;{url}"

-    # def is_graphql, is_wsgi
+        return url
+
+    def _weight(self):
+        params = set(self._param_pattern.findall(self.route))
+        params_count = len(params)
+        return params_count != 0, -params_count
+
+    @property
+    def is_graphql(self):
+        return hasattr(self.endpoint, "get_graphql_type")
+
+    @property
+    def is_class_based(self):
+        return hasattr(self.endpoint, "__class__")
+
+    def is_function(self):
+        routed = hasattr(self.endpoint, "is_routed")
+        code = hasattr(self.endpoint, "__code__")
+        kwdefaults = hasattr(self.endpoint, "__kwdefaults__")
+        return all((routed, code, kwdefaults))
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+GRAPHIQL = """
+{% set GRAPHIQL_VERSION = '0.12.0' %}
+
+<!--
+ *  Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc.
+ *  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ *  This source code is licensed under the license found in the
+ *  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        height: 100%;
+        margin: 0;
+        width: 100%;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      }
+      #graphiql {
+        height: 100vh;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <!--
+      This GraphiQL example depends on Promise and fetch, which are available in
+      modern browsers, but can be "polyfilled" for older browsers.
+      GraphiQL itself depends on React DOM.
+      If you do not want to rely on a CDN, you can host these files locally or
+      include them directly in your favored resource bunder.
+    -->
+    <link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
+    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/whatwg-fetch@2.0.3/fetch.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@16.2.0/umd/react.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react-dom@16.2.0/umd/react-dom.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="graphiql">Loading...</div>
+    <script>
+
+      /**
+       * This GraphiQL example illustrates how to use some of GraphiQL's props
+       * in order to enable reading and updating the URL parameters, making
+       * link sharing of queries a little bit easier.
+       *
+       * This is only one example of this kind of feature, GraphiQL exposes
+       * various React params to enable interesting integrations.
+       */
+
+      // Parse the search string to get url parameters.
+      var search = window.location.search;
+      var parameters = {};
+      search.substr(1).split('&').forEach(function (entry) {
+        var eq = entry.indexOf('=');
+        if (eq >= 0) {
+          parameters[decodeURIComponent(entry.slice(0, eq))] =
+            decodeURIComponent(entry.slice(eq + 1));
+        }
+      });
+
+      // if variables was provided, try to format it.
+      if (parameters.variables) {
+        try {
+          parameters.variables =
+            JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(parameters.variables), null, 2);
+        } catch (e) {
+          // Do nothing, we want to display the invalid JSON as a string, rather
+          // than present an error.
+        }
+      }
+
+      // When the query and variables string is edited, update the URL bar so
+      // that it can be easily shared
+      function onEditQuery(newQuery) {
+        parameters.query = newQuery;
+        updateURL();
+      }
+
+      function onEditVariables(newVariables) {
+        parameters.variables = newVariables;
+        updateURL();
+      }
+
+      function onEditOperationName(newOperationName) {
+        parameters.operationName = newOperationName;
+        updateURL();
+      }
+
+      function updateURL() {
+        var newSearch = '?' + Object.keys(parameters).filter(function (key) {
+          return Boolean(parameters[key]);
+        }).map(function (key) {
+          return encodeURIComponent(key) + '=' +
+            encodeURIComponent(parameters[key]);
+        }).join('&');
+        history.replaceState(null, null, newSearch);
+      }
+
+      // Defines a GraphQL fetcher using the fetch API. You're not required to
+      // use fetch, and could instead implement graphQLFetcher however you like,
+      // as long as it returns a Promise or Observable.
+      function graphQLFetcher(graphQLParams) {
+        // This example expects a GraphQL server at the path /graphql.
+        // Change this to point wherever you host your GraphQL server.
+        return fetch('{{ endpoint }}', {
+          method: 'post',
+          headers: {
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+          },
+          body: JSON.stringify(graphQLParams),
+          credentials: 'include',
+        }).then(function (response) {
+          return response.text();
+        }).then(function (responseBody) {
+          try {
+            return JSON.parse(responseBody);
+          } catch (error) {
+            return responseBody;
+          }
+        });
+      }
+
+      // Render <GraphiQL /> into the body.
