Code quality improvements and test fixes (#592)

## Summary
Comprehensive post-v3.0.0 modernization: new features, bug fixes,
dependency cleanup, docs, and test coverage.

**New features:**
- **HTTP method filtering** — `@api.route("/data", methods=["GET"])`
- **Lifespan context manager** — modern async startup/shutdown
- **`api.exception_handler()`** — custom error handling per exception
type
- **`api.graphql()`** — one-liner GraphQL setup
- **`resp.file()`** — serve files from disk with auto content-type
- **before_request short-circuit** — set status code to skip route
handler
- **`req.path_params`** / **`req.client`** / **`req.is_json`** — new
request properties
- **`uuid`** and **`path`** route convertors
- **PEP 561 `py.typed`** marker

**Bug fixes:**
- Fix multipart parser losing headers
- Fix `url_for()` with typed params (`{id:int}`)
- Fix `resp.body` encoding crash on bytes content
- Fix Python 3.9 type syntax (`from __future__ import annotations`)
- Fix broken session test and no-op file upload test
- Fix helloworld example 404 on root path

**Dependencies:**
- Flattened — `pip install responder` gets everything
- Core: just starlette + uvicorn (down from 10 deps)

**Docs & README:**
- All new features documented in tour
- Modernized README features list
- Deployment guide: Docker, cloud, uvicorn
- Removed Pipenv, extras, stale references throughout

**Tests & quality:**
- 117 tests (up from 92), 91% coverage, 0 warnings
- CaseInsensitiveDict, GraphQL edge cases, staticfiles tests
- Ruff clean, all `tmpdir` → `tmp_path`

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+github: kennethreitz
+thanks_dev: kennethreitz
+custom: https://cash.app/$KennethReitz

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
+# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
+# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
+# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"

.github/workflows/docs.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+name: "Documentation"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  documentation:
+    name: "Documentation: Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} on ${{ matrix.os }}"
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: ["ubuntu-latest"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install package and documentation dependencies
+      run: |
+        uv pip install '.[develop,docs]'
+
+    - name: Run link checker
+      run: |
+        poe docs-linkcheck
+
+    - name: Build static HTML documentation
+      run: |
+        poe docs-html

.github/workflows/test.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+name: "Tests"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request: ~
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+# Cancel redundant in-progress jobs.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  test:
+    name: "Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: [
+          "3.9",
+          "3.10",
+          "3.11",
+          "3.12",
+          "3.13",
+        ]
+    env:
+      UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: true
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version: 22
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Set up uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
+      with:
+        version: "latest"
+        enable-cache: true
+        cache-suffix: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-dependency-glob: |
+          pyproject.toml
+
+    - name: Install and validate package
+      run: |
+        uv pip install '.[develop,test]'
+        poe check

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,19 @@
+.venv*
 .vscode/
+.cache
+.idea
+.python-version
+.coverage
+.pytest_cache
+.DS_Store
+coverage.xml
+.coverage*
+
+__pycache__
+tests/__pycache__
+
 build
 responder.egg-info/
 dist/
+app.py
+app2.py

.readthedocs.yml

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+# .readthedocs.yml
+# Read the Docs configuration file
+
+# Details
+# - https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+build:
+  os: "ubuntu-24.04"
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+
+python:
+  install:
+      - method: pip
+        path: .
+        extra_requirements:
+          - docs
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
+
+  # Use standard HTML builder.
+  builder: html
+
+  # Fail on all warnings to avoid broken references.
+  fail_on_warning: true
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF
+#formats:
+#  - pdf

.travis.yml

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-language: python
-python:
-  - "3.6"
-  - "3.7"
-
-# command to install dependencies
-install:
-  - "pip install pipenv --upgrade-strategy=only-if-needed"
-  - "pipenv install --dev"
-
-# command to run the dependencies
-script:
-  - "pytest"

CHANGELOG.md

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+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and
+this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+
+## [Unreleased]
+
+## [v3.0.0] - 2026-03-22
+
+### Added
+
+- Platform: Added support for Python 3.10 - Python 3.13
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts a filesystem path on its `<target>`
+  argument, enabling usage on single-file applications.
+- CLI: `responder run` now also accepts URLs.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Platform: Minimum Python version is now 3.9 (dropped 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)
+- Dependencies: Dramatically reduced core dependency count (10 → 5)
+  - Removed `requests`, `requests-toolbelt`, `rfc3986`, `whitenoise`
+  - Moved `apispec` and `marshmallow` to `openapi` optional extra
+  - Replaced `rfc3986` with stdlib `urllib.parse`
+  - Replaced `requests-toolbelt` multipart decoder with `python-multipart`
+  - Replaced deprecated `starlette.middleware.wsgi` with `a2wsgi`
+  - Switched from WhiteNoise to ServeStatic
+- Dependencies: Pinned `starlette[full]>=0.40` (was unpinned)
+- GraphQL: Upgraded to `graphene>=3` and `graphql-core>=3.1`
+  (from `graphene<3` and `graphql-server-core`, which is unmaintained)
+- GraphQL: Updated GraphiQL UI from 0.12.0 (2018) to 3.0.6 with React 18
+- Extensions: All of CLI-, GraphQL-, and OpenAPI-Support modules are
+  extensions now, found within the `responder.ext` module namespace.
+- Packaging: Migrated from `setup.py` to declarative `pyproject.toml`
+
+### Removed
+
+- Platform: Removed support for EOL Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
+- Status codes: Removed deprecated `resume_incomplete` and `resume`
+  aliases for HTTP 308 (marked for removal in 3.0)
+- CLI: `responder run --build` ceased to exist
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Routing: Fixed dispatching `static_route=None` on Windows
+- uvicorn: `--debug` now maps to uvicorn's `log_level = "debug"`
+- Tests: Fixed deprecated httpx TestClient usage
+
+## [v2.0.5] - 2019-12-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Update requirements to support python 3.8
+
+## [v2.0.4] - 2019-11-19
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix static app resolving
+
+## [v2.0.3] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.2] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template conflicts
+
+## [v2.0.1] - 2019-09-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix template import
+
+## [v2.0.0] - 2019-09-19
+
+### Changed
+
+- Refactor Router and Schema
+
+## [v1.3.2] - 2019-08-15
+
+### Added
+
+- ASGI 3 support
+- CI tests for python 3.8-dev
+- Now requests have `state` a mapping object
+
+### Deprecated
+
+- ASGI 2
+
+## [v1.3.1] - 2019-04-28
+
+### Added
+
+- Route params Converters
+- Add search for documentation pages
+
+### Changed
+
+- Bump dependencies
+
+## [v1.3.0] - 2019-02-22
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Versioning issue
+- Multiple cookies.
+- Whitenoise returns not found.
+- Other bugfixes.
+
+### Added
+
+- Stream support via `resp.stream`.
+- Cookie directives via `resp.set_cookie`.
+- Add `resp.html` to send HTML.
+- Other improvements.
+
+## [v1.1.3] - 2019-01-12
+
+### Changed
+
+- Refactor `_route_for`
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Resolve startup/shutdwown events
+
+## [v1.2.0] - 2018-12-29
+
+### Added
+
+- Documentations
+
+### Changed
+
+- Use Starlette's LifeSpan middleware
+- Update denpendencies
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix route.is_class_based
+- Fix test_500
+- Typos
+
+## [v1.1.2] - 2018-11-11
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Minor fixes for Open API
+- Typos
+
+## [v1.1.1] - 2018-10-29
+
+### Changed
+
+- Run sync views in a threadpoolexecutor.
+
+## [v1.1.0] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Added
+
+- Support for `before_request`.
+
+## [v1.0.5]- 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix sessions.
+
+## [v1.0.4] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Potential bufix for cookies.
+
+## [v1.0.3] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bugfix for redirects.
+
+## [v1.0.2] - 2018-10-27
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improvement for static file hosting.
+
+## [v1.0.1] - 2018-10-26
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improve cors configuration settings.
+
+## [v1.0.0] - 2018-10-26
+
+### Changed
+
+- Move GraphQL support into a built-in plugin.
+
+## [v0.3.3] - 2018-10-25
+
+### Added
+
+- CORS support
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improved exceptions.
+
+## [v0.3.2] - 2018-10-25
+
+### Changed
+
+- Subtle improvements.
+
+## [v0.3.1] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Packaging fix.
+
+## [v0.3.0] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Changed
+
+- Interactive Documentation endpoint.
+- Minor improvements.
+
+## [v0.2.3] - 2018-10-24
+
+### Changed
+
+- Overall improvements.
+
+## [v0.2.2] - 2018-10-23
+
+### Added
+
+- Show traceback info when background tasks raise exceptions.
+
+## [v0.2.1] - 2018-10-23
+
+### Added
+
+- api.requests.
+
+## [v0.2.0] - 2018-10-22
+
+### Added
+
+- WebSocket support.
+
+## [v0.1.6] - 2018-10-20
+
+### Added
+
+- 500 support.
+
+## [v0.1.5] - 2018-10-20
+
+### Added
+
+- File upload support
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improvements to sequential media reading.
+
+## [v0.1.4] - 2018-10-19
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Stability.
+
+## [v0.1.3] - 2018-10-18
+
+### Added
+
+- Sessions support.
+
+## [v0.1.2] - 2018-10-18
+
+### Added
+
+- Cookies support.
+
+## [v0.1.1] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Changed
+
+- Default routes.
+
+## [v0.1.0] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Added
+
+- Prototype of static application support.
+
+## [v0.0.10] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bugfix for async class-based views.
+
+## [v0.0.9] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bugfix for async class-based views.
+
+## [v0.0.8] - 2018-10-17
+
+### Added
+
+- GraphiQL Support.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improvement to route selection.
+
+## [v0.0.7] - 2018-10-16
+
+### Changed
+
+- Immutable Request object.
+
+## [v0.0.6] - 2018-10-16
+
+### Added
+
+- Ability to mount WSGI apps.
+- Supply content-type when serving up the schema.
+
+## [v0.0.5] - 2018-10-15
+
+### Added
+
+- OpenAPI Schema support.
+- Safe load/dump yaml.
+
+## [v0.0.4] - 2018-10-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Asynchronous support for data uploads.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bug fixes.
+
+## [v0.0.3] - 2018-10-13
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Bug fixes.
+
+## [v0.0.2] - 2018-10-13
+
+### Changed
+
+- Switch to ASGI/Starlette.
+
+## [v0.0.1] - 2018-10-12
+
+### Added
+
+- Conception!
+
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v3.0.0..HEAD
+[v3.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.5..v3.0.0
+[v2.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.4..v2.0.5
+[v2.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.3..v2.0.4
+[v2.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.2..v2.0.3
+[v2.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.1..v2.0.2
+[v2.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v2.0.0..v2.0.1
+[v2.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.2..v2.0.0
+[v1.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.1..v1.3.2
+[v1.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.3.0..v1.3.1
+[v1.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.2.0..v1.3.0
+[v1.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.3..v1.2.0
+[v1.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.2..v1.1.3
+[v1.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.1..v1.1.2
+[v1.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.1.0..v1.1.1
+[v1.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.5..v1.1.0
+[v1.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.4..v1.0.5
+[v1.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.3..v1.0.4
+[v1.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.2..v1.0.3
+[v1.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.1..v1.0.2
+[v1.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v1.0.0..v1.0.1
+[v1.0.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.3..v1.0.0
+[v0.3.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
+[v0.3.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
+[v0.3.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.3.0..v0.3.1
+[v0.3.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.3..v0.3.0
+[v0.2.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.2..v0.2.3
+[v0.2.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.1..v0.2.2
+[v0.2.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.2.0..v0.2.1
+[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.6..v0.2.0
+[v0.1.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.5..v0.1.6
+[v0.1.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.4..v0.1.5
+[v0.1.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.3..v0.1.4
+[v0.1.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.2..v0.1.3
+[v0.1.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.1..v0.1.2
+[v0.1.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.1.0..v0.1.1
+[v0.1.0]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.10..v0.1.0
+[v0.0.10]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.9..v0.0.10
+[v0.0.9]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.8..v0.0.9
+[v0.0.8]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.7..v0.0.8
+[v0.0.7]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.6..v0.0.7
+[v0.0.6]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.5..v0.0.6
+[v0.0.5]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.4..v0.0.5
+[v0.0.4]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.3..v0.0.4
+[v0.0.3]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.2..v0.0.3
+[v0.0.2]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.1..v0.0.2
+[v0.0.1]: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/compare/v0.0.0..v0.0.1

CONTRIBUTORS.md

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-- Kenneth Reitz (primary)
-- Tom Christie
-- Bruno Oliveira
-- serhii73

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
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+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
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+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
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+
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+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
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+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
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+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Pipfile

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-name = "pypi"
-
-[packages]
-responder = {editable = true, path = "."}
-uvicorn = "*"
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-[dev-packages]
-pytest = "*"
-"flake8" = "*"
-black = "*"
-twine = "*"
-flask = "*"
-sphinx = "*"
-
-[requires]
-python_version = "3.7"
-
-[pipenv]
-allow_prereleases = true

Pipfile.lock

@@ -1,615 +0,0 @@
-{
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README.md

@@ -1,125 +1,97 @@
 # Responder: a familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python
 
-![](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/master/ext/Artboard%201%402x.png)
+[![ci-tests](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml)
+[![ci-docs](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml)
+[![Documentation Status](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/pages/pages-build-deployment/badge.svg)](https://responder.kennethreitz.org/)
+[![version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![license](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![python-versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
+[![downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/responder/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/responder)
+[![contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg)](https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors)
+[![status](https://img.shields.io/pypi/status/responder.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/responder/)
 
-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd bring some of my ideas to the table and see what I could come up with.
+[![responder-synopsis](https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1959/43750081370_a4e20752de_o_d.png)](https://responder.readthedocs.io)
 
-## But will it blend?
+Responder is powered by [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io/).
+[View documentation](https://responder.readthedocs.io).
 
-```python
-import responder
+Responder gets you an ASGI app, with a production static files server pre-installed,
+Jinja templating, and a production webserver based on uvloop, automatically serving
+up requests with gzip compression.
+The `async` declaration within the example program is optional.
 
-api = responder.API()
+## Testimonials
 
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
-def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+> "Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
+> [@kennethreitz](https://x.com/kennethreitz42) at his absolute best." —Rudraksh
+> M.K.
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    api.run()
-```
+> "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome
+> to see Responder starting to take advantage of that." — Tom Christie author of
+> [Django REST Framework](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/)
 
-This gets you a WSGI app, with WhiteNoise pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver (ready for slowloris attacks), serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+> "I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!" — Danny Greenfield, author of
+> [Two Scoops of Django](https://www.feldroy.com/two-scoops-press#two-scoops-of-django)
 
-Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff):
+## More Examples
 
-```python
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
-class GreetingResource:
-    def on_request(req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
-        resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-        resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
-        resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
-```
+See
+[the documentation's feature tour](https://responder.readthedocs.io/tour.html)
+for more details on features available in Responder.
 
-Render a template, with arguments:
+# Installing Responder
 
-```python
-@api.route("/{greeting}")
-def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-    resp.content = api.template("index.html", greeting=greeting)
-```
+Install the most recent stable release:
 
-The `api` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
+    pip install --upgrade responder
 
-Serve a GraphQL API:
+Alternatively, install directly from the repository:
 
-```python
-import graphene
-
-class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-    hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
-
-    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return "Hello " + name
-
-api.add_route("/graph", graphene.Schema(query=Query))
-```
-
-We can then send a query to our service:
-
-```pycon
->>> requests = api.session()
->>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello }"})
->>> r.json()
-{'data': {'hello': 'Hello stranger'}}
-```
-
-Or, request YAML back:
-
-```pycon
->>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello(name:\"john\") }"}, headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"})
->>> print(r.text)
-data: {hello: Hello john}
-
-```
-
-Want HSTS?
-
-```
-api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
-```
-
-Boom. ✨🍰✨
+    pip install 'responder @ git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git'
 
+Responder supports **Python 3.9+**.
 
 # The Basic Idea
 
-The primary concept here is to bring the nicities that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties from both Flask and Falcon and
+unify them into a single framework. You'll find a familiar API with a clean,
+Pythonic design.
 
-- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
-- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
-- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
-- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familar friends.
+- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.html` sends back HTML.
+- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.html`/`.content` override this).
+- Setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
+- Use `resp.file("path")` to serve files with automatic content-type detection.
+- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict.
+- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familiar friends.
 
-## New Ideas
+## Features
 
-- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
-- The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
-- Automatic gzipped-responses (still working on that).
-- In addition to Falcon's `on_get`, `on_post`, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
-- WhiteNoise is built-in, for serving static files.
-- Waitress built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Waitress serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unnecessary in production.
-- GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
+- Flask-style route expressions with f-string syntax and type convertors
+  (`str`, `int`, `float`, `uuid`, `path`).
+- HTTP method filtering: `@api.route("/data", methods=["GET"])`.
+- Every request and response is passed into each view and mutated — including
+  `response.media` for JSON/YAML content negotiation.
+- Built-in test client powered by Starlette's TestClient.
+- Mount other WSGI/ASGI apps at subroutes.
+- Automatic gzip compression.
+- Class-based views with `on_get`, `on_post`, `on_request` methods.
+- GraphQL support via Graphene with `api.graphql()`.
+- OpenAPI schema generation with interactive docs.
+- Lifespan context managers for startup/shutdown.
+- Custom exception handlers.
+- Before-request hooks with short-circuit support.
+- Cookie-based sessions.
+- WebSocket support.
+- Background tasks.
+- Production uvicorn server built-in.
 
+## Development
 
-## Old Ideas
+See [Development Sandbox](https://responder.kennethreitz.org/sandbox.html).
 
-- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- primarily, the ability to cast a parameter to integers as well as other types that are missing from Flask, all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
+## Supported by
 
-- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
+[![JetBrains logo.](https://resources.jetbrains.com/storage/products/company/brand/logos/jetbrains.svg)](https://jb.gg/OpenSourceSupport)
 
-## Future Ideas
-
-- I want to be able to "mount" any WSGI app into a sub-route.
-- Cooke-based sessions are currently an afterthought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
-- Potentially support ASGI instead of WSGI. Will the tradeoffs be worth it? This is a question to ask. Procedural code works well for 90% use cases.
-- If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.
-
-# The Goal
-
-The primary goal here is to learn, not to get adoption. Though, who knows how these things will pan out.
-
-# When can I use it?
-
-When it's ready. It's not. I started work on this a few days ago. It works surprisingly well, considering! :)
+Special thanks to the kind people at JetBrains s.r.o. for supporting us with
+excellent development tooling.

app.py

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-import responder
-import graphene
-
-
-from flask import Flask
-
-app = Flask(__name__)
-
-
-@app.route("/")
-def hello_world():
-    return "Hello, World from flask!"
-
-
-api = responder.API(enable_hsts=False)
-api.mount("/hello", app)
-
-
-@api.route("/")
-def hello(req, resp):
-    # resp.status = responder.status.ok
-    resp.content = api.template("test.html")
-
-
-class ThingsResource:
-    def on_request(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status = responder.status.HTTP_200
-        resp.media = ["yolo"]
-
-
-class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-    hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
-
-    def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-        return "Hello " + name
-
-
-schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
-
-# Alerntatively,
-api.add_route("/graph", schema, graphiql=True)
-
-print(
-    api.session()
-    .get(
-        "http://app/",
-        # data="{ hello }",
-        # headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"},
-        # data="hello",
-    )
-    .text
-)
-
-# print(
-#     api.session()
-#     .get(
-#         "http://app/hello/",
-#         data="{ hello }",
-#         headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"},
-#         # data="hello",
-#     )
-#     .text
-# )
-# {hello: Hello stranger}
-
-api.run(port=5000)

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-alabaster==0.7.12
-appdirs==1.4.3
-atomicwrites==1.2.1
-attrs==18.2.0
-babel==2.6.0
-black==18.9b0
-bleach==3.0.2
-certifi==2018.8.24
-cffi==1.11.5
-chardet==3.0.4
-click==7.0
-cmarkgfm==0.4.2
-colorama==0.4.0 ; sys_platform == 'win32'
-docutils==0.14
-flake8==3.5.0
-flask==1.0.2
-future==0.16.0
-idna==2.7
-imagesize==1.1.0
-itsdangerous==0.24
-jinja2==2.10
-markupsafe==1.0
-mccabe==0.6.1
-more-itertools==4.3.0
-packaging==18.0
-pkginfo==1.4.2
-pluggy==0.7.1
-py==1.7.0
-pycodestyle==2.3.1
-pycparser==2.19
-pyflakes==1.6.0
-pygments==2.2.0
-pyparsing==2.2.2
-pytest==3.8.2
-pytz==2018.5
-readme-renderer==22.0
-requests-toolbelt==0.8.0
-requests==2.19.1
-six==1.11.0
-snowballstemmer==1.2.1
-sphinx==1.8.1
-sphinxcontrib-websupport==1.1.0
-toml==0.10.0
-tqdm==4.26.0
-twine==1.12.1
-urllib3==1.23
-webencodings==0.5.1
-werkzeug==0.14.1

docs/source/_static/custom.css

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* Hide module name and default value for environment variable section */
-div[id$='environment-variables'] code.descclassname {
-    display: none;
+div[id$="environment-variables"] code.descclassname {
+  display: none;
 }
-div[id$='environment-variables'] em.property {
-    display: none;
+div[id$="environment-variables"] em.property {
+  display: none;
 }

docs/source/_static/konami.js

@@ -10,142 +10,152 @@
  */
 
 var Konami = function (callback) {
-    var konami = {
-        addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
-            if (obj.addEventListener)
-                obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
-            else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                // IE
-                obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
-                obj[type + fn] = function () {
-                    obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
-                }
-                obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
-            }
-        },
-        removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
-            if (obj.removeEventListener) {
-                obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
-            } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-                obj.detachEvent(eventName);
-            }
-        },
-        input: "",
-        pattern: "38384040373937396665",
-        keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
-            if (ref_obj) {
-                konami = ref_obj;
-            } // IE
-            konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
-            if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
-                konami.input = konami.input.substr((konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length));
-            }
-            if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
-                konami.code(konami._currentLink);
-                konami.input = '';
-                e.preventDefault();
-                return false;
-            }
-        },
-        load: function (link) {
-            this._currentLink = link;
-            this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
-            this.iphone.load(link);
-        },
-        unload: function () {
-            this.removeEvent(document, 'keydown', this.keydownHandler);
-            this.iphone.unload();
-        },
-        code: function (link) {
-            window.location = link
-        },
-        iphone: {
-            start_x: 0,
-            start_y: 0,
-            stop_x: 0,
-            stop_y: 0,
-            tap: false,
-            capture: false,
-            orig_keys: "",
-            keys: ["UP", "UP", "DOWN", "DOWN", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "TAP", "TAP"],
-            input: [],
-            code: function (link) {
-                konami.code(link);
-            },
-            touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
-                if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
-                    var touch = e.touches[0];
-                    konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
-                    konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
-                    konami.iphone.tap = false;
-                    konami.iphone.capture = false;
-                    konami.iphone.check_direction();
-                }
-            },
-            touchendHandler: function () {
-                konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length) konami.iphone.input.shift();
-                
-                if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
-                    var match = true;
-                    for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
-                        if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
-                            match = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (match) {
-                        konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            touchstartHandler: function (e) {
-                konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
-                konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
-                konami.iphone.tap = true;
-                konami.iphone.capture = true;
-            },
-            load: function (link) {
-                this.orig_keys = this.keys;
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
-                konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            unload: function () {
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchmove', this.touchmoveHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchend', this.touchendHandler);
-                konami.removeEvent(document, 'touchstart', this.touchstartHandler);
-            },
-            check_direction: function () {
-                x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
-                y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
-                x = ((this.start_x - this.stop_x) < 0) ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
-                y = ((this.start_y - this.stop_y) < 0) ? "DOWN" : "UP";
-                result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
-                result = (this.tap === true) ? "TAP" : result;
-                return result;
-            }
+  var konami = {
+    addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
+      if (obj.addEventListener) obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
+      else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+        // IE
+        obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
+        obj[type + fn] = function () {
+          obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
+        };
+        obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
+      }
+    },
+    removeEvent: function (obj, eventName, eventCallback) {
+      if (obj.removeEventListener) {
+        obj.removeEventListener(eventName, eventCallback);
+      } else if (obj.attachEvent) {
+        obj.detachEvent(eventName);
+      }
+    },
+    input: "",
+    pattern: "38384040373937396665",
+    keydownHandler: function (e, ref_obj) {
+      if (ref_obj) {
+        konami = ref_obj;
+      } // IE
+      konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
+      if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length) {
+        konami.input = konami.input.substr(konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length);
+      }
+      if (konami.input === konami.pattern) {
+        konami.code(konami._currentLink);
+        konami.input = "";
+        e.preventDefault();
+        return false;
+      }
+    },
+    load: function (link) {
+      this._currentLink = link;
+      this.addEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler, this);
+      this.iphone.load(link);
+    },
+    unload: function () {
+      this.removeEvent(document, "keydown", this.keydownHandler);
+      this.iphone.unload();
+    },
+    code: function (link) {
+      window.location = link;
+    },
+    iphone: {
+      start_x: 0,
+      start_y: 0,
+      stop_x: 0,
+      stop_y: 0,
+      tap: false,
+      capture: false,
+      orig_keys: "",
+      keys: [
+        "UP",
+        "UP",
+        "DOWN",
+        "DOWN",
+        "LEFT",
+        "RIGHT",
+        "LEFT",
+        "RIGHT",
+        "TAP",
+        "TAP",
+      ],
+      input: [],
+      code: function (link) {
+        konami.code(link);
+      },
+      touchmoveHandler: function (e) {
+        if (e.touches.length === 1 && konami.iphone.capture === true) {
+          var touch = e.touches[0];
+          konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
+          konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
+          konami.iphone.tap = false;
+          konami.iphone.capture = false;
+          konami.iphone.check_direction();
         }
-    }
+      },
+      touchendHandler: function () {
+        konami.iphone.input.push(konami.iphone.check_direction());
 
-    typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
-    if (typeof callback === "function") {
-        konami.code = callback;
-        konami.load();
-    }
+        if (konami.iphone.input.length > konami.iphone.keys.length)
+          konami.iphone.input.shift();
 
-    return konami;
+        if (konami.iphone.input.length === konami.iphone.keys.length) {
+          var match = true;
+          for (var i = 0; i < konami.iphone.keys.length; i++) {
+            if (konami.iphone.input[i] !== konami.iphone.keys[i]) {
+              match = false;
+            }
+          }
+          if (match) {
+            konami.iphone.code(konami._currentLink);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      touchstartHandler: function (e) {
+        konami.iphone.start_x = e.changedTouches[0].pageX;
+        konami.iphone.start_y = e.changedTouches[0].pageY;
+        konami.iphone.tap = true;
+        konami.iphone.capture = true;
+      },
+      load: function (link) {
+        this.orig_keys = this.keys;
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler, false);
+        konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
+      },
+      unload: function () {
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchmove", this.touchmoveHandler);
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchend", this.touchendHandler);
+        konami.removeEvent(document, "touchstart", this.touchstartHandler);
+      },
+      check_direction: function () {
+        x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
+        y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
+        x = this.start_x - this.stop_x < 0 ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
+        y = this.start_y - this.stop_y < 0 ? "DOWN" : "UP";
+        result = x_magnitude > y_magnitude ? x : y;
+        result = this.tap === true ? "TAP" : result;
+        return result;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+
+  typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
+  if (typeof callback === "function") {
+    konami.code = callback;
+    konami.load();
+  }
+
+  return konami;
 };
 
-
-if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && typeof module.exports !== 'undefined') {
-        module.exports = Konami;
+if (typeof module !== "undefined" && typeof module.exports !== "undefined") {
+  module.exports = Konami;
 } else {
-        if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-                define([], function() {
-                        return Konami;
-                });
-        } else {
-                window.Konami = Konami;
-        }
+  if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
+    define([], function () {
+      return Konami;
+    });
+  } else {
+    window.Konami = Konami;
+  }
 }

docs/source/_templates/hacks.html

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css" />
-<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').hide(0);</script>
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  type="text/css"
+  href="https://cloud.typography.com/7584432/7586812/css/fonts.css"
+/>
+<script async defer src="https://buttons.github.io/buttons.js"></script>
+
+<script type="text/javascript">
+  $("#searchbox").hide(0);
+</script>
 <!--Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
 
 <!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
@@ -22,10 +30,11 @@
   }
 
   pre,
+  .pre,
   .class em,
   .descname,
   .method em {
-    font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B" !important;
+    font-family: "Operator Mono SSm A", "Operator Mono SSm B", monospace !important;
     font-weight: 400 !important;
   }
 
@@ -38,9 +47,7 @@
   }
 
   .method {
-
     margin-bottom: 2em;
-
   }
 
   .si,
@@ -49,9 +56,13 @@
   .method em,
   .class em {
     font-style: italic !important;
+    color: grey;
+  }
+
+  .method em,
+  .class em {
     margin-left: 0.3em;
     margin-right: 0.3em;
-    color: grey;
   }
 
   .method p,
@@ -71,6 +82,9 @@
     display: none;
   }
 
+  #testimonials p.attribution {
+    margin-top: -1em;
+  }
 
   /* "Quick Search" should be not be shown for now. */
   div#searchbox h3 {
@@ -105,19 +119,15 @@
 </style>
 
 <!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
-<script type="text/javascript">
-  var _gauges = _gauges || [];
-  (function () {
-    var t = document.createElement('script');
-    t.type = 'text/javascript';
-    t.async = true;
-    t.id = 'gauges-tracker';
-    t.setAttribute('data-site-id', '588f8e99c88d9013e60fa373');
-    t.setAttribute('data-track-path', 'https://track.gaug.es/track.gif');
-    t.src = 'https://d36ee2fcip1434.cloudfront.net/track.js';
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s);
-  })();
+<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-127383416-1"></script>
+<script>
+  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
+  function gtag() {
+    dataLayer.push(arguments);
+  }
+  gtag("js", new Date());
+
+  gtag("config", "UA-127383416-1");
 </script>
 
 <!-- There are no more hacks. -->
@@ -126,7 +136,10 @@
 
 <script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
 <script>
-  var easter_egg = new Konami('https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1));
+  var easter_egg = new Konami(
+    "https://www.myfortunecookie.co.uk/fortunes/" +
+      (Math.floor(Math.random() * 152) + 1)
+  );
 </script>
 
 <style>
@@ -136,67 +149,94 @@
 </style>
 
 <!-- GitHub Logo -->
-<a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on GitHub">
-  <svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#151513; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;"
-    aria-hidden="true">
+<a
+  href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+  class="github-corner"
+  aria-label="View source on GitHub"
+>
+  <svg
+    width="80"
+    height="80"
+    viewBox="0 0 250 250"
+    style="fill: #151513; color: #fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0"
+    aria-hidden="true"
+  >
     <path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path>
-    <path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
-      fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path>
-    <path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
-      fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path>
+    <path
+      d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2"
+      fill="currentColor"
+      style="transform-origin: 130px 106px"
+      class="octo-arm"
+    ></path>
+    <path
+      d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z"
+      fill="currentColor"
+      class="octo-body"
+    ></path>
   </svg>
 </a>
 <style>
   .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
   }
 
   @keyframes octocat-wave {
-
     0%,
     100% {
-      transform: rotate(0)
+      transform: rotate(0);
     }
 
     20%,
     60% {
-      transform: rotate(-25deg)
+      transform: rotate(-25deg);
     }
 
     40%,
     80% {
-      transform: rotate(10deg)
+      transform: rotate(10deg);
     }
   }
 
-  @media (max-width:500px) {
+  @media (max-width: 500px) {
     .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
-      animation: none
+      animation: none;
     }
 
     .github-corner .octo-arm {
-      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out
+      animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
     }
   }
 </style>
 
-
 <!-- That was not a hack. That was art.
 
 <!-- UserVoice JavaScript SDK (only needed once on a page) -->
-<script>(function () { var uv = document.createElement('script'); uv.type = 'text/javascript'; uv.async = true; uv.src = '//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s) })()</script>
+<script>
+  (function () {
+    var uv = document.createElement("script");
+    uv.type = "text/javascript";
+    uv.async = true;
+    uv.src = "//widget.uservoice.com/f4AQraEfwInlMzkexfRLg.js";
+    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
+    s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv, s);
+  })();
+</script>
 
 <!-- A tab to launch the Classic Widget -->
 <script>
   UserVoice = window.UserVoice || [];
-  UserVoice.push(['showTab', 'classic_widget', {
-    mode: 'feedback',
-    primary_color: '#fa8c28',
-    link_color: '#0a8cc6',
-    forum_id: 913660,
-    tab_label: 'Got feedback?',
-    tab_color: '#00994f',
-    tab_position: 'bottom-left',
-    tab_inverted: true
-  }]);
+  UserVoice.push([
+    "showTab",
+    "classic_widget",
+    {
+      mode: "feedback",
+      primary_color: "#fa8c28",
+      link_color: "#0a8cc6",
+      forum_id: 913660,
+      tab_label: "Got feedback?",
+      tab_color: "#00994f",
+      tab_position: "bottom-left",
+      tab_inverted: true,
+    },
+  ]);
 </script>

docs/source/_templates/sidebarintro.html

@@ -1,33 +1,88 @@
 <p class="logo">
   <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img
+      class="logo"
+      src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}"
+      title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"
+    />
   </a>
 </p>
-
 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <a class="github-button"
+     href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+     data-color-scheme="no-preference: light; light: light; dark: light;"
+     data-size="large"
+     data-show-count="true"
+     aria-label="Star kennethreitz/responder on GitHub">Star</a>
 </p>
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css"
+/>
+<style>
+  .algolia-autocomplete {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .algolia-autocomplete a {
+    border-bottom: none !important;
+  }
+  #doc_search {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+  }
+</style>
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus />
+<script
+  type="text/javascript"
+  src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"
+  onload="docsearch({
+  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
+  indexName: 'python-responder',
+  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
+  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
+})"
+  async
+></script>
 
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
+<p><strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.</p>
 
 <h3>Stay Informed</h3>
 <p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
 
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+<p>
+  <a class="github-button"
+     href="https://github.com/kennethreitz"
+     data-color-scheme="no-preference: light; light: light; dark: light;"
+     data-size="medium"
+     data-show-count="true"
+     aria-label="Follow @kennethreitz on GitHub">Follow @kennethreitz</a>
 </p>
 
+<p>
+  <a
+    href="https://x.com/kennethreitz42"
+    class="twitter-follow-button"
+    data-show-count="false"
+    >Follow @kennethreitz</a
+  >
+  <script>
+    !(function (d, s, id) {
+      var js,
+        fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
+        p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? "http" : "https";
+      if (!d.getElementById(id)) {
+        js = d.createElement(s);
+        js.id = id;
+        js.src = p + "://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";
+        fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
+      }
+    })(document, "script", "twitter-wjs");
+  </script>
+</p>
 
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>

docs/source/_templates/sidebarlogo.html

@@ -1,33 +1,93 @@
 <p class="logo">
   <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos" />
+    <img
+      class="logo"
+      src="{{ pathto('_static/responder.png', 1) }}"
+      title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"
+    />
   </a>
 </p>
 
 <p>
-  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <iframe
+    src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&repo=responder&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+    allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0"
+    scrolling="0"
+    width="200px"
+    height="35px"
+  ></iframe>
 </p>
+<link
+  rel="stylesheet"
+  href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css"
+/>
+<style>
+  .algolia-autocomplete {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .algolia-autocomplete a {
+    border-bottom: none !important;
+  }
+  #doc_search {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+  }
+</style>
+<input id="doc_search" placeholder="Search the doc" autofocus />
+<script
+  type="text/javascript"
+  src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"
+  onload="docsearch({
+  apiKey: 'ac965312db252e0496283c75c6f76f0b',
+  indexName: 'python-responder',
+  inputSelector: '#doc_search',
+  debug: false // Set debug to true if you want to inspect the dropdown
+})"
+  async
+></script>
 
-<p>
-  <strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.
-</p>
+<p><strong>Responder</strong> is a web service framework, written for human beings.</p>
 
 <h3>Stay Informed</h3>
 <p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
 
-<p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true" allowtransparency="true"
-    frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow
-    @kennethreitz</a>
-  <script>!function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? 'http' : 'https'; if (!d.getElementById(id)) { js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = p + '://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); } }(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
+<p>
+  <iframe
+    src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=true"
+    allowtransparency="true"
+    frameborder="0"
+    scrolling="0"
+    width="200"
+    height="20"
+  ></iframe>
 </p>
 
+<p>
+  <a
+    href="https://x.com/kennethreitz42"
+    class="twitter-follow-button"
+    data-show-count="false"
+    >Follow @kennethreitz</a
+  >
+  <script>
+    !(function (d, s, id) {
+      var js,
+        fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
+        p = /^http:/.test(d.location) ? "http" : "https";
+      if (!d.getElementById(id)) {
+        js = d.createElement(s);
+        js.id = id;
+        js.src = p + "://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";
+        fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
+      }
+    })(document, "script", "twitter-wjs");
+  </script>
+</p>
 