+      // See the README in the top level of this module to learn more about
+      // how you can customize GraphiQL by providing different values or
+      // additional child elements.
+      ReactDOM.render(
+        React.createElement(GraphiQL, {
+          fetcher: graphQLFetcher,
+          query: parameters.query,
+          variables: parameters.variables,
+          operationName: parameters.operationName,
+          onEditQuery: onEditQuery,
+          onEditVariables: onEditVariables,
+          onEditOperationName: onEditOperationName
+        }),
+        document.getElementById('graphiql')
+      );
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
+""".strip()
@@ -22,16 +22,25 @@ if sys.argv[-1] == "publish":
    sys.exit()

 required = [
-    "waitress",
-    "werkzeug",
+    "starlette",
+    "uvicorn",
+    "aiofiles",
    "pyyaml",
    "requests",
-    "requests-wsgi-adapter",
    "graphene",
    "graphql-server-core>=1.1",
-    "whitenoise",
    "jinja2",
    "parse",
+    "uvloop ; sys_platform != 'win32'",
+    "rfc3986",
+    "python-multipart",
+    "chardet",
+    "apispec>=1.0.0b1",
+    "marshmallow",
+    "asgiref",
+    "docopt",
+    "itsdangerous",
+    "requests-toolbelt",
 ]


@@ -111,9 +120,7 @@ setup(
    author_email="me@kennethreitz.org",
    url="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder",
    packages=find_packages(exclude=["tests"]),
-    # entry_points={
-    #     "console_scripts": ["pipenv=pipenv:cli", "pipenv-resolver=pipenv.resolver:main"]
-    # },
+    entry_points={"console_scripts": ["responder=responder.cli:cli"]},
    package_data={
        # "": ["LICENSE", "NOTICES"],
        #     "pipenv.vendor.requests": ["*.pem"],
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+lorem
@@ -1,96 +1,3 @@
 this is a test

-Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Maiores in, ea beatae praesentium quis enim exercitationem
-voluptate repellat possimus laborum provident voluptates numquam id atque tempora. Quidem et repudiandae aliquam?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Libero reiciendis consequuntur deserunt iure nesciunt autem
-saepe magnam quas, debitis aliquam molestias possimus necessitatibus cumque enim modi fuga tenetur hic natus?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Quia magni maxime, optio aliquid tempore dignissimos aperiam
-voluptatibus, quae sunt vel iste nesciunt. Commodi saepe ipsam architecto omnis neque sequi beatae.
-
-Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Neque quam sequi quidem corporis repudiandae quo, fugiat
-ullam inventore, ratione cupiditate maiores nobis autem asperiores earum dolorum praesentium quod consequuntur nostrum!
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Dolorum, in? Officiis ratione veritatis distinctio quas illo
-voluptatibus quia velit corrupti. Tempora ipsam perspiciatis ullam sapiente itaque esse doloribus error culpa.this is a
-test
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Maiores in, ea beatae praesentium quis enim exercitationem
-voluptate repellat possimus laborum provident voluptates numquam id atque tempora. Quidem et repudiandae aliquam?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Libero reiciendis consequuntur deserunt iure nesciunt autem
-saepe magnam quas, debitis aliquam molestias possimus necessitatibus cumque enim modi fuga tenetur hic natus?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Quia magni maxime, optio aliquid tempore dignissimos aperiam
-voluptatibus, quae sunt vel iste nesciunt. Commodi saepe ipsam architecto omnis neque sequi beatae.
-
-Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Neque quam sequi quidem corporis repudiandae quo, fugiat
-ullam inventore, ratione cupiditate maiores nobis autem asperiores earum dolorum praesentium quod consequuntur nostrum!