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder">Responder @ GitHub</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/responder">Responder @ PyPI</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>

docs/source/api.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+API Documentation
+=================
+
+
+Web Service (API) Class
+-----------------------
+.. module:: responder
+
+.. autoclass:: API
+    :inherited-members:
+
+Requests & Responses
+--------------------
+
+
+.. autoclass:: Request
+    :inherited-members:
+
+.. autoclass:: Response
+    :inherited-members:
+
+
+Utility Functions
+-----------------
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_100
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_200
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_300
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_400
+
+.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_500

docs/source/backlog.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Backlog
+
+## Future Ideas
+- Consider adding `after_request` hooks (complement to `before_request`)
+- Explore WebSocket before_request short-circuit support
+- Add rate limiting middleware
+- Consider async template rendering by default

docs/source/changes.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../CHANGELOG.md

docs/source/cli.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+Responder CLI
+=============
+
+Responder installs a command line program ``responder``. Use it to launch
+a Responder application from a file or module, either located on a local
+or remote filesystem, or object store.
+
+Launch Module Entrypoint
+------------------------
+
+For loading a Responder application from a Python module, you will refer to
+its ``API()`` instance using a `Python entry point object reference`_ that
+points to a Python object. It is either in the form ``importable.module``,
+or ``importable.module:object.attr``.
+
+A basic invocation command to launch a Responder application:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app
+
+The command above assumes a Python package ``acme`` including an ``app``
+module ``acme/app.py`` that includes an attribute ``api`` that refers
+to a ``responder.API`` instance, reflecting the typical layout of
+a standard Responder application.
+
+Loading a Responder application using an entrypoint specification will
+inherit the capacities of `Python's import system`_, as implemented by
+`importlib`_.
+
+Launch Local File
+-----------------
+
+Acquire a minimal example single-file application, ``helloworld.py`` [1]_,
+to your local filesystem, giving you the chance to edit it, and launch the
+Responder HTTP service.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    wget https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run helloworld.py
+
+.. note::
+
+    To validate the example application, invoke a HTTP request, for example using
+    `curl`_, `HTTPie`_, or your favourite browser at hand.
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        http http://127.0.0.1:5042/Hello
+
+    The response is no surprise.
+
+    ::
+
+        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+        content-length: 13
+        content-type: text/plain
+        date: Sat, 26 Oct 2024 13:16:55 GMT
+        encoding: utf-8
+        server: uvicorn
+
+        Hello, world!
+
+.. [1] The Responder application `helloworld.py`_ implements a basic echo handler.
+
+Launch Remote File
+------------------
+
+You can also launch a single-file application where its Python file is stored
+on a remote location.
+
+Responder supports all filesystem adapters compatible with `fsspec`_, and
+installs the adapters for Azure Blob Storage (az), Google Cloud Storage (gs),
+GitHub, HTTP, and AWS S3 by default.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Works 1:1.
+    responder run https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/raw/refs/heads/main/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run github://kennethreitz:responder@/examples/helloworld.py
+
+If you need access other kinds of remote targets, see the `list of
+fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols`_. The next section enumerates
+a few synthetic examples. The corresponding storage buckets do not even
+exist, so don't expect those commands to work.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    # Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, and AWS S3.
+    responder run az://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run gs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run s3://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+    # Hadoop Distributed File System (hdfs), SSH File Transfer Protocol (sftp),
+    # Common Internet File System (smb), Web-based Distributed Authoring and
+    # Versioning (webdav).
+    responder run hdfs://kennethreitz-assets/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run sftp://user@host/kennethreitz/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run smb://workgroup;user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+    responder run webdav+https://user:password@server:port/responder/examples/helloworld.py
+
+.. tip::
+
+    In order to install support for all filesystem types supported by fsspec, run:
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        uv pip install 'fsspec[full]'
+
+    When using ``uv``, this concludes within an acceptable time of approx.
+    25 seconds. If you need to be more selectively instead of using ``full``,
+    choose from one or multiple of the available `fsspec extras`_, which are:
+
+    abfs, arrow, dask, dropbox, fuse, gcs, git, github, hdfs, http, oci, s3,
+    sftp, smb, ssh.
+
+Launch with Non-Standard Instance Name
+--------------------------------------
+
+By default, Responder will acquire an ``responder.API`` instance using the
+symbol name ``api`` from the specified Python module.
+
+If your main application file uses a different name than ``api``, please
+append the designated symbol name to the launch target address.
+
+It works like this for module entrypoints and local files:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run acme.app:service
+    responder run /path/to/acme/app.py:service
+
+It works like this for URLs:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder run http://app.server.local/path/to/acme/app.py#service
+
+Within your ``app.py``, the instance would have been defined to use
+the ``service`` symbol name instead of ``api``, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    service = responder.API()
+
+Build JavaScript Application
+----------------------------
+
+The ``build`` subcommand invokes ``npm run build``, optionally accepting
+a target directory. By default, it uses the current working directory,
+where it expects a regular NPM ``package.json`` file.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build
+
+When specifying a target directory, Responder will change to that
+directory beforehand.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    responder build /path/to/project
+
+
+.. _curl: https://curl.se/
+.. _fsspec: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _fsspec extras: https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/blob/2024.12.0/pyproject.toml#L27-L69
+.. _helloworld.py: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/blob/main/examples/helloworld.py
+.. _HTTPie: https://httpie.io/docs/cli
+.. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html
+.. _list of fsspec-supported filesystems and protocols: https://github.com/fsspec/universal_pathlib#currently-supported-filesystems-and-protocols
+.. _Python entry point object reference: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/entry-points/
+.. _Python's import system: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 # -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
 
 project = "responder"
-copyright = "2018, A Kenneth Reitz project"
+copyright = "2018-2026, A Kenneth Reitz project"
 author = "Kenneth Reitz"
 
 # The short X.Y version
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ extensions = [
     "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
     "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
     "sphinx.ext.githubpages",
+    "myst_parser",
+    "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx_design",
+    "sphinx_design_elements",
+    "sphinxext.opengraph",
 ]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ templates_path = ["_templates"]
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 #
 # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = ".rst"
+source_suffix = {".rst": "restructuredtext"}
 
 # The master toctree document.
 master_doc = "index"
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ master_doc = "index"
 #
 # This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
 # Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
-language = None
+language = "en"
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
@@ -211,12 +216,77 @@ epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]
 
 # -- Extension configuration -------------------------------------------------
 
+# -- Options for link checker ----------------------------------------------
+linkcheck_ignore = [
+    # Feldroy.com links are ignored because it blocks GHA.
+    r"https://www.feldroy.com/.*",
+]
+linkcheck_anchors_ignore_for_url = [
+    # Requires JavaScript.
+    # After opting-in to new GitHub issues, Sphinx can no longer grok the HTML anchor references.
+    r"https://github.com",
+]
+
 # -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------
 
 # Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {"https://docs.python.org/": None}
+intersphinx_mapping = {"python": ("https://docs.python.org/3", None)}
 
 # -- Options for todo extension ----------------------------------------------
 
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = True
+
+# -- Options for MyST --------------------------------------------------------
+
+myst_heading_anchors = 3
+myst_enable_extensions = [
+    "attrs_block",
+    "attrs_inline",
+    "colon_fence",
+    "deflist",
+    "fieldlist",
+    "html_admonition",
+    "html_image",
+    "linkify",
+    "replacements",
+    "strikethrough",
+    "substitution",
+    "tasklist",
+]
+myst_substitutions = {}
+
+# -- Options for OpenGraph ---------------------------------------------------
+#
+# When making changes, check them using the RTD PR preview URL on https://www.opengraph.xyz/.
+#
+# About text lengths
+#
+# Original documentation says:
+# - ogp_description_length
+#   Configure the amount of characters taken from a page. The default of 200 is probably good
+#   for most people. If something other than a number is used, it defaults back to 200.
+#   -- https://sphinxext-opengraph.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#options
+#
+# Other people say:
+# - og:title 40 chars
+# - og:description has 2 max lengths:
+#   When the link is used in a Post, it's 300 chars. When a link is used in a Comment, it's 110 chars.
+#   So you can either treat it as 110, or, write your Descriptions to 300 but make sure the first 110
+#   is the critical part and still makes sense when it gets cut off.
+#   -- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8914476/facebook-open-graph-meta-tags-maximum-content-length
+ogp_site_url = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org/"
+ogp_description_length = 300
+ogp_site_name = "Responder Documentation"
+ogp_image = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org/_static/responder.png"
+ogp_image_alt = False
+ogp_use_first_image = False
+ogp_type = "website"
+ogp_enable_meta_description = True
+
+# -- Options for sphinx-copybutton -------------------------------------------
+
+copybutton_remove_prompts = True
+copybutton_line_continuation_character = "\\"
+copybutton_prompt_text = r">>> |\.\.\. |\$ |sh\$ |PS> |cr> |mysql> |In \[\d*\]: | {2,5}\.\.\.: | {5,8}: "
+copybutton_prompt_is_regexp = True

docs/source/deployment.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Deploying Responder
+===================
+
+You can deploy Responder anywhere you can deploy a basic Python application.
+
+Docker Deployment
+-----------------
+
+Assuming an existing ``api.py`` containing your Responder application.
+
+``Dockerfile``::
+
+    FROM python:3.13-slim
+    WORKDIR /app
+    COPY . .
+    RUN pip install responder
+    ENV PORT=80
+    EXPOSE 80
+    CMD ["python", "api.py"]
+
+That's it!
+
+Cloud Deployment
+----------------
+
+Responder automatically honors the ``PORT`` environment variable, which is
+set by most cloud platforms (Fly.io, Railway, Render, Google Cloud Run, etc.).
+
+The basics::
+
+    $ mkdir my-api
+    $ cd my-api
+
+Write out an ``api.py``::
+
+    import responder
+
+    api = responder.API()
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def hello(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        api.run()
+
+Deploy with your platform of choice. Responder will bind to ``0.0.0.0``
+on the port specified by ``PORT`` automatically.
+
+Running with Uvicorn Directly
+-----------------------------
+
+For production deployments, you can also run your app directly with uvicorn::
+
+    uvicorn api:api --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 --workers 4

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -3,177 +3,173 @@
    You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
    contain the root `toctree` directive.
 
-A familar HTTP Service Framework
-================================
+A familiar HTTP Service Framework
+=================================
 
-The Python world certainly doesn't need more web frameworks. But, it does need more creativity, so I thought I'd bring some of my ideas to the table and see what I could come up with.
+|ci-tests| |version| |license| |python-versions| |downloads| |contributors| |say-thanks|
 
-But will it blend?
-------------------
+.. |ci-tests| image:: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/test.yaml
+.. |ci-docs| image:: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/actions/workflows/docs.yaml
+.. |version| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |license| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |python-versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/responder.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+.. |downloads| image:: https://static.pepy.tech/badge/responder/month
+   :target: https://www.pepy.tech/projects/responder
+.. |contributors| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/kennethreitz/responder.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/graphs/contributors
+.. |say-thanks| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
+   :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
 
-::
+.. code:: python
 
-    import responder
+   import responder
 
-    api = responder.API()
+   api = responder.API()
 
-    @api.route("/{greeting}")
-    def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-        resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+   @api.route("/{greeting}")
+   async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+       resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
 
-    if __name__ == '__main__':
-        api.run()
+   if __name__ == '__main__':
+       api.run()
+
+Responder is powered by `Starlette`_.
+
+The example program demonstrates an `ASGI`_ application using `Responder`_,
+including production-ready components like the `uvicorn`_ webserver, based
+on `uvloop`_, and the `Jinja`_ templating library pre-installed.
+The ``async`` declaration within the example program is optional.
+
+Features
+--------
+
+- A pleasant API, with a single import statement.
+- Class-based views without inheritance.
+- `ASGI`_, the future of Python web services.
+- Asynchronous Python frameworks and applications.
+- Automatic gzip compression.
+- WebSocket support!
+- The ability to mount any ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute.
+- `f-string syntax`_ route declaration.
+- Mutable response object, passed into each view. No need to return anything.
+- Background tasks, spawned off in a ``ThreadPoolExecutor``.
+- GraphQL (with *GraphiQL*) support!
+- OpenAPI schema generation, with interactive documentation!
+- Single-page webapp support!
+
+Testimonials
+------------
+
+   “Pleasantly very taken with python-responder.
+   `@kennethreitz`_ at his absolute best.”
+
+     — Rudraksh M.K.
+
+..
+
+   "ASGI is going to enable all sorts of new high-performance web services. It's awesome to see Responder starting to take advantage of that."
+
+     — Tom Christie, author of `Django REST Framework`_
+
+..
+
+   “I love that you are exploring new patterns. Go go go!”
+
+     — Danny Greenfield, author of `Two Scoops of Django`_
 
 
-This gets you a WSGI app, with WhiteNoise pre-installed, jinja2 templating (without additional imports), and a production webserver (ready for slowloris attacks), serving up requests with gzip compression automatically.
+User Guides
+-----------
 
--------------
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
-
-    @api.route("/{greeting}")
-    class GreetingResource:
-        def on_request(req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
-            resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
-            resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
-            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
+   quickstart
+   tour
+   deployment
+   testing
+   api
+   cli
 
 
-Render a template, with arguments::
+Installing Responder
+--------------------
 
+Use ``uv`` for fast installation.
 
-    @api.route("/{greeting}")
-    def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
-        resp.content = api.template("index.html", greeting=greeting)
+.. code-block:: shell
 
+    uv pip install --upgrade 'responder'
 
-The ``api`` instance is available as an object during template rendering.
+Or use standard pip where ``uv`` is not available.
 
-Serve a GraphQL API::
+.. code-block:: shell
 
-    import graphene
+    pip install --upgrade 'responder'
 
-    class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
-        hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+Responder supports **Python 3.9+**.
 
-        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
-            return "Hello " + name
+Development
+-----------
 
-    api.add_route("/graph", graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+If you are looking at installing Responder
+for hacking on it, please refer to the :ref:`sandbox` documentation.
 
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
 
-We can then send a query to our service::
-    >>> requests = api.session()
-    >>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello }"})
-    >>> r.json()
-    {'data': {'hello': 'Hello stranger'}}
-
-
-Or, request YAML back::
-
-    >>> r = requests.get("http://;/graph", params={"query": "{ hello(name:\"john\") }"}, headers={"Accept": "application/x-yaml"})
-    >>> print(r.text)
-    data: {hello: Hello john}
-
-
-
-Want HSTS?
-
-::
-
-    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
-
-
-Boom. ✨🍰✨
+   changes
+   Sandbox <sandbox>
+   backlog
 
 
 The Basic Idea
 --------------
 
-The primary concept here is to bring the nicities that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
+The primary concept here is to bring the niceties that are brought forth from both Flask and Falcon and unify them into a single framework, along with some new ideas I have. I also wanted to take some of the API primitives that are instilled in the Requests library and put them into a web framework. So, you'll find a lot of parallels here with Requests.
 
-- Setting `resp.text` sends back unicode, while setting `resp.content` sends back bytes.
-- Setting `resp.media` sends back JSON/YAML (`.text`/`.content` override this).
-- Case-insensitive `req.headers` dict (from Requests directly).
-- `resp.status_code`, `req.method`, `req.url`, and other familar friends.
+- Setting ``resp.content`` sends back bytes.
+- Setting ``resp.text`` sends back unicode, while setting ``resp.html`` sends back HTML.
+- Setting ``resp.media`` sends back JSON/YAML (``.text``/``.html``/``.content`` override this).
+- Case-insensitive ``req.headers`` dict (from Requests directly).
+- ``resp.status_code``, ``req.method``, ``req.url``, and other familiar friends.
 
-New Ideas
----------
+Ideas
+-----
 
-- **A built in testing client that uses the actual Requests you know and love**.
+- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- using Python's f-string syntax.
+- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into each view and mutated" methodology, especially ``response.media``, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
+- **A built in testing client** powered by Starlette's TestClient.
 - The ability to mount other WSGI apps easily.
-- Automatic gzipped-responses (still working on that).
-- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an `on_request` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
-- WhiteNoise is built-in, for serving static files.
-- Waitress built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, Waitress serves well to protect against slowloris attacks, making nginx unneccessary in production.
+- Automatic gzipped-responses.
+- In addition to Falcon's ``on_get``, ``on_post``, etc methods, Responder features an ``on_request`` method, which gets called on every type of request, much like Requests.
+- A production static files server is built-in.
+- `uvicorn`_ is built-in as a production web server. I would have chosen Gunicorn, but it doesn't run on Windows. Plus, uvicorn serves well to protect against `Slowloris`_ attacks, making Nginx unnecessary in production.
 - GraphQL support, via Graphene. The goal here is to have any GraphQL query exposable at any route, magically.
 