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Dolorum, in? Officiis ratione veritatis distinctio quas illo
-voluptatibus quia velit corrupti. Tempora ipsam perspiciatis ullam sapiente itaque esse doloribus error culpa.this is a
-test
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Maiores in, ea beatae praesentium quis enim exercitationem
-voluptate repellat possimus laborum provident voluptates numquam id atque tempora. Quidem et repudiandae aliquam?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Libero reiciendis consequuntur deserunt iure nesciunt autem
-saepe magnam quas, debitis aliquam molestias possimus necessitatibus cumque enim modi fuga tenetur hic natus?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Quia magni maxime, optio aliquid tempore dignissimos aperiam
-voluptatibus, quae sunt vel iste nesciunt. Commodi saepe ipsam architecto omnis neque sequi beatae.
-
-Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Neque quam sequi quidem corporis repudiandae quo, fugiat
-ullam inventore, ratione cupiditate maiores nobis autem asperiores earum dolorum praesentium quod consequuntur nostrum!
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Dolorum, in? Officiis ratione veritatis distinctio quas illo
-voluptatibus quia velit corrupti. Tempora ipsam perspiciatis ullam sapiente itaque esse doloribus error culpa.this is a
-test
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Maiores in, ea beatae praesentium quis enim exercitationem
-voluptate repellat possimus laborum provident voluptates numquam id atque tempora. Quidem et repudiandae aliquam?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Libero reiciendis consequuntur deserunt iure nesciunt autem
-saepe magnam quas, debitis aliquam molestias possimus necessitatibus cumque enim modi fuga tenetur hic natus?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Quia magni maxime, optio aliquid tempore dignissimos aperiam
-voluptatibus, quae sunt vel iste nesciunt. Commodi saepe ipsam architecto omnis neque sequi beatae.
-
-Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Neque quam sequi quidem corporis repudiandae quo, fugiat
-ullam inventore, ratione cupiditate maiores nobis autem asperiores earum dolorum praesentium quod consequuntur nostrum!
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Dolorum, in? Officiis ratione veritatis distinctio quas illo
-voluptatibus quia velit corrupti. Tempora ipsam perspiciatis ullam sapiente itaque esse doloribus error culpa.this is a
-test
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Maiores in, ea beatae praesentium quis enim exercitationem
-voluptate repellat possimus laborum provident voluptates numquam id atque tempora. Quidem et repudiandae aliquam?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Libero reiciendis consequuntur deserunt iure nesciunt autem
-saepe magnam quas, debitis aliquam molestias possimus necessitatibus cumque enim modi fuga tenetur hic natus?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Quia magni maxime, optio aliquid tempore dignissimos aperiam
-voluptatibus, quae sunt vel iste nesciunt. Commodi saepe ipsam architecto omnis neque sequi beatae.
-
-Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Neque quam sequi quidem corporis repudiandae quo, fugiat
-ullam inventore, ratione cupiditate maiores nobis autem asperiores earum dolorum praesentium quod consequuntur nostrum!
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Dolorum, in? Officiis ratione veritatis distinctio quas illo
-voluptatibus quia velit corrupti. Tempora ipsam perspiciatis ullam sapiente itaque esse doloribus error culpa.this is a
-test
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Maiores in, ea beatae praesentium quis enim exercitationem
-voluptate repellat possimus laborum provident voluptates numquam id atque tempora. Quidem et repudiandae aliquam?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Libero reiciendis consequuntur deserunt iure nesciunt autem
-saepe magnam quas, debitis aliquam molestias possimus necessitatibus cumque enim modi fuga tenetur hic natus?
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Quia magni maxime, optio aliquid tempore dignissimos aperiam
-voluptatibus, quae sunt vel iste nesciunt. Commodi saepe ipsam architecto omnis neque sequi beatae.
-
-Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Neque quam sequi quidem corporis repudiandae quo, fugiat
-ullam inventore, ratione cupiditate maiores nobis autem asperiores earum dolorum praesentium quod consequuntur nostrum!
-
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Dolorum, in? Officiis ratione veritatis distinctio quas illo
-voluptatibus quia velit corrupti. Tempora ipsam perspiciatis ullam sapiente itaque esse doloribus error culpa.
+{{ api.static_url('test') }}
@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-import graphene
-import pytest
-import responder
-import yaml
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def api():
-    return responder.API()
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def flask():
-    import flask
-
-    app = Flask(__name__)
-
-    @app.route("/")
-    def hello():
-        return "Hello World!"