 
-Old Ideas
----------
-
-- Flask-style route expression, with new capabilities -- primarily, the ability to cast a parameter to integers as well as other types that are missing from Flask, all while using Python 3.6+'s new f-string syntax.
-
-- I love Falcon's "every request and response is passed into to each view and mutated" methodology, especially `response.media`, and have used it here. In addition to supporting JSON, I have decided to support YAML as well, as Kubernetes is slowly taking over the world, and it uses YAML for all the things. Content-negotiation and all that.
-
-Future Ideas
-------------
-
-- I want to be able to "mount" any WSGI app into a sub-route.
-- Cooke-based sessions are currently an afterthrought, as this is an API framework, but websites are APIs too.
-- Potentially support ASGI instead of WSGI. Will the tradeoffs be worth it? This is a question to ask. Procedural code works well for 90% use cases.
-- If frontend websites are supported, provide an official way to run webpack.
-
-
-Installation
-============
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-    $ pipenv install responder
-    ✨🍰✨
-
-Only **Python 3.6+** is supported.
-
-
-API Documentation
-=================
-
-
-Web Service (API) Class
------------------------
-.. module:: responder
-
-.. autoclass:: API
-    :inherited-members:
-
-Requests & Responses
---------------------
-
-
-.. autoclass:: Request
-    :inherited-members:
-
-.. autoclass:: Response
-    :inherited-members:
-
-
-Utility Functions
------------------
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_100
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_200
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_300
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_400
-
-.. autofunction:: responder.API.status_codes.is_500
-
 Indices and tables
 ==================
 
 * :ref:`genindex`
 * :ref:`modindex`
 * :ref:`search`
+
+
+.. _@kennethreitz: https://x.com/kennethreitz42
+.. _ASGI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface
+.. _Django REST Framework: https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
+.. _f-string syntax: https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals
+.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/
+.. _ServeStatic: https://archmonger.github.io/ServeStatic/latest/
+.. _Slowloris: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris_(computer_security)
+.. _Starlette: https://www.starlette.io/
+.. _Responder: https://responder.kennethreitz.org/
+.. _Two Scoops of Django: https://www.feldroy.com/two-scoops-press#two-scoops-of-django
+.. _uvicorn: https://www.uvicorn.org/
+.. _uvloop: https://uvloop.readthedocs.io/

docs/source/quickstart.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+Quick Start!
+============
+
+This section of the documentation exists to provide an introduction to the Responder interface,
+as well as educate the user on basic functionality.
+
+
+Declare a Web Service
+---------------------
+
+The first thing you need to do is declare a web service::
+
+    import responder
+
+    api = responder.API()
+
+Hello World!
+------------
+
+Then, you can add a view / route to it.
+
+Here, we'll make the root URL say "hello world!"::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello_world(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+Run the Server
+--------------
+
+Next, we can run our web service easily, with ``api.run()``::
+
+    api.run()
+
+This will spin up a production web server on port ``5042``, ready for incoming HTTP requests.
+
+Note: you can pass ``port=5000`` if you want to customize the port. The ``PORT`` environment variable for established web service providers (e.g. Heroku) will automatically be honored and will set the listening address to ``0.0.0.0`` automatically (also configurable through the ``address`` keyword argument).
+
+
+Accept Route Arguments
+----------------------
+
+If you want dynamic URLs, you can use Python's familiar *f-string syntax* to declare variables in your routes::
+
+    @api.route("/hello/{who}")
+    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
+        resp.text = f"hello, {who}!"
+
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/brettcannon`` will result in a response of ``hello, brettcannon!``.
+
+Type convertors are also available::
+
+    @api.route("/add/{a:int}/{b:int}")
+    async def add(req, resp, *, a, b):
+        resp.text = f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}"
+
+Supported types: ``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``uuid``, and ``path``.
+
+Returning JSON / YAML
+---------------------
+
+If you want your API to send back JSON, simply set the ``resp.media`` property to a JSON-serializable Python object::
+
+
+    @api.route("/hello/{who}/json")
+    def hello_to(req, resp, *, who):
+        resp.media = {"hello": who}
+
+A ``GET`` request to ``/hello/guido/json`` will result in a response of ``{'hello': 'guido'}``.
+
+If the client requests YAML instead (with a header of ``Accept: application/x-yaml``), YAML will be sent.
+
+Rendering a Template
+--------------------
+
+Responder provides a built-in light `Jinja`_ wrapper ``templates.Templates``
+
+Usage::
+
+  from responder.templates import Templates
+
+  templates = Templates()
+
+  @api.route("/hello/{name}/html")
+  def hello(req, resp, name):
+      resp.html = templates.render("hello.html", name=name)
+
+
+Also a ``render_async`` is available::
+
+    templates = Templates(enable_async=True)
+    resp.html = await templates.render_async("hello.html", who=who)
+
+You can also use the existing ``api.template(filename, *args, **kwargs)`` to render templates::
+
+    @api.route("/hello/{who}/html")
+    def hello_html(req, resp, *, who):
+        resp.html = api.template('hello.html', who=who)
+
+
+Setting Response Status Code
+----------------------------
+
+If you want to set the response status code, simply set ``resp.status_code``::
+
+    @api.route("/416")
+    def teapot(req, resp):
+        resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416   # ...or 416
+
+
+Setting Response Headers
+------------------------
+
+If you want to set a response header, like ``X-Pizza: 42``, simply modify the ``resp.headers`` dictionary::
+
+    @api.route("/pizza")
+    def pizza_pizza(req, resp):
+        resp.headers['X-Pizza'] = '42'
+
+That's it!
+
+
+Receiving Data & Background Tasks
+---------------------------------
+
+If you're expecting to read any request data, on the server, you need to declare your view as async and await the content.
+
+Here, we'll process our data in the background, while responding immediately to the client::
+
+    import time
+
+    @api.route("/incoming")
+    async def receive_incoming(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def process_data(data):
+            """Just sleeps for three seconds, as a demo."""
+            time.sleep(3)
+
+
+        # Parse the incoming data as form-encoded.
+        # Note: 'json' and 'yaml' formats are also automatically supported.
+        data = await req.media()
+
+        # Process the data (in the background).
+        process_data(data)
+
+        # Immediately respond that upload was successful.
+        resp.media = {'success': True}
+
+A ``POST`` request to ``/incoming`` will result in an immediate response of ``{'success': true}``.
+
+
+Here's a sample code to post a file with background::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    async def upload_file(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def process_data(data):
+            with open(f"./{data['file']['filename']}", 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data['file']['content'])
+
+        data = await req.media(format='files')
+        process_data(data)
+
+        resp.media = {'success': 'ok'}
+
+You can test file uploads using the built-in test client::
+
+    files = {'file': ('hello.txt', b'hello, world!', 'text/plain')}
+    r = api.requests.post(api.url_for(upload_file), files=files)
+    print(r.json())
+
+
+.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/

docs/source/sandbox.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+(sandbox)=
+# Development Sandbox
+
+## Setup
+Set up a development sandbox.
+
+Acquire sources and create virtualenv.
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder.git
+cd responder
+uv venv
+```
+
+Install project in editable mode, including
+all runtime extensions and development tools.
+```shell
+uv pip install --upgrade --editable '.[develop,docs,release,test]'
+```
+
+## Operations
+Invoke linter and software tests.
+```shell
+source .venv/bin/activate
+poe check
+```
+
+Format code.
+```shell
+poe format
+```
+
+Documentation authoring.
+```shell
+poe docs-autobuild
+```

docs/source/testing.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+Building and Testing with Responder
+===================================
+
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services (powered by Starlette's TestClient).
+
+Here, we'll go over the basics of setting up and testing a Responder application.
+
+The Basics
+----------
+
+Your project should look like this::
+
+    api.py  test_api.py
+
+``$ cat api.py``::
+
+    import responder
+
+    api = responder.API()
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello_world(req, resp):
+        resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        api.run()
+
+Writing Tests
+-------------
+
+``$ cat test_api.py``::
+
+    import pytest
+    import api as service
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def api():
+        return service.api
+
+
+    def test_hello_world(api):
+        r = api.requests.get("/")
+        assert r.text == "hello, world!"
+
+``$ pytest``::
+
+    ...
+    ========================== 1 passed in 0.10 seconds ==========================

docs/source/tour.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+Feature Tour
+============
+
+
+Route Method Filtering
+----------------------
+
+You can restrict routes to specific HTTP methods::
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["GET"])
+    def list_items(req, resp):
+        resp.media = {"items": [...]}
+
+    @api.route("/items", methods=["POST"], check_existing=False)
+    async def create_item(req, resp):
+        data = await req.media()
+        resp.media = {"created": data}
+
+
+Class-Based Views
+-----------------
+
+Class-based views (and setting some headers and stuff)::
+
+    @api.route("/{greeting}")
+    class GreetingResource:
+        def on_request(self, req, resp, *, greeting):   # or on_get...
+            resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+            resp.headers.update({'X-Life': '42'})
+            resp.status_code = api.status_codes.HTTP_416
+
+
+Lifespan Events
+---------------
+
+Use the lifespan context manager for startup and shutdown logic::
+
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def lifespan(app):
+        # Startup: connect to database, etc.
+        print("Starting up...")
+        yield
+        # Shutdown: clean up resources
+        print("Shutting down...")
+
+    api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+You can also use the traditional event decorators::
+
+    @api.on_event('startup')
+    async def startup():
+        print("Starting up...")
+
+    @api.on_event('shutdown')
+    async def shutdown():
+        print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+Serving Files
+-------------
+
+Serve files from disk with automatic content-type detection::
+
+    @api.route("/download")
+    def download(req, resp):
+        resp.file("reports/annual.pdf")
+
+You can also specify the content type explicitly::
+
+    @api.route("/image")
+    def image(req, resp):
+        resp.file("photos/cat.jpg", content_type="image/jpeg")
+
+
+Custom Error Handling
+---------------------
+
+Register handlers for specific exception types::
+
+    @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+    async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+        resp.status_code = 400
+        resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
+
+
+Background Tasks
+----------------
+
+Here, you can spawn off a background thread to run any function, out-of-request::
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def hello(req, resp):
+
+        @api.background.task
+        def sleep(s=10):
+            time.sleep(s)
+            print("slept!")
+
+        sleep()
+        resp.content = "processing"
+
+
+GraphQL
+-------
+Responder supports GraphQL, a query language for APIs that enables clients to
+request exactly the data they need.
+
+For more information about GraphQL, visit https://graphql.org/.
+
+Serve a GraphQL API::
+
+    import graphene
+    from responder.ext.graphql import GraphQLView
+
+    class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+        hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+
+        def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+            return f"Hello {name}"
+
+    schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
+    view = GraphQLView(api=api, schema=schema)
+
+    api.add_route("/graph", view)
+
+Visiting the endpoint will render a *GraphiQL* instance, in the browser.
+
+You can make use of Responder's Request and Response objects in your GraphQL resolvers through ``info.context['request']`` and ``info.context['response']``.
+
+
+OpenAPI Schema Support
+----------------------
+
+Responder comes with built-in support for OpenAPI / marshmallow.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If you're upgrading from a previous version, note that the OpenAPI module
+    has been renamed from ``responder.ext.schema`` to ``responder.ext.openapi``.
+    Update your imports accordingly.
+
+New in Responder 1.4.0::
+
+    import responder
+    from responder.ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+    contact = {
+        "name": "API Support",
+        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
+        "email": "support@example.com",
+    }
+    license = {
+        "name": "Apache 2.0",
+        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
+    }
+    
+    api = responder.API()
+
+    schema = OpenAPISchema(
+        app=api,
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        description="A simple pet store",
+        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+
+    @schema.schema("Pet")
+    class PetSchema(Schema):
+        name = fields.Str()
+
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get a random pet
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A pet to be returned
+                    content:  
+                        application/json: 
+                            schema: 
+                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
+        """
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
+
+
+Old way *It's recommended to use the code above* ::
+
+    import responder
+    from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+    contact = {
+        "name": "API Support",
+        "url": "http://www.example.com/support",
+        "email": "support@example.com",
+    }
+    license = {
+        "name": "Apache 2.0",
+        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
+    }
+
+    api = responder.API(
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        description="A simple pet store",
+        terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/",
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+
+    @api.schema("Pet")
+    class PetSchema(Schema):
+        name = fields.Str()
+
+    @api.route("/")
+    def route(req, resp):
+        """A cute furry animal endpoint.
+        ---
+        get:
+            description: Get a random pet
+            responses:
+                200:
+                    description: A pet to be returned
+                    content:  
+                        application/json: 
+                            schema: 
+                                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Pet'                         
+        """
+        resp.media = PetSchema().dump({"name": "little orange"})
+
+::
+
+    >>> r = api.session().get("http://;/schema.yml")
+
+    >>> print(r.text)
+    components:
+      parameters: {}
+      responses: {}
+      schemas:
+        Pet:
+          properties:
+            name: {type: string}
+          type: object
+      securitySchemes: {}
+    info:
+      contact: {email: support@example.com, name: API Support, url: 'http://www.example.com/support'}
+      description: This is a sample server for a pet store.
+      license: {name: Apache 2.0, url: 'https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html'}
+      termsOfService: http://example.com/terms/
+      title: Web Service
+      version: 1.0
+    openapi: 3.0.2
+    paths:
+      /:
+        get:
+          description: Get a random pet
+          responses:
+            200: {description: A pet to be returned, schema: $ref: "#/components/schemas/Pet"}
+    tags: []
+
+
+Interactive Documentation
+-------------------------
+
+Responder can automatically supply API Documentation for you. Using the example above
+
+The new and recommended way::
+
+    from responder.ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+
+    api = responder.API()
+
+    schema = OpenAPISchema(
+        app=api,
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        ...
+        docs_route='/docs',
+        ...
+        description=description,
+        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+    
+
+The old way::
+
+    api = responder.API(
+        title="Web Service",
+        version="1.0",
+        openapi="3.0.2",
+        docs_route='/docs',
+        description=description,
+        terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+        contact=contact,
+        license=license,
+    )
+
+This will make ``/docs`` render interactive documentation for your API.
+
+Mount a WSGI / ASGI Apps (e.g. Flask, Starlette,...)
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+Responder gives you the ability to mount another ASGI / WSGI app at a subroute::
+
+    import responder
+    from flask import Flask
+
+    api = responder.API()
+    flask = Flask(__name__)
+
+    @flask.route('/')
+    def hello():
+        return 'hello'
+
+    api.mount('/flask', flask)
+
+That's it!
+
+Single-Page Web Apps
+--------------------
+
+If you have a single-page webapp, you can tell Responder to serve up your ``static/index.html`` at a route, like so::
+
+    api.add_route("/", static=True)
+
+This will make ``index.html`` the default response to all undefined routes.
+
+Reading / Writing Cookies
+-------------------------
+
+Responder makes it very easy to interact with cookies from a Request, or add some to a Response::
+
+    >>> resp.cookies["hello"] = "world"
+
+    >>> req.cookies
+    {"hello": "world"}
+
+
+To set cookies directives, you should use `resp.set_cookie`::
+
+    >>> resp.set_cookie("hello", value="world", max_age=60)
+
+Supported directives:
+
+* ``key`` - **Required**
+* ``value`` - [OPTIONAL] - Defaults to ``""``. 
+* ``expires`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``max_age`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``domain`` - Defaults to ``None``.
+* ``path`` - Defaults to ``"/"``.
+* ``secure`` - Defaults to ``False``.
+* ``httponly`` - Defaults to ``True``.
+
+For more information see `directives <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie>`_
+
+
+Using Cookie-Based Sessions
+---------------------------
+
+Responder has built-in support for cookie-based sessions. To enable cookie-based sessions, simply add something to the ``resp.session`` dictionary::
+
+    >>> resp.session['username'] = 'kennethreitz'
+
+A cookie called ``Responder-Session`` will be set, which contains all the data in ``resp.session``. It is signed, for verification purposes.
+
+You can easily read a Request's session data, that can be trusted to have originated from the API::
+
+    >>> req.session
+    {'username': 'kennethreitz'}
+
+**Note**: if you are using this in production, you should pass the ``secret_key`` argument to ``API(...)``::
+
+    api = responder.API(secret_key=os.environ['SECRET_KEY'])
+
+Using ``before_request``
+------------------------
+
+If you'd like a view to be executed before every request, simply do the following::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True)
+    def prepare_response(req, resp):
+        resp.headers["X-Pizza"] = "42"
+
+Now all requests to your HTTP Service will include an ``X-Pizza`` header.
+
+For ``websockets``::
+
+    @api.route(before_request=True, websocket=True)
+    def prepare_response(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+
+
+WebSocket Support
+-----------------
+
+Responder supports WebSockets::
+
+    @api.route('/ws', websocket=True)
+    async def websocket(ws):
+        await ws.accept()
+        while True:
+            name = await ws.receive_text()
+            await ws.send_text(f"Hello {name}!")
+        await ws.close()
+
+Accepting the connection::
+
+    await websocket.accept()
+
+Sending and receiving data::
+
+    await websocket.send_{format}(data) 
+    await websocket.receive_{format}(data)
+
+Supported formats: ``text``, ``json``, ``bytes``.
+
+Closing the connection::
+
+    await websocket.close()
+
+Using Requests Test Client
+--------------------------
+
+Responder comes with a first-class, well supported test client for your ASGI web services (powered by Starlette's TestClient).
+
+Here's an example of a test (written with pytest)::
+
+    import myapi
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def api():
+        return myapi.api
+
+    def test_response(api):
+        hello = "hello, world!"
+
+        @api.route('/some-url')
+        def some_view(req, resp):
+            resp.text = hello
+
+        r = api.requests.get(url=api.url_for(some_view))
+        assert r.text == hello
+
+HSTS (Redirect to HTTPS)
+------------------------
+
+Want HSTS (to redirect all traffic to HTTPS)?
+
+::
+
+    api = responder.API(enable_hsts=True)
+
+
+Boom.
+
+CORS
+----
+
+Want `CORS <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS/>`_ ?
+
+::
+
+    api = responder.API(cors=True)
+
+
+The default parameters used by **Responder** are restrictive by default, so you'll need to explicitly enable particular origins, methods, or headers, in order for browsers to be permitted to use them in a Cross-Domain context.
+
+In order to set custom parameters, you need to set the ``cors_params`` argument of ``api``, a dictionary containing the following entries:
+
+* ``allow_origins`` - A list of origins that should be permitted to make cross-origin requests. eg. ``['https://example.org', 'https://www.example.org']``. You can use ``['*']`` to allow any origin.
+* ``allow_origin_regex`` - A regex string to match against origins that should be permitted to make cross-origin requests. eg. ``'https://.*\.example\.org'``.
+* ``allow_methods`` - A list of HTTP methods that should be allowed for cross-origin requests. Defaults to `['GET']`. You can use ``['*']`` to allow all standard methods.
+* ``allow_headers`` - A list of HTTP request headers that should be supported for cross-origin requests. Defaults to ``[]``. You can use ``['*']`` to allow all headers. The ``Accept``, ``Accept-Language``, ``Content-Language`` and ``Content-Type`` headers are always allowed for CORS requests.
+* ``allow_credentials`` - Indicate that cookies should be supported for cross-origin requests. Defaults to ``False``.
+* ``expose_headers`` - Indicate any response headers that should be made accessible to the browser. Defaults to ``[]``.
+* ``max_age`` - Sets a maximum time in seconds for browsers to cache CORS responses. Defaults to ``60``.
+
+Trusted Hosts
+-------------
+
+Make sure that all the incoming requests headers have a valid ``host``, that matches one of the provided patterns in the ``allowed_hosts`` attribute, in order to prevent HTTP Host Header attacks.
+
+A 400 response will be raised, if a request does not match any of the provided patterns in the ``allowed_hosts`` attribute.
+
+::
+
+    api = responder.API(allowed_hosts=['example.com', 'tenant.example.com'])
+
+* ``allowed_hosts`` - A list of allowed hostnames. 
+
+Note:
+
+* By default, all hostnames are allowed.
+* Wildcard domains such as ``*.example.com`` are supported.
+* To allow any hostname use ``allowed_hosts=["*"]``.

examples/helloworld.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "hello, world!"
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()

examples/lifespan.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Example showing the lifespan context manager pattern.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+import responder
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def lifespan(app):
+    # Startup: initialize resources
+    print("Starting up...")
+    yield
+    # Shutdown: clean up resources
+    print("Shutting down...")
+
+
+api = responder.API(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+
+@api.route("/{greeting}")
+async def greet_world(req, resp, *, greeting):
+    resp.text = f"{greeting}, world!"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()

examples/user.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Example HTTP service definition, using Responder.
+# https://pypi.org/project/responder/
+import responder
+
+api = responder.API()
+
+
+@api.route("/")
+async def index(req, resp):
+    resp.text = "Welcome"
+
+
+@api.route("/user")
+async def user_create(req, resp):
+    data = await req.media()
+    resp.text = f"Hello, {data['username']}"
+
+
+@api.route("/user/{identifier}")
+async def user_get(req, resp, *, identifier):
+    resp.text = f"Hello, user {identifier}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    api.run()

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+[build-system]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+requires = [
+  "setuptools>=42",
+]
+
+[project]
+name = "responder"
+description = "A familiar HTTP Service Framework for Python."
+readme = "README.md"
+license = {text = "Apache 2.0"}
+authors = [
+  { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+classifiers = [
+  "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+  "Environment :: Web Environment",
+  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+  "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+  "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+  "Programming Language :: Python",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+  "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
+]
+dynamic = ["version"]
+dependencies = [
+  "a2wsgi",
+  "apispec>=1.0.0",
+  "chardet",
+  "docopt-ng",
+  "graphene>=3",
+  "graphql-core>=3.1",
+  "marshmallow",
+  "pueblo[sfa-full]>=0.0.11",
+  "python-multipart",
+  "starlette[full]>=0.40",
+  "uvicorn[standard]",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+develop = [
+  "poethepoet",
+  "pyproject-fmt",
+  "ruff",
+  "validate-pyproject",
+]
+docs = [
+  "alabaster<1.1",
+  "myst-parser[linkify]",
+  "sphinx>=5,<9",
+  "sphinx-autobuild",
+  "sphinx-copybutton",
+  "sphinx-design-elements",
+  "sphinxext.opengraph",
+]
+release = ["build", "twine"]
+test = [
+  "flask",
+  "mypy",
+  "pytest",
+  "pytest-cov",
+  "pytest-mock",
+  "pytest-rerunfailures",
+]
+
+[project.scripts]
+responder = "responder.ext.cli:cli"
+
+[project.urls]
+Homepage = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Documentation = "https://responder.kennethreitz.org"
+Repository = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder"
+Issues = "https://github.com/kennethreitz/responder/issues"
+
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = {attr = "responder.__version__.__version__"}
+
+[tool.setuptools.package-data]
+responder = ["py.typed"]
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+exclude = ["tests"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 90
+
+extend-exclude = [
+  "docs/source/conf.py",
+]
+
+lint.select = [
+  # Builtins
+  "A",
+  # Bugbear
+  "B",
+  # comprehensions
+  "C4",
+  # Pycodestyle
+  "E",
+  # eradicate
+  "ERA",
+  # Pyflakes
+  "F",
+  # isort
+  "I",
+  # pandas-vet
+  "PD",
+  # return
+  "RET",
+  # Bandit
+  "S",
+  # print
+  "T20",
+  "W",
+  # flake8-2020
+  "YTT",
+]
+
+lint.extend-ignore = [
+  "S101", #  Allow use of `assert`.
+]
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."responder/util/cmd.py" = [ "A005" ] # Module shadows a Python standard-library module
+
+lint.per-file-ignores."tests/*" = [
+  "ERA001", # Found commented-out code.
+  "S101",   # Allow use of `assert`, and `print`.
+]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = """
+  -rfEXs -p pytester --strict-markers --verbosity=3
+  --cov --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml
+  """
+filterwarnings = [
+  "error::UserWarning",
+]
+log_level = "DEBUG"
+log_cli_level = "DEBUG"
+log_format = "%(asctime)-15s [%(name)-36s] %(levelname)-8s: %(message)s"
+minversion = "2.0"
+testpaths = [
+  "responder",
+  "tests",
+]
+markers = [
+]
+xfail_strict = true
+
+[tool.coverage.run]
+branch = false
+omit = [
+  "*.html",
+  "tests/*",
+]
+
+[tool.coverage.report]
+fail_under = 0
+show_missing = true
+exclude_lines = [
+  "# pragma: no cover",
+  "raise NotImplemented",
+]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+packages = [
+  "responder",
+]
+exclude = [
+]
+check_untyped_defs = true
+explicit_package_bases = true
+ignore_missing_imports = true
+implicit_optional = true
+install_types = true
+namespace_packages = true
+non_interactive = true
+
+[tool.poe.tasks]
+
+check = [
+  "test",
+]
+
+docs-autobuild = [
+  { cmd = "sphinx-autobuild --open-browser --watch docs/source docs/source docs/build" },
+]
+docs-html = [
+  { cmd = "sphinx-build -W --keep-going docs/source docs/build" },
+]
+docs-linkcheck = [
+  { cmd = "sphinx-build -W --keep-going -b linkcheck docs/source docs/build" },
+]
+
+format = [
+  { cmd = "ruff format ." },
+  # Configure Ruff not to auto-fix (remove!):
+  # unused imports (F401), unused variables (F841), `print` statements (T201), and commented-out code (ERA001).
+  { cmd = "ruff check --fix --ignore=ERA --ignore=F401 --ignore=F841 --ignore=T20 --ignore=ERA001 ." },
+  { cmd = "pyproject-fmt --keep-full-version pyproject.toml" },
+]
+
+lint = [
+  { cmd = "ruff format --check ." },
+  { cmd = "ruff check ." },
+  { cmd = "validate-pyproject pyproject.toml" },
+  { cmd = "mypy" },
+]
+
+release = [
+  { cmd = "python -m build" },
+  { cmd = "twine upload --skip-existing dist/*" },
+]
+
+[tool.poe.tasks.test]
+cmd = "pytest"
+help = "Invoke software tests"
+
+[tool.poe.tasks.test.args.expression]
+options = [ "-k" ]
+
+[tool.poe.tasks.test.args.marker]
+options = [ "-m" ]

readthedocs.yml

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-build:
-    image: latest
-
-python:
-    version: 3.6

responder/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1,18 @@
-from .core import *
+"""
+Responder - a familiar HTTP Service Framework.
+
+This module exports the core functionality of the Responder framework,
+including the API, Request, and Response classes.
+"""
+
+from . import ext
+from .__version__ import __version__
+from .core import API, Request, Response
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+    "__version__",
+    "ext",
+]

responder/__main__.py

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-from .cli import main
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()

responder/__version__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.0.1"
+__version__ = "3.0.0"

responder/api.py

@@ -1,243 +1,340 @@
+import asyncio
 import os
-import json
-from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path
 
-import waitress
+__all__ = ["API"]
 
-import jinja2
-from whitenoise import WhiteNoise
-from wsgiadapter import WSGIAdapter as RequestsWSGIAdapter
-from requests import Session as RequestsSession
-from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
-from graphql_server import encode_execution_results, json_encode, default_format_error
+import uvicorn
+from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import HTTPSRedirectMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.sessions import SessionMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
 
-from . import models
-from .status_codes import HTTP_404
 from . import status_codes
-from .routes import Route
+from .background import BackgroundQueue
 from .formats import get_formats
+from .models import Request, Response
+from .routes import Router
+from .staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from .statics import DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME, DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY
+from .templates import Templates
 
 
-# TODO: consider moving status codes here
 class API:
     """The primary web-service class.
 
-        :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
-        :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
-    """
+    :param static_dir: The directory to use for static files. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param templates_dir: The directory to use for templates. Will be created for you if it doesn't already exist.
+    :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML templates will automatically be escaped.
+    :param enable_hsts: If ``True``, send all responses to HTTPS URLs.
+    :param openapi_theme: OpenAPI documentation theme, must be one of ``elements``, ``rapidoc``, ``redoc``, ``swagger_ui``
+    """  # noqa: E501
 
     status_codes = status_codes
 
     def __init__(
-        self, static_dir="static", templates_dir="templates", enable_hsts=False
+        self,
+        *,
+        debug=False,
+        title=None,
+        version=None,
+        description=None,
+        terms_of_service=None,
+        contact=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
+        openapi=None,
+        openapi_route="/schema.yml",
+        static_dir="static",
+        static_route="/static",
+        templates_dir="templates",
+        auto_escape=True,
+        secret_key=DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY,
+        enable_hsts=False,
+        docs_route=None,
+        cors=False,
+        cors_params=DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS,
+        allowed_hosts=None,
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
+        lifespan=None,
     ):
-        self.static_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(static_dir))
-        self.templates_dir = Path(os.path.abspath(templates_dir))
-        self.routes = {}
+        self.background = BackgroundQueue()
+
+        self.secret_key = secret_key
+
+        self.router = Router(lifespan=lifespan)
+
+        if static_dir is not None:
+            if static_route is None:
+                static_route = ""
+            static_dir = Path(static_dir).resolve()
+
+        self.static_dir = static_dir
+        self.static_route = static_route
+
         self.hsts_enabled = enable_hsts
-        self.apps = {"/": self._wsgi_app}
+        self.cors = cors
+        self.cors_params = cors_params
+        self.debug = debug
+
+        if not allowed_hosts:
+            allowed_hosts = ["*"]
+        self.allowed_hosts = allowed_hosts
+
+        if self.static_dir is not None:
+            self.static_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            self.mount(self.static_route, self.static_app)
+
         self.formats = get_formats()
 
-        # Make the static/templates directory if they don't exist.
-        for _dir in (self.static_dir, self.templates_dir):
-            os.makedirs(_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-        # Mount the whitenoise application.
-        self.whitenoise = WhiteNoise(self.__wsgi_app, root=str(self.static_dir))
-
-        # Cached requests session.
         self._session = None
 
-    def __wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        # def wsgi_app(self, request):
-        """The actual WSGI application. This is not implemented in
-        :meth:`__call__` so that middlewares can be applied without
-        losing a reference to the app object. Instead of doing this::
+        self.default_endpoint = None
+        self.app = ExceptionMiddleware(self.router, debug=debug)
+        self.add_middleware(GZipMiddleware)
 
-            app = MyMiddleware(app)
+        if self.hsts_enabled:
+            self.add_middleware(HTTPSRedirectMiddleware)
 
-        It's a better idea to do this instead::
+        self.add_middleware(TrustedHostMiddleware, allowed_hosts=self.allowed_hosts)
 
-            app.wsgi_app = MyMiddleware(app.wsgi_app)
+        if self.cors:
+            self.add_middleware(CORSMiddleware, **self.cors_params)
+        self.add_middleware(ServerErrorMiddleware, debug=debug)
+        self.add_middleware(SessionMiddleware, secret_key=self.secret_key)
 
-        Then you still have the original application object around and
-        can continue to call methods on it.
+        if openapi or docs_route:
+            try:
+                from .ext.openapi import OpenAPISchema
+            except ImportError as ex:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "The dependencies for the OpenAPI extension are not installed. "
+                    "Install them using: pip install responder"
+                ) from ex
 
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
-            Teardown events for the request and app contexts are called
-            even if an unhandled error occurs. Other events may not be
-            called depending on when an error occurs during dispatch.
-            See :ref:`callbacks-and-errors`.
+            self.openapi = OpenAPISchema(
+                app=self,
+                title=title,
+                version=version,
+                openapi=openapi,
+                docs_route=docs_route,
+                description=description,
+                terms_of_service=terms_of_service,
+                contact=contact,
+                license=license,
+                openapi_route=openapi_route,
+                static_route=static_route,
+                openapi_theme=openapi_theme,
+            )
+
+        self.templates = Templates(directory=templates_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def requests(self):
+        """A test client connected to the ASGI app. Lazily initialized."""
+        return self.session()
+
+    @property
+    def static_app(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_static_app"):
+            assert self.static_dir is not None
+            self._static_app = StaticFiles(directory=self.static_dir)
+        return self._static_app
+
+    def before_request(self, websocket=False):
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.router.before_request(f, websocket=websocket)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_middleware(self, middleware_cls, **middleware_config):
+        self.app = middleware_cls(self.app, **middleware_config)
+
+    def exception_handler(self, exception_cls):
+        """Register a handler for a specific exception type.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            @api.exception_handler(ValueError)
+            async def handle_value_error(req, resp, exc):
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"error": str(exc)}
 
-        :param environ: A WSGI environment.
-        :param start_response: A callable accepting a status code,
-            a list of headers, and an optional exception context to
-            start the response.
         """
 
-        req = models.Request(environ, start_response)
-        # if not req.dispatched:
-        resp = self._dispatch_request(req)
-        return resp(environ, start_response)
+        def decorator(func):
+            async def _handler(request, exc):
+                from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResp
 
-    def _wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        return self.whitenoise(environ, start_response)
+                req = Request(request.scope, request.receive, formats=get_formats())
+                resp = Response(req=req, formats=get_formats())
+                if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+                    await func(req, resp, exc)
+                else:
+                    func(req, resp, exc)
+                if resp.status_code is None:
+                    resp.status_code = 500
+                body, headers = await resp.body
+                return StarletteResp(
+                    content=body, status_code=resp.status_code, headers=headers
+                )
 
-    def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        """Returns the WSGI app for this application (including all mounted WSGI apps)."""
-        apps = self.apps.copy()
-        main = apps.pop("/")
+            # Register with the ExceptionMiddleware
+            self.router._exception_handlers = getattr(
+                self.router, "_exception_handlers", {}
+            )
+            self.router._exception_handlers[exception_cls] = _handler
+            # Also register on the ASGI app chain
+            from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware as EM
 
-        return DispatcherMiddleware(main, apps)(environ, start_response)
+            app = self.app
+            while app is not None:
+                if isinstance(app, EM):
+                    app.add_exception_handler(exception_cls, _handler)
+                    break
+                app = getattr(app, "app", None)
+            return func
 
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response=None):
-        """The WSGI server calls the Flask application object as the
-        WSGI application. This calls :meth:`wsgi_app` which can be
-        wrapped to applying middleware."""
-        return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
+        return decorator
+
+    def schema(self, name, **options):
+        """
+        Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+            @api.schema("Pet")
+            class PetSchema(Schema):
+                name = fields.Str()
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.openapi.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
 
     def path_matches_route(self, path):
         """Given a path portion of a URL, tests that it matches against any registered route.
 
         :param path: The path portion of a URL, to test all known routes against.
-        """
-        for (route, route_object) in self.routes.items():
-            if route_object.does_match(path):
+        """  # noqa: E501 (Line too long)
+        for route in self.router.routes:
+            match, _ = route.matches(path)
+            if match:
                 return route
+        return None
 
-    def _dispatch_request(self, req):
-        # Set formats on Request object.
-        req.formats = self.formats
-
-        route = self.path_matches_route(req.path)
-        resp = models.Response(req=req, formats=self.formats)
-
-        if self.hsts_enabled:
-            if req.url.startswith("http://"):
-                url = req.url.replace("http://", "https://", 1)
-                self.redirect(resp, location=url)
-
-        if route:
-            try:
-                params = self.routes[route].incoming_matches(req.path)
-                self.routes[route].endpoint(req, resp, **params)
-            # The request is using class-based views.
-            except TypeError:
-                try:
-                    view = self.routes[route].endpoint(**params)
-                except TypeError:
-                    view = self.routes[route].endpoint
-                    try:
-                        # GraphQL Schema.
-                        assert hasattr(view, "execute")
-                        self.graphql_response(req, resp, schema=view)
-                    except AssertionError:
-                        # WSGI App.
-                        try:
-                            req.dispatched = True
-                            return view(
-                                environ=req._environ, start_response=req._start_response
-                            )
-                        except TypeError:
-                            pass
-
-                # Run on_request first.
-                try:
-                    getattr(view, "on_request")(req, resp)
-                except AttributeError:
-                    pass
-
-                # Then on_get.
-                method = req.method
-
-                try:
-                    getattr(view, f"on_{method}")(req, resp)
-                except AttributeError:
-                    pass
-        else:
-            self.default_response(req, resp)
-
-        return resp
-
-    def add_route(self, route, endpoint, *, check_existing=True):
-        # TODO: add graphiql
-        """Add a route to the API.
+    def add_route(
+        self,
+        route=None,
+        endpoint=None,
+        *,
+        default=False,
+        static=True,
+        check_existing=True,
+        websocket=False,
+        before_request=False,
+        methods=None,
+    ):
+        """Adds a route to the API.
 
         :param route: A string representation of the route.
-        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, a class, a WSGI application, or graphene schema (GraphQL).
-        :param check_existing: If ``True``, an AssertionError will be raised, if the route is already defined.
-        """
-        if check_existing:
-            assert route not in self.routes
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be a callable, or a class.
+        :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
+        :param static: If ``True``, and no endpoint was passed, render "static/index.html".
+                       Also, it will become a default route.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ``["GET", "POST"]``).
+        """  # noqa: E501
 
-        # TODO: Support grpahiql.
-        self.routes[route] = Route(route, endpoint)
+        if static:
+            assert self.static_dir is not None
+            if not endpoint:
+                endpoint = self._static_response
+                default = True
 
-    def default_response(self, req, resp):
-        resp.status_code = HTTP_404
-        resp.text = "Not found."
+        self.router.add_route(
+            route,
+            endpoint,
+            default=default,
+            websocket=websocket,
+            before_request=before_request,
+            check_existing=check_existing,
+            methods=methods,
+        )
+
+    async def _static_response(self, req, resp):
+        assert self.static_dir is not None
+
+        index = (self.static_dir / "index.html").resolve()
+        if index.exists():
+            resp.html = index.read_text()
+        else:
+            resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_404  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            resp.text = "Not found."
 
     def redirect(
-        self, resp, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301
+        self,
+        resp,
+        location,
+        *,
+        set_text=True,
+        status_code=status_codes.HTTP_301,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
     ):
-        """Redirects a given response to a given location.
+        """
+        Redirects a given response to a given location.
 
         :param resp: The Response to mutate.
         :param location: The location of the redirect.
         :param set_text: If ``True``, sets the Redirect body content automatically.
-        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer, representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
+        :param status_code: an `API.status_codes` attribute, or an integer,
+                            representing the HTTP status code of the redirect.
+        """
+        resp.redirect(location, set_text=set_text, status_code=status_code)
+
+    def on_event(self, event_type: str, **args):
+        """Decorator for registering functions or coroutines to run at certain events
+        Supported events: startup, shutdown
+
+        Usage::
+
+            @api.on_event('startup')
+            async def open_database_connection_pool():
+                ...
+
+            @api.on_event('shutdown')
+            async def close_database_connection_pool():
+                ...
+
         """
 
-        assert resp.status_code.is_300(status_code)
+        def decorator(func):
+            self.add_event_handler(event_type, func, **args)
+            return func
 
-        resp.status_code = status_code
-        if set_text:
-            resp.text = f"Redirecting to: {location}"
-        resp.headers.update({"Location": location})
+        return decorator
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _resolve_graphql_query(req):
-        if "json" in req.mimetype:
-            return req.json()["query"]
+    def add_event_handler(self, event_type, handler):
+        """Adds an event handler to the API.
 