-
-    return app
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def schema():
-    class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-        hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
-
-    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return "Hello " + name
-
-    return graphene.Schema(query=Query)
-
-
-def test_api_basic_route(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def home(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-
-def test_api_basic_route_overlap(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def home(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
-
-        @api.route("/")
-        def home2(req, resp):
-            resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-
-def test_api_basic_route_overlap_alternative(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def home(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-    def home2(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
-        api.add_route("/", home2)
-
-
-def test_api_basic_route_overlap_allowed(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def home(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-    def home2(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-    api.add_route("/", home2, check_existing=False)
-
-
-def test_api_basic_route_overlap_allowed_alternative(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def home(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-    @api.route("/", check_existing=False)
-    def home2(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "hello world!"
-
-
-def test_class_based_view_registration(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    class ThingsResource:
-        def on_request(req, resp):
-            resp.text = "42"
-
-
-def test_requests_session(api):
-    assert api.session()
-
-
-def test_requests_session_works(api):
-    TEXT = "spiral out"
-
-    @api.route("/")
-    def hello(req, resp):
-        resp.text = TEXT
-
-    assert api.session().get("http://;/").text == TEXT
-
-
-def test_status_code(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def hello(req, resp):
-        resp.text = "keep going"
-        resp.status_code = responder.status_codes.HTTP_416
-
-    assert api.session().get("http://;/").status_code == responder.status_codes.HTTP_416
-
-
-def test_json_media(api):
-    dump = {"life": 42}
-
-    @api.route("/")
-    def media(req, resp):
-        resp.media = dump
-
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/")
-
-    assert "json" in r.headers["Content-Type"]
-    assert r.json() == dump
-
-
-def test_yaml_media(api):
-    dump = {"life": 42}
-
-    @api.route("/")
-    def media(req, resp):
-        resp.media = dump
-
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/", headers={"Accept": "yaml"})
-
-    assert "yaml" in r.headers["Content-Type"]
-    assert yaml.load(r.content) == dump
-
-
-def test_graphql_schema_query_querying(api, schema):
-    api.add_route("/", schema)
-
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/?q={ hello }", headers={"Accept": "json"})
-    assert r.json() == {"data": {"hello": None}}
-
-
-def test_argumented_routing(api):
-    @api.route("/{name}")
-    def hello(req, resp, *, name):
-        resp.text = f"Hello, {name}."
-
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/sean")
-    assert r.text == "Hello, sean."
-
-
-def test_mote_argumented_routing(api):
-    @api.route("/{greeting}/{name}")
-    def hello(req, resp, *, greeting, name):
-        resp.text = f"{greeting}, {name}."
-
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/hello/lyndsy")
-    assert r.text == "hello, lyndsy."
-
-
-def test_request_and_get(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    class ThingsResource:
-        def on_request(self, req, resp):
-            resp.headers.update({"DEATH": "666"})
-
-        def on_get(self, request, resp):
-            resp.headers.update({"LIFE": "42"})
-
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/")
-    assert "DEATH" in r.headers
-    assert "LIFE" in r.headers
-
-
-def test_query_params(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def route(req, resp):
-        resp.media = {"params": req.params}
-
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/?q=q")
-    assert r.json()["params"] == {"q": "q"}
-
-
-def test_form_data(api):
-    @api.route("/")
-    def route(req, resp):
-        resp.media = {"form": req.media("form")}
-
-    dump = {"q": "q"}
-    r = api.session().get("http://;/", data=dump)
-    assert r.json()["form"] == dump
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import graphene
+import responder
+from pathlib import Path
+import pytest
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def data_dir(current_dir):
+    yield current_dir / "data"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def current_dir():
+    yield Path(__file__).parent
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def api():
+    return responder.API()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def session(api):
+    return api.session()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def url():
+    def url_for(s):
+        return f"http://;{s}"
+
+    return url_for
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def flask():
+    from flask import Flask
+
+    app = Flask(__name__)
+
+    @app.route("/")
+    def hello():
+        return "Hello World!"