-        # Support query/q in form data.
-        if "query" in req.media("form"):
-            return req.media("form")["query"]
-        if "q" in req.media("form"):
-            return req.media("form")["q"]
+        :param event_type: A string in ("startup", "shutdown")
+        :param handler: The function to run. Can be either a function or a coroutine.
+        """
 
-        # Support query/q in params.
-        if "query" in req.params:
-            return req.params["query"]
-        if "q" in req.params:
-            return req.params["q"]
+        self.router.add_event_handler(event_type, handler)
 
-        # Otherwise, the request text is used (typical).
-        # TODO: Make some assertions about content-type here.
-        return req.text
-
-    def graphql_response(self, req, resp, schema):
-        query = self._resolve_graphql_query(req)
-        result = schema.execute(query)
-        result, status_code = encode_execution_results(
-            [result],
-            is_batch=False,
-            format_error=default_format_error,
-            encode=partial(json_encode, pretty=False),
-        )
-        resp.media = json.loads(result)
-        return (query, result, status_code)
-
-    def route(self, route, **options):
-        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class defenitions.
+    def route(self, route=None, **options):
+        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
 
         Usage::
 
             @api.route("/hello")
             def hello(req, resp):
-                req.text = "hello, world!"
+                resp.text = "hello, world!"
 
         """
 
@@ -247,112 +344,106 @@ class API:
 
         return decorator
 
-    def mount(self, route, wsgi_app):
-        """Mounts a WSGI application at a given route.
+    def graphql(self, route="/graphql", *, schema):
+        """Mount a GraphQL API at the given route.
 
-        :param route: String representation of the route to be used (shouldn't be parameterized).
-        :param wsgi_app: The other WSGI app (e.g. a Flask app).
+        Usage::
+
+            import graphene
+
+            class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
+                hello = graphene.String(name=graphene.String(default_value="stranger"))
+                def resolve_hello(self, info, name):
+                    return f"Hello {name}"
+
+            api.graphql("/graphql", schema=graphene.Schema(query=Query))
+
+        :param route: The URL path for the GraphQL endpoint.
+        :param schema: A Graphene schema instance.
         """
-        self.apps.update({route: wsgi_app})
+        from .ext.graphql import GraphQLView
+
+        self.add_route(route, GraphQLView(api=self, schema=schema))
+
+    def mount(self, route, app):
+        """Mounts an WSGI / ASGI application at a given route.
+
+        :param route: String representation of the route to be used
+                      (shouldn't be parameterized).
+        :param app: The other WSGI / ASGI app.
+        """
+        self.router.apps.update({route: app})
 
     def session(self, base_url="http://;"):
-        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Requests session object, able to send HTTP requests to the WSGI application.
+        """Testing HTTP client. Returns a Starlette TestClient instance,
+        able to send HTTP requests to the Responder application.
 
-        :param base_url: The URL to mount the connection adaptor to.
+        :param base_url: The base URL for the test client.
         """
 
         if self._session is None:
-            session = RequestsSession()
-            session.mount(base_url, RequestsWSGIAdapter(self))
-            self._session = session
+            from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+            self._session = TestClient(self, base_url=base_url)
         return self._session
 
-    def url_for(self, endpoint, absolute_url=False, **params):
-        # TODO: Absolute_url
+    def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
         """Given an endpoint, returns a rendered URL for its route.
 
-        :param view: The route endpoint you're searching for.
+        :param endpoint: The route endpoint you're searching for.
         :param params: Data to pass into the URL generator (for parameterized URLs).
         """
-        for (route, route_object) in self.routes.items():
-            if route_object.endpoint == endpoint:
-                return route_object.url(**params)
-        raise ValueError
+        return self.router.url_for(endpoint, **params)
 
-    def template(self, name, auto_escape=True, **values):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
+    def template(self, filename, *args, **kwargs):
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template file with the provided values.
 
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is always passed into the view.
-
-        :param name: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML will automatically be escaped.
-        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param filename: The filename of the jinja2 template, in ``templates_dir``.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
         """
-        # Give reference to self.
-        values.update(api=self)
+        return self.templates.render(filename, *args, **kwargs)
 
-        if auto_escape:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
-                    str(self.templates_dir), followlinks=True
-                ),
-                autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "xml"]),
-            )
-        else:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
-                    str(self.templates_dir), followlinks=True
-                ),
-                autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape([]),
-            )
+    def template_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
+        r"""Render a Jinja2 template string with the provided values.
 
-        template = env.get_template(name)
-        return template.render(**values)
-
-    def template_string(self, s, auto_escape=True, **values):
-        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
-
-        Note: The current ``api`` instance is always passed into the view.
-
-        :param s: The template to use.
-        :param auto_escape: If ``True``, HTML and XML will automatically be escaped.
-        :param values: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param source: The template to use, a Jinja2 template string.
+        :param \*args: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
         """
-        # Give reference to self.
-        values.update(api=self)
+        return self.templates.render_string(source, *args, **kwargs)
 
-        if auto_escape:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.BaseLoader,
-                autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "xml"]),
-            )
-        else:
-            env = jinja2.Environment(
-                loader=jinja2.BaseLoader, autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape([])
-            )
+    def serve(self, *, address=None, port=None, debug=False, **options):
+        """
+        Run the application with uvicorn.
 
-        template = env.from_string(s)
-        return template.render(**values)
-
-    def run(self, address=None, port=None, **kwargs):
-        """Runs the application with Waitress. If the ``PORT`` environment
-        variable is set, requests will be served on that port automatically to all
-        known hosts.
+        If the ``PORT`` environment variable is set, requests will be served on that port
+        automatically to all known hosts.
 
         :param address: The address to bind to.
         :param port: The port to bind to. If none is provided, one will be selected at random.
-        :param kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``waitress.serve()``.
-        """
+        :param debug: Whether to run application in debug mode.
+        :param options: Additional keyword arguments to send to ``uvicorn.run()``.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
         if "PORT" in os.environ:
             if address is None:
-                address = "0.0.0.0"
-            port = os.environ["PORT"]
+                address = "0.0.0.0"  # noqa: S104
+            port = int(os.environ["PORT"])
 
         if address is None:
             address = "127.0.0.1"
         if port is None:
-            port = 0
+            port = 5042
+        if debug:
+            options["log_level"] = "debug"
 
-        bind_to = f"{address}:{port}"
+        uvicorn.run(self, host=address, port=port, **options)
 
-        waitress.serve(app=self, listen=bind_to, **kwargs)
+    def run(self, **kwargs):
+        if "debug" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs.update({"debug": self.debug})
+        self.serve(**kwargs)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)

responder/background.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import asyncio
+import concurrent.futures
+import multiprocessing
+import traceback
+
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+
+__all__ = ["BackgroundQueue"]
+
+
+class BackgroundQueue:
+    def __init__(self, n=None):
+        if n is None:
+            n = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
+
+        self.n = n
+        self.pool = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=n)
+        self.results = []
+
+    def run(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
+        f = self.pool.submit(f, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.results.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    def task(self, f):
+        def on_future_done(fs):
+            try:
+                fs.result()
+            except Exception:
+                traceback.print_exc()
+
+        def do_task(*args, **kwargs):
+            result = self.run(f, *args, **kwargs)
+            result.add_done_callback(on_future_done)
+            return result
+
+        return do_task
+
+    async def __call__(self, func, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+            return await asyncio.create_task(func(*args, **kwargs))
+        return await run_in_threadpool(func, *args, **kwargs)

responder/cli.py

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-import docopt

responder/core.py

@@ -1,2 +1,8 @@
 from .api import API
 from .models import Request, Response
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+]

responder/ext/cli.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"""
+Responder CLI.
+
+A web framework for Python.
+
+Commands:
+  run     Start the application server
+  build   Build frontend assets using npm
+
+Usage:
+  responder
+  responder run [--debug] [--limit-max-requests=] <target>
+  responder build [<target>]
+  responder --version
+
+Options:
+  -h --help     Show this screen.
+  -v --version  Show version.
+  --debug       Enable debug mode with verbose logging.
+  --limit-max-requests=<n>  Maximum number of requests to handle before shutting down.
+
+Arguments:
+  <target>      For run: Python module specifier (e.g., "app:api" loads api from app.py)
+                         Format: "module.submodule:variable_name" where variable_name is your API instance
+                For build: Directory containing package.json (default: current directory)
+
+Examples:
+  responder run app:api                     # Run the 'api' instance from app.py
+  responder run myapp/core.py:application   # Run the 'application' instance from myapp/core.py
+  responder build                           # Build frontend assets
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+import logging
+import platform
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import docopt
+
+from responder.__version__ import __version__
+from responder.util.python import InvalidTarget, load_target
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def cli() -> None:
+    """
+    Main entry point for the Responder CLI.
+
+    Parses command line arguments and executes the appropriate command.
+    Supports running the application, building assets, and displaying version info.
+    """
+    args = docopt.docopt(__doc__, argv=None, version=__version__, options_first=False)
+    setup_logging(args["--debug"])
+
+    target: t.Optional[str] = args["<target>"]
+    build: bool = args["build"]
+    debug: bool = args["--debug"]
+    run: bool = args["run"]
+
+    if build:
+        target_path = Path(target).resolve() if target else Path.cwd()
+        if not target_path.is_dir() or not (target_path / "package.json").exists():
+            logger.error(
+                f"Invalid target directory or missing package.json: {target_path}"
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+        npm_cmd = "npm.cmd" if platform.system() == "Windows" else "npm"
+        try:
+            logger.info("Starting frontend asset build")
+            # S603, S607 are addressed by validating the target directory.
+            subprocess.check_call(  # noqa: S603, S607
+                [npm_cmd, "run", "build"],
+                cwd=target_path,
+                timeout=300,
+            )
+            logger.info("Frontend asset build completed successfully")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            logger.error("npm not found. Please install Node.js and npm.")
+            sys.exit(1)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            logger.error(f"Build failed with exit code {e.returncode}")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    if run:
+        if not target:
+            logger.error("Target argument is required for run command")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Maximum request limit. Terminating afterward. Suitable for software testing.
+        limit_max_requests = args["--limit-max-requests"]
+        if limit_max_requests is not None:
+            try:
+                limit_max_requests = int(limit_max_requests)
+                if limit_max_requests <= 0:
+                    logger.error("limit-max-requests must be a positive integer")
+                    sys.exit(1)
+            except ValueError:
+                logger.error("limit-max-requests must be a valid integer")
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Load application from target.
+        try:
+            api = load_target(target=target)
+        except InvalidTarget as ex:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{ex}. "
+                "Use either a Python module entrypoint specification, "
+                "a filesystem path, or a remote URL. "
+                "See also https://responder.kennethreitz.org/cli.html."
+            ) from ex
+
+        # Launch Responder API server (uvicorn).
+        api.run(debug=debug, limit_max_requests=limit_max_requests)
+
+
+def setup_logging(debug: bool) -> None:
+    """
+    Configure logging based on debug mode.
+
+    Args:
+        debug: When True, sets logging level to DEBUG; otherwise, sets to INFO
+    """
+    log_level = logging.DEBUG if debug else logging.INFO
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level=log_level, format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
+    )

responder/ext/graphql/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import json
+
+from .templates import GRAPHIQL
+
+
+class GraphQLView:
+    def __init__(self, *, api, schema):
+        self.api = api
+        self.schema = schema
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def _resolve_graphql_query(req, resp):
+        if "json" in req.mimetype:
+            json_media = await req.media("json")
+            if "query" not in json_media:
+                resp.status_code = 400
+                resp.media = {"errors": ["'query' key is required in the JSON payload"]}
+                return None, None, None
+            return (
+                json_media["query"],
+                json_media.get("variables"),
+                json_media.get("operationName"),
+            )
+
+        # Support query/q in params.
+        if "query" in req.params:
+            return req.params["query"], None, None
+        if "q" in req.params:
+            return req.params["q"], None, None
+
+        # Otherwise, the request text is used (typical).
+        return await req.text, None, None
+
+    async def graphql_response(self, req, resp):
+        show_graphiql = req.method == "get" and req.accepts("text/html")
+
+        if show_graphiql:
+            resp.content = self.api.templates.render_string(
+                GRAPHIQL, endpoint=req.url.path
+            )
+            return None
+
+        query, variables, operation_name = await self._resolve_graphql_query(req, resp)
+        if query is None:
+            return None
+
+        context = {"request": req, "response": resp}
+        result = self.schema.execute(
+            query, variables=variables, operation_name=operation_name, context=context
+        )
+
+        response_data = {}
+        if result.errors:
+            response_data["errors"] = [{"message": str(e)} for e in result.errors]
+        if result.data is not None:
+            response_data["data"] = result.data
+
+        resp.media = response_data
+        status_code = 200 if not result.errors else 400
+        return (query, json.dumps(response_data), status_code)
+
+    async def on_request(self, req, resp):
+        await self.graphql_response(req, resp)
+
+    async def __call__(self, req, resp):
+        await self.on_request(req, resp)

responder/ext/graphql/templates.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# ruff: noqa: E501
+GRAPHIQL = """
+{% set GRAPHIQL_VERSION = '3.0.6' %}
+{% set REACT_VERSION = '18.2.0' %}
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        height: 100%;
+        margin: 0;
+        width: 100%;
+        overflow: hidden;
+      }
+      #graphiql {
+        height: 100vh;
+      }
+    </style>
+    <link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="graphiql">Loading...</div>
+    <script crossorigin src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@{{ REACT_VERSION }}/umd/react.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script crossorigin src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react-dom@{{ REACT_VERSION }}/umd/react-dom.production.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/graphiql@{{ GRAPHIQL_VERSION }}/graphiql.min.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      const fetcher = GraphiQL.createFetcher({ url: '{{ endpoint }}' });
+      const root = ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('graphiql'));
+      root.render(React.createElement(GraphiQL, { fetcher: fetcher }));
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
+""".strip()

responder/ext/openapi/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from apispec import APISpec, yaml_utils
+from apispec.ext.marshmallow import MarshmallowPlugin
+
+from responder import status_codes
+from responder.statics import API_THEMES, DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME
+from responder.templates import Templates
+
+
+class OpenAPISchema:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app,
+        title,
+        version,
+        plugins=None,
+        description=None,
+        terms_of_service=None,
+        contact=None,
+        license=None,  # noqa: A002
+        openapi=None,
+        openapi_route="/schema.yml",
+        docs_route="/docs/",
+        static_route="/static",
+        openapi_theme=DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME,
+    ):
+        self.app = app
+        self.schemas = {}
+        self.title = title
+        self.version = version
+        self.description = description
+        self.terms_of_service = terms_of_service
+        self.contact = contact
+        self.license = license
+
+        self.openapi_version = openapi
+        self.openapi_route = openapi_route
+
+        self.docs_theme = (
+            openapi_theme if openapi_theme in API_THEMES else DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME
+        )
+        self.docs_route = docs_route
+
+        self.plugins = [MarshmallowPlugin()] if plugins is None else plugins
+
+        if self.openapi_version is not None:
+            self.app.add_route(self.openapi_route, self.schema_response)
+
+        if self.docs_route is not None:
+            self.app.add_route(self.docs_route, self.docs_response)
+
+        theme_path = (Path(__file__).parent / "docs").resolve()
+        self.templates = Templates(directory=theme_path)
+
+        self.static_route = static_route
+
+    @property
+    def _apispec(self):
+        info = {}
+        if self.description is not None:
+            info["description"] = self.description
+        if self.terms_of_service is not None:
+            info["termsOfService"] = self.terms_of_service
+        if self.contact is not None:
+            info["contact"] = self.contact
+        if self.license is not None:
+            info["license"] = self.license
+
+        spec = APISpec(
+            title=self.title,
+            version=self.version,
+            openapi_version=self.openapi_version,
+            plugins=self.plugins,
+            info=info,
+        )
+
+        for route in self.app.router.routes:
+            if route.description:
+                operations = yaml_utils.load_operations_from_docstring(route.description)
+                spec.path(path=route.route, operations=operations)
+
+        for name, schema in self.schemas.items():
+            spec.components.schema(name, schema=schema)
+
+        return spec
+
+    @property
+    def openapi(self):
+        return self._apispec.to_yaml()
+
+    def add_schema(self, name, schema, check_existing=True):
+        """Adds a marshmallow schema to the API specification."""
+        if check_existing:
+            assert name not in self.schemas
+
+        self.schemas[name] = schema
+
+    def schema(self, name, **options):
+        """Decorator for creating new routes around function and class definitions.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            from marshmallow import Schema, fields
+
+            @api.schema("Pet")
+            class PetSchema(Schema):
+                name = fields.Str()
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_schema(name=name, schema=f, **options)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @property
+    def docs(self):
+        return self.templates.render(
+            f"{self.docs_theme}.html",
+            title=self.title,
+            version=self.version,
+            schema_url="/schema.yml",
+        )
+
+    def static_url(self, asset):
+        """Given a static asset, return its URL path."""
+        assert self.static_route is not None
+        return f"{self.static_route}/{str(asset)}"
+
+    def docs_response(self, req, resp):
+        resp.html = self.docs
+
+    def schema_response(self, req, resp):
+        resp.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        resp.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-yaml"
+        resp.content = self.openapi

responder/ext/openapi/docs/elements.html

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta
+      name="viewport"
+      content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"
+    />
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <!-- Embed elements Elements via Web Component -->
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/@stoplight/elements/web-components.min.js"></script>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      href="https://unpkg.com/@stoplight/elements/styles.min.css"
+    />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <elements-api
+      apiDescriptionUrl="{{ schema_url }}"
+      router="hash"
+      layout="sidebar"
+    />
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/ext/openapi/docs/rapidoc.html

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!-- Important: must specify -->
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <!-- Important: rapi-doc uses utf8 characters -->
+    <script
+      type="module"
+      src="https://unpkg.com/rapidoc/dist/rapidoc-min.js"
+    ></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <rapi-doc spec-url="{{ schema_url }}" show-header="false"> </rapi-doc>
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/ext/openapi/docs/redoc.html

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <link
+      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:300,400,700|Roboto:300,400,700"
+      rel="stylesheet"
+    />
+
+    <style>
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        padding: 0;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <redoc spec-url="{{ schema_url }}"></redoc>
+    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@latest/bundles/redoc.standalone.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/ext/openapi/docs/swagger_ui.html

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <title>{{ title }} {{ version }}</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui.css"
+    />
+    <style>
+      html {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+        overflow: -moz-scrollbars-vertical;
+        overflow-y: scroll;
+      }
+
+      *,
+      *:before,
+      *:after {
+        box-sizing: inherit;
+      }
+
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        background: #fafafa;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <div id="swagger-ui"></div>
+
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui-bundle.js"></script>
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/swagger-ui-dist/swagger-ui-standalone-preset.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      window.onload = function () {
+        const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({
+          url: "{{ schema_url }}",
+          dom_id: "#swagger-ui",
+          deepLinking: true,
+          presets: [SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis, SwaggerUIStandalonePreset],
+          plugins: [SwaggerUIBundle.plugins.DownloadUrl],
+          layout: "BaseLayout",
+        });
+      };
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>

responder/formats.py

@@ -1,27 +1,148 @@
-import yaml
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
+
+import yaml
+from python_multipart import MultipartParser
+
+from .models import QueryDict
 
 
-def format_form(r, encode=False):
-    if not encode:
-        return r._wz.form
+class _PartData:
+    __slots__ = ("headers", "body", "header_field")
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.body = b""
+        self.header_field = ""
 