+
+    return app
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def schema():
+    class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+        hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+
+        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+            return f"Hello {name}"
+
+    return graphene.Schema(query=Query)
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_custom_encoding(api, session):
+    data = "hi alex!"
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        req.encoding = "ascii"
+        resp.text = await req.text
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route), data=data)
+    assert r.text == data
+
+
+def test_bytes_encoding(api, session):
+    data = b"hi lenny!"
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.text = (await req.content).decode("utf-8")
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route), data=data)
+    assert r.content == data
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import inspect
+import pytest
+
+from responder import models
+
+
+_default_query = "q=%7b%20hello%20%7d&name=myname&user_name=test_user"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "query, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param(
+            _default_query,
+            {"q": ["{ hello }"], "name": ["myname"], "user_name": ["test_user"]},
+            id="parse query with unique keys",
+        ),
+        pytest.param(
+            "q=1&q=2&q=3", {"q": ["1", "2", "3"]}, id="parse query with the same key"
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_query_dict(query, expected):
+    d = models.QueryDict(query)
+    assert d == expected
+
+
+def test_query_dict_get():
+    d = models.QueryDict(_default_query)
+
+    assert d["user_name"] == "test_user"
+    assert d.get("key_none_exist") is None
+
+
+def test_query_dict_get_list():
+    d = models.QueryDict(_default_query)
+
+    assert d.get_list("user_name") == ["test_user"]
+    assert d.get_list("key_none_exist") == []
+    assert d.get_list("key_none_exist", ["foo"]) == ["foo"]
+
+
+def test_query_dict_items_list():
+    d = models.QueryDict(_default_query)
+
+    items_list = d.items_list()
+    assert inspect.isgenerator(items_list)
+    assert dict(items_list) == {
+        "q": ["{ hello }"],
+        "name": ["myname"],
+        "user_name": ["test_user"],
+    }
+
+
+def test_query_dict_items():
+    d = models.QueryDict(_default_query)
+
+    items = d.items()
+    assert inspect.isgenerator(items)
+    assert dict(items) == {"q": "{ hello }", "name": "myname", "user_name": "test_user"}
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+import pytest
+import yaml
+import responder
+import io
+
+
+def test_api_basic_route(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def home(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+
+def test_api_basic_route_overlap(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def home(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+
+        @api.route("/")
+        def home2(req, resp):
+            resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+
+def test_api_basic_route_overlap_alternative(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def home(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+    def home2(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+        api.add_route("/", home2)
+
+
+def test_api_basic_route_overlap_allowed(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def home(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+    def home2(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+    api.add_route("/", home2, check_existing=False)
+
+
+def test_api_basic_route_overlap_allowed_alternative(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def home(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+    @api.route("/", check_existing=False)
+    def home2(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello world!"
+
+
+def test_class_based_view_registration(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    class ThingsResource:
+        def on_request(req, resp):
+            resp.text = "42"
+
+
+def test_class_based_view_parameters(api):
+    @api.route("/{greeting}")
+    class Greeting:
+        def on_request(req, resp, *, greeting):
+            resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+    assert api.session().get("http://;/Hello").ok
+
+
+def test_requests_session(api):
+    assert api.session()
+
+
+def test_requests_session_works(api, session, url):
+    TEXT = "spiral out"
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello(req, resp):
+        resp.text = TEXT
+
+    assert session.get(url("/")).text == TEXT
+
+
+def test_status_code(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "keep going"
+        resp.status_code = responder.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+    assert api.session().get("http://;/").status_code == responder.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+
+def test_json_media(api):
+    dump = {"life": 42}
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def media(req, resp):
+        resp.media = dump
+
+    r = api.session().get("http://;/")
+
+    assert "json" in r.headers["Content-Type"]
+    assert r.json() == dump
+
+
+def test_yaml_media(api):
+    dump = {"life": 42}
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def media(req, resp):
+        resp.media = dump
+
+    r = api.session().get("http://;/", headers={"Accept": "yaml"})
+
+    assert "yaml" in r.headers["Content-Type"]
+    assert yaml.load(r.content) == dump
+
+
+def test_graphql_schema_query_querying(api, schema):
+    api.add_route("/", schema)
+
+    r = api.session().get("http://;/?q={ hello }", headers={"Accept": "json"})
+    assert r.json() == {"data": {"hello": "Hello stranger"}}
+
+
+def test_argumented_routing(api, session):
+    @api.route("/{name}")
+    def hello(req, resp, *, name):
+        resp.text = f"Hello, {name}."
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(hello, name="sean"))
+    assert r.text == "Hello, sean."
+
+
+def test_mote_argumented_routing(api, session):
+    @api.route("/{greeting}/{name}")
+    def hello(req, resp, *, greeting, name):
+        resp.text = f"{greeting}, {name}."
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(hello, greeting="hello", name="lyndsy"))
+    assert r.text == "hello, lyndsy."
+
+
+def test_request_and_get(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    class ThingsResource:
+        def on_request(self, req, resp):
+            resp.headers.update({"DEATH": "666"})
+
+        def on_get(self, request, resp):
+            resp.headers.update({"LIFE": "42"})
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(ThingsResource))
+    assert "DEATH" in r.headers
+    assert "LIFE" in r.headers
+
+
+def test_class_based_view_status_code(api):
+    @api.route("/")
+    class ThingsResource:
+        def on_request(self, req, resp):
+            resp.status_code = responder.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+    assert api.session().get("http://;/").status_code == responder.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+
+def test_query_params(api, url, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"params": req.params}
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route), params={"q": "q"})
+    assert r.json()["params"] == {"q": "q"}
+
+    r = session.get(url("/?q=1&q=2&q=3"))
+    assert r.json()["params"] == {"q": "3"}
+
+
+# Requires https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/102
+def test_form_data(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"form": await req.media("form")}
+
+    dump = {"q": "q"}
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route), data=dump)
+    assert r.json()["form"] == dump
+
+
+def test_async_function(api, session):
+    content = "The Emerald Tablet of Hermes"
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.text = content
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route))
+    assert r.text == content
+
+
+def test_media_parsing(api, session):
+    dump = {"hello": "sam"}
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = dump
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route))
+    assert r.json() == dump
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route), headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"})
+    assert r.text == "{hello: sam}\n"
+
+
+def test_background(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        @api.background.task
+        def task():
+            import time
+
+            time.sleep(3)
+
+        task()
+        api.text = "ok"
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route))
+    assert r.ok
+
+
+def test_multiple_routes(api, session):
+    @api.route("/1")
+    def route1(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "1"
+
+    @api.route("/2")
+    def route2(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "2"
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route1))
+    assert r.text == "1"
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route2))
+    assert r.text == "2"
+
+
+def test_graphql_schema_json_query(api, schema):
+    api.add_route("/", schema)
+
+    r = api.session().post("http://;/", json={"query": "{ hello }"})
+    assert r.ok
+
+
+def test_graphiql(api, schema):
+    api.add_route("/", schema)
+
+    r = api.session().get("http://;/", headers={"Accept": "text/html"})
+    assert r.ok
+    assert "GraphiQL" in r.text
+
+
+def test_json_uploads(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = await req.media()
+
+    dump = {"complicated": "times"}
+    r = session.post(api.url_for(route), json=dump)
+    assert r.json() == dump
+
+
+def test_yaml_uploads(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = await req.media()
+
+    dump = {"complicated": "times"}
+    r = session.post(
+        api.url_for(route),
+        data=yaml.dump(dump),
+        headers={"Content-Type": "application/x-yaml"},
+    )
+    assert r.json() == dump
+
+
+def test_form_uploads(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = await req.media()
+
+    dump = {"complicated": "times"}
+    r = session.post(api.url_for(route), data=dump)
+    assert r.json() == dump
+
+
+def test_json_downloads(api, session):
+    dump = {"testing": "123"}
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = dump
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route), headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"})
+    assert r.json() == dump
+
+
+def test_yaml_downloads(api, session):
+    dump = {"testing": "123"}