 
-def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
+def _parse_multipart(content: bytes, content_type: str) -> list[_PartData]:
+    """Parse multipart form data into a list of parts with headers and body."""
+    boundary = None
+    for segment in content_type.split(";"):
+        segment = segment.strip()
+        if segment.startswith("boundary="):
+            boundary = segment.split("=", 1)[1].strip('"')
+            break
+
+    if boundary is None:
+        return []
+
+    parts: list[_PartData] = []
+    current: list[_PartData | None] = [None]
+
+    def on_part_begin():
+        current[0] = _PartData()
+
+    def on_part_data(data, start, end):
+        current[0].body += data[start:end]  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+    def on_header_field(data, start, end):
+        current[0].header_field = data[start:end].decode("utf-8")  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+    def on_header_value(data, start, end):
+        part = current[0]
+        assert part is not None
+        part.headers[part.header_field] = data[start:end].decode("utf-8")
+
+    def on_part_end():
+        parts.append(current[0])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    parser = MultipartParser(
+        boundary.encode(),
+        {  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            "on_part_begin": on_part_begin,
+            "on_part_data": on_part_data,
+            "on_header_field": on_header_field,
+            "on_header_value": on_header_value,
+            "on_part_end": on_part_end,
+        },
+    )
+    parser.write(content)
+    parser.finalize()
+
+    return parts
+
+
+async def format_form(r, encode=False):
+    if encode:
+        return None
+    if "multipart/form-data" in r.headers.get("Content-Type"):
+        parts = _parse_multipart(await r.content, r.mimetype)
+        queries = []
+        for part in parts:
+            header = part.headers.get("Content-Disposition", "")
+            text = part.body.decode("utf-8")
+
+            for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
+                split = section.split("=")
+                if len(split) > 1:
+                    key = split[1]
+                    key = key[1:-1]
+                    queries.append((key, text))
+
+        content = urlencode(queries)
+        return QueryDict(content)
+    return QueryDict(await r.text)
+
+
+async def format_yaml(r, encode=False):
     if encode:
         r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/x-yaml"})
-        return yaml.dump(r.media)
-    else:
-        return yaml.load(r.content)
+        return yaml.safe_dump(r.media)
+    return yaml.safe_load(await r.content)
 
 
-def format_json(r, encode=False):
+async def format_json(r, encode=False):
     if encode:
         r.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/json"})
         return json.dumps(r.media)
-    else:
-        return json.loads(r.content)
+    return json.loads(await r.content)
+
+
+async def format_files(r, encode=False):
+    if encode:
+        return None
+    parts = _parse_multipart(await r.content, r.mimetype)
+    dump = {}
+    for part in parts:
+        header = part.headers.get("Content-Disposition", "")
+        mimetype = part.headers.get("Content-Type", None)
+        filename = None
+        formname = None
+
+        for section in [h.strip() for h in header.split(";")]:
+            split = section.split("=")
+            if len(split) > 1:
+                key = split[0]
+                value = split[1]
+                value = value[1:-1]
+
+                if key == "filename":
+                    filename = value
+                elif key == "name":
+                    formname = value
+
+        if formname is None:
+            continue
+
+        if mimetype is None:
+            dump[formname] = part.body
+        else:
+            dump[formname] = {
+                "filename": filename,
+                "content": part.body,
+                "content-type": mimetype,
+            }
+    return dump
 
 
 def get_formats():
-    return {"json": format_json, "yaml": format_yaml, "form": format_form}
+    return {
+        "json": format_json,
+        "yaml": format_yaml,
+        "form": format_form,
+        "files": format_files,
+    }

responder/models.py

@@ -1,168 +1,466 @@
-import io
-import json
-import gzip
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-import graphene
-import yaml
-from requests.models import Request as RequestsRequest
-from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as WerkzeugRequest
-from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseResponse as WerkzeugResponse
+import functools
+import inspect
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse
+
+__all__ = ["Request", "Response", "QueryDict"]
+
+try:
+    import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    chardet = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+from starlette.requests import Request as StarletteRequest
+from starlette.requests import State
+from starlette.responses import (
+    Response as StarletteResponse,
+)
+from starlette.responses import (
+    StreamingResponse as StarletteStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+from .statics import DEFAULT_ENCODING
+from .status_codes import HTTP_301  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
 
-from urllib.parse import parse_qs
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):
+    """A case-insensitive dict for HTTP headers."""
 
-from .status_codes import HTTP_200
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        super().__setitem__(key.lower(), value)
 
-# @staticmethod
-# def funcname(parameter_list):
-#     pass
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return super().__getitem__(key.lower())
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return super().__contains__(key.lower())
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return super().get(key.lower(), default)
+
+    def update(self, other=None, **kwargs):
+        if other:
+            for key, value in other.items():
+                self[key] = value
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self[key] = value
 
 
-def flatten(d):
-    for key, value in d.copy().items():
-        if len(value) == 1:
-            d[key] = value[0]
+class QueryDict(dict):
+    def __init__(self, query_string):
+        self.update(parse_qs(query_string))
 
-    return d
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """
+        Return the last data value for this key, or [] if it's an empty list;
+        raise KeyError if not found.
+        """
+        list_ = super().__getitem__(key)
+        try:
+            return list_[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return []
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """
+        Return the last data value for the passed key. If key doesn't exist
+        or value is an empty list, return `default`.
+        """
+        try:
+            val = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+        if val == []:
+            return default
+        return val
+
+    def _get_list(self, key, default=None, force_list=False):
+        """
+        Return a list of values for the key.
+
+        Used internally to manipulate values list. If force_list is True,
+        return a new copy of values.
+        """
+        try:
+            values = super().__getitem__(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is None:
+                return []
+            return default
+        else:
+            if force_list:
+                values = list(values) if values is not None else None
+            return values
+
+    def get_list(self, key, default=None):
+        """
+        Return the list of values for the key. If key doesn't exist, return a
+        default value.
+        """
+        return self._get_list(key, default, force_list=True)
+
+    def items(self):
+        """
+        Yield (key, value) pairs, where value is the last item in the list
+        associated with the key.
+        """
+        for key in self:
+            yield key, self[key]
+
+    def items_list(self):
+        """
+        Yield (key, value) pairs, where value is the the list.
+        """
+        yield from super().items()
 
 
-# TODO: add slots
 class Request:
-    def __init__(self, environ, start_response=None):
-        self._wz = WerkzeugRequest(environ)
-        self.start_response = start_response
-        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(
-            self._wz.headers.to_wsgi_list()
-        )  #: A case-insensitive dictionary, containg all headers sent in the Request.
-        self.method = (
-            self._wz.method.lower()
-        )  #: The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased.
-        self.full_url = (
-            self._wz.url
-        )  #: The full URL of the Request, query parameters and all.
-        self.url = (
-            self._wz.base_url
-        )  #: The URL of the Request, without query parameters.
-        self.full_path = (
-            self._wz.full_path
-        )  #: The full path portion of the URL of the Request, query parameters and all.
-        self.path = (
-            self._wz.path
-        )  #: The path portion of the URL of the Request, without query parameters.
-        self.params = flatten(
-            parse_qs(self._wz.query_string.decode("utf-8"))
-        )  #: A dictionary of the parsed query paramaters used for the Request.
-        self.query = self._wz.query_string.decode(
-            "utf-8"
-        )  #: A string containing only the query paramaters of the Request.
-        self.raw = self._wz.stream  #: A raw file-like stream of the incoming Request.
-        self.content = self._wz.get_data(
-            cache=True, as_text=False
-        )  #: The Request body, as bytes.
-        self.mimetype = self._wz.mimetype  #: The mimetype of the incoming Request.
-        # TODO: rip that out
-        self.text = self._wz.get_data(
-            cache=False, as_text=True
-        )  #: The Request body, as unicode.
-        self.formats = None
+    __slots__ = [
+        "_starlette",
+        "formats",
+        "_headers",
+        "_encoding",
+        "api",
+        "_content",
+        "_cookies",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, scope, receive, api=None, formats=None):
+        self._starlette = StarletteRequest(scope, receive)
+        self.formats = formats
+        self._encoding = None
+        self.api = api
+        self._content = None
+
+        headers: CaseInsensitiveDict = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        for key, value in self._starlette.headers.items():
+            headers[key] = value
+
+        self._headers = headers
+        self._cookies = None
+
+    @property
+    def session(self):
+        """The session data, in dict form, from the Request."""
+        return self._starlette.session
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self):
+        """A case-insensitive dictionary, containing all headers sent in the Request."""
+        return self._headers
+
+    @property
+    def mimetype(self):
+        return self.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+
+    @property
+    def is_json(self):
+        """Returns ``True`` if the request content type is JSON."""
+        return "json" in self.mimetype
+
+    @property
+    def method(self):
+        """The incoming HTTP method used for the request, lower-cased."""
+        return self._starlette.method.lower()
+
+    @property
+    def full_url(self):
+        """The full URL of the Request, query parameters and all."""
+        return str(self._starlette.url)
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """The parsed URL of the Request."""
+        return urlparse(self.full_url)
+
+    @property
+    def cookies(self):
+        """The cookies sent in the Request, as a dictionary."""
+        if self._cookies is None:
+            cookies = {}
+            cookie_header = self.headers.get("Cookie", "")
+
+            bc: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie(cookie_header)
+            for key, morsel in bc.items():
+                cookies[key] = morsel.value
+
+            self._cookies = cookies
+
+        return self._cookies
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """A dictionary of the parsed query parameters used for the Request."""
+        try:
+            return QueryDict(self.url.query)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return QueryDict({})
+
+    @property
+    def path_params(self) -> dict:
+        """The path parameters extracted from the URL route."""
+        return self._starlette.path_params
+
+    @property
+    def client(self):
+        """The client's address as a (host, port) named tuple, or None."""
+        return self._starlette.client
+
+    @property
+    def state(self) -> State:
+        """
+        Use the state to store additional information.
+
+        This can be a very helpful feature, if you want to hand over
+        information from a middelware or a route decorator to the
+        actual route handler.
+
+        Usage: ``request.state.time_started = time.time()``
+        """
+        return self._starlette.state
+
+    @property
+    async def encoding(self):
+        """The encoding of the Request's body. Can be set, manually. Must be awaited."""
+        # Use the user-set encoding first.
+        if self._encoding:
+            return self._encoding
+
+        return await self.apparent_encoding
+
+    @encoding.setter
+    def encoding(self, value):
+        self._encoding = value
+
+    @property
+    async def content(self):
+        """The Request body, as bytes. Must be awaited."""
+        if not self._content:
+            self._content = await self._starlette.body()
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    async def text(self):
+        """The Request body, as unicode. Must be awaited."""
+        return (await self.content).decode(await self.encoding)
+
+    @property
+    async def declared_encoding(self):
+        if "Encoding" in self.headers:
+            return self.headers["Encoding"]
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    async def apparent_encoding(self):
+        """The apparent encoding, detected automatically. Must be awaited.
+
+        Uses chardet for detection if installed, otherwise falls back to UTF-8.
+        """
+        declared_encoding = await self.declared_encoding
+
+        if declared_encoding:
+            return declared_encoding
+
+        if chardet is not None:
+            return chardet.detect(await self.content)["encoding"] or DEFAULT_ENCODING
+
+        return DEFAULT_ENCODING
 
     @property
     def is_secure(self):
-        """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request was securely made."""
-        return self._wz.is_secure
+        return self.url.scheme == "https"
 
     def accepts(self, content_type):
         """Returns ``True`` if the incoming Request accepts the given ``content_type``."""
-        return content_type in self.headers["Accept"]
+        return content_type in self.headers.get("Accept", [])
 
-    def media(self, format=None):
-        """Renders incoming json/yaml/form data as Python objects.
+    async def media(self, format: str | Callable = None):  # noqa: A002
+        """Renders incoming json/yaml/form data as Python objects. Must be awaited.
 
-        :param format: The name of the format being used. Alternatively accepts a custom callable for the format type.
+        :param format: The name of the format being used.
+                       Alternatively, accepts a custom callable for the format type.
         """
 
         if format is None:
-            format = "yaml" if "yaml" in self.mimetype or "" else "json"
+            format = "yaml" if "yaml" in self.mimetype or "" else "json"  # noqa: A001
+            format = "form" if "form" in self.mimetype or "" else format  # noqa: A001
+
+        formatter: Callable
+        if isinstance(format, str):
+            try:
+                formatter = self.formats[format]
+            except KeyError as ex:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unable to process data in '{format}' format") from ex
+
+        elif callable(format):
+            formatter = format
 
-        if format in self.formats:
-            return self.formats[format](self)
         else:
-            return format(self)
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid 'format' argument: {format}")
+
+        return await formatter(self)
+
+
+def content_setter(mimetype):
+    def getter(instance):
+        return instance.content
+
+    def setter(instance, value):
+        instance.content = value
+        instance.mimetype = mimetype
+
+    return property(fget=getter, fset=setter)
 
 
 class Response:
+    __slots__ = [
+        "req",
+        "status_code",
+        "content",
+        "encoding",
+        "media",
+        "headers",
+        "formats",
+        "cookies",
+        "session",
+        "mimetype",
+        "_stream",
+    ]
+
+    text = content_setter("text/plain")
+    html = content_setter("text/html")
+
     def __init__(self, req, *, formats):
         self.req = req
-        self.status_code = HTTP_200  #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
-        self.text = None  #: A unicode representation of the response body.
+        #: The HTTP Status Code to use for the Response.
+        self.status_code: int | None = None
         self.content = None  #: A bytes representation of the response body.
-        self.encoding = "utf-8"
-        self.media = (
-            None
-        )  #: A Python object that will be content-negotiated and sent back to the client. Typically, in JSON formatting.
-        self.headers = (
-            {}
-        )  #: A Python dictionary of {Key: value}, representing the headers of the response.
+        self.mimetype = None
+        self.encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING
+        self.media = None  #: A Python object that will be content-negotiated and
+        #: sent back to the client. Typically, in JSON formatting.
+        self._stream = None
+        self.headers = {}  #: A Python dictionary of ``{key: value}``,
+        #: representing the headers of the response.
         self.formats = formats
+        self.cookies: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()  #: The cookies set in the Response
+        self.session = (
+            req.session
+        )  #: The cookie-based session data, in dict form, to add to the Response.
+
+    def stream(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        assert inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func)
+
+        self._stream = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return func
+
+    def file(self, path, *, content_type=None):
+        """Serve a file from disk as the response.
+
+        :param path: Path to the file to serve.
+        :param content_type: Optional MIME type override.
+        """
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        path = Path(path)
+        self.content = path.read_bytes()
+
+        if content_type:
+            self.mimetype = content_type
+        else:
+            import mimetypes
+
+            guessed = mimetypes.guess_type(str(path))[0]
+            self.mimetype = guessed or "application/octet-stream"
+
+    def redirect(self, location, *, set_text=True, status_code=HTTP_301):
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        if set_text:
+            self.text = f"Redirecting to: {location}"
+        self.headers.update({"Location": location})
 
     @property
-    def body(self):
-        if self.content:
-            return (self.content, self.mimetype, {})
+    async def body(self):
+        if self._stream is not None:
+            return (self._stream(), {})
 
-        if self.text:
-            return (self.text.encode(self.encoding), {"Encoding": self.encoding})
+        if self.content is not None:
+            headers = {}
+            content = self.content
+            if self.mimetype is not None:
+                headers["Content-Type"] = self.mimetype
+            if self.mimetype == "text/plain" and self.encoding is not None:
+                headers["Encoding"] = self.encoding
+                if isinstance(content, str):
+                    content = content.encode(self.encoding)
+            return (content, headers)
 
-        for format in self.formats:
-            if self.req.accepts(format):
-                return self.formats[format](self, encode=True), {}
+        for format_ in self.formats:
+            if self.req.accepts(format_):
+                return (await self.formats[format_](self, encode=True)), {}
 
         # Default to JSON anyway.
-        else:
-            return (json.dumps(self.media), {"Content-Type": "application/json"})
+        return (
+            await self.formats["json"](self, encode=True),
+            {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+        )
 
-    @property
-    def gzipped_body(self):
+    def set_cookie(
+        self,
+        key,
+        value="",
+        expires=None,
+        path="/",
+        domain=None,
+        max_age=None,
+        secure=False,
+        httponly=True,
+    ):
+        self.cookies[key] = value
+        morsel = self.cookies[key]
+        if expires is not None:
+            morsel["expires"] = expires
+        if path is not None:
+            morsel["path"] = path
+        if domain is not None:
+            morsel["domain"] = domain
+        if max_age is not None:
+            morsel["max-age"] = max_age
+        morsel["secure"] = secure
+        morsel["httponly"] = httponly
 
-        body, headers = self.body
+    def _prepare_cookies(self, starlette_response):
+        cookie_header = (
+            (b"set-cookie", morsel.output(header="").lstrip().encode("latin-1"))
+            for morsel in self.cookies.values()
+        )
+        starlette_response.raw_headers.extend(cookie_header)
 
-        if isinstance(body, str):
-            body = body.encode(self.encoding)
-
-        if "gzip" in self.req.headers["Accept-Encoding"].lower():
-            gzip_buffer = io.BytesIO()
-            gzip_file = gzip.GzipFile(mode="wb", fileobj=gzip_buffer)
-            gzip_file.write(body)
-            gzip_file.close()
-
-            new_headers = {
-                "Content-Encoding": "gzip",
-                "Vary": "Accept-Encoding",
-                "Content-Length": str(len(body)),
-            }
-            headers.update(new_headers)
-
-            return (gzip_buffer.getvalue(), headers)
-        else:
-            return (body, headers)
-
-    @property
-    def _wz(self):
-        body, headers = self.body
-        if len(self.body) > 500:
-            body, headers = self.gzipped_body
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        body, headers = await self.body
         if self.headers:
             headers.update(self.headers)
 
-        r = WerkzeugResponse(body, status=self.status_code, direct_passthrough=False)
-        r.headers = headers
-        return r
+        response_cls: type[StarletteResponse] | type[StarletteStreamingResponse]
+        if self._stream is not None:
+            response_cls = StarletteStreamingResponse
+        else:
+            response_cls = StarletteResponse
 
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-        return self._wz(environ, start_response)
+        response = response_cls(body, status_code=self.status_code_safe, headers=headers)
+        self._prepare_cookies(response)
 
+        await response(scope, receive, send)
 