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        resp.media = dump
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(route), headers={"Content-Type": "application/x-yaml"})
+    assert yaml.safe_load(r.content) == dump
+
+
+def test_schema_generation():
+    import responder
+    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+    api = responder.API(title="Web Service", openapi="3.0")
+
+    @api.schema("Pet")
+    class PetSchema(Schema):
+        name = fields.Str()
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get a random pet
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A pet to be returned
+                    schema:
+                        $ref = "#/components/schemas/Pet"
+        """
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
+
+    r = api.session().get("http://;/schema.yml")
+    dump = yaml.safe_load(r.content)
+
+    assert dump
+    assert dump["openapi"] == "3.0"
+
+
+def test_mount_wsgi_app(api, flask, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello"
+
+    api.mount("/flask", flask)
+
+    r = session.get("http://;/flask")
+    assert r.ok
+
+
+def test_async_class_based_views(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    class Resource:
+        async def on_post(self, req, resp):
+            resp.text = await req.text
+
+    data = "frame"
+    r = session.post(api.url_for(Resource), data=data)
+    assert r.text == data
+
+
+def test_cookies(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def cookies(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"cookies": req.cookies}
+        resp.cookies["sent"] = "true"
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(cookies), cookies={"hello": "universe"})
+    assert r.json() == {"cookies": {"hello": "universe"}}
+    assert "sent" in r.cookies
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(cookies))
+    assert r.json() == {"cookies": {"sent": "true"}}
+
+
+def test_sessions(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def view(req, resp):
+        resp.session["hello"] = "world"
+        resp.media = resp.session
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(view))
+    assert "Responder-Session" in r.cookies
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(view))
+    assert (
+        r.cookies["Responder-Session"]
+        == '{"hello": "world"}.lJVWJULPqR9kdao_oT4pUglV281bxHfGvcKQ7XF8qNqaiIZlRcMvqKNdA1-d5z7DycAx5eqmzJZoqWPP759-Cw'
+    )
+    assert r.json() == {"hello": "world"}
+
+
+def test_template_rendering(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def view(req, resp):
+        resp.content = api.template_string("{{ var }}", var="hello")
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(view))
+    assert r.text == "hello"
+
+
+def test_file_uploads(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def upload(req, resp):
+
+        files = await req.media("files")
+        files["hello"] = files["hello"].decode("utf-8")
+        resp.media = {"files": files}
+
+    world = io.StringIO("world")
+    data = {"hello": world}
+    r = session.post(api.url_for(upload), files=data)
+    assert r.json() == {"files": {"hello": "world"}}
+
+
+def test_500(api, session):
+    @api.route("/")
+    def view(rea, resp):
+        raise ValueError
+
+    r = session.get(api.url_for(view))
+    assert not r.ok
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import pytest
+from responder import routes
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "route, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param("/", False, id="home path without params"),
+        pytest.param("/test_path", False, id="sub path without params"),
+        pytest.param("/{test_path}", True, id="path with params"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_parameter(route, expected):
+    r = routes.Route(route, "test_endpoint")
+    assert r.has_parameters is expected
+
+
+def test_url():
+    r = routes.Route("/{my_path}", "test_endpoint")
+    url = r.url(my_path="path")
+    assert url == "/path"
+
+
+def test_equal():
+    r = routes.Route("/{path_param}", "test_endpoint")
+    r2 = routes.Route("/{path_param}", "test_endpoint")
+    r3 = routes.Route("/test_path", "test_endpoint")
+
+    assert r == r2
+    assert r != r3
+
+
+def test_incoming_matches():
+    # Test Route with one param
+    r = routes.Route("/{greetings}", "test_endpoint")
+    assert r.incoming_matches("/hello") == {"greetings": "hello"}
+    assert r.incoming_matches("/foo") == {"greetings": "foo"}
+
+    assert r._memo == {
+        "incoming_matches:/hello": {"greetings": "hello"},
+        "incoming_matches:/foo": {"greetings": "foo"},
+    }
+
+    # Test Route with two params
+    r = routes.Route("/{greetings}/{name}", "test_endpoint")
+    assert r.incoming_matches("/hi/john") == {"greetings": "hi", "name": "john"}
+    assert r.incoming_matches("/hello/jane") == {"greetings": "hello", "name": "jane"}
+
+    # Test Route with no param
+    assert r._memo == {
+        "incoming_matches:/hi/john": {"greetings": "hi", "name": "john"},
+        "incoming_matches:/hello/jane": {"greetings": "hello", "name": "jane"},
+    }
+
+    r = routes.Route("/hello", "test_endpoint")
+    assert r.incoming_matches("/hello") == {}
+    assert r.incoming_matches("/bye") == {}
+    assert r._memo == {"incoming_matches:/hello": {}, "incoming_matches:/bye": {}}
+
+
+def test_incoming_matches_with_concrete_path_no_match():
+    r = routes.Route("/concrete_path", "test_endpoint")
+    assert r.incoming_matches("hello") == {}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "route, match, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param(
+            "/{path_param}",
+            "/{path_param}",
+            True,
+            id="with both parametrized path match",
+        ),
+        pytest.param(
+            "/concrete", "/concrete", True, id="with both concrete path match"
+        ),
+        pytest.param("/concrete", "/no_match", False, id="with no match"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_does_match_with_route(route, match, expected):
+    r = routes.Route(route, "test_endpoint")
+    assert r.does_match(match) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "path_param, expected_weight",
+    [
+        pytest.param("/{greetings}", (True, -1), id="with one param"),
+        pytest.param(
+            "/{greetings}.{name}", (True, -2), id="with 2 params and dot in the middle"
+        ),
+        pytest.param("/{greetings}/{name}", (True, -2), id="with 2 param and subpath"),
+        pytest.param(
+            "/{greetings}/{name}/{hello}", (True, -3), id="with 3 param and subpath"
+        ),
+        pytest.param(
+            "/{greetings}_{name}", (True, -2), id="with 2 param and underscore"
+        ),
+        pytest.param("/hello", (False, 0), id="with 2 param and underscore"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_weight(path_param, expected_weight):
+    r = routes.Route(path_param, "test_endpoint")
+    assert r._weight() == expected_weight
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import pytest
+from responder import status_codes
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "status_code, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param(101, True, id="Normal 101"),
+        pytest.param(199, True, id="Not actual status code but within 100"),
+        pytest.param(0, False, id="Zero case (below 100)"),
+        pytest.param(200, False, id="Above 100")
+    ],
+)
+def test_is_100(status_code, expected):
+    assert status_codes.is_100(status_code) is expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "status_code, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param(201, True, id="Normal 201"),
+        pytest.param(299, True, id="Not actual status code but within 200"),
+        pytest.param(0, False, id="Zero case (below 200)"),
+        pytest.param(300, False, id="Above 200")
+    ],
+)
+def test_is_200(status_code, expected):
+    assert status_codes.is_200(status_code) is expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "status_code, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param(301, True, id="Normal 301"),
+        pytest.param(399, True, id="Not actual status code but within 300"),
+        pytest.param(0, False, id="Zero case (below 300)"),
+        pytest.param(400, False, id="Above 300")
+    ],
+)
+def test_is_300(status_code, expected):
+    assert status_codes.is_300(status_code) is expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "status_code, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param(401, True, id="Normal 401"),
+        pytest.param(499, True, id="Not actual status code but within 400"),
+        pytest.param(0, False, id="Zero case (below 400)"),
+        pytest.param(500, False, id="Above 400")
+    ],
+)
+def test_is_400(status_code, expected):
+    assert status_codes.is_400(status_code) is expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "status_code, expected",
+    [
+        pytest.param(501, True, id="Normal 401"),
+        pytest.param(599, True, id="Not actual status code but within 400"),
+        pytest.param(0, False, id="Zero case (below 400)"),
+        pytest.param(600, False, id="Above 500")
+    ],
+)
+def test_is_500(status_code, expected):
+    assert status_codes.is_500(status_code) is expected