-class Schema(graphene.Schema):
-    def on_request(self, req, resp):
-        pass
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        return 200 <= self.status_code_safe < 300
+
+    @property
+    def status_code_safe(self) -> int:
+        if self.status_code is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("HTTP status code has not been defined")
+        return self.status_code

responder/routes.py

@@ -1,38 +1,394 @@
-from parse import parse, search
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import re
+import traceback
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+__all__ = ["Route", "WebSocketRoute", "Router"]
+
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket, WebSocketClose
+
+from . import status_codes
+from .formats import get_formats
+from .models import Request, Response
+
+_UUID_RE = r"[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}"
+
+_CONVERTORS = {
+    "int": (int, r"\d+"),
+    "str": (str, r"[^/]+"),
+    "float": (float, r"\d+(.\d+)?"),
+    "path": (str, r".+"),
+    "uuid": (str, _UUID_RE),
+}
+
+PARAM_RE = re.compile("{([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)(:[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)?}")
 
 
-class Route:
-    def __init__(self, route, endpoint):
+def compile_path(path):
+    path_re = "^"
+    param_convertors = {}
+    idx = 0
+
+    for match in PARAM_RE.finditer(path):
+        param_name, convertor_type = match.groups(default="str")
+        convertor_type = convertor_type.lstrip(":")
+        assert convertor_type in _CONVERTORS.keys(), (
+            f"Unknown path convertor '{convertor_type}'"
+        )
+        convertor, convertor_re = _CONVERTORS[convertor_type]
+
+        path_re += path[idx : match.start()]
+        path_re += rf"(?P<{param_name}>{convertor_re})"
+
+        param_convertors[param_name] = convertor
+
+        idx = match.end()
+
+    path_re += path[idx:] + "$"
+
+    return re.compile(path_re), param_convertors
+
+
+class BaseRoute:
+    def matches(self, scope):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class Route(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(self, route, endpoint, *, before_request=False, methods=None):
+        assert route.startswith("/"), "Route path must start with '/'"
         self.route = route
         self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.before_request = before_request
+        self.methods = {m.upper() for m in methods} if methods else None
+
+        self.path_re, self.param_convertors = compile_path(route)
+        # Strip type annotations for URL generation (e.g. {id:int} -> {id})
+        self._url_template = PARAM_RE.sub(r"{\1}", route)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"<Route {self.route!r}={self.endpoint!r}>"
 
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if hasattr(other, "route"):
-            # Being compared to other routes.
-            return self.route == other.route
-        else:
-            # Strings.
-            return self.does_match(other)
+    def url(self, **params):
+        return self._url_template.format(**params)
 
     @property
-    def has_parameters(self):
-        return all([("{" in self.route), ("}" in self.route)])
+    def endpoint_name(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__name__
 
-    def does_match(self, s):
-        if s == self.route:
-            return True
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__doc__
 
-        named = self.incoming_matches(s)
-        return bool(len(named))
+    def matches(self, scope):
+        if scope["type"] != "http":
+            return False, {}
 
-    def incoming_matches(self, s):
-        results = parse(self.route, s)
-        return results.named if results else {}
+        if self.methods and scope.get("method", "").upper() not in self.methods:
+            return False, {}
+
+        path = scope["path"]
+        match = self.path_re.match(path)
+
+        if match is None:
+            return False, {}
+
+        matched_params = match.groupdict()
+        for key, value in matched_params.items():
+            matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key](value)
+
+        return True, {"path_params": {**matched_params}}
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        request = Request(scope, receive, formats=get_formats())
+        response = Response(req=request, formats=get_formats())
+
+        path_params = scope.get("path_params", {})
+        before_requests = scope.get("before_requests", [])
+
+        for before_request in before_requests.get("http", []):
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(before_request):
+                await before_request(request, response)
+            else:
+                await run_in_threadpool(before_request, request, response)
+            # If a before_request hook set a status code, short-circuit
+            if response.status_code is not None:
+                await response(scope, receive, send)
+                return
+
+        views = []
+
+        if inspect.isclass(self.endpoint):
+            endpoint = self.endpoint()
+            on_request = getattr(endpoint, "on_request", None)
+            if on_request:
+                views.append(on_request)
+
+            method_name = f"on_{request.method}"
+            try:
+                view = getattr(endpoint, method_name)
+                views.append(view)
+            except AttributeError as ex:
+                if on_request is None:
+                    raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_405) from ex  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        else:
+            views.append(self.endpoint)
+
+        for view in views:
+            # Check __call__ for class-based views (e.g. GraphQL)
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(view) or asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(
+                view.__call__
+            ):
+                await view(request, response, **path_params)
+            else:
+                await run_in_threadpool(view, request, response, **path_params)
+
+        if response.status_code is None:
+            response.status_code = status_codes.HTTP_200  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.route == other.route and self.endpoint == other.endpoint
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.route) ^ hash(self.endpoint) ^ hash(self.before_request)
+
+
+class WebSocketRoute(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(self, route, endpoint, *, before_request=False):
+        assert route.startswith("/"), "Route path must start with '/'"
+        self.route = route
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.before_request = before_request
+
+        self.path_re, self.param_convertors = compile_path(route)
+        self._url_template = PARAM_RE.sub(r"{\1}", route)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Route {self.route!r}={self.endpoint!r}>"
 
     def url(self, **params):
-        return self.route.format(**params)
+        return self._url_template.format(**params)
 
-    # def is_graphql, is_wsgi
+    @property
+    def endpoint_name(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__name__
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self.endpoint.__doc__
+
+    def matches(self, scope):
+        if scope["type"] != "websocket":
+            return False, {}
+
+        path = scope["path"]
+        match = self.path_re.match(path)
+
+        if match is None:
+            return False, {}
+
+        matched_params = match.groupdict()
+        for key, value in matched_params.items():
+            matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key](value)
+
+        return True, {"path_params": {**matched_params}}
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        ws = WebSocket(scope, receive, send)
+
+        before_requests = scope.get("before_requests", [])
+        for before_request in before_requests.get("ws", []):
+            await before_request(ws)
+
+        await self.endpoint(ws)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.route == other.route and self.endpoint == other.endpoint
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.route) ^ hash(self.endpoint) ^ hash(self.before_request)
+
+
+class Router:
+    def __init__(
+        self, routes=None, default_response=None, before_requests=None, lifespan=None
+    ):
+        self.routes = [] if routes is None else list(routes)
+
+        self.apps: dict[str, ASGIApp] = {}
+        self.default_endpoint = (
+            self.default_response if default_response is None else default_response
+        )
+        self.before_requests = (
+            {"http": [], "ws": []} if before_requests is None else before_requests
+        )
+        self.events = defaultdict(list)
+        self._lifespan_handler = lifespan
+
+    def add_route(
+        self,
+        route=None,
+        endpoint=None,
+        *,
+        default=False,
+        websocket=False,
+        before_request=False,
+        check_existing=False,
+        methods=None,
+    ):
+        """Adds a route to the router.
+        :param route: A string representation of the route
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint for the route -- can be callable, or class.
+        :param default: If ``True``, all unknown requests will route to this view.
+        :param methods: Optional list of HTTP methods (e.g. ["GET", "POST"]).
+        """
+        if before_request:
+            if websocket:
+                self.before_requests.setdefault("ws", []).append(endpoint)
+            else:
+                self.before_requests.setdefault("http", []).append(endpoint)
+            return
+
+        if check_existing:
+            assert not self.routes or route not in (item.route for item in self.routes), (
+                f"Route '{route}' already exists"
+            )
+
+        if default:
+            self.default_endpoint = endpoint
+
+        if websocket:
+            route = WebSocketRoute(route, endpoint)
+        else:
+            route = Route(route, endpoint, methods=methods)
+
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def mount(self, route, app):
+        """Mounts ASGI / WSGI applications at a given route"""
+        self.apps.update({route: app})
+
+    def add_event_handler(self, event_type, handler):
+        assert event_type in (
+            "startup",
+            "shutdown",
+        ), f"Only 'startup' and 'shutdown' events are supported, not {event_type}."
+        self.events[event_type].append(handler)
+
+    async def trigger_event(self, event_type):
+        for handler in self.events.get(event_type, []):
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(handler):
+                await handler()
+            else:
+                handler()
+
+    def before_request(self, endpoint, websocket=False):
+        if websocket:
+            self.before_requests.setdefault("ws", []).append(endpoint)
+        else:
+            self.before_requests.setdefault("http", []).append(endpoint)
+
+    def url_for(self, endpoint, **params):
+        for route in self.routes:
+            if endpoint in (route.endpoint, route.endpoint.__name__):
+                return route.url(**params)
+        return None
+
+    async def default_response(self, scope, receive, send):
+        if scope["type"] == "websocket":
+            websocket_close = WebSocketClose()
+            await websocket_close(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        request = Request(scope, receive)
+        response = Response(request, formats=get_formats())  # noqa: F841
+
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status_codes.HTTP_404)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def _resolve_route(self, scope):
+        for route in self.routes:
+            matches, child_scope = route.matches(scope)
+            if matches:
+                scope.update(child_scope)
+                return route
+        return None
+
+    async def lifespan(self, scope, receive, send):
+        message = await receive()
+        assert message["type"] == "lifespan.startup"
+
+        if self._lifespan_handler is not None:
+            # Modern lifespan context manager pattern
+            try:
+                ctx = self._lifespan_handler(scope.get("app"))
+                await ctx.__aenter__()
+            except BaseException:
+                msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.failed", "message": msg})
+                raise
+
+            await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.complete"})
+            message = await receive()
+            assert message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown"
+
+            await ctx.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+        else:
+            # Legacy on_event("startup") / on_event("shutdown") pattern
+            try:
+                await self.trigger_event("startup")
+            except BaseException:
+                msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.failed", "message": msg})
+                raise
+
+            await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.complete"})
+            message = await receive()
+            assert message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown"
+            await self.trigger_event("shutdown")
+
+        await send({"type": "lifespan.shutdown.complete"})
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
+        assert scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket", "lifespan")
+
+        if scope["type"] == "lifespan":
+            await self.lifespan(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        path = scope["path"]
+        root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
+
+        # Check "primary" mounted routes first (before submounted apps)
+        route = self._resolve_route(scope)
+
+        scope["before_requests"] = self.before_requests
+
+        if route is not None:
+            await route(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        # Call into a submounted app, if one exists.
+        for path_prefix, app in self.apps.items():
+            if path.startswith(path_prefix):
+                scope["path"] = path[len(path_prefix) :]
+                scope["root_path"] = root_path + path_prefix
+                try:
+                    await app(scope, receive, send)
+                    return
+                except TypeError:
+                    from a2wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
+
+                    app = WSGIMiddleware(app)
+                    await app(scope, receive, send)
+                    return
+
+        await self.default_endpoint(scope, receive, send)

responder/staticfiles.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles as StarletteStaticFiles
+
+
+class StaticFiles(StarletteStaticFiles):
+    """Extension to Starlette's StaticFiles with support for multiple directories."""
+
+    def add_directory(self, directory: str) -> None:
+        self.all_directories = [*self.all_directories, *self.get_directories(directory)]

responder/statics.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+API_THEMES = ["elements", "rapidoc", "redoc", "swagger_ui"]
+DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
+DEFAULT_OPENAPI_THEME = "swagger_ui"
+DEFAULT_SESSION_COOKIE = "Responder-Session"
+DEFAULT_SECRET_KEY = "NOTASECRET"  # noqa: S105
+
+DEFAULT_CORS_PARAMS = {
+    "allow_origins": (),
+    "allow_methods": ("GET",),
+    "allow_headers": (),
+    "allow_credentials": False,
+    "allow_origin_regex": None,
+    "expose_headers": (),
+    "max_age": 600,
+}

responder/status_codes.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# from: https://github.com/requests/requests/blob/master/requests/status_codes.py
-
 codes = {
     # Informational.
     100: ("continue",),
@@ -26,11 +24,7 @@ codes = {
     305: ("use_proxy",),
     306: ("switch_proxy",),
     307: ("temporary_redirect", "temporary_moved", "temporary"),
-    308: (
-        "permanent_redirect",
-        "resume_incomplete",
-        "resume",
-    ),  # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
+    308: ("permanent_redirect",),
     # Client Error.
     400: ("bad_request", "bad"),
     401: ("unauthorized",),

responder/templates.py

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+import jinja2
+
+__all__ = ["Templates"]
+
+
+class Templates:
+    def __init__(
+        self, directory="templates", autoescape=True, context=None, enable_async=False
+    ):
+        self.directory = directory
+        self._env = jinja2.Environment(
+            loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader([str(self.directory)]),
+            autoescape=autoescape,  # noqa: S701
+            enable_async=enable_async,
+        )
+        self.default_context = {} if context is None else {**context}
+        self._env.globals.update(self.default_context)
+
+    @property
+    def context(self):
+        return self._env.globals
+
+    @context.setter
+    def context(self, context):
+        self._env.globals = {**self.default_context, **context}
+
+    def get_template(self, name):
+        return self._env.get_template(name)
+
+    def render(self, template, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template, with provided values supplied.
+
+        :param template: The filename of the jinja2 template.
+        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.get_template(template).render(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _async(self):
+        self._env.is_async = True
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._env.is_async = False
+
+    async def render_async(self, template, *args, **kwargs):
+        with self._async():
+            return await self.get_template(template).render_async(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def render_string(self, source, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Renders the given `jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ template string, with provided values supplied.
+
+        :param source: The template to use.
+        :param *args, **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        :param **kwargs: Data to pass into the template.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        template = self._env.from_string(source)
+        return template.render(*args, **kwargs)

responder/util/cmd.py

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# ruff: noqa: S603  # Subprocess call - output not captured
+# ruff: noqa: S607  # Starting a process with a partial executable path
+# Security considerations for subprocess usage:
+# 1. Only execute the 'responder' binary from PATH
+# 2. Validate all user inputs before passing to subprocess
+# 3. Use Path.resolve() to prevent path traversal
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import signal
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ResponderProgram:
+    """
+    Utility class for managing Responder program execution.
+
+    This class provides methods for:
+    - Locating the responder executable in PATH
+    - Building frontend assets using npm
+
+    Example:
+        >>> program_path = ResponderProgram.path()
+        >>> build_status = ResponderProgram.build(Path("app_dir"))
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+    def path():
+        name = "responder"
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            name = "responder.exe"
+        program = shutil.which(name)
+        if program is None:
+            paths = os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Could not find '{name}' executable in PATH. "
+                f"Please install Responder with 'pip install --upgrade responder'. "
+                f"Searched in: {', '.join(paths)}"
+            )
+        logger.debug(f"Found responder program: {program}")
+        return program
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path: Path) -> int:
+        """
+        Invoke `responder build` command.
+
+        Args:
+            path: Path to the application to build
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The return code from the build process
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the path is invalid
+            RuntimeError: If the responder executable is not found
+            subprocess.SubprocessError: If the build process fails
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(path, Path):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a Path object, got {type(path).__name__}")
+        if not path.exists():
+            raise ValueError(f"Path does not exist: {path}")
+        if not path.is_dir():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Path is not a directory: {path}")
+
+        command = [
+            cls.path(),
+            "build",
+            str(path),
+        ]
+        return subprocess.call(command)
+
+
+class ResponderServer(threading.Thread):
+    """
+    A threaded wrapper around the `responder run` command for testing purposes.
+
+    This class allows running a Responder application in a separate thread,
+    making it suitable for integration testing scenarios.
+
+    Args:
+        target (str): The path to the Responder application to run
+        port (int, optional): The port to run the server on. Defaults to 5042.
+        limit_max_requests (int, optional): Maximum number of requests to handle
+            before shutting down. Useful for testing scenarios.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> server = ResponderServer("app.py", port=8000)
+        >>> server.start()
+        >>> # Run tests
+        >>> server.stop()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target: str, port: int = 5042, limit_max_requests: int = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._stopping = False
+
+        # Validate input variables.
+        if not target or not isinstance(target, str):
+            raise ValueError("Target must be a non-empty string")
+        if not isinstance(port, int) or port < 1:
+            raise ValueError("Port must be a positive integer")
+        if limit_max_requests is not None and (
+            not isinstance(limit_max_requests, int) or limit_max_requests < 1
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("limit_max_requests must be a positive integer if specified")
+
+        # Check if port is available.
+        try:
+            with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
+                s.bind(("localhost", port))
+        except OSError as ex:
+            raise ValueError(f"Port {port} is already in use") from ex
+
+        # Instance variables after validation.
+        self.target = target
+        self.port = port
+        self.limit_max_requests = limit_max_requests
+        self.shutdown_timeout = 5  # seconds
+
+        # Allow the thread to be terminated when the main program exits.
+        self.process: subprocess.Popen
+        self.daemon = True
+        self._process_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+        # Setup signal handlers.
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self._signal_handler)
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._signal_handler)
+
+    def run(self):
+        command = [
+            ResponderProgram.path(),
+            "run",
+            self.target,
+        ]
+        if self.limit_max_requests is not None:
+            command += [f"--limit-max-requests={self.limit_max_requests}"]
+
+        # Preserve existing environment
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+
+        if self.port is not None:
+            env["PORT"] = str(self.port)
+
+        with self._process_lock:
+            self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+                command,
+                env=env,
+                universal_newlines=True,
+            )
+        self.process.wait()
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Gracefully stop the process (API).
+        """
+        if self._stopping:
+            return
+        with self._process_lock:
+            self._stop()
+
+    def _stop(self):
+        """
+        Gracefully stop the process (impl).
+        """
+        self._stopping = True
+        if self.process and self.process.poll() is None:
+            logger.info("Attempting to terminate server process...")
+            self.process.terminate()
+            try:
+                # Wait for graceful shutdown.
+                self.process.wait(timeout=self.shutdown_timeout)
+                logger.info("Server process terminated gracefully")
+            except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Server process did not terminate gracefully, forcing kill"
+                )
+                self.process.kill()  # Force kill if not terminated
+
+    def _signal_handler(self, signum, frame):
+        """
+        Handle termination signals gracefully.
+        """
+        logger.info("Received signal %d, shutting down...", signum)
+        self.stop()
+
+    def wait_until_ready(self, timeout=30, request_timeout=1, delay=0.1) -> bool:
+        """
+        Wait until the server is ready to accept connections.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout (int, optional): Maximum time to wait in seconds. Defaults to 30.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if server is ready and accepting connections, False otherwise.
+        """
+        start_time = time.time()
+        last_error = None
+        while time.time() - start_time < timeout:
+            if not self.is_running():
+                if self.process is None:
+                    logger.error("Server process was never started")
+                else:
+                    returncode = self.process.poll()
+                    logger.error("Server process exited with code: %d", returncode)
+                return False
+            try:
+                with socket.create_connection(
+                    ("localhost", self.port), timeout=request_timeout
+                ):
+                    return True
+            except (
+                socket.timeout,
+                ConnectionRefusedError,
+                socket.gaierror,
+                OSError,
+            ) as ex:
+                last_error = ex
+                logger.debug(f"Server not ready yet: {ex}")
+                time.sleep(delay)
+        logger.error(
+            "Server failed to start within %d seconds. Last error: %s",
+            timeout,
+            last_error,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    def is_running(self):
+        """
+        Check if the server process is still running.
+        """
+        return self.process is not None and self.process.poll() is None